Green Product Design and Manufacturing

Green
Product Design & Manufacturing

Dave Dornfeld, Cindy Bayley, Nancy Diaz,
Jennifer Mangold, Margot Hutchins
University of California, Berkeley – April 2, 2013
Berkeley
/
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Outline
■  MoKvaKon and Background

■  Lab Overview
■  Specific Research Topics
■  Life Cycle Design
■  Sustainable Processes and FaciliKes
■  End of Life Strategies for Electronics
■  Social Impacts of Products and Processes
■  Summary
Slide 1
© LMAS 2013 Berkeley
/
LMAS (“Who we are”)
Research in the LMAS is concerned with the analysis
and improvement of manufacturing processes, systems and
enterprises and the development of tools to analyze their su
stainability.

Research is focused on:
-‐  metrics and analy.cal tools for assessing the
impact of processes, systems and enterprises
-‐  modeling sustainable, environmentally-‐
conscious manufacturing processes and
systems
-‐  green supply chains
-‐  manufacturing technology for reduced impact
-‐  manufacturing technology for producing
advanced energy sources or storage
-‐  cleantech
-‐  sustainable products and systems
Specific projects include:

-‐ design for sustainability
-‐  green machine tools
-‐  sustainable packaging
-‐  impact and life cycle assessment tools for
manufacturing (including embedded energy,
materials, water, consumables)
-‐ metrics for assessing green technology ROI
(e.g. GHG ROI, Energy payback Kme, etc.)
h_p://lmas.berkeley.edu -‐  risk assessment for energy and resource use
-‐  social impacts and sustainability
Blog: h_p://green-‐manufacturing.blogspot.com/ -‐  enterprise carbon accounKng
Slide 2
/
Product Life Cycle – Mfg Focus
All phases are important and
impact manufacturing!
Manufacturing
Slide 3
/
Research Topics in Sustainable Mfg
Environment Mfg Sustainability Scalability Reliability

Mfg
Tech Environment Tech Sustainability Scalability Reliability

Design

ProducKon
(high producKon)

OperaKon
(systems/supply chain)

Monitoring
(performance, opKmize)

Re-‐Use/End of Life
Slide 4
/
Scope of Analysis
Enterprise
And across the supply chain…
Factory/Facility
Machining Cell or Line
Machine Tool
Machining Process
Tool-‐chip interface
www.remmele.com/flash/contractManu/pca.html
www.caranddriver.com/features/7207/virtual-‐tour-‐ of-‐vws-‐transparent-‐factory.html
Slide 5
/
Outline

■  Lab Overview
■  Social Impacts and Wrap-‐up
■  Summary
Slide 6
/
LMAS Research
NIST
Mfg Standard Metrics Samsung
DfM/MfD EducaKon
Caterpillar Partners
Mori Seiki/DTL Mfg Energy OpKmizaKon Mori Seiki/DTL

CGDM/ERG
Green Machine Tools Green Machine Tools BERC
CET/MOT
LUCE
Sustainability CFI
ConsorKum
KAUST Cleanability
Applica2ons
Solar/Rare earth’s Product Labeling/

Electronics Daimler SPS
Kimberly Clark/Waste Mgmt
Sustainable Packaging
Precision SPS
Manufacturing Kimberly Clark/Waste Mgmt Autodesk
KITECH Sustainable Packaging Sojware for green process, NGO’s/Gov’t
systems and faciliKes
MIRAI
NCDMM
Energy suppliers
Energy suppliers NSF-‐SINAM AMT

Diamler/AFCC Diamler/AFCC
Nano-‐X LBNL
Autodesk Mfg Industry Partners

LBNL/JCAP Sojware for green process, LBNL/JCAP AMAT CET/MOT
ArKficial photosynthesis systems and faciliKes ArKficial photosynthesis Mori Seiki, Daimler
SPC
LUCE
CFI
Mfg technologies AnalyKcal/assessment Mfg “systems” Clean tech Business drivers

