2015 International Conference on Energy Systems and Applications (ICESA 2015)
Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pune, India 30 Oct - 01 Nov, 2015
Electromagnetic Compatibility of Energy Efficient
Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) with CISPR
EMI Standards
Shreenivas Jog
Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Engineering & Technology
Pimpri, Pune, India.
srjog_etc@rediffmail.com
Abstract— The aim of this research paper is to highlight the
importance of Energy Efficiency and Electromagnetic
Compatibility in our daily life. The goal of energy efficiency is
to reduce the amount of energy required to deliver the services
for domestic as well as for the commercial purposes whereas
Electromagnetic Compatibility ensures the compliance with
the safety standards and it is mainly concerned with the
electronic equipments and devices.
For this research work, energy efficient Switched Mode
Power Supply (SMPS) has been taken as our test model for
serving both the purposes. The Switched Mode Power Supply
is basically power electronic circuit extensively used in a wide
range of applications. The SMPS involves high frequency
switching operation due to which it generates electromagnetic
emissions and has the possibility to interfere with system
operation and as a result it can affect the performance of the
system. This makes electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) an
important concern. To make this system Energy Efficient and
Electromagnetic Compliant, the system has been tested for
Conducted as well as for Radiated Emission at the Centre for
Electronics Test Engineering (CETE), Pune, India which is
Government of India undertaking. After analysis of the
emission, mitigation methods have been used and it is found
that by using Filtering technique, the Conducted Emission
level has been reduced by 15 to 20dB whereas by using the
Shielding method, Radiated Emission is reduced around 10 to
15dB which makes the SMPS Compatible with the CISPR
standard.
Keywords— SMPS, Conducted Emission, EMI/EMC, EMC
Testing, Radiated Emission, Energy Efficiency, CISPR.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy efficiency can be described as: “Reduced or less
amount of energy using for the same work”. In general term,
energy efficiency is the process of managing and controlling
the rate of energy utilization. Consider an example of
incandescent bulb and compact florescent light (CFL), both
are used for the lighting purpose. The CFL utilizes less
energy which is almost one fifth of the energy using by the
incandescent bulb to produce the same amount of light,
hence in this case, CFL is more energy efficient than the
incandescent bulb. Being energy efficient, it also reduces
the electricity bills which convert as savings to the
978-1-4673-6817-9/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
Nidhi Chaturvedi, Suvidha Chitnis
Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Engineering & Technology
Pimpri, Pune, India.
nidhi2308@gmail.com; suvidhachitnis@gmail.com
consumers. This is just an example of benefits of energy
efficiency. Energy efficiency does not mean energy
conservation as both are different things. In energy
efficiency, we reduce the amount of energy to achieve same
service, however, in case of energy conservation; the prime
purpose is to save energy sometimes without using the
services. There are various ways through which energy
efficiency can be achieved. One way is to maximize the
usage of natural resources and minimize the wastage of
energy [1].
II. EMI/EMC
The Electromagnetic Interference-EMI also known as RFI
can be defined as unwanted noise or signals, generated
either naturally or man-made, affecting the performance of
an equipment or system operating nearby or in the same
vicinity. Electromagnetic Compatibility-EMC defines the
equipments’ immunity against Electromagnetic
Interference. If an equipment is designed in such a way that
it will not be affected in the presence of any type of EMI
sources, which means having sufficient immunity. Each and
every device exhibits some emission. This emission should
be within allowable limits and should not cause the
interference. Such equipment, which meets both the criteria
is said to be Electromagnetic Compliant. Radiated Emission
also causes health hazards to human being.
III. OPTIMIZATION OF POWER CONSUMPTION
The term ‘Power Optimization’ is used to reduce the
power consumption of any electronic or digital device using
electronic design tools. As complexity of design is increasing
day by day, power consumption is also increasing, hence the
main challenge is the power utilization within the circuit
itself. The estimation of power consumption can be
performed at circuit level as well as based on the inputs.
Power optimization can be achieved by selecting the right
components and proper designing. For electronic circuits, the
efficiency measurement depends on space, power, cost, input
data, and hardware platform. This measurement is generally
based on the complexity, memory, development time, ease
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 of maintenance and extensibility. When we improve the
performance of one part of the equipment, we expect that it
may improve overall performance of the system, which is
not correct. It is a common mistake to predict overall
performance improvement using peak performance. There
are various ways through which performance improvement
can be achieved, some of them are:
x Perform measurements at a rate of change of values of
the data and type of data
x Proper use of combinational logics
x Modification of certain operations to reduce certain
parameters
x Decide which portion of the system to shut down
x Use of timers, which monitors the system and turn off
when timer expires [2].
