Student ID: ________________ Name: ____________________

LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY

Engineering 4230 – Civil Engineering Analysis

MID-TERM EXAMINATION

Fall 2008
Time: 1 hour and 20 minutes Instructor: Dr. Y Gong

GENERAL NOTES:
• This exam is closed book.
• Write your name on the specified place at the top of pages.
• All pages of this examination paper must be returned.
• Answer each question only in the specified space. You may write on both sides.
• Formulae sheets are attached.

Problem Mark Value Your Mark

No.
1 33

2 33

3 34

100

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 Student ID: ________________ Name: ____________________

1. Using the 4th order differential equation of beam y (4 ) = w( x ) / EI to find the deflection equation
of the following beam:
The beam, having a constant EI along its length, is simply-supported at both ends. Transverse
loading is w(x)=w0(x/L) for 0<x<L.
w0

x EI=constant

Solution:
w0 x
The DE is y (4 ) = , y c = C1 + C 2 x + C 3 x 2 + C 4 x 3 .
EI L
Assume the particular solution is y p = Ax 5 .
(4 )
y p ' = 5 Ax 4 y p ' ' = 20 Ax 3 y p ' ' ' = 60 Ax 2 yp = 120 Ax
w0 x w0
Substituting yp into DE gives 120 Ax = , A=
EI L 120 EIL
w0
Then the complete solution is y = y c + y p = C1 + C 2 x + C 3 x 2 + C 4 x 3 + x5
120 EIL
w0
Then, y ' = C 2 + 2C 3 x + 3C 4 x 2 + 5 x4
120 EIL
w0
y ' ' = 2C 3 + 6C 4 x + 20 x3
120 EIL

Boundary conditions are: y(0)=0, y’’(0)=0, y(L)=0, y”(L)=0

w0
i.e., 0 = C1 + C 2 0 + C 3 0 2 + C 4 0 3 + 0 5 , C1=0
120 EIL
w0
0 = 2C 3 + 6C 4 0 + 20 03 , C3=0
120 EIL
w0 7 w0 L3
0 = C 2 L + C 4 L3 + L5 C2 =
120 EIL 360 EI
w0 wL
0 = 6C 4 L + 20 L3 C4 = − 0
120 EIL 36 EI

7 w0 L3 wL w0 w x ⎛ 7 L3 L 2 1 ⎞
Answer: y= x − 0 x3 + x 5 = 0 ⎜⎜ − x + x 4 ⎟⎟
360 EI 36 EI 120 EIL EI ⎝ 360 36 120 L ⎠
2W
let W=(1/2)w0L w0 =
L
2Wx ⎛ 7 L ⎞
(7 L4 − 10 L2 x 2 + 3 x 4 ), the same as
3
L 2 1 Wx
Therefore, y = ⎜⎜ − x + x 4 ⎟⎟ = 2
EIL ⎝ 360 36 120 L ⎠ 180 EIL
given by Steel handbook.

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 Student ID: ________________ Name: ____________________

2. A mass of 1000 N ⋅ s 2 / m is suspended from a spring whose spring constant is 40×103 N/m. The
mass is initially released from a point 0.1 m above the equilibrium position with a zero velocity.
(a) Write the motion equation of the mass.
(b) What is the circular frequency of the system?
(c) Find the times at which the mass passes through the equilibrium position.

Solution:
.. ..
(a) motion equation is m x + kx = 0 , Then 1000 x + 40000 x = 0 .
(b) the auxiliary equation is 1000n 2 + 40000 = 0 , i.e, n 2 + 40 = 0 , therefore, n = ± 6.325 i
The general solution is x = A cos 6.325t + B sin 6.325t
The circular frequency is ω=6.325 rad/s.
(c)
Initial conditions are x(0)= –0.1 m, and x(0) = 0 .
.