Micromachining Metrics Scaleup cleanability
“green tech”
CMP
Sensors
LCA, EnVs
Footprint
Planning/org
opKmizaKon
CMP consumable
Green machine tools Business models
Tools
Slide 7
/
EducaKon
■  ~20 Graduate Student Researchers (MS, PhD, Postdocs, Visitors)
■  Courses:
■  Professional MEng on Sustainable Manufacturing
■  E290I Sustainable Manufacturing (Dornfeld/Hutchins)
■  Engineering and Business for Sustainability (EBS)
I Tools and Methods
II. Products, Processes and Services
III. Management, Strategy, Economics and Risk
IV. Policy and Systems
h_p://sustainable-‐engineering.berkeley.edu/
h_p://www.miraiinsKtute.org/
h_p://cgdm.berkeley.edu/
Slide 8
/
Sustainable Manufacturing Partnership (SMP)
SMP - A collaboration among leading companies and LMAS
to research, develop, evaluate and implement
sustainable manufacturing solutions
The basic objecKve of the SMP is …

… to provide a mechanism for the transi'on of basic research on green &
sustainable manufacturing to industry and government and to find manufacturing
soluKons to enable a sustainable future with verifiable economic benefits.

The SMP is designed to be "industry driven" in the sense that the parKcipaKon
of industry in the idenKficaKon of specific research objecKves and applicaKons for
evaluaKon of results of research will be aggressively sought.

Industry sponsorship of the SMP is sought although there are many addiKonal
opportuniKes for federal agency funding of basic research in this area or focused
applicaKon research. However, the quality and usefulness of the research and the
potenKal for program support are dependent on the ability to link effecKvely with industry.
Contact: Professor David Dornfeld, Director, LMAS

Will C. Hall Family Professor of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of California, Berkeley CA 94720-‐1740
Ph: (510) 642-‐0906 E-‐mail: dornfeld@berkeley.edu Blog: h_p://green-‐manufacturing.blogspot.com/
Slide 9
/
Outline

■  Lab Overview
■  Summary
Slide 10
/
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
■  A concept or methodology to evaluate the environmental
effects of a product or acKvity holisKcally, by analyzing
the whole life cycle of a parKcular product, process, or
acKvity (U.S. EPA, 1993)
■  LCA studies analyze the environmental aspects and

potenKal impacts throughout a product’s life cycle (e.g.
cradle-‐to-‐grave) from raw material acquisiKon through
producKon, use, and disposal (ISO).
Adapted from A. Horvath, CE 268E Lecture 9/16/10
Slide 11
/
Product Life Cycle
Conven2onal Product Design Sand Slide
Design /
Prototype
Materials
Typical Focus
Manufacturing
Use
End-‐of-‐Life
■  ConvenKonal thinking: linear process, no looking back (i.e. uni-‐direcKonal)

■  Typical objecKves: Minimize direct cost, meet performance and safety
requirements
■  May involve elementary environmental regulaKons: lead free, mercury free, etc.
Source: h_p://www.etech.com.cn
Slide 12
/
Product Life Cycle
Holis2c Product Life Cycle Design
■  Cradle-‐to-‐Cradle
Start-‐of-‐Life ■  All stages embodies design
Materials
■  All stages factor in supply chain
■  ObjecKves:
Recycle Supply Mfg.
■  Total cost of ownership
■  Carbon emissions
Design ■  Resources: energy, water
■  Waste
Re-‐mfg. Chain Use
Re-‐use
End-‐of-‐Life
Slide 13
/
Tools
■  GaBi Sojware
■  SimaPro
■  Umberto
■  CES Selector
■  Sustainable Minds
■  EIO-‐LCA
■  Autodesk
■  Solidworks Sustainability
Slide 14
/
Tools Ex. – CES Selector
■  Advance material selector sojware
for opKmizing material performance,
cost and eco-‐design

■  Ashby charts
■  Graphical trade-‐off comparisons
in material properKes

Slide 15
/
Tools – SW Sustainability
Source: solidworks.com
Slide 16
/
Case Study -‐ Electronics
■  LCA of the Mobile CommunicaKon System UMTS Report
■  Examining the environmental impact of mobile phones, looking

at the enKre mobile phones infrastructure.
■  What causes the largest environmental impact in the mobile
phone system?
■  The mobile phone makes up 50% of the impact
■  Of the phone’s impact, 95% is caused by manufacturing and 5% by
usage.
Source: Emmenegger, M F et al. “Life Cycle Assessment of the Mobile CommunicaKon System UMTS: Towards Eco-‐efficient
Systems (12 pp).” InternaKonal Journal Of Life Cycle Assessment 11.4 (2006) : 265-‐276.
Slide 17
/
■  Eco Indicator ‘99 results per life cycle stages
Source: Emmenegger, M F et al.
Slide 18
/
■  Considering manufacturing:
■  The producKon of printed wiring boards (PWB) and integrated

circuits (IC) make up about 40 – 50% of the environmental
impacts
■  energy consumpKon, producKon of semiconductor dies, supply of
gold and silver are of importance in the assessment

