Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRE-SPANISH
Educational Aims:
survival
conformity
enculturation - a process where an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and
assimilates its practices and values
Educational Methods:
show and tell
observation
trial and error
imitation
Educational types
informal education:
practical training
theoretical training
SPANISH ERA
Educational Aims:
to promote Christianity
Promotion of Spanish Language
Imposition of Spanish culture
Educational Methods:
Dictation
Memorization
Moro-moro/cenaculo
Theater presentation
Educational types:
Formal Education
Religious Education: Religion plus education
Catechism
Doctrine
Vocational Courses
Mandates:
Educational Decree of 1863: access to education by the Filipinos was liberalize through this
enactment
provided for the establishment of at least one primary schools for boys and girls in each
town under the responsibility of the municipal government
establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the supervision of the Jesuits
Spanish schools started to accept Filipino students where intellectual Filipino emerged
Spanish Curriculum:
3R’s – reading, writing and religion
schools were parochial and convent
reading materials were the cartilla and the catecismo
Subjects: Christian doctrine, values, history, reading and writing in Spanish (steno), Mathematics,
Agriculture, Etiquette, Singing, World Geography, Spanish history
teachers tend to use corporal; punishment
schools were poorly equipped, lacking desks, chairs and writing materials
students skipped schools to help with planting and harvesting
Schools Built:
Colegio de San Ignacio: Universidad de Ignacio : 1590-1768 (Manila) first college for boys
Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595-1769)- it is claimed now as the University of San Carlos (Cebu)
Colegio de Sta. Potenciana (1589) first college for girls
Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santisimo Rosario (1611)- now the University of Santo Tomas
Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620)- oldest college in the Philippines
Escuela Pia de Manila (1859)- Ateneo de Manila
Schools Built:
Universidad Literaria de Filipinas (1898) - teachings included v=Civil and Criminal Law,
Administrative law, medicine and Surgery, pharmacy
Academia Militar (1898) now Philippine Military Academy
Instituto Burgos (1898)
American Period
Educational Aims:
to teach democracy
separation of church and states
Methods of education:
socialized recitation
participation
debate
game/playing
Educational Types:
formal education
first public school
English language
democracy
Medium of instruction
English
Role of teacher
teach concepts
develop he rational mind
Commonwealth Act #1: preparatory military training begins in the elementary at the age of 10.
This was amended by PD 1706 s. 1980 requiring all citizens to render civil welfare service, law
enforcement service and military service.
Commonwealth Act # 80 s 1936: established office of adult education (vocational training to eliminate
illiteracy)
Commonwealth Act # 578 s 1940 conferred the status of persons in authority upon teachers
CA of 586 or Education Act of 1940: reduction of number of years in elementary from 7b to 6, with 7
years old as entrance age ; compulsory attendance in the primary grades for all children enrolled in
grade one and the introduction of double single session
Act # 2706 (1935)- an act making the inspection and recognition of private schools and colleges
obligatory under the Secretary of Public Instruction
Educational Program
Military Order #2. Mandated the teaching of Tagalog, Philippine History, character education to
Filipino students with emphasis on love for work and dignity of labor
re-opening of elementary schools
re-opening of vocational and normal schools
institutions of higher learning giving courses in agriculture, medicine, fisheries and engineering
Japanese language is popularized to terminate the use of English
Filipino children sent to school to learn Japanese songs and games
THIRD REPUBLIC
Transition government ended in 1945 , same year World War II; July 4, 1946- 3rd Philippine Republic
inaugurated at Laguna
Philippine Rehabilitation Act- appropriated $620 million by US Sen. Milliard Tydings; in exchange
Philippine grant parity rights to Americans- equal rights with Filipino citizen to develop and exploit
natural resources of the Philippines and to operate public utilities in the country.
