Thermal-Fluid Systems

Lecture 5

Ideal Gas Mixtures_1

 Yaguo Wang
 Assistant Professor
 Mechanical Engineering
Reminder: Ideal Gas Law

 Universal Gas Constant (R ): All gases have same

value.
 Particular Gas Constant (R): Each gas has a
unique value.
Ideal Gas Properties

 For isentropic process,  so T2  

exp  
o o P2 P2  R 
Ds  0  s T2   s T1   R ln  
P1 P1  so T1  
exp  
 R 
Isentropic Process for Ideal Gases
 Define k = cP/cV
 If cP and cV independent of temperature

k 1 k 1
 T2   v1   T2   P2 k
       
 T1 s  v 2 s  T1 s  P1 s
Mixtures
 Previously limited
ourselves to
• Pure substances
• Mixtures modeled as pure
substances (e.g., air)
 Many important Thermo systems are mixtures:
• Mixtures of dry air + water vapor (e.g., heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning)
• Combustion (air + fuel  combustion products)
 In the following two lectures
• Develop skills to analyze mixtures
Mixtures
 A mixture contains 2 or
more pure substances
(components) uniformly
distributed throughout a
volume.
 Notation
• No subscript: Property of mixture (e.g., T, m)
• Subscript: Property of component i of mixture (e.g.,
mi , V i )
 Some properties of mixtures and components
• Always equal (e.g., T = Ti)
• Never equal (e.g., m  mi)
Mixture (no chemical reaction)
m1 m2  m mix =? n1 n2  n mix =?

M1 M2  M mix =? R1 R2  R mix =?

how about R?

P1 P2  Pmix =? V1 V2  Vmix =?

H1 H2  H mix =? U1 U2  U mix =?

CP,1 C P ,2  CP,mix =? CV,1 CV,2  CV,mix =?

Mixture
m mix  m1  m 2 (always true)
Mass Fraction of ith component: xi = mi/m

n mix  n1  n 2 (when no chemical reaction)

Mole Fraction of ith component: yi = ni/n

 m m1  m2 n1M1  n2M2  N
M  n   

n n

M   yiMi 
  (n1 )M  (n2 )M  y M  y M  i1
 n 1 n 2 1 1 2 2


 R 1 Mmix y1M1  y2M2 

R  ;    N
 Mmix R R R 1  1

 M M
 ( 1 ) y1  ( 2 ) y2  y1
1
 y2
1
 
R 

 yi 
Ri 
 i1
R R R1 R2 
Partial Volume_Amagat Model

PA =PB =P 1) PVA  n A RT 

  1)+2)=3)
 2) PVB  n B RT 
TA =TB =T 3) PV  n RT   VA +VB =Vmix
 mix mix 
VA nA Vi
1)  3)  =  yA  yi
Vmix nmix Vmix
Partial Pressure_Dalton Model

VA =VB =V Pi
?
TA =TB =T Pmix
Partial Pressure_Dalton Model

VA =VB =V 1) PAV  n A RT 

  1)+2)=3)
 2) PBV  nB RT 
TA =TB =T 3) P V  n RT   PA +PB =Pmix
 mix mix 

PA nA Pi
1)  3)  =  yA  yi
Pmix nmix Pmix
Evaluate U, H, S
 Ideal Gas: N N N
mi
• u = u(T) U (T )  mu(T )   mi ui (T ) u(T )   ui (T )   xi ui (T )
i m i
i

N
• h = h(T) H (T )  mh ( T )   m i hi (T )
N
mi N
h(T )   hi (T )   xi hi (T )
i i m i

N
• S=s(T,P) S (T , P )  ms ( T , P )   m s (T , P )
i i
i

N N
mi
s(T , P)   si (T , P )   xi si (T , P )
i m i
Evaluate Specific Heats
N
d[ xiui(T)]
 u  du i
cV     
 T  V dT dT
N dui(T) N
  xi   xic v,i
i dT i

N
d[ xihi(T)]
 h  dh i
cp     
 T p dT dT
N dhi(T) N
  xi   xicp,i
i dT i
Other Useful Formulas
x i & yi
mi ni Mi ni M i Mi M mix
xi = = = =yi yi  x i
m mix n mix M mix n mix M mix M mix Mi