■  Conclusions:
■  More sustainable pracKces and improvements in producKon
■  Increasing service life
Slide 19
/
Outline

■  Lab Overview
■  Sustainable Processes and Facili2es
■  Summary
Slide 20
/
IntroducKon
Enterprise
•  Environmental concerns are growing
–  Customer demand
–  Increasing regulaKon
–  Increasing costs
•  Manufacturing is resource intensive
–  31% of U.S. energy usage1
–  19% of total world GWP emissions2
Where is this energy going?
[1] US EIA, “Annual Energy Review 2008, Report No. DOE/EIA-‐0384(2008)” Process/detail
[2] T. Herzog, “World greenhouse gas emissions in 2005,” WRI
Slide 21
/
Energy ConsumpKon of U.S. Manufacturing Sectors
Energy Consumed as Fuel
120% 1.49 x 108 GJ 9.27 x 107 GJ
1.14% 0.70% 0.54% 0.42% 0.09%
1.30% 0.56% 0.46% 0.38% 0.02%
2.54% 0.90%
Sum of the Percentage of Energy
100%
2.15%
3.06% 2.84%
7.06%
80% 7.58%
11.14%
60% 15.04%

20.41%
40%
21.69%
20%
0%
)
AL 2)
1)
AN ET 1)
ST AL 1)
2)
LS 3)
3)
AB 4)
PR ET 12)
)
IS 14)
AP RN 9)
)
H 324
PE 25
EQ 327
FA OO 36
TE MA 326
TE -E 335
23
AT AR 337
-E 315
16
TR -M (31
2
FO (33
-R (33
EL (31
FU (33
(3
(3
(3
(3
(3
(3
(3
(3
(
(
ER L (
D
AL
P
EM
PM R
XT CH
BE EC
XT TC
TC
E
O
O
ET
PL ET
O
IL
M
V-
C
-
PA
M
S-
C
-P
W
T
EC
M
N
P
P-
T-
N
-
O
B-
PE
EL
H
N
O
C
LE
Data: U.S. EIA MECS (2009) “2006 Energy ConsumpKon as Fuel”
Slide 22
/
Facility Energy ConsumpKon
200 184 Machines

Avg. Energy Intensity [kWh/m2-yr]
180 177
180 171 172
HVAC
160 Lighting
140 130
120
100 92 89
80 73 67 68 73
60
60 54
37
40 34
24 25
20
0
Fabricated Metal Machinery Computer and Electrical Equip., Transportation Furniture and
Products Electronic Appliances, and Equipment Related Products
Products Components
NAICS Industry
Slide 23
/
Energy Intensity of Computers and Electronics
Computer"&"peripheral"equipment" Value"of"Product"Shipments"
Value"Added"
Communica8ons"equipment"

Naviga8onal,"measuring,"medical,"&"control"instruments"
Audio"&"video"equipment"
Electrical"equipment"
Electric"ligh8ng"equipment"
Household"appliance"
Semiconductor"&"other"electronic"component"

Other"electrical"equipment"&"component"

Mfg"&"reproducing"magne8c"&"op8cal"media"
0" 0.1" 0.2" 0.3" 0.4" 0.5"

Energy'Intensity'[kWh/$]'
Slide 24
/
Facility Energy ConsumpKon
600
Machines
HVAC
Energy Intensity [kWh/m2-yr]
500 482
Lighting
400
301
300
188

200 180 184 177 171 172
116
130
103
100 92 89
61 63 37 60
73 67
54
68 73
36 34 25
19 24
0
Mori Seiki Mori Seiki Mori Seiki FAB-METAL MACH (333) COMP-ELEC ELEC-ETC TRANS-EQP FURN (337)
Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 4 (332) (334) (335) (336)
Slide 25
/
HVAC Energy Model
§  Influencing Factors:
§  Outside temperature
§  ProducKon equipment
§  Manual labor & body heat
§  ProducKon Volume
§  Slightly posiKve trend
§  RecommendaKons: HVAC Energy Model
§  Stabilize the loads on the

#1 Machining HVAC Energy Data
110
machine tools during the day 100
§  Minimize passage through doors

