Keyboarding

Keyboarding
“If you want to know how to type

faster, you must have the will power
to learn. True, as the saying goes –
if there is a will, there is a way. No
amount of drill that is forced by the
instructor can make you learn if you
are not interested in learning it. You
must see the need for many, many
hours of practice that may be
required to acquire the necessary
typing skill. Practice makes perfect,
they say, but may I add that it
should be correct practice that makes
it perfect.”
K E Y B OA R D I NG
Keyboard (kê¹bôrd´, -bord´) noun
A set of keys, as on a computer terminal, word processor, typewriter, or piano.

An input device that lets you communicate with the computer.
Keyboard Layout (kê’bord lâ`out) noun
The key arrangement used for a particular keyboard, including such factors as the number of keys (101 is the
current standard) and the configuration of the keys (QWERTY is the standard). Some proprietary systems use
different layouts, and many allow you to map characters to the keys according to your preferences.
QWERTY keyboard (kwer’tê kê`bord) noun
A keyboard layout named for the six leftmost characters in the top row of alphabetic characters on most
keyboards-the standard layout of most typewriters and computer keyboards.
Dvorak keyboard (de-vor’zhak kê`bord, de-vor’zhäk, dê-vor’ak) noun
A keyboard layout developed by August Dvorak and William L. Dealey in 1936 as an alternative to the
overwhelmingly popular QWERTY keyboard. The Dvorak keyboard was designed to speed typing by placing
the characters on the keyboard for easiest access to the most frequently typed letters. In addition, pairs of
letters that often occur sequentially were separated so that the hands could alternate typing them.
Ergonomic Keyboard (er-ge-nom`ik kê’bord) noun

A keyboard designed to reduce the risk of wrist and hand injuries that result from prolonged use or repetitive
movement. An ergonomic keyboard can include such features as alternate key layouts and palm rests.
Enhanced Keyboard (en-hansd` kê’bord) noun

An IBM 101/102-key keyboard that replaced the PC and AT keyboards. It features 12 function keys across the
top, rather than 10 on the left side; extra Control and Alt keys; and a bank of cursor and editing keys between
the main keyboard and number pad. It is similar to the Apple Extended Keyboard.
K E Y B OA R D I NG
Keyboarding – the process of inputting data by means of a keyboard.
Important Terms:
Cursor/Insertion Point Blinking vertical bar; indicates where the pressed key would appear.
Scrolling Viewing the parts of a window that is not visible for the mean time
Keyboard An input device that is connected to a computer terminal and is used to enter data
Word wrap Automatic moving of text to the next line when it no longer fits in the current line
Common Keyboard Parts and their Uses:
Status Keys
Special function keys
Scrolling Keys
T
y
p
i
n
g
a
rea Used to type in the keys (letters, symbols, & numbers)
Numeric keypad Used to type numeric data rapidly
Cursor navigation keys Allow you to move the text cursor up () and down (), usually a line at a
time, and left () and right (), usually a character at a time.
Special function keys Also called soft keys; they are numbered and assigned different functions in
different software packages.
Scrolling keys Used to scroll through a document or window.
Status Keys Indicates whether the keyboard is properly connected to the terminal or not. It also
indicates if the num lock, caps lock, or scroll lock is activated.
Other Important Keys:
Num Lock Toggles the number lock feature on and off.

Print Screen Prints what is currently being displayed on the screen.
Scroll lock Toggles the scroll lock feature on and off. When activated, the cursor remains fixed. This
feature is applicable to certain programs only.
Spacebar Used to key in a space at the cursor position.
Caps Lock Used to key in letters in all caps.
Shift Used to key in symbols located above the numbers, or to capitalize a letter.
Escape Used to cancel the current command or menu and return to the work screen.
Tab Advances the cursor to the next user-defined tab stop. Its default tab stop is every half inch.
Delete Erases character at the cursor position.
Backspace Erases character at the left of the cursor.
Home Moves the cursor at the beginning of a word/work area.
End Moves the cursor at the end of a word/work area.
Enter Used to
o Designate the end of a paragraph
o Confirm an entry
o Select an option
Page Up/Page Down Vertically scrolls a page or screen at a time.
Insert Toggles between Insert Mode and Overtype Mode
Insert Mode Text entered is additional text
Overtype Mode Text entered types over the character at the cursor position.
Ctrl, Alt Used in conjunction with another key to expand the functionality of the keyboard.
Typing Fundamentals
“All of us need to have a goal and we must try

to reach it. We may not be able to reach our goal
in one trial so we must have to try again. There
is no harm in trying again and again.
A lot of people have suffered setbacks in their

effort to reach their goal, but a good many of
them do not mind early failures. Instead, they
keep on trying and trying until they succeed.
The will to win is a great help to those who want

to do great things. Many of us have read stories
of the lives of many great men and most of them
revealed that they did not achieve success in a
single try.
Success is usually won by people who work hard.

People who exert more effort and do their best in
whatever they do are the ones who reap the
reward. It really pays to work hard. There are
shining examples of those who succeed through
hard work.”

Proper Finger Positioning
T Y P I NG FU N D AM E NT AL S
Home Keys It is where your fingers should be anchored.
d k
f j
s l
a ;
Left Hand Place your fingertips on the A S D and F keys.

Right Hand Place your fingertips on the J K L and ; (semicolon) keys.
Thumb (Left or Hand) Strike the spacebar with thumb of your writing hand – the right thumb if you are
right-handed, and left hand if you are left-handed.
The Shift Key
Is used to type symbols located at the upper portion of the number keys.
Also used to type the first letter of the word in uppercase.
1. Press the Shift key with the little finger of the opposite hand that is used to type in the character.
2. Type the symbol, or the letter that is to be in capital.
3. Release the Shift key and return all fingers to home position.
Figuring Speed
If you type for more than 1 minute: To find out your 1-minute rate, you will need to divide the word
total by the number of minutes you typed.
Example:
37 words in 2 minutes would be 37/2 = 18 ½ . Words per minute (wpm) is 19.

Count a fraction as a whole word.
If you type for less than 1 minute: To find out your 1-minute rate, you will have to multiply the total
number of words typed because you typed for less than a minute.
Example:
9 words typed for 30 seconds, multiply by 2 (2 * 30 = 60 or 1 minute) is 18 wpm.
Counting Errors
2 1 3 2
Dr. Saar is on call she asked Annefor five half
liters of cold m lk in a jar. Dr. Sara is on call;
4 6 7
she astde Ann for five half liters cold milk in in
a jar.
1 Circle any word in which there is an error.