Fundamental Objectives:
Citizenship
Morality
Democracy
Industry
Family Responsibility
use of Leisure
Helping the community
Cultural heritage for youth
understanding of other nations
Educational Program
the concept of academic freedom
religious instruction in the public schools
The creation of scholarship in the arts, sciences, and letters were for specially gifted citizens
Educational Practices
Moral character
The quality of person that guides his thinking, behavior and relationships, with others social
concerns and involvement
vocational efficiency
productivity
complete and adequate system of education
changes with the changing time and the changing needs of changing humans beings
Mandates:
Executive order #94 (1947): from Department of Instruction to Department of Education
Development program without sacrificing the traditional aim of providing a liberal culture basic to good
life
RA 896 (1953) – Elementary Education Act of 1953- restores Grade 7 VII which was abolished by the
education Act of 1940
Non-formal education
Adoption of the Revised Educational Program
curricula in the public and private schools were enriched to be more responsive to social and
economic needs
The secondary curriculum has been revised to provide a common program of studies for the
first two years after which the student has given the option to choose, to go to college or to take
vocational courses.
The vernacular is now being used as a medium of instruction in the first two years of the
primary grades, thereby promoting optimum literacy, especially among those pupils who can
stay in school for only a few years.
Emphasis has been given to science, mathematics, and vocational education.
Creation of the National Science Development Board has given fresh impetus to the promotion
of science and technology.
Percentage of illiteracy has been reduced from 50 per cent in 1948 to 30 per cent this year.
community school program has continued to stimulate and improve community living,
Character education and optional religious instruction have been intensified as a way of
counteracting juvenile delinquency.
recognized the role that private schools have in the educational system geared to public
interest (financial difficulty)
Home industries are fostered as a supplementary source of income.
NEW SOCIETY
PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS
- A commitment to an asset of fundamental values
- A theory of society
- Program of Action
Educational Aims:
love of country
teachers duties of citizenship
develops moral character
self-discipline
Education Types:
for national development
Pledges:
peace and order
land reform
economic development
development of moral values
Government reorganization
Employment and manpower development
social services
•Section 8. (1.) All educational institutions shall be under the supervision of and subject to
regulation by the State. The State shall establish and maintain a complete, adequate, and
integrated system of education relevant to goals of national development.
3. The study of the Constitution shall be part of the curricula in all schools.
4. All educational institutions shall aim to inculcate love of country, teach the duties of
citizenship, and develop moral character, personal discipline, and scientific, technological, and
vocational efficiency.
5. The State shall maintain a system of free public, elementary education and, in areas where
finances permit, establish and maintain a system of free public education at least up to the
secondary level.
6. The State shall provide citizenship and vocational training to adult citizens and out-of-
school youth, and create and maintain scholarships for poor and deserving students.
7. Educational institutions, other than those established by religious orders, mission boards,
and charitable organizations, shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines, or
corporations or associations sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens.
The control and administration of educational institutions shall be vested in citizens of the
Philippines. No education institution shall be established exclusively for aliens, and no group of
aliens shall comprise more than one-third of the enrollment of any school. The provisions of this
subsection shall not apply to schools established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their
dependents and, unless otherwise provided by law, for other foreign temporary resident.
8. At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, and without cost to them
and the government, religion shall be taught to their children or wards in public elementary and
high schools as may be provided by law.
Batas Pambansa Blg 232 – Education Act of 1982
Batas Pambansa Blg 232 Chapter 2, Declaration of Basic State Policy and Objectives. The law
carried over the national goals and educational objectives stated earlier in the PCSPE and P.D. 6-a, with
an elaboration as follows:
Freedom constitution
1987 Constitution (Constitutional Commission)
February 2, 1987 (ratification)
education is the first priority to free people from poverty and oppression
1986 Freedom Constitution - Adopted certain provisions from the 1973 Constitution while
abolishing others.
The 1987 Constitution was drafted and ratified on Feb. 2, 1987.
Dr. Lourdes Quisumbing- new Minister of Education, Culture and Sports (MECS)
1987 Constitution Article XIV. Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports Section
Section 1 The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels
and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all.
(1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant
to the needs of the people and society;
(2) Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels.
Without limiting the natural right of parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory
for all children of school age;
(3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and other
incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to
the underprivileged;
(4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self-learning,
independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those that respect to community needs;
and
(5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of- school youth with training in civics, vocational
efficiency, and other skills.
