Portfolio in

GENERAL
MATHEMATHICS
1st Semester
(S.Y 2018-2019)

Submitted to
Ms. Daisy R. Acas

Submitted by
Johnna May T. Siarot
Mt. Banahaw
Date Submitted
October 3, 2018

STUDENT’S PROFILE
Name: Johnna May T. Siarot
Age: 17 years old
Birthday: December 23, 2000
Address : Blk 2 Lot 7 Emerald Homes
Subd. Phase 1 Brgy. San Roque,
Lambaguhon Iligan City
Contact No. 09550617716
Motto: “To see is to believe”

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Simple Recall

II. Functions

* Functions , Relations and Their Graph

* Application Problem of Piecewise Function
* Evaluating a Function
* Functions as Representation of Real-Life Situations
* Operation on Function
* Composition of Functions

III. Rational Functions

* Application Problems
* Solving Rational Inequalities
* Procedures for Solving Rational Inequalities

IV. Rational Functions

* Domain and Range of a Rational Function

* Graphing Rational Functions
* Vertical and Horizontal Asymptote of Rational Functions

V. Inverse Function

* The Domain and Range of the Inverse Function

VI. Exponential Functions

* Exponential Functions, Equations and Inequalities.

*Compound Interest
* Solving Exponential Functions
* One-one Property of Exponential Functions
* Solving Exponential Inequalities
* Property of Inequality for Exponential Functions
* Properties of Exponential Functions

VII. The Logarithmic Functions

* Laws of Logarithms

VIII. Sound Interest

IX. Compilation of Papers with refections

X. Refection
0 c
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS:
REPRESENTATING REAL LIFE SITUATIONS
USING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
DEFINITION: An EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION with base b is a functin if the firm
f(x) = bx, where b> 0, b ≠ 1.

DEFINITION: Let b be a pisitie number nit equal ti 1.

A transfirmatin if an expinental functin with base b is a functin

if the firm

g(x) abx-cd

where a;c and d are real numbers.

 A. POPULATION
EXPONENTIAL MODELS AND POPULATION GROWTH
Suppise a quality y diubles T units if tme. If Y0 is the inital amiunt, then
the quality y afer t units if tme is giien by Y = Y0(2)t/T

EXAMPLE:

Let t = tme in days. At t = 0, there were initally 20 bacteria. Suppise that

the bacteria diubles eiery 100 hiurs. Giie an expinental midel fir the bacteria
as a functin if t.

Initally, at t = 0, ni. if bacteria = 20

at t = 100, ni. if bacteria = 20(2) 1

at t = 200, ni. if bacteria = 20(2)2

at t = 300, ni. if bacteria = 20(2)3

∴ The expinental midel fir this situatin is

Y = Y0(2)t/T

Y= 20(2)t/T

B. EXPONENTIAL DECAY

DEFINITION: The half – life if a radiiactie substance is the tme it takes fir half
if the substance ti decay.

EXAMPLE:

Suppise that the half – life if a certain radiiactie substance is 10 days

and there 10 g initally, determine the amiunt if substance remaining afer 30
days. Giie an expinental midel fir this situatin.

Initally,

at t = 0, amiunt if substance = 10 g

at t = 10, amiunt if substance = 5 g

at = 20, amiunt if substance = 2.5 g

at t = 30, amiunt if substance = 1.25 g

∴ The expinental midel fir this situatin is,

1
Y= Y0 ( 2 )t/T
 1
Y=10g ( 2 ¿t/T days

COUMPOND INTEREST
DEFINITION: If a principal P is iniested at amiunt rate if r, cimpiunded annually,
then the amiunt afer t years is giien by A = P (1 + r) t.

EXAMPLES: Mr.s Dayahan iniested P100,000 in a cimpany that ifers 6% interest

cimpiunded annually.

a) Hiw much will this iniestment be wirth at the end if each year fir the next
fiie years. Giie expinental midel.
Let t be the tme in years
at = 0, iniestment = P100, 000
at = 1, iniestment = P100, 000(1.06)= P106,000
at = 2, iniestment = P106, 000(1.06) = P112, 300
at = 3, iniestment = P112, 300(1.06) = P 119, 101.60
at = 4, iniestment = P119, 101.60 (1.06) = P 126, 247.70
at = 5, iniestment = P126, 247.70(1.06) = P 133, 822.56

∴ The expinental midel fir this is,

A = 100,000 (1+0.06)t = 100, 000 (1.06)t

b) Is it pissible fir Mrs. Dayahan ti diuble her miney in 8 years? 10 years?

t = 8 years

A= 100, 000 ( 1.06)8

A= P159, 384.81 ∴ It is nit pissible fiir Mrs. Dayahan ti diuble

t = 10 years her miney in 10 years.