2 Count a word as an error if the spacing after it is incorrect.
3 Count a word as an error if the punctuation after it is incorrect.
4 Count only one error against one word, no matter how many errors it may contain.
5 Count each failure to follow directions in spacing, indenting, and so on, as an error.
6 Count each word that is omitted as an error.
7 Count each word that is repeated incorrectly as an error.
Proper Finger Positioning
LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND

Little Ring Middle Index Thumb Thumb Index Middle Ring Little
Q W E R Space bar Space bar Y I O P
A S D F Left Alt Right Alt H K L : colon
Z X C V N < > ; semicolon
? question
Tab @ # T U , comma . period
mark
/ forward
Caps lock 2 3 G J * asterisk (
slash
Left Shift B M 8 9 {}
Left Ctrl $ ^ []
! 4 6 “
1 % 7 ‘
5 & Backspace
Enter
Right Shift
Right Ctrl
)
0
- dash
= equal
+ plus
\ backward
slash
Punctuation Spacing
1. Space once before and after an ampersand (&) used between words and numbers.
2. Do not space between the number and the # sign.
3. Do not space between the number and the $ sign.
4. Do not space between the number and the % sign.
5. Space once after a closing parenthesis, do not space before it.
6. Space once before an opening parenthesis, do not space after it.
7. Do not space before or after an apostrophe.
8. Space twice after a period or a question mark at the end of a sentence.
9. Space once after a period that follows an abbreviation.
10. Space once after a comma and a colon.
11. Do not space before or after forward/backward slash.
Quotation Marks
Quotation marks are used in pairs. Often the second quotation mark is used with another punctuation mark.
Follow these rules when using quotation marks with other punctuation.
Place commas and periods before the second

quotation mark. (See A and B)
Place colons and semicolons after the second A
“Good morning,” said Joe. “Come
quotation mark. (See C and D) B C
Place question marks and exclamation marks in.” I did as he offered”: I went in.
D
before the second quotation mark only if the He said that I seemed “excited”;
E
entire quotation is a question or exclamation.
he listened. “What’s your news?”
(See E) In all other cases, place the question E
he asked. “Tell me!” Did he
mark or exclamation mark after the second F
quotation mark. (See F and G) already “know”? I think he
G
“guessed”!
Building Up Typing Speed Techniques

1. You must have a mastery of the keyboard.
2. Keep eyes on copy. Let the fingers search for the keys, not the eyes.
It will be easier to keep your eyes on the copy if you:
Understand how the line is arranged.
Review the chart for key positions. If you’re feeling

Maintain an even pace. down and alone,
just look UP.
Resist looking up.
You’ve got a
3. Check your posture friend in Him.
Arlene
Feet apart, on floor.
Feet in front of the chair, with one foot slightly ahead of the other.
Back must be erect, leaning forward.
Hands are close together, fingers are curved low.
Eyes must be focused on the copy.
Palms are low but do not touch the machine.
Hands are flat and level across their backs.
The thumb is above the center of the space bar.
Hands are so close you could lock the thumbs.
All fingers are curved so that you type on the tips.
4. Practice on the hard and unfamiliar words.

5. Read beforehand the material you are going to type.
6. Do not press on the keyboard too hard.
7. Type smoothly and with ease.
8. Be guided by the principle, “If other people can type by touch, why can’t I?”
To develop your typing speed, first, you have to type short and easy words that will send your
fingers flying. You can make use of the fluency drills given in this manual. Repeat these words again
and again until you can type these words at top speed. Start to type sentences with the same pace
– slowly at first then try to push your speed faster and faster until your fingers keep on flying. Do
not forget that if there are some words in the sentence that you think will disturb the flow of your
typing, practice on them first, until you can type them fast and right.
Characteristics of a Good Typist
A good typist works smoothly with speed and accuracy. As she types, she keeps her eyes on the material
he is copying and focuses his attention on the thought content. He assumes proper sitting position, types
with less hand motions and without jerks, but keeps the keys moving smoothly.
A good typist spends a little time to plan his work before he begins. He puts all things in order. He places
them in a convenient way so that when he starts to work, he does so with the least delay. In this way, he
saves more time.
A good typist proofreads his work thoroughly. He checks his copy with care and corrects all errors.
A good typist is one who can be depended upon. He makes a follow-through in his job. He not only
completes his work on time, but does it right and pretty well. He has initiative and does not just wait for
orders. He anticipates what needs to be done and tries to perform it to the best of his ability.
A good typist can always

The Numeric Keypad
When working on a computer, it is often quicker to use the numeric pad for all-figure work.
Num Caps Scroll

Lock Lock Lock
Num
Lock / * -
7 8 9
Home PgUp
+
4 5 6

1 2 3
End PgDn
Enter
0 .
Ins Del
The number 5 serves as your home or guide key.

Place the right index finger on 4, middle finger on 5, ring finger on 6, and the thumb on 0(zero).
Reach with the index finger to type 7, and drop the same finger to type 1.
Reach with the middle finger to type 8, and drop the same finger to type 2.
Reach with the ring finger to type 9, and drop the same finger to type 3.
Press Enter, plus sign (+), and minus sign (-) with the little finger.
Press the spacebar or tab with the left hand.
To key in a decimal point, drop the ring finger down to the key.
Manipulating Text Basics
Entering Text into a Word 97 Document
Background Word 97 normally functions in Insert mode which means that text is
added to a document without overwriting anything else.
Alternatively, Word 97 can function in Overtype mode which will
overwrite existing text with any new text that you type in. The status
bar at the bottom of the Word 97 window indicates that you are in
Overtype mode by highlighting the OVR indicator.
To insert text In Insert mode, text is inserted into the document at the insertion
in a point. This is the default mode. Text which already exists is moved
document
forward to make way for the new text.
• Position the insertion point where you want to insert the new text.
• When you begin typing, the existing text will move to the right
and wrap to the next line.
Word 97 Selection Techniques

• Double click on the word.
To select a
word
To select a • Move the mouse pointer to the left of the line you wish to select,
line until the mouse pointer changes from an I bar to an arrow pointing
upwards and to the right. You are now in the “Selection Bar”, a
hidden screen element.
• Click once with the mouse button.
To select a • Move the mouse pointer to the left of the paragraph you wish to
paragraph select, until the mouse pointer changes from an I bar to an arrow
pointing upwards and to the right. You are now in the “Selection
Bar”, a hidden screen element.
• Click twice with the mouse button.
To select all • Move the mouse pointer to the “Selection Bar”.