Section 3
(3) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught
to their children or wards in public elementary and high schools within the regular class hours by
instructors designated or approved by the religious authorities of the religion to which the children
wards belong, without additional cost to the Government.
Section 4
(2) Educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and mission boards, shall
be owned solely by the citizens of the Philippines or corporations or associations at least sixty per
centrum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens. The congress may, however, require increased
Filipino equity participation in all educational institutions.
The control and administration of educational institutions shall be vested in citizens of the Philippines.
No educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens and no group of aliens shall
comprise more than one-third of the enrollment in any school. The provisions of this sub-section shall
not apply to schools established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their dependents and, unless
otherwise provided by law, for other foreign temporary residents.
Section 5
(3) Every citizen has a right to select a profession of course of study, subject to fair, reasonable and
equitable admission and academic requirements.
(4) The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement. Non-teaching academic
and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the State.
(5) The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will
attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate remuneration and
other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment.
Section 6 The Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of
official communication and as a language of instruction in the educational system.
Mandates:
Executive Order #117- Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports to Department of Education,
Culture and Sports (DECS)
Republic Act 6655 (May 26, 1988)- Free Public Secondary Educational Act of 1988
Republic Act #7323 (February 3, 1992)- 15- 25 year old employed students during Christmas break
and summer vacation. (SPES)
Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM) report of 1911
Republic Act #7722 (May 18, 1944)- CHED (former Bureau of Higher Education)
Adopting The “Education For All: A Philippine Plan Of Action, 1991-2000” As A Major Social
Development Policy And Program Of The Government
Proclamation No. 480, dated October 16, 1989-formulated the Philippine Plan of Action for
Education for All (EFA) for 1991 to 2000;
The program spelled out the directions in four major program areas, namely: early
childhood care and development, universalization of quality primary education, eradication
of illiteracy, and continuing education.
there is a need to strengthen the sourcing of development assistance for and subsequent
implementation of EFA programs and projects;
R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 which nationalized all public
high schools and opened the doors to free education up to the secondary levels;
R.A. 6728 which provided Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private
Education (GASTPE). The program included the Educational Service Contracting Scheme, the
Private Education Student Financial Assistance, and tuition fee supplement.
There is an urgent need for the country’s cultural communities to be represented in the process of
formulating plans and program for Education for All and its subsequent implementation so that they
may benefit from and be at par with the rest of the country in terms of educational development;
The Mobile Text Schools which reached ethnic communities in the Cagayan Valley Region
and contributed to reduced cohort survival rates through the Instructional Management by
Parents, Community and Teachers (IMPACT) component;
The Dropout Intervention Program in Regions IV, V, VI, VII, and XII which was expanded
to CAR, and to the rest of the country;
Government is promoting the policy of decentralization in the areas of policy formulation, planning
and implementation;
The Program of Decentralized Educational Development which aimed to reduce the
disparity in allocation of educational resources and services. Through this program, the
textbook-pupil ratio improved to 1:2 and the teacher-class ratio in the intermediate grades
had moved from 5:3 to 4:3. A total of 13,500 depressed schools acquired basic furniture and
classroom equipment. Also, 48,532 classrooms, 14 regional educational learning centers,
and 2,608 multi-purpose workshops were constructed;
The Accelerated Learning Program for Elementary Schools (ALPS) which addressed the needs of the
gifted and the disabled;
Alternative educational schemes for children;
Region-specific projects like:
Mobile schools which responded to the needs of nomadic tribes and far-flung barangays in
parts of Region X and expanded to cover the entire region with assistance from the LGUs
and the Council of Tribal Leaders
Educational services, co-designed by DECS and the Center for Innovative Education for
Children caught in areas where there was high degree of armed conflict (e.g., insurgency-
vulnerable areas) were formulated to redirect the educational effort as an integral endeavor
for the whole community
The Madaris School System, including the Madrasah curriculum, was strengthened and
upgraded.
Nonformal education, continuing education programs, and extension services of state colleges and
universities, the National Manpower and Youth Council (NMYC), DA, DSWD, DTI, DOLE, DOST, DOH,
and DECS continued to provide learning opportunities to out-of-school youth, women, and
unemployed/underemployed adults.