90
HVAC Energy [MWh]

80
leading outside of the plant 70
60
§  Energy Model: 50
40
EHVAC = a+b*V+c*t+d*t2 30
200
220 240
15
20
25
260 10
280 5
Avg. Temperature [C]
Volume [units]
Slide 26
© LMAS 2013 Berkeley/
26
LocaKon Dependency of HVAC Energy
12,000
Plant 1
9,837 Plant 4
10,000
HVAC Energy [MWh/yr]
7,969
8,000 7,427
6,114
5,828 5,625 5,559
6,000
4,000 3,604
2,000 1,411
1,024 1,152
796 806 777 879
545
0
Iga* Iga San Jose Detroit Munich Shanghai Chennai New Delhi
(Japan) (Japan) (USA) (USA) (Germany) (China) (India) (India)
*Actual HVAC energy consumpKon for two plants in Iga, Japan
Slide 27
© LMAS 2013 Berkeley/
27
Thank you for your a_enKon!

Contact InformaKon:
Nancy Diaz (ndiaz@berkeley.edu)
Ph.D. Candidate
Laboratory for Manufacturing and Sustainability (LMAS)
University of California, Berkeley
Slide 28
/
Outline

■  Lab Overview
■  Summary
Slide 29
/
Product Life Cycle
Raw Material Material
Manufacturing Use End-‐of-‐Life
ExtracKon Processing
Informal
Reuse Reuse Resell
Formal Secondary
Use Refurbish
CollecKon Processing
Recycling IncineraKon
Curbside
Landfill
CollecKon
Slide 30
/
E-‐Waste
E-‐waste is a generic
term encompassing
Consumer Electronic Product
various forms of electric
Sales in the U.S and electronic
equipment that have
ceased to be of any
value to their owners
(Widmer 2005)
Source: EPA May 2007
Slide 31
/
Informal Recycling
Resource Efficiency
LegislaKon
Slide 32
Image Sources: StEP-‐EMPA, ERI, ETBC /

“BeLer processing of e-‐waste would not only reduce the
amount of poten.ally toxic waste sent to landfill or
illegally exported overseas, but lead to greater recovery
of valuable raw materials” – European Parliament
Before we can improve e-‐waste processing we need to

have a be_er understanding of the e-‐waste system and
potenKal impacts
Slide 33
Berkeley
33
/
CommunicaKng Recycling Efficiency
EOL Pathways Project
How do we accurately represent reuse, recycling and final disposal of
consumer electronics in life cycle models?
PlasKcs
Metals
PCBs
Products
Ideal Inputs: Outputs:

•  Product types •  Amount/ % material types
•  Source locaKon Data collected through supplier survey •  Path impact calculaKon
•  Transport Distance
Different organizaKons, different
processes
– looking for assessment, not judgment
Slide 34
/
Flow Analysis of E-‐Waste CollecKon & Processing
System Boundary
Slide 35
/
Scope of Material Flow Analysis
Products Collec2on Facili2es Pathway
Televisions Consumer Type of Facility Recycle
LCD Retail Return -‐ Recycle
Collec.on -‐ Refurbish Reuse
Plasma
Program -‐ Reuse Whole System
CRT
Direct Component
Computers OEM takeback 10 Facili2es Refurbish
Laptops Whole System
Desktops Business Region Component
Tablet PCs OEM United States

Mobile Phones Enterprise

Government Temporal
Printers Schools/Univ. 2006 -‐ 2011

% Volume Retail Whole System

Facility X
Laptops Returns Refurbish
Slide 36
/
QuanKtaKve & QualitaKve Assessment
Electricity
Indirect Energy
Manual
Equipment 1
Disassembly/ Inventory
SorKng
Office and Admin

Energy Profile
Equipment 2 Electricity
Storage
Equipment 3
Develop performance profile