text
• Either click three times with the mouse button
OR press Ctrl+A
OR select the Select All command, located under the Edit drop
down menu.
Sometimes Normally when using a Windows based product such as Word 97 the
you do not golden rule is select first then manipulate. However because Word
need to
select first!
97 recognizes the concepts of what a word is and what a paragraph is,
in some cases you will not have to select first. Thus if you wish to
apply font (i.e. word) formatting, such as making a word bold, then
you only have to click anywhere within the word and then apply the
font formatting, such as clicking on the Bold icon to make the word
bold. In the same way if you wish to apply paragraph formatting to a
whole paragraph, you need only click anywhere within the paragraph
to apply the formatting. For example to indent an entire paragraph,
click within it and then click on the Increase Indent icon located on
the Formatting Toolbar.
Deleting Text
Background Deleting characters, words, lines, sentences, paragraphs or blocks of

text is simple in Word 97.
To delete a • Place the insertion point to the left of the character to be deleted
character and press Delete
OR place the insertion point to the right of the character to be

deleted and press Backspace.
To delete a • Double-click on the word to be deleted and press the Delete key
word
OR place the insertion point to the right of the word to be deleted
and press Ctrl+Backspace.
To delete a • Place the mouse pointer in the left-hand margin, next to the first
line or lines line of text or first blank line to be deleted. The mouse pointer
changes to an arrow pointing up and to the right.
• Click on the left-hand mouse button to select the line of text or the
blank line you wish to delete,
OR drag the mouse pointer down the left-hand margin to select the
lines you want to delete.
• Press the Delete key.

To delete a • Depress the Ctrl key.
sentence
• Place the mouse pointer anywhere on the sentence to be deleted.
• Select the sentence by clicking the left-hand mouse button.
To delete a • Place the mouse pointer in the left-hand margin, next to the first
paragraph paragraph to be deleted.
• To select the paragraph, double-click on the left-hand mouse
button.
To delete a • Select the block of text you wish to delete by dragging the mouse
block of text pointer over the text with the left button depressed. Once the text
is selected press the Delete key.
To delete an • Place the mouse pointer in the left-hand margin.

entire
document
• Depress the Ctrl key.
• To select the entire document, click the left-hand mouse button.
Proofreading
One of the most important skills keyboard learner’s must acquire.
Includes:
o Spelling and grammatical errors
o Layout
o Omission
A good typist gets into the habit of always checking his or her work before
submitting it.
Proofreader’s Marks or Revision Symbols are used to mark changes or corrections in a standard way, so
that all typists and business writers can understand them.
Characteristics of Good Proofreaders
1. Are good spellers.

2. Know punctuation and grammar rules.
3. Are detail-oriented.
4. Know what types of errors are frequently missed.
5. Are error-conscious.
6. Take ample time to proofread.
Proofread for These Frequent Errors
1. Confusion of similar words – to, too, two; quite, quiet; its, it’s; your, you’re; led, lead; hear, here; by,
buy; there, their.
2. Transposition of letters within a word – makrs for marks; from for form; instruction for instruction.
3. Transposition and repetition of words – it if is for if it is; will let you know for will let you know.
4. Omission of one or more letters of a word, especially in words with double or recurring letters –
address for address; excelent for excellent; Febuary for February; libary for library; determing for
determining.
5. Omission of words, of phrases, of spaces between words, and of one of a pair of commas, dashes,
quotation marks, or parentheses.
Proofreader’s Mark Draft Final Copy
It is our hope
It is our hope
Single space
that that
It is our hope
Double space It is our hope
that that
Omit space In the air port In the airport
Insert space It is allright It is all right
Move as shown To the reader aid To aid the reader
Transpose A more freindly lady A more friendly lady
Spell out 1 or 2 of them One or two of them
Paragraph It is our hope It is our hope
Insert word In clause In the clause
Delete Is very pleased Is pleased
Delete and change Is very pleased Is not pleased
Let it stand Are not given Are not given
Lowercase letter In the City In the city
Capitalize philippine islands Philippine Islands
Move to right How to find How to find
Move to left How to find How to find
Insert punctuation mark Will it be Will it be?
Make it a period It will be It will be.
Underscore Proofreading Proofreading
Boldface type Important Important
Hyphenate 9 by 12 inch envelope 9- by 12-inch envelope
Thomas Thomas arrived at

Align horizontally
arrived at
Thomas arrived at Thomas arrived at
Align vertically the office early the office early
to finish the report. to finish the report.
Center preface preface
Check UP Quizzes
Check-up Quiz.
Set A.
The Numeric Keypad

Group the following keys found in the numeric keypad into four. Label the group with the name of the finger that is
used to type them.
1 2 Del
PgDn 7 4
0 NumLock
NumLock 8
1 / End
2 9 5
3 Home *
4 Enter -
5 + 3
6 PgUp
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
The Keyboard.
Match column A with the terms in column B.
Column A Column B
1. scrolling keys a. Automatic moving of text to the next line
2. Page Up b. Where the letters, numbers, and symbols are located
3. Esc c. Advances the cursor to the next tab stop
4. special function keys d. Soft keys
5. cursor e. Used to type a space
6. typing area f. Used to type the first letter of the word in uppercase
7. Home g. Used to scroll through a document or window
8. word wrap h. Viewing other parts of the document or window
9. scroll lock i. Prints whatever is displayed on the screen
10. Print Screen j. Toggles scroll lock on and off
11. Delete k. Vertically scrolls a page or screen at a time
12. Shift l. Erases character to the right of the cursor
13. Backspace m. Used to enter numbers rapidly
14. Keyboarding n. Process of inputting data by means of a keyboard
15. Tab o. Moves the cursor at the beginning of the word
16. Spacebar p. Cancels a command
17. scrolling q. Erases character to the right of the letter
18. numeric keypad r. Blinking vertical bar
19. Caps lock s. Used to type letters in all caps.
20. Page Down t. Erases character to the left of the cursor.
Fill in the blanks.
1. The number ________ serves as the guide key.

2. Place the first ________ fingers of the right hand on ________, ________, and ________ and the thumb on
________.
3. Press the ________ with the left hand.
4. To key in a decimal point, drop the ________ down below ________.
5. To key in a decimal point, move the ________ to the right of ________.
6. To key in a decimal point, use your ________ hand of the typing area.
Punctuation Spacing. Fill in the blanks.