1) PVi  mR
i iT mi Ri
2)  3)  1=   R=  xi Ri
2)  PVi  mRi iT m R

3) PV  mRT

 y =1
i  R= Ry i =  x i R i  x i R i =yi R
Reminder_Entropy_Ideal Gases
 Calculate Ds using ideal gas tables (cV and cP not
constant)
T dT
o
 Define s T    cP
T 0 T
T2
 Then dT P2
s2  s1   cP  R ln
T1 T P1
T2
dT T1 dT P2
  cP   cP  R ln
0 T 0 T P1
o o P2
 s T2   s T1   R ln
P1
Evaluate Entropy Ideal Gas Mixture
o P2 o
s2  s1  s T2   s T1   R ln
P1
Ref state :
P1  PREF  1atm, T1  TREF  0K, so TREF ,PREF   0

N N
Pi
s (T , P )   x i si (T , P )   x i [ s i0 ( T )  R i ln ( )]
i i PR E F

N
Pi P P P P
Define : s (T )   xi si0 (T )
0
ln( )  ln( i )  ln( i )  ln( )
i PREF P PREF P PREF
N
P
Partial pressure : i  yi R   xi Ri xi Ri  yi R
P i
N
P
s  T,P   so (T)  R  y i ln  y i   Rln
i1 PREF
Summary: Properties of Ideal Gas Mixtures

Property Total Specific

Volume V = Smivi v = Sxivi
Internal Energy U = Smiui u = Sxiui
Enthalpy H = Smihi h = Sxihi
Entropy S = Smisi s = Sxisi
Specific Heat cp/v = Sxicp/v,i
Specific Properties: Mass and Molar Based

Mass Based Molar Based

V V
v v
m n
u, h, s, c v , cp u, h, s, cv , cp
On Molar basis:
V
v
n V  ni vi v  yi v i
u, h, s, c v , cp

Property Total Specific

Volume V = Snivi v = Syivi
Internal Energy U = Sniui u = Syiui
Enthalpy H = Snihi h = Syihi
Entropy S = Snisi s = Syisi
Specific Heat cp/v = Syicp/v,i
Example:
 Consider an ideal gas mixture of nitrogen (N2) and
oxygen (O2) at 25 oC and 101.3 kPa with an oxygen
mole fraction of 0.21. Calculate R, u, h, s, cV, cP and k
for the mixture.
Solution:

Diagram:

Given: Substance: Ideal gas mixture of

nitrogen and oxygen.
T = 25oC m=0.1 kg
P = 101.3 kPa yO2 = 0.21
Example
Property Data: Taking the relevant data from Molecular Weights and Critical
Constants (Table 2), Nitrogen Ideal Gas Properties (Table 6s) and
Oxygen Ideal Gas Properties (Table 7s),
N2 O2
M (kg/kmol) 28 32
R (kJ/kg·K) 0.297 0.260
u (kJ/kg) 221.44 194.20
h (kJ/kg) 309.99 271.72
so (kJ/kg·K) 6.8405 6.4107
cV (kJ/kg·K) 0.7433 0.6587
cP (kJ/kg·K) 1.0403 0.9187

Diagram:

Given: Substance: Ideal gas mixture of

nitrogen and oxygen.
T = 25oC m=0.1 kg
P = 101.3 kPa yO2 = 0.21
Example
Find: u, h, s, cV, cP and k for the mixture.

Assumptions: Since we are told that the mixture behaves as an

ideal gas, we do not need to make any
assumptions.

Governing Relations:
yi = 1 xi = yi(Mi/M) M = yiMi

R = xiRi mi = yi(Mi/M)m u = xiui

h = xihi so = xisoi s = so - Ryiln(yi) - Rln(P/PREF)

cV = xicV,I cP = xicP,I k = cP/cV

Example
Quantitative Solution:
Example
Dry air is often modeled as a mixture of 21% O2 and 79% N2. In the table below
the results are summarized and compared against those found in the ideal gas
air table (Table 5s)

R u h so s cV cP k
kJ/(kg·K) (kPa) (m3) (oC) (kPa) (m3) (m3)

21%
O2 and 0.288 215 301 6.7403 6.8886 0.7236 1.0120 1.399
79% N2

Air
0.287 213.40 299.03 6.6999 - 0.7179 1.0051 1.4001
Tables

Discussion of Results: We see good results when we model air as a

mixture of 21% O2and 79% N2.