Direct Energy — IdenKfy electricity use and understand how it relates to operaKons
Compare performance
— Compare the use and performance data of similar faciliKes
Iden2fy data gaps
— Determine areas where more informaKon is needed
Slide 37
/
Federal Trade Commission
Recyclable -‐ It is deceptive to misrepresent, directly or by implication, that a product or package
is recyclable. A product or package should not be marketed as recyclable unless it can be
collected, separated or otherwise recovered from the solid waste stream for reuse, or in
the manufacture or assembly of another package or product, through an established
recycling program. Unquali<ied claims of recyclability for a product or package may be made if
A product or package should not be marketed as recyclable unless it can
the entire product or package, excluding minor incidental components, is recyclable. For products
be collected, separated or otherwise recovered from the solid waste
or packages that are made of both recyclable and non-‐recyclable components, the recyclable
stream for reuse, or in the manufacture or assembly of another package
claim should be adequately quali<ied to avoid consumer deception about which portions or
components or op
f troduct,
he product tohrough
r package aare
n reecyclable.
stablished Claims roecycling program.
f recyclability
should be quali<ied
to the extent necessary to avoid consumer deception about any limited availability of recycling
programs and collection sites. If an incidental component signi<icantly limits the ability to recycle
a product or package, a claim of recyclability would be deceptive. A product or package that is
made from recyclable material, but, because of its shape, size or some other attribute, is not
accepted in recycling programs for such material, should not be marketed as recyclable.
Slide 38
/
Mass Based Recyclability
%PRMC = Potential Recyclable Material Content (as percent of total weight)

•  Provides single approach for theoreKcal recyclability calculaKon
•  Develop standard, consistent method for calculaKng recyclability
•  Consistent with other product level recycling criteria reporKng
–  (WEEE, IEEE 1680.1, IEC Technical Report)
Slide 39
/
CommunicaKng Recyclability: Recyclability Calculator
•  Consistent with IEC

Recyclability
CalculaKon (IEC/
TR 62635)
•  Next Steps:
•  Understand
variety in PWBs
•  Incorporate
design for
recycling
strategies

Slide 40
/
Outline

■  Lab Overview
■  Summary
Slide 41
/
Sustainability and Manufacturing
Environment
Society
Economy
Manufacturing
Slide 42
/
DefiniKon – Social Responsibility
■  Sustainability requires socially responsible products
■  ISO 26000: Responsibility of an organizaKon for the
impacts of its decisions and acKviKes on society and the
environment, through transparent and ethical behavior
that
■  contributes to sustainable development, including health and
the welfare of society;
■  takes into account the expectaKons of stakeholders;
■  is in compliance with applicable law and consistent with
internaKonal norms of behavior; and
■  is integrated throughout the organizaKon and pracKced in its
relaKonships
InternaKonal OrganizaKon for StandardizaKon, “ISO 26000: Guidance on Social Responsibility,” 2010.
Slide 43
/
Contextualized Supply Chain
Impacts on Social En22es
Global Community
ActualizaKon Local
Local Community
Esteem Community
Local
AffiliaKon Community
Basic Health Local

and Safety Community
Slide 44
/
Social Impacts of Industrial Processes
Photo credit: Reuters
Photo credit: h_p://www.enoughproject.org Photo credit: Lionel Healing/AFP/Ge_y Images
Slide 45
/
The Sustainability ConsorKum Approach
Sustainability
Risk
Key
Performance
Indicator
Improvement
Opportunity
Slide 46
/
Social Impacts -‐ Challenges
■  IdenKficaKon -‐ Tier 1
■  No consensus on the risks (or indicators to measure risk)
■  Opacity of supply chain
■  Risks need to be prioriKzed
■  CorrecKve AcKon -‐ Tier 1

■  Linkage between acKon and impact not well characterized
■  Needs to provide guidance without being overly prescripKve
■  IdenKficaKon -‐ Tier 2

■  Many risks evaluated at organizaKonal
or naKonal level
■  Limited methodologies to allocate impact to
products
Slide 47
/
Sustainability Risks – What are they?
■  Human and Labour Rights
■  Universal DeclaraKon of Human Rights (UN)
■  InternaKonal Labour OrganizaKon convenKons
■  Programs focused on social impacts

■  ISO 26000: Guidance on Social Responsibility
■  SA 8000: auditable cerKficaKon standard
■  Programs integraKng social and environmental impacts

■  Global ReporKng IniKaKve (GRI)
■  Global Social Compliance Program (GSCP)
■  Sustainability AccounKng Standards Board (SASB)
■  Good Guide (now partnered with Underwriter’s Laboratory)
■  The Sustainability ConsorKum (TSC)
Slide 48
/
Sustainability Risks – Where are they?
■  Where …
■  In the world
■  In the supply chain
■  In the organizaKon
■  Tools
■  Audit results
■  Social Hotspot Database
■  Input/Output LCA
■  LocaKon-‐specific data
Sourcemap, Typical Laptop Computer accessed 7/18/12 from h_p://srce.mp/nBnBZV
Slide 49
/
PrioriKzing Social Impacts in Design
Furthest
Up-‐stream
Supplier
Effects of
Lifecycle phase
mat’l choice in Training for those involved in raw
manufacturing mat’l extracKon and processing
Informal
recycling
Providing connecKvity to people
for enhanced product exchange
End of Life and health care
Gravity of Impact
Most egregious -‐ affecKng Opportunity for
basic rights and health posiKve impact
Slide 50
/
Current and near-‐term work
■  OperaKonalize definiKons of social impacts/risks
■  Collaborate with other disciplines
■  (Green) Materials & Chemistry
■  Public health
■  Materials science (extracKon and processing of materials)
■  Business
■  EducaKonal assessment
■  Facilitate improved decision making in design