IV. SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY
Switched Mode Power Supply commonly known as
‘SMPS’ is a commonly used electronic device which
converts the existing AC/DC unregulated input voltage to a
regulated DC output voltage. An SMPS needs to be power
efficient while performing conversions. To make SMPS
efficient, the power loss should be minimum. For any
electronic system, it is impossible to achieve 100%
efficiency however if well designed, 90% efficiency can be
achieved. To make SMPS energy efficient, it is required to
design the system carefully, analyze the part utilizing the
maximum energy and than mitigating techniques to reduce
the same. Linear power supplies were the main devices to
provide DC voltage until SMPS made available for
application in the field. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of
Switched Mode Power Supply [3].
This high DC voltage is further converted into a low
voltage, high frequency (anywhere from 15 kHz to 100
kHz) by using smaller lightweight transformers. Finally, the
voltage is converted into the desired DC output voltage by
another set of inductors, capacitors and diodes.
Rect Swit Transfo Rect Filter
ches rmer
A D
C C
Prot
Ckt
Driv- PWM
ers Contr-
oller
Figure 1: Block Diagram of Switched Mode Power Supply
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Here is the brief comparison between both the power
supplies and why SMPS is preferred over linear power
supply.
a. Linear power supplies uses bulky transformer whereas
SMPS uses lightweight and much smaller transformer. The
small size and light weight of SMPS makes it more compact
and well suited for various applications.
b. Linear power supply has a very limited input range
normally 100V AC to 240V AC whereas SMPS can operate
anywhere between the range of 85VAC to 264V AC.
c. The SMPS has the capability to withstand with the small
losses in the range of 10-20ms without affecting the outputs
whereas linear power supply cannot manage the same.
d. The efficiency defines how much energy is being wasted
by the power supply. Due to the design aspects, linear
power supply can provide 50-60% efficiency only whereas
SMPS provides 80% and more. That is the reason, SMPS
preferred over linear power supplies. Switched mode power
supplies (SMPS) are widely used in various sectors such as
communications, control and military applications [4].
In case of SMPS, there are always serious concerns for
electromagnetic interference (EMI), due to their unwanted
radiations. The main reason behind this emission is the high
rate of frequency switching operation along with the
increased current and voltage slew rates. By reducing the
Conducted Emission, SMPS can meet the electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC). The conversion from dc to dc in
switched mode power supply is based on the pulse width
modulation (PWM) technique. These undesirable noises are
often associated with conducted electromagnetic
interference emissions.
The SMPS used in this research work is currently used in
Wireless Communication System as a source and Battery
Charger has been taken as a model. It is having
specifications as: 12V, 5A and 60W power rating.
Switching frequency is 15 KHz, Efficiency as 90%.
V. EMC STANDARDS
The objective of EMC standards is to ensure reasonable
electromagnetic compatibility between electrical, electronic,
electromechanical and RF communication systems for
trouble-free co-existence by limiting emission of EMI and
ensuring that these systems have adequate level of immunity
to EMI generated by other equipment. EMC standards can
be broadly classified into Military and Civilian standard.
a. Military standards, as the name suggests are defined for
the equipment that have military applications i.e. for land
based, air borne or ship borne equipment. Most of the
military standards are broadly based on MIL-STD 461 &
462 evolved by US Department of Defense (DOD).
b. Civilian Standards are defined for equipment having non
military applications, i.e. for equipments used in
commercial, industrial, domestic and automotive
environments. Most of the civilian standards are based on
organizations’ like CISPR, IEC, IEEE, SAE, SAMA etc.
In this research work CISPR standard has been referred.
CISPR stands for “International Special Committee for
Radio Interference”. Some of the commonly referred CISPR
standards are:
x CISPR 11: For Industrial, Scientific and Medical
(ISM) equipments
x CISPR 14: Requirements for household appliances,
electric tools and similar apparatus.
x CISPR 15: Limits and methods of measurement of
radio disturbance characteristics of electrical
lighting equipments.
x CISPR 16-1 Specification for radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus and methods [5].