x(0)= –0.1 m , − 0.1 = A cos 0 + B sin 0 , A = –0.1, so, x = −0.1 cos 6.325t + B sin 6.325t

dx / dt = (− 0.1)(− 6.325)sin 6.325t + B(6.325) cos 6.325t

0 = (− 0.1)(− 6.325)sin 0 + B(6.325) cos 0 , i.e., 0 = B(6.325) , so B=0

Solution is x = −0.1 cos 6.325t

For equilibrium position, 0 = −0.1 cos 6.325t , cos 6.325t = 0

π 2n + 1
6.325t = + nπ = π for n=1,2,3,….
2 2
2n + 1 π
Therefore, t =
2 6.325

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 Student ID: ________________ Name: ____________________

3. (a) Use a Fourier sine series to represent the loading on the beam shown.
(b) Find the deflection equation of the beam using Fourier sine series.
Beam differential equation is y (4 ) = w( x ) / EI

w0

EI=constant
x

Solution
Step 1: express load function as a sine series
Period T=2p=2L, i.e., load function f(x) is expanded to interval [-L, L]. Thus, p=L
w
w( x ) = 0 x
L
Use a sine series to express the above f(x) function, i.e.,
∞
nπ x
w( x ) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 L
where
nπ x 2 Lw nπx 2w L nπx
b n = ∫0 f (x )sin
2 p
dx = ∫0 0 x sin dx = 2 0 ∫0 x sin dx
p p L L L L L
2w ⎡ n +1 L ⎤
2
n +1 2 w0
= 20 ⎢(−1) ⎥ = (−1)
L ⎣ nπ ⎦ nπ

Thus, w( x ) =
2 w0 ∞
(− 1)n+1 sin nπ x
π
∑ n L
n =1

∞
nπx
Step 2: assume dependent variable y as a sine series function y ( x ) = ∑ Bn sin . Note that this
n =1 L
assumption meets all the boundary conditions of the beam.
π4 ∞ nπx
Then, y (4 ) = 4 ∑ n 4 Bn sin
L n =1 L

Substituting y(4) and the loading sine series w(x) into the differential equation gives
nπx 2 w0 ∞ (− 1)
n +1
(4 ) π4 ∞ 4 nπx
y = 4 ∑ n Bn sin = ∑ sin
L n =1 L EIπ n =1 n L
π 4
2w0 (− 1) n +1
n +1 2 w0 L
4
then, 4 n 4 Bn = i.e., Bn = (− 1)
L π EI n π 5 EI n 5

∞ 2w0 L4 nπx 2w0 L4 ∞

nπx
the deflection function is y ( x ) = ∑ (− 1) ∑ (− 1)
n +1 n +1 1
sin = 5 sin
n =1 π 5 EI n 5 L π EI n =1 n 5
L
2 w0 L ⎡ 1 4
πx 1 2πx 1 3πx 1 4πx ⎤
or y(x ) = ⎢ sin − 5 sin + 5 sin − 5 sin + ...⎥
π EI ⎣1
5 5
L 2 L 3 L 4 L ⎦
---------------------- End ---------------

2w0 L4 ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ 2w0 L4 5π 5 5w0 L4

y(x = L / 2) = 5 − + ... = =
π EI ⎢⎣15 35 5 5 ⎥⎦ π 5 EI 1536 768 EI
Check: from Problem 1,
w0 (L / 2 ) ⎛ 7 L3 L 4⎞ w0 L4 ⎛ 7 1 ⎞ 5w0 L4
( )
y L/2 = ⎜ − ( )
L/2 +
2 1
( ) ⎟
L/2 ⎟ = ⎜ −
1
+ ⎟ == , OK.
EI ⎜⎝ 360 36 120 L ⎠ 2 EI ⎝ 360 144 1920 ⎠ 768 EI

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 Student ID: ________________ Name: ____________________

