Ee 302 CH 02 Lect

Electromagnetics
Transmission Lines
Dr. Bandar Hakim
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
Fall 2018
Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 1 / 18

Outline
Transmission Lines General Considerations
The Role of Wavelength
Dispersion
Examples
Propagation Modes
Equivalent Circuit
Telegrapher’s Equations
Solutions: Wave Propagation
Characteristic Impedance
Lossless Transmission Line
Voltage Reflection Coefficient
Standing Waves
Wave Impedance
Solution
Special Cases
Power Flow
Transmission Lines General Considerations
Zg
A B
+
~ Sending-end Receiving-end
Vg Transmission line ZL
port port
A' B'
Generator circuit Load circuit
Transmission Lines are used to guide electromagnetic signals, e.g. telephone

wires, coaxial cables, optical fibers etc. A TL is presented as a two port circuit
with input source and output load connected. Various loads are possible.

A i B
+ +
+ R
Vg VAA' Transmission line VBB'
C
A' l B'
VAA′ = V0 cos (ωt)

VBB′ = VAA′ (t − l/c) = V0 cos [ω(t − l/c)]
= V0 cos (ωt − φ0 )
ωl
φ0 =
c

A i B
+ +
+ R
C
A' l B'
For f = 1 (kHz) and l = 5 (cm): VAA′ = V0 and

VBB′ = V0 cos (2πfl/c) = 0.999999999998V0
For l = 20 (km): VBB′ = 0.91V0 , a deviation of 9%
The phase delay is given by
l
φ0 = 2π
λ

A i B
+ +
+ R
C
A' l B'
• If l/λ is small ⇒ transmission line effects negligible

• If l/λ ≥ 0.01 ⇒ transmission line effects must be considered
• In addition to time delay (shift), we also need to take into account
reflections, power loss and dispersion

Dispersion
Dispersionless line
Short dispersive line
Long dispersive line
Wave velocity is not constant but is a function of frequency

Examples
Metal Metal w
2b
2a d
h
D
Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing Dielectric spacing
(a) Coaxial line (b) Two-wire line (c) Parallel-plate line
Metal strip conductor Metal

Metal w
h
Metal ground plane
Dielectric spacing Metal ground plane Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing
(d) Strip line (e) Microstrip line (f) Coplanar waveguide
TEM Transmission Lines
Metal
Concentric
dielectric
layers
(g) Rectangular waveguide (h) Optical fiber

Higher-Order Transmission Lines

Propagation Modes
• There are two basic types: TEM and higher order

• TEM: Transverse ElectroMagnetic lines. Electric and Magnetic fields are
transverse to the direction of propagation. Coaxial lines are one type.
Microstrip not exactly TEM but can be a close approximation to a TEM
waveguide
• Metallic waveguides (e.g. rectangular) and fiber optic lines are typical for
higher order transmission lines. These have at least one component of the
E or H field that points in the direction of waveguide propagation

Equivalent Circuit
Parallel-wire representation
✤z ✤z ✤z ✤z
Differential sections each ✤ z long
R' ✤ z L' ✤ z R' ✤ z L' ✤ z R' ✤ z L' ✤ z R' ✤ z L' ✤ z
G' ✤ z C' ✤ z G' ✤ z C' ✤ z G' ✤ z C' ✤ z G' ✤ z C' ✤ z
✤z ✤z ✤z ✤z
Each section is represented by an equivalent circuit

Equivalent Circuit
• Represent the transmission line with equivalent lumped circuit: resisitive,

inductive, capacitive and conductive components. Start by breaking into
sections of length ∆z
• The transmission line parameters in the sections are:
• R′ : resistance of both conductors per unit length (Ω/m)
• L′ : inductance of both conductors (H/m)
• G ′ : conductance of insulation medium (S/m)
• C ′ : capacitance of two conductors (F/m)
• The same model is applicable to all TEM-mode wave propagation
transmission lines
• Note that all parameters are in units/length (the prime is used as a
reminder that these are per unit length)
• The values for these parameters differ, depending on specifics of the
transmission line. For now, we have to accept these but we will derive the
expressions later on

