HOTS / KBAT

1. The diagram shows volcanic eruptions which releases gases as CO 2, SO2, H2, steam, H2S,
CO and HCl.
SPM Rajah ini menunjukkan letusan gunung berapi yang membebaskan gas seperti CO 2, SO2,
2016 H2, wap air, H2S, CO dan HCl.

To stimulate the eruption in the laboratory, a pupil added 12.6 g of ammonium

dichromate(VI), (NH4)2Cr2O7 in a mortar and immediately ignited.
The decomposition reaction of ammonium dichromate(VI) produces three substances,
chromium(III) oxide, nitrogen gas and steam.
Calculate the volume of steam produced at room conditions?
[RAM: H=1, N=14, O=16, Cr=52]
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol-1]
Untuk mensimulasikan letusan di dalam makmal, seorang murid memasukkan 12.6 g
ammonium dikromat(VI), (NH4)2Cr2O7 dalam mortar dan dinyalakan dengan serta-merta.
Tindak balas penguraian ammonium dikromat(VI) menghasilkan tiga bahan iaitu
kromium(III) oksida, gas nitrogen dan wap air.
Hitungkan isipadu wap air yang terhasil pada keadaan bilik? [6 marks / markah]

(NH4)2Cr2O7 Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O

1. Mole of ammonium dichromate(VI) = = 0.05 mol

2. Based on chemical equation:

1 mol of (NH4)2Cr2O7 4 mol H2O
0.05 mol 0.2 mol

3. Volume of steam = (0.2 X 24) dm3

= 4.8 dm3
2. Magnesium sulphate(Epsom salt) and ammonium phosphate are both soluble salts.
Magnesium sulphate is used as a laxative to relieve occasional constipation while
ammonium phosphate is widely used as fertilizer by agricultural units for protecting crops
from diseases.
Magnesium sulfat (garam Epsom) dan ammonium fosfat adalah kedua-dua garam terlarut.
Magnesium sulfat digunakan sebagai julap untuk melegakan sembelit manakala
ammonium fosfat digunakan secara meluas sebagai baja dalam bidang pertanian untuk
melindungi tanaman dari penyakit.

Deduce the formula of magnesium phosphate.

Deduksikan formula magnesium fosfat. [2 marks]

1. Formula Magnesium sulphate : MgSO4.

Therefore, the compound contains Mg2+ ions.

2. Formula of ammonium phosphate : (NH4)3PO4

Therefore, the compound contains PO43- ions.

3. Formula of magnesium phosphate : Mg3(PO4)2

The compound contains Mg2+ ions and PO43- ions.
3. Diagram (a) and (b) show two balloons filled with 50cm 3 of helium gas and 50cm3 of
carbon dioxide gases respectively. Both balloons are then tied to a piece of wood and
left.
Rajah (a) dan (b) menunjukkan dua belon berisi masing-masing 50cm3 gas helium
dan 50cm3 gas karbon dioksida. Kedua-dua belon kemudian diikat pada kayu dan
dibiarkan.

50cm3 of 50cm3 of carbon

helium gas dioxide gas

(a) (b)

Changing condition of each balloon

after being left.
Keadaan setiap belon berubah selepas
dibiarkan.

50cm3 of helium gas

50cm3 of carbon
dioxide gas

Why does the balloon containing 50cm 3 of helium gas float while the balloon containing
50cm3 of carbon dioxide gas does not float? How do you make the balloon containing
50cm3 of carbon dioxide gas float in the air?
Mengapa belon yang mengandungi 50cm3 gas helium terapung manakala belon yang
mengandungi 50cm3 gas karbon dioksida tidak terapung? Bagaimana anda dapat
membuat belon yang mengandungi 50cm 3 gas karbon dioksida terapung di udara ?
[5 marks / markah]
 Type of gas Helium gas Carbon dioxide gas

Mass of the gas 50 50

 4  8.33  10 3 g  44  0.092g
24000 24000

Reason The mass of 50cm3 of carbon dioxide gas is larger than 50cm3 of
helium gas. Therefore, the balloon containing helium gas
will be floating in the air because its lighter.

–Use of carbon dioxide gas that has been heated to decrease the density of the gas or

- Replacing the carbon dioxide gas with hydrogen gas which has smaller mass