VI. TEST SETUP FOR EMI ASSESMENT
The Conducted and Radiated Emission tests for Switched
Mode Power Supply (SMPS) have been performed at the
Centre for Electronics Test Engineering (CETE), Pune,
India. The centre is equipped with various types of testing
equipments for EMC/EMI and Calibration.
A. Conducted Emission:
Conducted Emissions occurs when the signal from
source to the receiver travels through the conducting
path like cables, wires, chords etc. For Conducted
Emission, CISPR based test standards specify
measurement range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz on the
mains cable. Figure 2 is showing the block diagram for
laboratory test set up for CE measurement. The
Equipment under Test is connected to main power
supply through a line impedance stabilization network
(LISN).
EMI
Receiver
Main LISN EUT
Power
Supply
Figure 2: Block Diagram of CE Measurement Test Setup
The instrumentation required for carrying out a CE
measurement consists of following:
x Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN): As
the name indicates, it stabilizes the impedance of
main power supply to 50 ohms in order to match
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the input impedance of the EMI receiver. It also
functions as a filter and ensures that Equipment
under Test (EUT) is receiving pure main supply.
x EMI Receiver: The EMI receiver is a basically
super-heterodyne radio receiver. The output of
LISN is fed to the EMI receiver where the signal
first passes through an input attenuator and then via
a pre-selector to the RF amplifier and finally at
mixer to generate an intermediate frequency IF. The
final IF is fed to the detector stage which consists of
peak, quasi-peak and average detector [5].
B. Radiated Emission:
This is the most common medium where coupling
between the source and receiver occurs when they are
separated by a large distance, known as Radiated
Emission. For Radiated Emission, CISPR standards
define the measurement range from MHz to 1 GHz.
EMI
Receiver
GTEM EUT
Cell
Figure 3: Block Diagram of RE Measurement Test Setup
The basic test set up for Radiated Emission measurement
is shown in figure 3. The EUT is usually placed in GTEM
cell, which is Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic Cell.
The output of GTEM cell is connected to the EMI receiver
which compares the output with the standard limits to decide
complaince [5].
VII. MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
Following techniques can be used to reduce unwanted
EMI emissions and to decrease device susceptibility.
A. Capacitive Decoupling: A decoupling capacitor is
a capacitor used to decouple one part of an electrical network
from another. It is used to bypass the power supply or other
high impedance component of a circuit.
B. Circuit Board Layout: Reducing EMI can be achieved by
the multilayer board design level that is the reason that
preventative measures taken with proper layout could reduce
EMI problems later on. Proper board zoning will minimize
unwanted coupling and can avoid the solutions needed at
later stage such as shielding the enclosure and expensive
shielded cables.
C. Filtering: Power supply filters are used to attenuate
conducted EMI from the power grid. The power supply
filter also prevents interference from the device using the
power cord as an antenna. This solution is also the easiest to
implement.
D. Shielding: The most common form of shielding is to
place a metal box around the device. When shielding
enclosures, all seams and gaps must be sealed properly. A
metal enclosure can be placed around the radiating device.
The type of material and thickness also play important roles
in shielding. A metal enclosure that is properly grounded
will terminate any electric field, but not the magnetic field.
VIII. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED TO REDUCE THE
EMISSION
The filtering technique has been used to reduce the
Conducted EMI, whereas Shielding technique has been used
for the Radiated EMI.
Filtering for CE: The typical line filters components are
namely the inductor, X&Y capacitors and choke.
a. X Capacitors are special type of capacitors connected in a
filter across the live and neutral and attenuate the
differential mode interference.
b.Y Capacitors are special type of capacitors connected in a
filter across the live and the earth. It attenuates the common
mode interference. Y capacitors are available in limited
capacitance value up to maximum of 3300 pF.
c. Choke: It consists of a toroidal core over which two
windings, one for line and another for neutral, are tightly
wound in the same direction.
EMI Filter Design Procedure: [6]
1. The first step in EMI filter design is accurate
measurement of the common mode EMI noise spectrum,
(VCM, measured) dB and differential-mode EMI noise spectrum,
(VDM, measured) dB without any filter.