Node Node
N i(z, t) N+1 i( z + ✤ z, t)
+ +
R' ✤ z L' ✤ z
G' ✤ z C' ✤ z
✂(z, t) ✂(z+✤ z, t)
✤z
Apply KVL
∂i(z, t)
v(z, t) − R′ ∆zi(z, t) − L′ ∆z − v(z + ∆z, t) = 0
∂t
Take the limit as ∆z → 0
∂v(z, t) ∂i(z, t)
− = R′ i(z, t) + L′
∂z ∂t

Node Node
N i(z, t) N+1 i( z + ✤ z, t)
+ +
R' ✤ z L' ✤ z
G' ✤ z C' ✤ z
✂(z, t) ✂(z+✤ z, t)
✤z
Apply KCL
∂v(z + ∆z, t)
i(z, t) − G ′ ∆zv(z + ∆z, t) − C ′ ∆z − i(z + ∆z, t) = 0
∂t
Take the limit as ∆z → 0
∂i(z, t) ∂v(z, t)
− = G ′ v(z, t) + C ′
∂z ∂t

Node Node
N i(z, t) N+1 i( z + ✤ z, t)
+ +
R' ✤ z L' ✤ z
G' ✤ z C' ✤ z
✂(z, t) ✂(z+✤ z, t)
✤z
Telegrapher’s equations in the time domain
∂v(z, t) ∂i(z, t)
− = R′ i(z, t) + L′
∂z ∂t
∂i(z, t) ∂v(z, t)
− = G ′ v(z, t) + C ′
∂z ∂t

Node Node
N i(z, t) N+1 i( z + ✤ z, t)
+ +
R' ✤ z L' ✤ z
G' ✤ z C' ✤ z
✂(z, t) ✂(z+✤ z, t)
✤z
For time-harmonic sources, use phasors
dVe (z)
− = (R′ + jωL′ )eI (z)
dz
de
I (z) e (z)
− = (G ′ + jωC ′ )V
dz

Zg
+ (V0+, I0+)e✁✂✄ Incident wave
Vg ZL
(V0✁, I0✁)e✂✄ Reflected wave
☎
Combine two first-order coupled equations into two uncoupled second-order
equations. Take d/dz
d 2Ve (z) deI (z)

− 2
= (R′ + jωL′ )
dz dz
2e e (z)
d I (z) dV
− 2
= (G ′ + jωC ′ )
dz dz

Zg
Vg ZL
☎
Substitute for d e e (z)/dz
I (z)/dz and d V
d 2Ve (z)
− (R′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )Ve (z) = 0
dz 2
d 2e
I (z)
− (R′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )e
I (z) = 0
dz 2

Zg
Vg ZL
☎
p
Wave equations with γ = (R′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )
d 2Ve (z)
− γ2V e (z) = 0
dz 2
d 2e
I (z)
− γ 2e
I (z) = 0
dz 2
The complex propagation constant, γ = α + jβ, consists of the real part α,
attenuation constant, and imaginary part β, phase constant

Zg
Vg ZL
☎
Where γ is called the complex propagation constant. It consists of a real part
α, attenuation constant, and imaginary part β, phase constant. The solution
e (z) = V0 e γz . We can also have a solution with a
will be exponential, V
negative exponent, Ve (z) = V0 e −γz . The total solution contains both
e (z) = V + e −γz + V − e γz
V 0 0
e
I (z) = I + e −γz + I − e γz
0 0

e (z)
Take the derivative of V
e (z) = V + e −γz + V − e γz
V 0 0
e (z)
dV + −γz
− = γ V0 e − V0− e γz
dz
and substitute
dVe (z)
− = (R′ + jωL′ )e
I (z)
dz

γ V0+ e −γz − V0− e γz = (R′ + jωL′ )eI (z)
γ + −γz
e
I (z) = ′ V0 e − V0− e γz
R + jωL ′
compare with
e
I (z) = I0+ e −γz + I0− e γz

Observe that
γV0+
I0+ =
R′+ jωL′
−γV0−
I0− = ′
R + jωL′
or
V0+ V0−
Z0 = + =− −
I0 I0
s
R′ + jωL′ R′ + jωL′
Z0 = =
γ G ′ + jωC ′