1. Space ________ before and after an ampersand used between words.
2. Space ________ after a closing parenthesis.
3. Space ________ after a period or a question mark at the end of a sentence.
4. Space ________ after a period that follows an abbreviation.
Quotation Marks
1. Quotation marks are used in ________.
2. Place commas and periods ________ the second quotation mark.
3. Place colons and semicolons ________ the second quotation mark.
4. Place question marks and exclamation marks ________ the second quotation marks if the entire quotation is
a question.
Proper Posture. Write A if the statement is True; write Z if it is otherwise.

1. Feet should be behind the chair.
2. Palms are low but do not touch the machine.
3. Hands are flat and level across their backs.
4. Fingers should fly off the keys while typing.
5. Back must be erect, leaning backward.
6. Hands are so close you could lock the thumbs.
7. All fingers are curved so you could type on the tips.
8. Feet should be apart, with 6 inches between the ankles.
9. One foot should be a little ahead of the other.
10. Resist looking up when typing.
11. A good typist must have a mastery of the keyboard.
12. Let the eyes search for the keys.
13. Fingers should be anchored at the end keys.
14. Check your posture as you type.
15. Press the keys too hard.
Proofreader’s Marks.
Identification. Identify the following proofreader’s marks and write its name on the space provided.
_____________________ 1. _____________________ 11.

_____________________ 2. _____________________ 12.
_____________________ 3. _____________________ 13.
_____________________ 4. _____________________ 14.
_____________________ 5. _____________________ 15.
_____________________ 6. _____________________ 16.
_____________________ 7. _____________________ 17.
_____________________ 8. _____________________ 18.
_____________________ 9. _____________________ 19.
_____________________ 10. _____________________ 20.
Crossword Puzzle.
Set B.
Matching Type. Match items in column A with items in column B.
Column A Column B
1. blinking vertical bar a. Shift
2. When activated, the cursor remains fixed. b. Enter
3. When activated, allows you to key in numbers. c. Home
4. Used to type numbers rapidly d. Cursor navigation keys
5. Used to type a space e. Typing area
6. Used to scroll through a document or window f. Num lock
7. Used to key in symbols found above the number keys g. Insert mode
8. Text entered is additional text h. Keyboard
9. Process of inputting data by means of a keyboard i. Special function keys
10. Prints/captures whatever is displayed on screen j. Print Screen
11. Moves the cursor at the end of work area or document k. Cursor
12. Moves the cursor to the beginning of a document l. Word wrap
13. Input device used to enter data m. Esc
14. Erases character at the cursor position n. Spacebar
15. Designates the end of a paragraph o. Keyboarding
16. Cancels a command and returns to the work area p. Scrolling keys
17. Assigned different functions in diff. software packages q. Numeric keypad
18. Allows you to move the cursor position r. Scroll lock
19. Activates the caps lock feature s. Delete
20. Automatic moving of text to the next line when it no t. Backspace
longer fits in the current line
Modified True or False. Write True if the statement is true. If the statement is False, underline the word or
phrase that makes it false, then write in the space provided the correct word or phrase.
(Note: There should be no “False” answeres.)
_______________ 1. The layout of the keyboard we have been using is QWERTY.

_______________ 2. The numeric keypad is located at the left corner of the keyboard.
_______________ 3. The cursor indicates where the characters you type will appear.
_______________ 4. Insert key toggles between Insert mode and Overwrite mode.
_______________ 5. Caps lock is used to type the first letter of the word in uppercase.
_______________ 6. When you are to reach a letter or letters, you should return all fingers to home position.
_______________ 7. To build up typing speed, keep your eyes on the keyboard.
_______________ 8. To build up typing speed, you should read beforehand the document you are going to
type.
_______________ 9. Press the keys with the tips of your fingers.
_______________ 10. You must have a mastery of the keyboard.
_______________ 11. You should check your typing posture as you type.
_______________ 12. You press the spacebar with your left thumb.
_______________ 13. Let the eyes search for the keys, not the fingers.
_______________ 14. Your fingers should be anchored all the time at the home keys.
_______________ 15. The thumb should be poised above the center of the spacebar.
_______________ 16. To type a symbol, press the symbol first then the Shift key.
_______________ 17. When you type, you should press the keys as hard as you could.
_______________ 18. Press the Shift key with the little finger of the same hand that is used to type in the
character.
_______________ 19. When you type, you should resist looking up.
_______________ 20. When typing, your hands must be close enough you could lock the thumbs.
Identification. Identify the following parts of the keyboard. Write also the function of each.
Instructions:
1. Create all exercises in Notepad unless indicated.

2. Click Edit menu, then click Wordwrap.
3. Perform the exercise.
4. Save the file with the exercise number as the filename in your own folder.
Exercise #1.
The Home Keys
Type each line once.
1 fff jjj fff jjj fff jjj ff jj ff jj f j Press Enter.

Press Enter twice.
2 fff jjj fff jjj fff jjj ff jj ff jj f j
3 ddd kkk ddd kkk ddd kkk dd kk dd kk d k

4 ddd kkk ddd kkk ddd kkk dd kk dd kk d k
5 sss lll sss lll sss lll ss ll ss ll s l

6 sss lll sss lll sss lll ss ll ss ll s l
7 aaa ;;; aaa ;;; aaa ;;; aa ;; aa ;; a ;

8 aaa ;;; aaa ;;; aaa ;;; aa ;; aa ;; a ;
Type lines 9-10 once. Then repeat lines 3, 5, and 7 at a faster rate.
9 ff jj dd kk ss ll aa ;; f j d k s l a ;
Type lines 11-12 at least once keeping your eyes on the copy.
11 fad fad ask ask lad lad dad dad sad sad
12 as; as; fall fall alas alas flask flask
Type lines 13-14 once.
13 fff aaa ddd fad fad aaa sss kkk ask ask
14 fff aaa ddd fad fad aaa sss kkk ask ask
15 aaa lll lll all all sss aaa ddd sad sad
16 aaa lll lll all all sss aaa ddd sad sad
17 lll aaa ddd lad lad aaa ddd ddd add add
18 lll aaa ddd lad lad aaa ddd ddd add add
19 ddd aaa ddd dad dad aaa sss ;;; as; as;
20 ddd aaa ddd dad dad aaa sss ;;; as; as;
21 a al ala alas alas; f fa fal fall falls

22 a al ala alas alas; f fa fal fall falls
23 l la las lass lass; f fl fla flas flask

24 l la las lass lass; f fl fla flas flask
25 fad fad ask ask lad lad dad dad sad sad
26 as; as; fall fall alas alas flask flask
Exercise 2.
Alphabetic Sentences.
Type each of the following sentences in one minute.
1 A man can say many a good thing about the days in May.
2 Bob and Bambi brought the baby boy a box of bobby pins.
3 Can you come over and cash the check for Cora and Chit?
4 Delia and Danilo did the wonderful dance of the daisies.
5 Elena and Emilio were never enemies but ever sweethearts.
6 Forgive and forget are the sweet words of friends forever.
7 Gone were the good old days when the hens lay golden eggs.
Type each of the following set of sentences in one minute.
8 How can a house be a home if love is nowhere to be found?