2. The second step is to determine the required CM-noise
attenuation (Vreq, CM) dB and DM-noise attenuation (Vreq, DM)
dB using the following two equations:
(Vreq, CM) dB = (VCM, measured) dB – (Vlimit) dB (1)
(Vreq, DM) dB = (VDM, measured) dB – (Vlimit) dB (2)
3. The third step is to determine the minimum corner
frequency. By using the circuit reciprocity theorem, the
ratio of the output power Po from a noise source without an
L-C filter to the output power P'o from the same noise
source with an L-C filter is defined as the attenuation (A) of
this L-C filter. Since the output power is proportional to the
square of the output voltage for the same load impedance,
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the attenuation (A) of an L-C filter in decibels (dBs) can be
expressed as follows:
A (dB) = 10 log10 [Po / P'o] = 20 log10 [Vo / V'o] (3)
Where Vo and V'o are the output noise voltage without and
with an L-C filter, respectively. For high frequency
conducted noise with frequency f >> fC, where fC = 1/
ʌ¥LC). The attenuation (A) of a second order L-C filter
can be simplified to:
A (dB) = 20 log10 [1- (f/ fC)2] = 40 log10 [f/ fC] (4)
Now the required attenuation of CM and DM can be
expressed as:
(Vreq, CM) dB = 40 log10 [f/ fR,CM] (5)
(Vreq, DM) dB = 40 log10 [f/ fR,DM] (6)
Thus, the two corner frequency fR,CM and fR,DM in equations
correspond to the minimum intersection of the 40dB/decade
slope along the frequency axis.
4. The final step in designing is to determine the inductor
and capacitor component values (LCM, CCM) and (LDM, CDM)
of the conducted EMI filter from the corner frequencies
(fR,CM) and (fR,DM).
fR,CM = 1/[ʌ) ¥(LC ×2Cy)] (7)
For CM components, because of the restriction of the safety
rule, "Y" capacitors cannot exceed in 5400pf. So it is Cy
choose to be 3300pf and the corner frequency fR,CM has been
found in step 3, so we get the common mode inductor:
LC = [1/[(2ʌfR,CM)2]×(1/2Cy) (8)
Consequently fR,DM = 1/[(2ʌ)¥(LDM ×2CDM)] (9)
Where LDM = 2LD + Lleakage
CDM = CX1 = CX2 = [1/2ʌîf R,DM]2 ×[1/Lleakage] (10)
For SMPS system, we used filter with following values:
X = 0.1uF, Y= 3300pF, L= 28mH, T= 1mH
Shielding for RE: Shielding effectiveness is given by [7]
SE (dB) = R (dB) + A (dB) (11)
Where,
A = 3.34t¥I ır —r) dB (12)
R = 168ORJır/—r f)) dB (13)
and t = 0.254cm (14)
—r is relative permeability, f is the frequency and ır is
relative conductivity. The Aluminum shielding mesh has
been designed for SMPS with 1mm thickness.
IX. TESTING AND ANALYSIS
Conducted Emission Testing: The Conducted Emission
test for Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) has been
performed using SCHAFFNER make Line Impedance
Stabilization Network (LISN) and SCHAFFNER SCR 3501
Spectrum analyzer. Following are the readings and their TABLE II: FINAL SCAN RESULTS FOR SWITCHED MODE POWER
SUPPLY (SMPS) WITH FILTER
corresponding graphs for SMPS while tested for CE:
TABLE I: TEST RESULTS FOR SMPS WITHOUT FILTER Frequency Avg. Avg. QP QP
Frequency Avg. Avg. QP QP MHz Level Limit Level Limit
MHz Level Limit Level Limit
0.1510 56.35 66.00 66.96 79.00
dBuV dBuV dBuV dBuV
0.1520 74.87 66.00 86.30 79.00 0.1980 55.09 66.00 63.98 79.00
0.1980 73.03 66.00 83.22 79.00 0.2010 58.10 66.00 66.81 79.00
0.2020 75.27 66.00 85.52 79.00 0.2060 51.83 66.00 60.68 79.00
0.2060 66.82 66.00 76.94 79.00 5.5420 42.94 60.00 52.46 73.00
5.5310 57.72 60.00 29.15 73.00 22.4420 23.34 60.00 34.15 73.00
22.0840 32.88 60.00 44.11 73.00 26.2040 40.25 60.00 49.86 73.00
26.9030 35.35 60.00 47.68 73.00

Figure 6: Graph of Frequency vs. CE for Switched Mode

Power Supply (SMPS) with Filter
Figure 4: Graph of Frequency vs. CE for Switched Mode Power
Supply (SMPS) without Filter Radiated Emission Tesing:

Observation: After testing, it was observed that some of the

peaks are exceeding the QP limit as well as the average limit.