Lossless Transmission Line
• Use a conductor (wires) with low resistance; this minimizes ohmic losses
so that R′ ≪ ωL′
• Use a very good dielectric between the conductors, so that G ′ ≪ ωC ′
• Results in R′ ≈ 0 and G ′ ≈ 0
√
γ = α + jβ = 0 + jω L′ C ′
√
β = ω L′ C ′
s r
R′ + jωL′ L′
Z0 = =
G + jωC
′ ′ C′

~
Ii
Transmission line
Zg + + ~
IL
+
~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Z0 VL ZL
Generator Load
z
z = ✤l z=0
d
d=l d=0
With γ = jβ for the lossless line, the total voltage and current become
e (z) = V + e −jβz + V − e jβz
V 0 0
e V+ V−
I (z) = 0 e −jβz − 0 e jβz
Z0 Z0

~
Ii
Transmission line
Zg + + ~
IL
+
~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Z0 VL ZL
Generator Load
z
z = ✤l z=0
d
d=l d=0
For convenience, the reference of the spatial coordinate z is chosen such that
z = 0 corresponds to the location of the load. At the sending end, z = −l. In
terms of distance from the load d, we define d = −z

~
Ii
Transmission line
Zg + + ~
IL
+
~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Z0 VL ZL
Generator Load
z
z = ✤l z=0
d
d=l d=0
At the load
eL = V
V e (z = 0) = V + + V −
0 0
e V+ V−
IL = e
I (z = 0) = 0 − 0
Z0 Z0
VeL V0+ + V0−
ZL = = Z0 +
e
IL V0 − V0−

~
Ii
Transmission line
Zg + + ~
IL
+
~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Z0 VL ZL
Generator Load
z
z = ✤l z=0
d
d=l d=0
Solving for V0− gives
ZL − Z0
V0− = V0+
ZL + Z0
Define the voltage reflection coefficient
V0− ZL − Z0 ZL /Z0 − 1
Γ= + = =
V0 Z L + Z 0 ZL /Z0 + 1
~
Ii
Transmission line
Zg + + ~
IL
+
~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Z0 VL ZL
Generator Load
z
z = ✤l z=0
d
d=l d=0
Similarly, for current waves
I0− V0−
= − = −Γ
I0+ V0+
In gneral
Γ = |Γ| e jθr

Standing Waves
Using the relation V0− = ΓV0+

e (z) = V + e −jβz + Γe jβz
V 0
e V+
I (z) = 0 e −jβz − Γe jβz
Z0
e (z), and replace z with −d

Examine the magnitude of V
h i1/2
e + 2
V (z) = V0 1 + |Γ| + 2 |Γ| cos (2βz + θr )
h i1/2
e 2
V (d) = V + 1 + |Γ| + 2 |Γ| cos (2βd − θr )
0
similarly for e
I (d)
+ h i1/2
e V0 2
I (d) = 1 + |Γ| − 2 |Γ| cos (2βd − θr )
Z0

Standing Waves
~
Voltage |V(d)|
min max
~ 1.4 V
|V|max 1.2
1.0
~ 0.8
|V|min 0.6
0.4
0.2
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ dmin ✂ dmax
4 2 4
~
|I(z)|
Current
~ 30 mA
|I|max 25
20
~ 15
|I|min
max min 10
5
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
A sinusoidal pattern, which is caused by interference of two

waves.
This
pattern is called standing wave. Z0 = 50Ω, Γ = 0.3e jπ/6 , V0+ = 1

Standing Waves
The maximum of the standing wave pattern happens when incident and
reflected waves are in phase, i.e. the argument of the cosine term
2βdmax − θr = 2nπ n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

e
V = V0+ [1 + |Γ|]
max
Conversely, if the traveling waves are out of phase, we have a minimum
2βdmin − θr = (2n + 1)π n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

+
e
V = V0 [1 − |Γ|]
min

e e
The ratio of V to V is called the voltage standing wave ratio S, aka
max min
SWR or VSWR
e
V 1 + |Γ|
S = max =
e
V 1 − |Γ|
min