E.O. 274. -Capability Building for the Youth
R.A. 6847 s. 1989- -creation of Philippine Sports Commission: The Spirit of Sportsmanship
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1991/12/04/memorandum-circular-no-141-s-1991/
Ramos, F. V. (1995). From growth to modernization: raising the political capacity and strengthening the
social commitments of the Philippine State. [Manila] : Friends of Steady
EDUCATION
• Ensuring full and unimpeded access by all to both primary and secondary schools is the most effective
way of empowering ordinary people.
• Education reform must also develop a curriculum strong in science, mathematics, and languages. It
must include the enhancement of the conditions of teachers—in both their livelihood and their work.
• Vocational education and technical training should keep to their basic purpose, which is to prepare
young people for worthwhile jobs, and to teach new technologies that our economy needs…..
Section 1. Presidential Commission on Educational Reform (PCER) There is hereby established the
Presidential Commission on Educational Reform (PCER), under the Office of the President, which shall be
a multi-sectoral body comprised of representatives from government line agencies, the University of the
Philippines, the Open University - University of the Philippines; public and private schools at all levels;
teachers; the agriculture and industry sectors; the information technology sector; state colleges and
universities; and other concerned sectors.
Sec. 2. Structure a. The Commission will be chaired by a person with outstanding record in education
and of proven integrity appointed by the President for the duration of the life of the Commission.
Members of the Commission will include the Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports; the Chairman
of the Commission on Higher Education; the Director- General of the Technical Education Skills
Development Authority; the Director- General of the National Economic Development Authority; a
representative of the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry and a representative from private
agriculture; representatives each from the Department of Interior and Local Government; Department
of Science and Technology, The University of the Philippines, Department of Finance, the state colleges
and universities; superintendents; public and private school teachers;
The Education Committee Chairmen of the Upper and Lower Houses will be invited to attend meetings
ex-officio either personally or through their representatives.
b. There will be a Secretariat, headed by a full-time Executive Director for the purpose, housed within
DECS, and staffed by individuals seconded by DECS, CHED and TESDA.
c. There will be a working committee to assist the Executive Director in the design and conduct of the
education sector analysis composed of a senior representative of concerned Departments, agencies and
private sector constituencies.
Sec. 3. Coverage The Commission shall be given one year to define a comprehensive and a budget-
feasible program of reform in the following areas:
1. Curricula, teaching methods, instructional media, education technologies, textbooks, language policy
and school calendar in use at the elementary and secondary levels, using international benchmarks.
2. Modernization of science laboratories, improvement of science and mathematics education and the
feasibility of establishing regional centers of excellence in science education.
3. Upgrading of computer classrooms, computing facilities and internet access in all schools that meet
eligibility standards for administering such programs.
4. Expansion, modernization and standardization of our vocational and technical institutions, especially
polytechnic colleges and universities.
5. Distance learning and continuing education programs, especially for adults and out-of-school youth,
with a view towards possible eventual accreditation.
6. Tuition financing schemes intended to bring the effective purchasing power of students in line with
the real costs of tertiary education.
7. Programs, resources and facilities of state universities and colleges, other than UP, with the intention
of rationalizing their academic offering and aligning them with employer requirements in their
respective areas.
8. Governance, organization, programs, resources, and facilities of the University of the Philippines, with
a view towards developing its flagships campus in Diliman into one of the top ten universities in Asia in
time for the UP Centennial in 2008.
9. Other priority areas of concern in education that arise from the research and consultations conducted
by the Commission.
Sec. 4. Process. The report and the recommendation for both executive policy and legislative action will
be drawn from an analysis by the Commission of the Philippine educational system, based on research
of existing studies and other secondary sources of data, on extensive consultations with different
sectors, and on interviews with key persons in the system.
Sec. 5. Time Frame The Commission will start its work upon the signing of this Executive Order, and
submit its final report and recommendations to the Office of the President of the Philippines one-year
thereafter. The Commission will automatically be dissolved upon the submission of its report.