■  Key performance indicators
■  IncorporaKon into exisKng and new tools
■  Mechanism for trade-‐off analysis
Slide 51
/
Outline

■  Lab Overview
■  Summary
Slide 52
/
Summary
■  Manufacturing plays an important role in the
sustainability of the product life cycle
■  Truly green, sustainable products require that designers
and manufacturers:
■  Consider the enKre life cycle during design
■  Assess environmental impacts at all levels of manufacturing
enterprise and across the supply chain
■  Implement appropriate end-‐of-‐life strategies
■  Address the social impacts of our manufacturing systems and the
products that they create
Slide 53
/
More informaKon…
h_p://lmas.berkeley.edu
Blog: h_p://green-‐manufacturing.blogspot.com/
Slide 54
/

Green Product Design and Manufacturing

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Green

Product Design & Manufacturing

■ MoKvaKon and Background

Speciﬁc projects include:

Environment Mfg Sustainability Scalability Reliability

And across the supply chain…

Machining Cell or Line

■ MoKvaKon and Background

Solar/Rare earth’s Product Labeling/

Autodesk Mfg Industry Partners

Mfg technologies AnalyKcal/assessment Mfg “systems” Clean tech Business drivers

The basic objecKve of the SMP is …

Contact: Professor David Dornfeld, Director, LMAS

■ MoKvaKon and Background

■ LCA studies analyze the environmental aspects and

Adapted from A. Horvath, CE 268E Lecture 9/16/10

■ ConvenKonal thinking: linear process, no looking back (i.e. uni-­‐direcKonal)

■ Examining the environmental impact of mobile phones, looking

Source: Emmenegger, M F et al.

■ The producKon of printed wiring boards (PWB) and integrated

■ MoKvaKon and Background

Where is this energy going?

200 184 Machines

0" 0.1" 0.2" 0.3" 0.4" 0.5"

§ RecommendaKons: HVAC Energy Model

§ Stabilize the loads on the

machine tools during the day 100

§ Minimize passage through doors

HVAC Energy [MWh]

leading outside of the plant 70

§ Energy Model: 50

■ MoKvaKon and Background

Source: EPA May 2007

Before we can improve e-­‐waste processing we need to

Ideal Inputs: Outputs:

Mobile Phones Enterprise

% Volume Retail Whole System

Oﬃce and Admin

Develop performance proﬁle

• Consistent with IEC

■ MoKvaKon and Background

Basic Health Local

Photo credit: Reuters

Photo credit: h_p://www.enoughproject.org Photo credit: Lionel Healing/AFP/Ge_y Images

■ CorrecKve AcKon -­‐ Tier 1

■ IdenKﬁcaKon -­‐ Tier 2

■ Programs focused on social impacts

■ Programs integraKng social and environmental impacts

■ Facilitate improved decision making in design

■ MoKvaKon and Background

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■  MoKvaKon and Background

■  MoKvaKon and Background

■  MoKvaKon and Background

■  LCA studies analyze the environmental aspects and

■  ConvenKonal thinking: linear process, no looking back (i.e. uni-‐direcKonal)

■  Examining the environmental impact of mobile phones, looking

■  The producKon of printed wiring boards (PWB) and integrated

■  MoKvaKon and Background

§  RecommendaKons: HVAC Energy Model

§  Stabilize the loads on the

§  Minimize passage through doors

§  Energy Model: 50

■  MoKvaKon and Background

Before we can improve e-‐waste processing we need to

•  Consistent with IEC

■  MoKvaKon and Background

■  CorrecKve AcKon -‐ Tier 1

■  IdenKﬁcaKon -‐ Tier 2

■  Programs focused on social impacts

■  Programs integraKng social and environmental impacts

■  Facilitate improved decision making in design

■  MoKvaKon and Background