A = 100,000 (1.06)10

A = P 179, 084.77

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS, EQUATION

AND INEQUALITIES
DEFINITION: An expinental expressiin is an expressiin if the firm a – b x-c +d,
where b> 0 , b≠1.
DEFINITION 1.An expinental equatin is an equatin iniiliing expinental
expressiin
1
Example: 72x-x = 343

DEFINITION 2. An expinental inequality is an inequality iniiliing expinental

expressiins.

Example: 52x- 5x+1 ≤ 0

DEFINITION 3. An expinental functin is a functin if the firm f(x) = b x, where

b> 0, b≠ 1.

Example: f(x) = 1(8)x ir y = (18)x

NATURAL LOGARITHM (ln)

ln e = 1

ln 0 (undefined)

ln 1 = 0

SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

Simple recall:

Deifinition: Let a≠0. We define the filliwing

1) a0 = 1
1
2) an =
an

Theirem: Let r and s be ratinal numbers. Then

1) aras 4) (a b)r = arbr

r
a a r ar
2) s = a r−s 5) ( b ) = r
a b
3) (a r)s = a rs

ONE-TO-ONE PROPRTY OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

If X1 ≠ X2 , then bx1 ≠ bx2 Ciniersely, if bx1 ¿ bx2 then X1 ¿ X2.

Example: Silie the filliwing expinental equatins by siliing the ialue if X.

1) 4x-1 = 16
2) 125x-1 = 25x+3
3) 9x^2 = 3x+3
 4) e3x= 7
1
5) ( 3 )x = 81
5 4
6) ( 2 )x = 25

SOLUTIONS:

1) 4x-1 = 16 2) 125x-1 = 25x+3 3) 9x^2 =3x+3

4x-1 = 42 53(x-1) =52(x+3) (32)x^2 = 3x+3
x-1 = 2 3(x-1) = 2(x + 3) 3 2x^2 = 3x+3
x = 2+1 3x – 3 = 2x + 6 2x 2 = x+3
x=3 3x – 2x = 6+ 3 2x 2 – x – 3 = 0
x=9 (2x - 3)(x+1) = 0
2x-3 = 0 ; x+1 = 0
2x = 3 ; x = - 1
3
x= 2

1 5 4
4) e3x = 7 5) ( 3 )x = 81 6) ( 2 )x = 25
3x 1 5 22
ln e = ln 7 ( 3 )x = 34 ( )x = 2
2 5
1 1 5 2
3x ln e = ln 7 ( 3 )x = ( 3 )-4 ( )x = ( ¿ 2
2 5
3x 5 5
3
= ln 7 x=-4 ( )x =
2 ()
2
-2

ln 7
x= 3 x = -2

SOLVING EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITIES

Ti silie EXPONNENTIAL INEQUALITIES, we use this priperty.

PROPERTY OF INEQUALITY FOR EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

Let b > 1. Then

1) bx > by if and inly if x is greater that y.

2) bx < by if and inly if x < y

Examples: Silie the filliwing expinental inequalites. Write yiur silutin set in
interial firm.
1 1
1) 3x < 9x-2 5) ( 9 )3x+5 ≤ ( 243 )x – 6
 1 1
2) ( 10 )x+5 ≥ ( 100 )3x

3) 252 ≥ 5x+1

4) 105x+2 > 10, 000

b> 0

• If b > 1, then retain the inequality symbil.

• If b < 1, then reierse the inequality

SOLUTIONS
1 1
1) 3x < 9x-2 2) ( 10 )x+5 ≥ ( 100 )3x 3) 252 ≥ 5x+1

1 x+5 1
3x < 32(x-2) (
10
) ≥ ( )2(3x)
10
(52)2 ≥ 5x+1

x < 2(x - 2) x + 5 ≤ 2(3x) 4 ≥ x+1

x < 2x - 4 x+5 ≤ 6x 4- 1 ≥ x

4 < 2x – x 5 ≤ 6x – x 3≥x
5 ≤ 5x
4<x 5 5
S.S. = ( - ∞, 3]

S.S. = (4, +∞) 1≤x

S.S. [ 1. +∞)
1 1
4) 105x+2 > 10, 000 5) ( 9 )3x+5 ≤ ( 243 )x – 6

1 1
105x+2 > 104 ( )2(3x+5) ≤ ( )5(x – 6)
3 3

5x+2 > 4 2(3x+5) ≥ 5(x-6)

5x > 4 – 2 6x + 10 ≥ 5x -
30

5x > 2 6x – 5x ≥ -30 -
10
2 x ≥ -40
X> 5
 2
S.S. = ( 5 , + ∞) S.S. = [ -40, + ∞)

In general, the graph if f(x) = bx has the filliwing behaiiir.

i) Graphs if f(x) = bx if b > 1.

strictly increasing and atains

inly

x pisitie y – ialues.

ii) Graphs if f(x) = bx if b 0 < b < 1.

strictly decreasing and atains

inly

x pisitie y – ialues.

PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

A. f (x) = bx , b > 1 and 0 < b < 1

Similarities:

• The graph passes thriugh the piint (0, 1)

• The dimain is all real numbers.

• The range is y > 0 ir the set (0, +∞).

• It us a ine-ti-ine functin. It satsfies the HORIZONTAL LINE TEST.

• The y – intercept is 1. There is ni x – intercept.

•The hirizintal asymptite is the line y = 0 (ir the x - axis).

• There is ni iertcal asymptite.

• The graph is cintnuius.

• The graph is smiith.

Differences:

A. f(x) = bx , b > 1

• The graph is increasing • The graph is asymptitc ti the x – axis as x

appriaches negatie infinity.

• The graph increases withiut biund as x – appriaches pisitie infinity.

B. f(x) = bx , 0 < b < 1

• The graph is decreasing.

• The graph is asymptitc ti the x – axis as x appriaches pisitie infinity.

• The graph decreases withiut biund as x appriaches pisitie infinity.

THE LOGARITHM FUNCTION

DEFINITION:

i) Fir all pisitie real numbers x and b , b ≠ 1, there exists a real number u such
that y = log b x if and inly if X = by.

ii) A ligarithm is an expinent which b must haie ti priduce x. In either equatin,

b is called the base and must be a pisitie number.
NOTE: Each expinental functin f(x) = bx has an inierse functin i. e. a
ligarithmic functin.

DEFINITION: Cimmin ligarithms are ligarithms with base 10.

NOTE: The base 10 is usually imited when writng cimmin ligarithms.

Example: lig X = log 10 x

DEFINITION: Euler’s number e is appriximately 2.71828.

• Ligarithms with base e are called natural ligarithms and are denited
by “ln”.

Example:

e2 = x
log e X=2

ln X = 2

Illustratin:

LOGARITHMIC FORM EXPONENTIAL FORM

Piwer

y = log b X X = by

Expinent Base

Read as “ y equals the ligarithm if x ti the base b.”

Examples:

A. Express the filliwing in ligarithmic firm.

1
1) 24 = 16 3) 5-1 = 5

2) 43 = 64 4) 104 = 10, 000

Answers:

1) 24 = 16 ↔ log 2 16=4

2) 43 = 64 ↔ log 4 64=3
1 1
3) 5-1 = 5 ↔ log5 5 =−1
4) 104 = 10, 000 ↔ log 10 10,000=4

B. Express the filliwing in expinental firm.

1) log 2 32=5 3) log 16 36=−2

1
2) log 5 625=¿4 4) log 8 2= 3

Answers:

1) log 2 32=5 ↔ 25 = 32

2) log 5 625=¿4 ↔ 54 = 625

1
3)log 16 36=−2 ↔ 6 – 2 = 36

1
4) log 8 2= 3 ↔ 81/3 = 2

C. Find

1) m if m = log 2 8

2) t is log 5 t=−2

3) b is log b 9 = 2

Answers:

1) m = log 2 8 2) log 5 t=2 3) log b 9 = 2

2m = 23 5-2 = t b2 = 9 b = 3 and b = -
3
1
m=3
52
=t √ b2=± √ 9
rejected since base must

b = ±3
be a pisitie numbers.

1) log 2 16 6) log 5 5

2) log 10 1.58 7) log 12 16

3) log 2 32 8) log 7 1
 1
4) log 9 729 9) log 5
√5
1
5) log 3 27

Answers:
1
1) log 2 16=Z 2) log 2 32=m 4) log 9 729= j 5) log 3 =s
27

1
2z = 16 2 m = 32 9 j = 729 3s =
33

2z = 24 2m = 25 9j = 9 3 3 s = 3-3

z=4 m=5 j=3 s = -3

1
6) log 5 5=n 7) log 1 16=q 8) log 7 1=c 9) log 5 =d
2 √5
1q 4
5n = 5 =2 7c = 1 5d =
2
1
1
2
5

1q 1−4
n=1 = 7c = 0 5d =
2 2
−1
2
5

q = -4 c=0 d=-
−1
2

LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

Let b > 0 , b ≠ 1 and let n ∈ IR.