9 Iligan is the city I wish to find when I tour the Island.
10 Just call Jimmy Jo when your joints jolt you, don’t jump.
11 Karen keeps the kitten in the knitted bag in the kitchen.
12 Love is life, so do love and let live, die and stay dead.
13 Many a wise people make much money in many a million ways.
14 Nonilon annoys Nenita and Nena by his pure-nonsense jokes.
15 Offie Go opened the door and out came Olivia and Fundador.
16 Purposeful practice at proper speed produces positive gain.
Exercise 3.
Goal: To control H, E, and O keys by touch.
Type each line twice.
2 asks asks fall fall lads lads lass lass
3 jjj jhj hhh jjj jhj hhh jjj jhj hhh jhj
4 jhj ash ash jhj had had jhj has has jhj
5 jhj; a lad has; a lass has; add a half;
6 ddd ded eee ddd ded eee ddd ded eee ded
7 ded she she ded led led ded he; he; ded
8 ded; he led; she led; he sees; she sees
9 lll lol ooo lll lol ooo lll lol ooo lol
10 lol hoe hoe lol ode ode lol foe foe lol
11 lol old ode; oak hoe; sod fed; old foe;
12 She sells jade flakes; he sells old oak

13 She sells jade flakes; he sells old oak
14 half dead hold sash jell look lake seed

15 half dead hold sash jell look lake seed
16 half half hall hall hale hale hole hole

17 dead dead deal deal heal heal head head
18 hold hold sold sold fold fold folk folk
19 sash sash dash dash lash lash hash hash
20 jell jell sell sell self self elf; elf;
21 look look hook hook hood hood hoof hoof
22 lake lake fake fake fade fade jade jade
23 seed seed deed deed feed feed heed heed
Exercises 3.
Goal: To control M, R, and I keys by touch.
1 asdf jkl; heo; asdf jkl; heo; asdf jkl;

2 fake fake lose lose jade jade held held
3 jjj jmj mmm jjj jmj mmm jjj jmj mmm jmj
4 jmj me; me; jmj mom mom jmj ham ham jmj
5 jmj; fold a hem; make a jam; less fame;
6 fff frf rrr fff frf rrr fff frf rrr frf
7 frf for for frf far far frf err err frf
8 frf; from me; for her marks; more jars;
9 kkk kik iii kkk kik iii kkk kik iii kik
10 kik lid lid kik dim dim kik rim rim kik
11 kik; dear sir; for his risk; if she is;
12 Her dark oak desk lid is a joke; he has

13 Added a rare look from some old red oak
14 Mare hire elms foal lame dark aide jars

15 Mare hire elms foal lame dark aide jars
16 Mare mare mere mere mire mire more more

17 Hire hire fire fire dire dire sire sire
18 Elms elms alms alms arms arms aims aims
19 Foal foal loam loam foam foam roam roam
20 Lame lame dame dame fame fame same same
21 Dark dark dare dare dale dale sale sale
22 Jars jars jams jams jade jade joke joke
Exercise 3.
Goal: To control T, N, and C keys by touch.
1 asdf jkl; heo; mri; asdf jkl; heo; mri;

2 safe safe herd herd joke joke mild mild
3
4 fff ftf ttt fff ftf ttt fff ftf ttt ftf
5 ftf kit kit ftf ate ate ftf toe toe ftf
6 ftf; it is the; to the; for the; at it;
7 jjj jnj nnn nnn jnj nnn nnn jnj nnn jnj
8 jnj ten ten jnj and and jnj net net jnj
9 jnj; for the; in an effort; of an honor
10 ddd dcd ccc ddd dcd ccc ddd dcd ccc dcd
11 dcd can can dcd ace ace dcd arc arc dcd
12 dcd; on a deck; in each car; cannot act
13 There is a carton of jade in this dock;

14 Mail a file card to the nearest stores;
15 Sink cane tone then tick jots etch rain

16 Sink cane tone then tick jots etch rain

17 Sink sink rink rink link link kink kink
18 Cane cane came came cake cake care care
19 Tone tone done done lone lone none none
20 Then then than than thin thin this this
21 Tick tick lick lick sick sick kick kick
22 jots jots lots lots lets lets jets jets
23 held held herd herd hard hard hand hand
24 rain rain raid raid said said sail sail
Exercise 4.
Goal: To control the right shift key, V, and the period keys by touch.
1 Asdf jkl; jh de lo jm fr ki ft jn dc ;;
2 Cash free dine jolt milk iron trim star
3 ;;; C;; C;; ;;; S;; S;; ;;; T;; T;; ;;;
4 ;;; Cal Cal ;;; Sam Sam ;;; Ted Ted ;;;
5 ;;; Ada Ada ;;; Rae Rae ;;; Dee Dee ;;;
6 Fff fvf vvv fff fvf vvv fff fvf vvv fvf
7 Fvf vie vie fvf via via fvf eve eve fvf
8 Fvf; via a van; move over; vie for love
9 Lll l.l ... lll l.l ... lll l.l ... lll
10 L.l Sr. Sr. l.l Fr. Fr. L.l Dr. Dr. l.l
11 Vs. ea. Co. Ms. Mr. Mrs. Inc. ctn. Std.
12 Roll the dimes. There are five stacks.