FORMULAE SHEET

Useful integrals for Fourier series

p nπx p nπx p nπx
∫− pcos p dx = 0, n ≠ 0 ∫− psin p dx = 0 ∫− pcos dx = p, n ≠ 0
2

p
⎧ 0, m≠n
p mπx nπx ⎪ p mπx nπx ⎧0, m≠n
∫− p cos p cos p dx = ⎨ p, m = n ≠ 0 ∫− p sin sin dx = ⎨
m=n
⎪2 p , m = n = 0 p p ⎩ p,
⎩
p nπx p mπx nπx
∫− psin dx = p, n ≠ 0 ∫− p cos dx = 0
2
sin
p p p

p nπx ⎧ 2 p nπ , n odd p nπx ⎧ p, n=0

∫0 sin dx = ⎨ ∫0 cos dx = ⎨
p ⎩0, n even p ⎩0, n = 1,2,...
p nπx ( − 1) p 2
n +1

∫0 x sin p dx = nπ , n = 1,2,...
⎧ ⎛ p ⎞2
nπx
[ ]
2
⎛ ⎞ ⎪ − 2⎜ ⎟ , n = 1,3,5,...
∫0 x cos p dx = ⎜⎝ nπ ⎟⎠ (− 1) − 1 = ⎨ ⎝ nπ ⎠
p p n

⎪0, n = 2,4,6,...
⎩
p nπx (− 1) 2 p 3
n
p nπx p3
(− 1) +
n +1 2 p3
(− 1)n − 1 [ ]
∫0 dx = , n = 1,2,... ∫0 dx =
2 2
x cos x sin
p (nπ )2 p nπ (nπ ) 3

Trigonometry identities
cos A cos B = [cos( A − B) + cos( A + B)] , sin A sin B = [cos( A − B) − cos( A + B)]
1 1
2 2
sin A cos B = [sin( A − B) + sin( A + B)]
1
cos 2 A + sin 2 A = 1
2
sin 2 A = [1 − cos 2 A] cos 2 A = [1 + cos 2 A] sin (− A) = − sin A cos(− A) = cos A
1 1
2 2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
sin ⎜ ± A ⎟ = cos A cos⎜ ± A ⎟ = m sin A sin (π ± A) = m sin A cos(π ± A) = − cos A
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
sin (2π ± A) = ± sin A cos(2π ± A) = cos A
sin( A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B cos( A ± B ) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B
sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A cos 2 A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A = 1 − 2 sin 2 A = 2 cos 2 A − 1

Useful series
1 1 1 π 1 1 1 π2 1 1 1 π2
1 − + − + ... = 1− + − + ... = 1+ + + + ... =
3 5 7 4 2 2 32 4 2 12 2 2 32 4 2 6
1 1 1 π2 1 1 1 π2
1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... = 1 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ... =
3 5 7 8 3 5 7 32
1 1 1 π4 1 1 1 5π 5
1 + 4 + 4 + 4 + ... = 1 − 5 + 5 − 5 + ... =
3 5 7 96 3 5 7 1536

Common derivatives
Function Derivative Function Derivative
constant 0 lnx 1/x
xn nxn-1 sinx cosx
ex ex cosx -sinx
e-x -e-x sin(ax+b) acos(ax+b)
eax aeax tan(ax+b) asec2(ax+b)
1/x -1/x2 secx tanx•secx

Common limit
sin x xr − ar
lim = 1, where x is in radians lim = ra r −1 , where r is a real number
x →0 x x→a x−a

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 Student ID: ________________ Name: ____________________

1 − cos x 1
lim = , where x is in radians
x →0 x2 2

Euler’s formula
e ± jθ = cos θ ± j sin θ

Quadratic equation
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0,
2
x=
2a

4th-order differential equation of beam-columns and sign convention

d 2 ⎛ d 2 y ⎞ d ⎛ dy ⎞
⎜ EI 2 ⎟⎟ + ⎜ T ⎟ + ky = w( x )
dx 2 ⎜⎝ dx ⎠ dx ⎝ dx ⎠
wdx
x
M

y T
V
kydx