Standing Waves
• Standing wave pattern repeats every λ/2, where λ is associated with the
traveling waves
• Current and voltage are in opposition; when voltage peaks, current has a
minimum and vice versa
• The voltage and current magnitudes are oscillatory with position on the
line and are out of phase with each other
• The matched load results is Γ = 0, i.e. without any reflected waves there
can be no interference, no standing waves
• The Short-Circuited (SC) and Open-Circuited (OS) Lines have |Γ| = 1, or
ΓSC = −1 and ΓOC = 1

• The SC and OC lines have the same maximum value: 2 V0+ , and mini-
mum value of zero. Their patterns are shifted by λ/4
• The first voltage minimum is at z = 0 for SC line, while for the OS line
the first maximum is at z = 0
• Spacing between dmax and dmin is λ/4

Standing Waves
~
|V(d)|
Matched line
|V0+|
d
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂ 0
4 2 4
(a) ZL = Z0
Short-circuited line ~
✤ /2 |V(d)|
2|V0+|
d
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂ 0
4 2 4
(b) ZL = 0 (short circuit)
Open-circuited line ~
✤ /2 |V(d)|
2|V0+|
d
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂ 0
4 2 4
(c) ZL = (open circuit)
8

Wave Impedance
A B C A B
Zg Zg
+ +
⑦ Z(d ) Z0 ZL ⑦ Z(d )
Vg Vg
A✁ B✁ C✁ A✁ B✁
d=l d 0
Impedance is the ratio of voltage to current

e (d)
V V0+ e jβd + Γe −jβd
Z (d) = = Z0 + jβd
e
I (d) V0 [e − Γe −jβd ]
1 + Γe −j2βd
Z (d) = Z0
1 − Γe −j2βd
Using the expression for the reflection coefficient at the load and Euler’s
formula
ZL + jZ0 tan βd
Z (d) = Z0
Z0 + jZL tan βd
Solution
~ ~
Ii A Ii A
Transmission line
Zg ~ Zg
+ + IL +
+ +
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Zin Z0 VL ZL Vg Vi Zin
✂ ✂
✂ ✁ ✂ ✂ ✁
Generator Load
z = ✤l z=0
d=l d=0
The input impedance at the source

ZL + jZ0 tan βl
Zin = Z (l) = Z0
Z0 + jZL tan βl
eg
V
e
Ii =
Zg + Zin
eg Zin
V
ei = e
V Ii Zin =
Zg + Zin

Solution
~ ~
Ii A Ii A
Transmission line
Zg ~ Zg
+ + IL +
+ +
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Zin Z0 VL ZL Vg Vi Zin
✂ ✂
✂ ✁ ✂ ✂ ✁
Generator Load
z = ✤l z=0
d=l d=0
From TL, the voltage across the input

ei = V
V e (l) = V + e jβl + Γe −jβl
0
solving for V0+

!
eg Zin
V 1
V0+ =
Zg + Zin e jβl + Γe −jβl

Special Cases
Short-circuited line
ZL = 0 Γ = −1 S =∞ Zin = jZ0 tan βl
Open-circuited line
−jZ0
ZL = ∞ Γ=1 S =∞ Zin =
tan βl
Half wavelength line
λ
l=n βl = nπ n = 0, 1, 2, . . . Zin = ZL
2
Quarter wave transformer
λ λ π Z02
l= +n βl = (2n + 1) n = 0, 1, 2, . . . Zin =
4 2 2 ZL

Special Cases
Zinsc Z0 short
circuit
d
l 0
~
Vsc(d)
2jV0+
Voltage 1
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
✤1
~
Isc(d) Z0
2V0+
1
Current
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
✤1
Zinsc
jZ0
Impedance
l 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4

Special Cases
Zinoc Z0
d
l 0
~
Voc(d)
2V0+
Voltage 1
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
✤1
~
Ioc(d) Z0
Current 2jV0+
1
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
✤1
Zinoc
Impedance jZ0
l 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4