13 See Ann at the door. She has the food.
14 Dr. S. Romer called; he read the lines.

15 Elm St. is ahead; East Ave. veers left.
Type lines 16-17 once. Then repeat lines 3, 6, and 9.
16 Dr. Sara is on call; she asked Anne for

17 five half liters of cold milk in a jar.
Exercise 5
Goal: To analyze key control and complete special drills to strengthen control.
Take two 1-minute timings on lines 1-3 to determine your typing rate. Figure your speed and count your
errors.
1 keel dose fell seat fool sale veer tone

2 fall dear mail reed coil jest dead race
3 tee; heal amt. Todd keel dose fell seat
Type lines 4-15 four times. Then proofread and circle errors. Repeat words or lines in which you made errors.
4 keel keel feel feel heel heel reel reel

5 dose dose nose nose rose rose lose lose
6 fell fell tell tell sell sell jell jell
7 seat seat feat feat heat heat meat meat
8 fool fool food food mood mood hood hood
9 sale sale male male tale tale dale dale
10 veer veer jeer jeer seer seer deer deer
11 tone tone done done lone lone cone cone
12 fall fall mall mall tall tall hall hall
13 dear dear hear hear fear fear near near
14 mail mail sail sail jail jail rail rail
15 reed reed need need deed deed heed heed
Type lines 16-23 four times. Then proofread and circle errors. Repeat words or lines in which you made errors.
16 coil coil soil soil toil toil foil foil

17 jest jest vest vest nest nest rest rest
18 dead dead head head lead lead read read
19 race race lace lace face face mace mace
20 tee; tee; teen teen seen seen see; see;

21 heal heal veal veal meal meal real real
22 amt. Amt. Dis. Dis. Std. Std. Ins. Ins.
23 Todd Todd Sara Sara Vera Vera Cass Cass
Take two 1-minute timings on lines 1-3. Figure your speed and count your errors. Note your improvement.
Exercise 5
Goal: To control W, comma, and G keys by touch.
1 Jest fail sake not; mist card Rev. chin

2 Rick loves that fame; Val did not join.
3 sss sws www sss sws www sss sws www sws
4 sws hew hew sws own own sws war war sws
5 sws; white swans swim; sow winter wheat
6 Kkk k,k ,,, kkk k,k ,,, kkk k,k ,,, k,k
7 K,k it, it, k,k an, an, k,k or, or, k,k
8 K,k; if it is, as soon as, two or three
9 Fff fgf ggg fff fgf ggg fff fgf ggg fgf
10 Fgf egg egg fgf leg leg fgf get get fgf
11 Fgf; give a dog, saw a log, sing a song
12 While we watched, the first team jogged

13 To the front of the field. The win was
14 Two in a row; the team likes victories.
Take two 1-minute timings on line 15, and determine your speed using the faster rate.
15 King scow well gown elk, crew mow, sag,
16 King king sing sing wing wing ring ring

17 Scow scow stow stow show show snow snow
18 Well well welt welt went went west west
19 Gown gown town town tows tows toes toes
20 Elk, elk, ilk, ilk, irk, irk, ink, ink,
21 Crew crew grew grew grow grow glow glow
22 Mow, mow, how, how, hot, hot, not, not,
23 Sag, sag, wag, wag, rag, rag, gag, gag,
Exercise 6
Goal: To control B, U, and left shift keys by touch.
1 Wick foal corn them jive logo dim, wags

2 Coco gave me jewels; Frank mailed them.
3 Fff fbf bbb fff fbf bbb fff fbf bbb fbf
4 Fbf bag bag fbf rob rob fbf ebb ebb fbf
5 Fbf, a bent bin, a big bag, a back bend
6 Jjj juj uuu jjj juj uuu jjj juj uuu juj
7 Juj jug jug juj flu flu juj urn urn juj
8 Juj; jumbo jet, jungle bugs, just a job
9 Aaa Jaa Jaa aaa Kaa Kaa aaa Laa Laa aaa
10 Aaa Joe Joe aaa Kim Kim aaa Lee Lee aaa
11 Otis Iris Nita Mark Uris Hans Jose Kebo
12 Sharing a new car with friends is great

13 Fun. Just look at that engine; hear it
14 Hum. Drive with a flair, but use care.
Take two 1-minute timings on line 15, and determine your speed by using the faster rate.
15 Beef junk bout sun, blot vast gist bran
16 Beef been bean bead beak beam beat bear

17 Junk dunk bunk bulk hulk hunk sunk sulk
18 Bout boat boot bolt bold boll doll dole
19 Sun, nun, run, bun, gun, gum, hum, sum,
20 Blot blob blow blew bled bred brad bran
21 Vast vest jest lest best west nest rest
22 Gist list mist must gust dust rust just
23 Bran brad bred brew brow crow crew craw
Exercise 8
Goal: To control P, Q, and colon keys by touch.
1 Blue jave brag mold silk when face club

2 Cora waved flags, but Jama went hiking.
3 ;;; ;p; ppp ;;; ;p; ppp ;;; ;p; ppp ;p;
4 ;p; pen pen ;p; nap nap ;p; ape ape ;p;
5 ;p; a pen pal, a pale page, a proud pup
6 Aaa aqa qqq aaa aqa qqq aaa aqa qqq aqa
7 Aqa quo quo aqa que que aqa qui qui aqa
8 Aqa quiet quip, quick quote, aqua quilt
9 ;;; ;:; ::: ;;; ;:; ::: ;;; ;:; ::: ;:;
10 Ms. Lia: Mr. Kwi: Dr. Que: Mrs. Boe:
11 Dear Ms. Jo: Dear Mr. Mai: Dear Jeri:
12 TV lets us view the top news as it pops

13 Up around the globe; an item takes life
14 With the clever quip of the journalist.
15 Pace quit prep quad ping shop quey quod
16 Pace pack park part pare page pane pale

17 Quit quip quiet quill quick quirk quire
18 Prep peep jeep weep beep seep step stop
19 Quad aqua quack quail quake quart qualm
20 Ping pint pins pink pine pike pile pipe
21 Shop chop crop prop plop flop slop slow
22 Quey ques quest queen quell queue queer
23 Quod quot quota quoth quoit quote quori
Exercises.
Goals:
To control hyphen, Z, and diagonal keys by touch.
To use correct spacing with semi-colon (;), colon (:), period (.), comma (,), hyphen (-), and slash (/).
Exercise Starts Here.
1 left best dome quip wave jogs chin bake

2 Meg saved her worn black quilt for Pam.
3 ;;; ;p- ;p; --- ;;; ;p- ;=; --- ;p- ;-;
4 ;p- ;-; self-made ;p- ;-; one-third ;-;
5 ;p- ;-; part-time ;p- ;-; one-fifth ;-;
6 Aaa aza zzz aaa aza zzz aaa aza zzz aza
7 Aza zip zip aza zap zap aza zed zed aza
8 Aza, to zig, to zag, to zing, to seize,
9 ;;; ;/; /// ;;; ;/; /// ;;; /;/ /// ;/;
10 ;/; his/her ;/; her/him ;/; us them ;/;
11 to/from slow/fast fall/winter Mar./Apr.
Type lines 12-14 twice. Then repeat lines 3 and 6 and 9.
12 Our teams would not quit because of the

13 Size and voice of their pep club crowd.
Their jumps and tricks brought the win.
Type lines 15-24 once. Note the spacing before and after each punctuation mark.
14 The dance looks nice; it shows balance.