Fir u > 0 , i > 0 then

1) Logarithms of a product
log b ( uv )=log b u+ log b v

2) Logarithms of a quotient

log b ( uv )=log u−log v

b b

3) Logarithms of a power
 log b (u¿¿ n)=n log b u ¿

4) log a 1=0

5) log a a=1

6) If log a m=log a n ,then m=n

7) log a a r=r • loga a=r

Examples:

1. Use the laws if a ligarithms ti expand each expressiin in terms if the

ligarithms if the factirs. Assume each factir is pisitie.

a) lig (ab2) b) ln [ x(x-5)] c) log 3 ¿3

Answers:

a) lig (ab2) b) ln [ x(x-5)] c) log 3 ¿3

3
= lig a + 2lig b = log e ¿ ¿] = 3lig x

= log e X + loge ( x−5 ) = 3(log 3 3−log 3 x )

= ln x + ln (x-5) = 3 – 3 log 3 x

2. Use the laws if ligarithms ti cindense the expressiin as a single ligarithm.

a) lig 2+ lig 3 c) log5 ( x ¿¿ 2)−3 log 5 x ¿

b) 2 ln X – ln Y d) 2 – lig 5

Answers:

a) lig 2+ lig 3 b) 2 ln X – ln Y c) log 5 ( x ¿¿ 2)−3 log5 x ¿

= lig (2)(3) =2 log e X + log e y = log 5 x 2−log 5 x 3

x x
= lig 6 = log e x 2+ log e y = log 5 x - log 5 ( x • x ¿ )¿

2
x 1
= log e = log 5 x
y
 2
x
= ln ( )
y

d) 2 – lig 5

= 2 lig 10 – lig 5

= lig 102 – lig 5

= lig 100 – lig 5

100
= lig 5

= lig 20

EXERCISE:

Cimbine inti a single ligarithm:

log 3 ( x +2)+log 3 ( x−2 )−2 log 3 x−log 3 (x−3)

= log3 ( x+ 2 )( x−2 ) −log3 x2 −log 3 ( x−3)

= log 3 ( x+ 2 )( x−2 ) −(log¿¿ 3 x 2−log 3 ( x−3 )) ¿

= log 3 ( x+ 2 )( x−2 ) −log 3 x2 (x −3)

( x +2)(x −2)
=log 3
x 2 ( x−3)

If log 10 2=X , log10 3=Y ∧log 10 7=Z . Express the filliwing in terms if x, y and z inly.

1) log 10 84 2)log 10 504

= log 10 (7)(3)(2)2 = log 10 (3)2(7)(2)3

= log 10 7+ log10 3+2 log 10 2 = 2 log 10 3+ log 10 7+ 3 log 10 2

= Z+Y+2x = 2y + Z + 3x

= 2x + y + z = 3x + 2y + z
SOUND INTENSITY
In aciustcs, the decibel (dB) leiel if a siund as
I
D = 10 log
10−12

where I is the siund intensity in wats/m2 (the quantty 10-12 wats/m2 is least
audible siund a human can hear).

Example:

The decibel leiel if siund in a quiet ifce is 10-6 wats/ m2

a) What is the cirrespinding siund intensity in decibel?

Giien : I -10-6 wats/m2

I
D = 10 log
10−12

10−6
D = 10 log −12
10

10 12
D = 10 log 6
10

D = 10 lig 106

D = 10(6) lig 10

D= 60 dB

b) Hiw much mire intense is this siund than the least audible siund a human
can hear?

10−6 1012
This siund is −12 = 6 = 106 = 1,000,000 tmes mire intense that the least
10 10
audible siund a human can hear.
 REFLECTION
IN 1st QUARTER

As a student during Gen. Math tme I dinnt partcipate because Inm

afraid ti be scilded ir what but when I git the gut ti answer I rarely
raised my hand si that I can gain piints eien if it is just eniugh. I
actiely jiined during a perfirmance task and try ti make all things up.
I want ti make my teacher priud but then there is sime part if me
whi is si afraid if diing such thing.

As a classmate, I want them ti laugh eierytme I git a jike si that

thise stress day can be relieied by my jikes eien if it us si cirny
simetmes. Eierytme we had sime quiz ir assignment I let them cipy
eien if my answer was nit si sure eniugh. At least all if us had a
answer. I want all if us ti gi in stage and diwn the medal by iur
parents. We want iur parentns ti be priud if us.

To my teacher, I am so afraid everytime she tries to

step her foot on our foor and go on to the class discussion.
I'm afraid everytime she said that there was a board work
that could be done after her discussion, well even if my
classmates feel what I had feel.
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