The CE level which exceeded was appearing at frequency of
0.1520, 0.1980, 0.2020 and 0.2060 MHz.After re-testing the
SMPS with filter, following result is obtained.

Figure 7: RE Testing of SMPS in GTEM Cell

The figure 7 shows the test setup for Radiated Emission

testing.
Figure 5: CE Testing of SMPS with EMI Filter

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TABLE III: RADIATED EMISSION FROM SMPS BEFORE SHIELDING
Frequency in Standard Limit E-Field
MHz as per CISPR 14 Readings in
in dBuV/m dBuV/m
31.92 50 60.18
49.12 50 59.15
81.04 50 55.42
98.00 50 52.93
104.16 50 44.66
129.6 50 38.68
145.68 50 36.96
Figure 8: Radiated Emission level before and after shielding
174.16 50 37.69
178.48 50 37.44 X. CONCLUSION
196.64 50 25.37
50 The analysis of Conducted Emission and Radiated Emission
258.00 29.55
from the energy efficient Switched Mode Power Supply
279.00 50 26.11 (SMPS) has been performed as per the CISPR standards.
290.80 50 23.82 After testing at lab, it was observed that some of the readings
310.64 50 21.62 were exceeding the standard limits, due to which the system
342.40 50 20.28 was EMC non-compliant. However, after using the Filtering
technique, the Conducted Emission level has been reduced
by 15 to 20dB whereas Radiated Emission is reduced around
TABLE IV: RADIATED EMISSION FROM SMPS AFTER SHIELDING
10 to 15dB after implementing the Shielding, making the
SMPS compatible with the CISPR EMI/EMC standard.
Frequency in Standard Limit E-Field Readings
MHz as per CISPR 14 After Shielding XI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
in dBuV/m in dBuV/m
31.92 50 52.33 The authors wish to sincerely thank Dr. R.K. Jain,
49.12 50 50.77 Principal Pd. Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Engineering and
50 Technology, Pimpri, Pune and also to Shri Krishna Murari
81.04 48.73
and Shri Chetan Kathalay from Centre for Electronics Test
98.00 50 47.89 Engineering (CETE), Pune and University of Pune for
104.16 50 40.85 their valuable help for this research proposal.
129.6 50 40.39
XII. REFERENCES
145.68 50 33.38
[1] Article on energy efficiency available on:
174.16 50 32.29 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use
50 [2] James K. Peckol, “Embedded Systems – A Contemporary
178.48 30.45 Design Tool”, John Wiley & Sons, Washington, 2007 Edition.
196.64 50 31.41 [3] Article on Switched Mode Power Supply available on:
www.sinrace.com
258.00 50 21.93 [4] L. Premalatha, T. A. Raghavendiran, and C. Ravichandran,
“Experimental Study on Conducted EMI Mitigation in SMPS
279.00 50 22.37 using a Novel Spread Spectrum Technique”, Journal of Power
Electronics, Vol. 13, No. 4, July 2013.
290.80 50 21.75 [5] Chetan Kathalay, “A Practical Approach to Electromagnetic
310.64 50 20.32 Compatibility” by EMC Publications, Pune, Edition 1, 2015.
[6] Nidhal Y. Nasser,” Practical Approach in Designing Conducted
342.40 50 20.11 EMI Filter to Mitigate Common Mode and Differential Mode
Noises in SMPS”, Journal of Engineering an d Development,
Vol. 16, No.1, March 2012 ISSN 1813- 7822.
[7] Henry W. Ott, “Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering”,
Observation: From readings, it is clear that emission is Wiley Publication, 2009.
[8] Shreenivas Jog, M. S. Sutaone, Vishweshwar Badawe, Sneha
beyond limit at the frequency 31.92, 49.12, 81.04 and 98.00 Gade, Isha Deshpande, and Kshitij Deshpande, “Analysis and
MHz. After re-testing the model following results is Minimizing Strategies for Conducted Emission from Power
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