15 The skit was tops; it was so organized.
16 Two courses are open: science and art.

17 Three members went: Ann, Lee, and Joe.
18 Send it to me. I can print it so fast.

19 The skirt is plaid. It matches a suit.
20 Ms. Kebo asked Dr. T.S. Laos to speak.

21 Mr. And Mrs. Lark were honored at noon.
22 She earned her Ph.D. froom Oregon State.

23 The U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. were there.
Type lines 25-32 once. Again, note the spacing before and after each punctuation mark.
24 When Jean called me, I was not at home.

25 Send them red, white, and green copies.
26 The up-to-date calendar was so helpful.

27 His mother-in-law is the new president.
28 That machine – the black one – is broken.

29 The office gives good service – on time.
30 The fall/winter catalog has new colors.

31 The on/off button is on the right side.
Exercise
Goal: To control Y, X, and question mark keys by touch.
1 Deft lack vase moe haze wing quip jibe

2 Zipp made quick jet flights over Nawbi.
3 Jjj jyj yyy jjj jyj yyy jjj jyj yyy jyj
4 Jyj yip yip jyj aye aye jyj joy joy jyj
5 Jyj; yard of yarn, yield a yawn, a Yule
6 Sss sxs xxx sss sxs xxx sss sxs xxx sxs
7 Sxs vex vex sxs mix mix sxs wax wax sxs
8 Sxs; next taxi, sixty Texans, lax taxes
9 ;;; ;/; ;/? ;?; ;;; ;/; ;/? ;?; ;/; ;?;
10 ;/; ;?; now? now? ;?; how? how? ;?;
11 who? When? Where? What? Why? Next?
Type lines 12-14 once. Then repeat lines 3, 6, and 9 or take two 2-minute timings on the Checkpoint.
12 Grab your camera; fix the lens. Take a

13 Quick shot. Go to the zoo. Wait for a
14 Move or a jump. Ready? Get that shot.
15 Play zany yoke pays zest yews jazz tax?
16 Play flay clay slay shay stay sway away

17 Zany maze daze doze hazy lazy hazy haze
18 Yoke yolk your you, year yea, yet, yes?
19 Pays nays mays jays hays days cays bays
20 Zest sizes oversize full-size half-size
21 Yews yaws yams yaps yaks yard yarn yawn
22 Jazz nuzzle muzzle puzzle dazzle razzle
23 Tax? Taxi? Text? Next? Flex? Flax?
Exercise
Goal: To strengthen reaches on third, home, and bottom rows.
Take a 1-minute timing on each line.
1 They will type quiet quips from a page.

2 Jed asked for the glass in a flash.
3 Zach, move that ax back into that cave.
Type lines 4-8 twice. Then proofread and circle errors.
4 Rook work lurk dirk kirk keep kelp kilt

5 Full foul fowl file fire four fort fore
6 Jolt jets joke just jerk jugs jowl jaws
7 Tort were quit quip tour prep pour were
8 Your type true pert pipe wipe ripe prop
9 Wade jade fade fads gads dads lads lass

10 Hash mash cash wash rash gash lash dash
11 Gall fall hall hale kale sale dale gale
12 Skid slid sled fled flag slag shag shad
13 Drag lark lake khan fast load glad clad
14 Pan, tan, man, fan, ran, van, ban, can,

15 Bend bind mine mice mace calm acme came
16 Move cove cave nave vain vein vine vane
17 Nabs cabs cubs cobs cons conk cone cane
18 Mix, fix, nix, ace, size daze maxe viz.
Repeat the group of lines that was the most difficult.
Take a 1-minute timing on each lines 1-3. Note your improvement.

Take two 2-minute timings on lines 19-23.
19 By the time you have typed the lines in

20 These first twelve lessons, you will be
21 Able to type faster than you can write.
22 Relax. You can adjust the machine, and
23 You can zoom through your work quickly.
Exercise
Fill in the missing vowels as you type each line for 2 minutes.
Wh-n y-- try t- f-ll –n th- bl-nks –s y-- typ- -n th- l-n-s, y-- w-ll
n--d t- st-dy th- p-tt-rns –f --ch –f th- w-rds. D-d y-- s—- th-t –ll
–f th-—r v-w-ls –r- m-ss-ng? Y-- c-n f-g-r- --t -–ch –ne. J-st k-—p
y—-r –y-s –n th- c-py –s y-- typ- th-m.
Exercise #
Goal: To control open and close parenthesis, single quote, and double quote keys.
1 If Helen owns this land, she may wish to sell it.

2 Zeke was quite vexed about the joke made by Carl.
3 Write dates as April 5, 1983 or 4/5/83 or 4-5-83.
4 When J&R orders it at a 3.6% discount, #1 is $29.
5 ;p; ;p) ;); ;); 10) 29) 38) 47) 56) ;p; ;); ;);
6 We included 1) skis, 2) coats, 3) hats, 4) boots.
7 My rates are 1) 5%, 2) 7%, 3) 9% 4) 16%, 5) 18%.
8 101 10( 1(1 1(1 (10) (29) (38) (47) (56) (1/2) (1/2)
9 My speech (it is not too long) will cover skiing.
10 Your car (the convertible) is our favorite color.
11 When typing a symbol, follow the steps: (1) cap,

12 (2) strike, and (3) home. They help you feel the
13 motions of (1) cap, (2) strike, and (3) home in a
14 smooth rhythm – (1) cap, (2) strike, and (3) home.
15 kik ki’ ki’ It’s Mia’s job to get Lynn’s lessons.

16 ;’; ;’; ‘’’ It’s Mia’s job to get Lynn’s lessons.
17 Wasn’t Paul going? Isn’t Jim here? Help us now.
18 We’re so happy. Aren’t you pleased? It’s not I.
19 That song must have taken many months to compose!
20 My, how well she plays! She’s a superb musician!
21 His accompaniment is superb! He’s a new pianist!
22 sws sw” sw” “Here,” she cried. “I am over here.”

