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fluids
2 courses
1
Non-Newtonian fluids
Types of non-Newtonian fluids
this law.
Therefore, For non-Newtonian fluids,
2
Types of Non-Newtonian fluids
Time independent fluids
Shear stress is independent of time or
duration of shear.
Time dependent fluids
Shear stress is dependent of time or
duration of shear.
3
Time independent fluids
In time-independent fluids, the shear stress is independent of duration of shear.
5
Time independent fluids
3. Dilatant fluids.
starch in water.
dvz
n L
rz K
Combined
p 2 rz
dr r
1 p 1 n
1n
dvz
r
dr 2 KL
B.C.: At r R vz 0
7
By Integrating and Applying B.C.:
1 p n
1n n 1 n 1
vz R n
r n
2 KL n 1
1/ n
n p0 pL
The Average
vx av 0
R n 1/ n
velocity is:
3n 1 2 KL
8
Velocity profiles for non-Newtonian fluids
At the center of the pipe (r = 0), the velocity is maximum (vx = vx max)
n p0 pL
1/ n
n 1/ n
r n 1/ n
vx v x max 1
R
vx max R
n 1 2 KL
0
0
n 1 / n
vx 3n 1 r
1
vx av
Describe figure 3.5-4
n 1 R0
9
the generalized Reynolds number is
defined as:
D nV 2n D nV 2n D nV 2 n
N Re, gen
K 8 n1
n 1 3n 1
n
K8
4 n
n n
3n 1
n
K K
4n
10
Laminar Flow of Time-Independent Non-Newtonian
Fluids
3. Friction factor method
An alternative way of calculating the pressure drop due to friction is to use the Fanning
factor method, as in section 2.10 for Newtonian fluids, but using the generalized Reynolds
number:
16
f
N Re, gen
L v 2
p f 4 f SI system
D 2
L v 2
p f 4 f English system
D 2 gc
11 Example 3.5.1
Friction Losses in Contractions, Expansions and Fittings
in Laminar Flow
Since non-Newtonian power law fluids flowing in conduits are often in laminar flow
because of their highly effective viscosity, losses in sudden changes of velocity and fittings
are important in laminar flow.
The kinetic energy term in the total Mechanical Energy Balance equation is:
V2
Average kinetic energy/kg
2
For Newtonian fluids: = ½ for laminar flow.
(2n 1)(5n 3)
For power-law non-Newtonian fluids:
3(3n 1) 2
12
Friction Losses in Contractions, Expansions and Fittings
in Laminar Flow
2. Losses in contractions and fittings
The frictional pressure losses for pseudoplastic and Bingham plastic fluids are very similar
to those for Newtonian fluids at the same NRe, gen in laminar and turbulent flow.
For a non-Newtonian fluid, the friction loss in laminar flow through a sudden expansion
from D1 to D2 diameter, Skelland gives:
3n 1 2 n 3 D1 D1 33n 1
4 2
hex V1
2n 1 25n 3 D2 D2 25n 3
14
Turbulent flow and generalized friction factors
In turbulent flow of time independent fluids the Reynolds number at which turbulent flow
occurs varies with the flow properties of the non-Newtonian fluid.
L v 2
p f 4 f
D 2
In figure 3.5-3, for different values of n’, the fanning friction factor f is plotted versus the
generalized Reynolds number for non-Newtonian fluids flowing through a smooth, round
tubes.
15
Turbulent flow and generalized friction factors
16