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Principle Clinical Significance Sample Consideration Interfering Results Sources of Error

substances
Rapid Agglutination  Treponema  Heated/unheated  Icteric reactive  Temperature (<23C – dec)
Plasma cardiolipin pallidum serum  Hemolysed black clumps Too fast/slow rotation
Reagin detects reagin >Syphilis  Plasma from EDTA  lipemic nonreactive Unevenly spread serum
uses RPR card >Treponemal  Controls: light gray Excessive rotation
anitbodies o R – lyophilized color Drying of card
>non treponemal reactive
antibodies (reagin) o Rm – minimally
reactive
o N – nonreactive
control
C– Reverse Passive  Acute phase  Controls:  Rheumatoid Visible High CRP may be negative
reactive Agglutination proteins o + = human serum factors agglutination (prozone effect)
protein >latex particles  Inflammatory with CRP conc  increased Nonserum samples
coated with  Tissue necrosis >20mg/dl CRP Excessive reaction time
antihuman CRP  Bacterial infection o - = animal serum Drying
abs against  Active rheumatic  2-8 C for 48 hours Strongly lipemic – false pos
unknown serum fever
 Malignant
neoplasm
 Rheumatoid
arthritis
 Viral infections
 Tuberculosis
 burns
Anti – Latex  Beta-hemolytic  Fresh serum  Plasma – Visible False positive
Streptolysi Agglutination streptococci  Controls causes agglutination -early acute RA, scarlet
n) > Latex particles  Acute o + = human serum nonspecific  presence fever, tonsililtis
coated with glomerulonephritis o - = human serum agglutination of ASO
streptolysin o  Rheumatoid fever due to antibodies
against unknown  Streptococcal fibrinogen
serum with/without infections  Gross
ASO antibodies  Streptolysin o hemolysis,
-toxic extracellular lipemia,
protein with turbidity
enzymic  Elevated beta
character and lipoprotein
strong antigenic and
properties cholesterol
suppress rise in
ASo titer
Rheumat Passive Rheumatoid Factor >Fresh Serum stored at >Hemolytic Visible False positive
oid agglutination >IgM abs directed 2-8C for 7 days >Lipemic Agglutination >LE, hepatitis, cirrhosis of
Factor >latex particles towards the Fc >Samples with fibrin >contaminated >8 IU/mL the liver
coated with protion of IgG must be centrifuged
human molecules prior to testing Sensitivity reduced at low
gammaglobulin >Found in SLE, temp
agains RF Sjogren’s syndrome Delay in reading
antibodies >Rheumatoid arthritis
Widal test
HbsAg Membrane is Hepatitis B >Fresh plasma or Positive 
precoated with >widespread and serum store at 2- presence of
mouse serious liver disease 8C test line and
monoclonal anti- control line
HBsAg pool on the Negative -
test line region presence of
and mouse control line
monoclonal Invalid 
chicken IgY on the control line is
control line region. not visible
Specimen is
allowed to react
with the colored
conjugate which
was precoated on
the test strip. The
mixture (mouse
monoclonal
antiHBsAg pool +
HBsAg) moves
upward on
membrane
chromatographic
ally by capillary
action

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