23 ;”; ;”; “””“Here,” she cried. “I am over here.”
24 The signal is “blue” for up and “green” for down.
Exercise
Speed Drive
Type the following passages for 5 minutes.

Calculate your speed
Now is the time to build your typing speed. In this course,

much time will be devoted to speed building and control.
Here are some tips to increase your speed rate.
Suppose you wish to push your speed above the level on

which you are now typing. You should try to shorten the
length of your timed practice. Obviously, your rate of
speed for five-minute practice set cannot be any faster
than your rate for a one-minute time. Therefore, you should
build speed on practice sets for one minute to three before
trying to build speed on the longer ones.
Another method that helps build speed without inviting

errors is to shorten the length of the copy. You know that
you can type faster if you write just one sentence over and
over, or one paragraph over and over. So before trying to
reach a new goal on a long and new copy, be sure you can
make it on a shorter, selected one that is familiar.
A third way to build speed is to practice on materials that

are very easy to type. When you have trouble pushing that
are very easy to type. When you have trouble pushing your
rate, turn to materials that is full of short and familiar
words. Such copy sends the fingers flying. Copy that goes
on and on, using almost the same words over and over is
easy to type, for you will not hesitate on any new words.
A fourth aid that will help you push your speed is to read
beforehand the material you are going to type. Practice
also on the hard and unfamiliar words. The more practice
you do on difficult words and phrases before you start the
timed typing, the faster you will be able to type and the
better will your control be.
Exercise
Goal: To control underscore (_), asterisk (*), and at (@) symbols.
It is the duty of six girls to cut down that oak.

Joel quickly fixed five zippers while she waited.
Now read this new order: 10, 29, 38, 47, and 56.
It’s not “up” but “down”. She saw him (Joel) go.
ju6 ju_ j_j j_j Mary did say she would not drive.
;p_ ;p_ ;_; ;_; Mary did say she would not drive.
It is not, Linda claims, very, very well written.
Sara read her class the book Alice in Wonderland.
;p_ ;p* ;*; ;*; A style manual* is of great help.

ki8 ki* k*k k_k A style manual” is of great help.
Rules in the reference book* help solve problems.
He recommends this manual* is valuable for all of us who
write letters, memos, and reports. A manual will
help to solve problems in using who and whom, for
example, and in using punctuation marks properly.
;;; ;$; ;$@ ;@; ;@; Is it 10$, 29$, 38$, 47$, or 56$?
jy6 jy$ j$j j$j j$j Is it 10$, 29$, 38$, 47$, or 56$?
Lisa has too many for 67$ and not enough for 20$.
The sales taxes total 56$, 47$, 38$, 29$, and 1$.
The following increases were noted: cereal, 10$;

milk, 29$; bread, 38$; sugar, 47$; and beef, 56%.
A dozen apples @ 15$ each is also a big increase,
but buying oranges @ 20$ is an even larger total.

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Keyboarding

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Keyboarding

“If you want to know how to type

Keyboard (kê¹bôrd´, -bord´) noun

A set of keys, as on a computer terminal, word processor, typewriter, or piano.

Keyboard Layout (kê’bord lâ`out) noun

QWERTY keyboard (kwer’tê kê`bord) noun

Dvorak keyboard (de-vor’zhak kê`bord, de-vor’zhäk, dê-vor’ak) noun

Ergonomic Keyboard (er-ge-nom`ik kê’bord) noun

Enhanced Keyboard (en-hansd` kê’bord) noun

Keyboarding – the process of inputting data by means of a keyboard.

Common Keyboard Parts and their Uses:

Other Important Keys:

Num Lock Toggles the number lock feature on and off.

“All of us need to have a goal and we must try

A lot of people have suffered setbacks in their

The will to win is a great help to those who want

Success is usually won by people who work hard.

Home Keys It is where your fingers should be anchored.

Left Hand Place your fingertips on the A S D and F keys.

The Shift Key

Also used to type the first letter of the word in uppercase.

 37 words in 2 minutes would be 37/2 = 18 ½ . Words per minute (wpm) is 19.

 9 words typed for 30 seconds, multiply by 2 (2 * 30 = 60 or 1 minute) is 18 wpm.

liters of cold m lk in a jar. Dr. Sara is on call;

1 Circle any word in which there is an error.

LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND

Place commas and periods before the second

Building Up Typing Speed Techniques

It will be easier to keep your eyes on the copy if you:

 Understand how the line is arranged.

 Review the chart for key positions. If you’re feeling

 Back must be erect, leaning forward.

 Hands are close together, fingers are curved low.

 Eyes must be focused on the copy.

 Palms are low but do not touch the machine.

 Hands are flat and level across their backs.

 The thumb is above the center of the space bar.

 Hands are so close you could lock the thumbs.

 All fingers are curved so that you type on the tips.

4. Practice on the hard and unfamiliar words.

Characteristics of a Good Typist

A good typist can always

Num Caps Scroll

The number 5 serves as your home or guide key.

Word 97 Selection Techniques

To select all • Move the mouse pointer to the “Selection Bar”.

Background Deleting characters, words, lines, sentences, paragraphs or blocks of

OR place the insertion point to the right of the character to be

• Press the Delete key.

To delete an • Place the mouse pointer in the left-hand margin.

Characteristics of Good Proofreaders

1. Are good spellers.

Proofread for These Frequent Errors

Insert space It is allright It is all right

Move as shown To the reader aid To aid the reader

Transpose A more freindly lady A more friendly lady

Spell out 1 or 2 of them One or two of them

Paragraph It is our hope It is our hope

Insert word In clause In the clause

Delete Is very pleased Is pleased

Delete and change Is very pleased Is not pleased

Let it stand Are not given Are not given

Lowercase letter In the City In the city

Capitalize philippine islands Philippine Islands

37 words in 2 minutes would be 37/2 = 18 ½ . Words per minute (wpm) is 19.

9 words typed for 30 seconds, multiply by 2 (2 * 30 = 60 or 1 minute) is 18 wpm.

Understand how the line is arranged.

Review the chart for key positions. If you’re feeling

Back must be erect, leaning forward.

Hands are close together, fingers are curved low.

Eyes must be focused on the copy.

Palms are low but do not touch the machine.

Hands are flat and level across their backs.

The thumb is above the center of the space bar.

Hands are so close you could lock the thumbs.

All fingers are curved so that you type on the tips.

_ 1. _ 11.