Sec. 6. Operating Requirements The Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) shall provide
the sum of P4M annually to be sourced from its existing budget for the operating requirements of
Presidential Commission on Educational Reform (PCER) including the payment of compensation of its
Chairman/Members in the form of honoraria or per diem on a monthly basis as follows:
EASING THE TEXTBOOK BACKLOG .Some 10 million copies of textbooks have already been
distributed by the Department of Education (DepEd) in 19,000 public elementary and secondary
schools nationwide. The President assured that all public school students would have textbooks for
the priority subjects in grades I to IV, and in the first and second years of high school.
CONSTRUCTING MORE SCHOOL BUILDINGS To date, the government has constructed 1, 612 school
buildings in barangays unserved by nearby schools. Some 555 schoolhouses will be completed
within the next few weeks. The President has directed DepEd to design classrooms within the
P250,000 budget so that the government can build more classrooms throughout the country,
especially in remote barangays. The President has allocated P40 million for the construction of new
classrooms in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).
RESTORING ENGLISH AS MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION To prepare the succeeding generations to be
globally competitive, the President has directed DepEd to adopt measures that would reverse
reported declines in English literacy among Filipinos.
IMPLEMENTING THE BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM (BEC)
• Another priority area is the upgrading of the teaching of Mathematics and Science in basic
education to prepare the youth to be the next generation of knowledge workers.
• The revised BEC has been implemented since June 2002 and now focuses on the five learning
areas of English, Science, Math, Filipino and Makabayan from the previous eight per Grade/ Year
level.
• The teaching of science has been given an extended time allotment from 300 minutes to 400
minutes each week to promote the culture of science among students. The number of hours of
Mathematics laboratory has likewise been increased.
• About 600,000 teachers from both private and public schools have been trained on the new
curriculum. A linear, sequential approach in teaching math is being adopted by secondary school
teachers to facilitate mastery of basic math principles.
IMPROVING TEACHER WELFARE The DepEd has succeeded in improving teacher welfare by cleaning
up its automatic payroll deduction systems (APDS) for teachers with loans. Acting on cases brought
to her attention during dialogues and personal visits, the President has ordered a thorough
investigation on the alleged influence peddling in the processing of retirement benefits of
government teachers. The government has hired an additional of 15,000 new teachers as a result of
the supplemental budget acquired from Congress last year.
SPARING PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS FROM THE “VAGARIES OF POLITICS” The Commission on
Elections (COMELEC) would start the computerization of the tabulation and counting of ballots in
the 2004 national elections, thus sparing public school teachers from this tedious task and
preventing them from being involved in politics.
Mainstreaming Distance Learning
• Initially available in 20 barangays in various parts of the country for the last two years, the Strong
Republic Grade School or the government’s distance learning program has expanded to include
more depressed villages in the Visayas and Mindanao.
• The project, aimed at extending the benefits of education to remote barangays that do not have
classrooms and teachers , has made schooling available through television facilities put up in areas
where quality of education is very low.
• In areas where television cannot reach them, the students are taught through “technovans,”
which house a television set and instructional materials in reading, writing and arithmetic.
• Enrollees are required to take a qualifying exam to determine their entry point in the program
which encompasses distance learning modules.
• In Maguindanao, distance-learning facilities have been set up in major evacuation camps in war-
torn areas like Pagalungan and Pagagawan.
• Non-government groups particularly corporate foundations have supported the program,
donating some of the available 1,500 long distance learning equipment for grade schools.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8545 or the “Expanded Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in
Private Education Act” (R.A. 10533 Sec 10. Expansion of E-GASTPE Beneficiaries.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9155 or the Governance of Basic Education - an act instituting a framework
of governance for basic education, establishing authority and accountability, renaming the
department of education, culture and sports as the department of education, and for other
purposes.
References
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/08/04/1725170/duterte-signs-law-free-college-
tuition#SXIMHMoDqhZGvFB2.99
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10533/
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/08/11/republic-act-no-9155/
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/aquino-administration/human-development-and-poverty-reduction/
https://www.slideshare.net/MsKrabbs19/historical-perspective-in-philippine-education
http://www.macapagal.com/gma/initiatives/edureform.php
http://malacanang.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/ThePresidentReport.pdf
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1998/12dec/19981207-EO-0046-JEE.pdf