Special Cases
✂/4 transformer
Z0 Zin Z0t ZL
✂/4

Power Flow
Transmission line
Zg
i
+ Pav
~ ZL
Vg r
Pav = |✤ |2 Pav
i
d=l d=0
We will examine the flow of power on a transmission line. We begin with the
phasorand instantaneous voltage and current as a function of d. Note that
+
V0+ = V0+ e jφ and Γ = |Γ| e jθr

e (d) = V + e jβd + Γe −jβd
V 0
e V+
I (d) = 0 e jβd − Γe −jβd
Z0

v(d, t) = V0+ cos (ωt + βd + φ+ ) + |Γ| cos (ωt − βd + φ+ + θr )
+
V
i(d, t) = 0 cos (ωt + βd + φ+ ) − |Γ| cos (ωt − βd + φ+ + θr )
Z0
Power Flow
Transmission line
Zg
i
+ Pav
~ ZL
Vg r
Pav = |✤ |2 Pav
i
d=l d=0
2 1
Instantaneous Power is v(d, t)i(d, t) and using cos x = 2 (1 + cos 2x)
+ 2 h i
V 2
0
P(d, t) = cos2 (ωt + βd + φ+ ) − |Γ| cos2 (ωt − βd + φ+ + θr )
Z0
+ 2
V
P i (d, t) = 0 1 + cos (2ωt + 2βd + 2φ+ )
2Z0
+ 2

2 V0

r
P (d, t) = − |Γ| 1 + cos (2ωt − 2βd + 2φ+ + 2θr )
2Z0
Note that the instantaneous power consists of a dc term and an ac term that
oscillates at an angular frequency of 2ω.
Power Flow
Transmission line
Zg
i
+ Pav
~ ZL
Vg r
Pav = |✤ |2 Pav
i
d=l d=0
Time-Average Power (time-domain)

Z Z 2π/ω
1 T ω
Pav (d) = P(d, t)dt = P(d, t)dt
T 0 2π 0
+ 2
V
i 0
Pav (d) =
2Z0
+ 2
2
V
r 0
Pav (d) = − |Γ|
2Z0
+ 2 h i
V 2
Pav (d) = 0 1 − |Γ|
2Z0
Power Flow
Transmission line
Zg
i
+ Pav
~ ZL
Vg r
Pav = |✤ |2 Pav
i
d=l d=0
Time-Average Power (phasor-domain)

1 he i
Pav (d) = Re V (d)e I ∗ (d)
2
+ 2 h i
V 2
Pav (d) = 0 1 − |Γ|
2Z0
Note that the expression for the average power is independent of of d, which
means that the time-average powers carried by the incident and reflected
waves do not change as they ravel along the transmission line. This is
expected, because the transmission line is lossless.

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Ee 302 CH 02 Lect

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Electromagnetics

Dr. Bandar Hakim

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 1 / 18

Transmission Lines are used to guide electromagnetic signals, e.g. telephone

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 3 / 18

VAA′ = V0 cos (ωt)

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 4 / 18

For f = 1 (kHz) and l = 5 (cm): VAA′ = V0 and

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 4 / 18

• If l/λ is small ⇒ transmission line effects negligible

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 4 / 18

Short dispersive line

Long dispersive line

Wave velocity is not constant but is a function of frequency

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 5 / 18

Metal strip conductor Metal

TEM Transmission Lines

(g) Rectangular waveguide (h) Optical fiber

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 6 / 18

• There are two basic types: TEM and higher order

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 7 / 18

Differential sections each ✤ z long

R' ✤ z L' ✤ z R' ✤ z L' ✤ z R' ✤ z L' ✤ z R' ✤ z L' ✤ z

G' ✤ z C' ✤ z G' ✤ z C' ✤ z G' ✤ z C' ✤ z G' ✤ z C' ✤ z

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 8 / 18

• Represent the transmission line with equivalent lumped circuit: resisitive,

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 8 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 9 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 9 / 18

Telegrapher’s equations in the time domain

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 9 / 18

For time-harmonic sources, use phasors

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 9 / 18

d 2Ve (z) deI (z)

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 10 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 10 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 10 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 10 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 11 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 11 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 12 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 13 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 13 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 13 / 18

Solving for V0− gives

Define the voltage reflection coefficient

Similarly, for current waves

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 13 / 18

e (z), and replace z with −d

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 14 / 18

A sinusoidal pattern, which is caused by interference of two

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 14 / 18

Conversely, if the traveling waves are out of phase, we have a minimum

2βdmin − θr = (2n + 1)π n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 14 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 14 / 18

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 14 / 18

Impedance is the ratio of voltage to current

The input impedance at the source

Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 16 / 18

From TL, the voltage across the input

solving for V0+