Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acknowledgement
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Presentation Outline
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– Colder temperatures
– Greater hydrostatic head
– Longer tiebacks, and hence complex thermo-hydraulic fluid
behaviour
– Gas condensate production Commingling of
Incompatible fluids
– Organic/Inorganic solids precipitations
– Commingled production – complex fluid systems
– Reservoir Large pressure drops
Complexity - shallow reservoir, HPHT,
Cold deep water
facilitates deposition facilitates deposition
compartmentalised, …
– Reduce uncertainties and minimize risks CAPEX versus
OPEX
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Flow Assurance
Corrosion Surveillance
Integrated Liquid- PVT & Fluid- Operability
Asphaltenes Hydrates Wax Scale & &
Solutions Management Behaviour Assessment
Erosion Operation
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Feedback Loop
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Liquid Management
Subsea Natural Lift
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11/19/2013 Courtesy of OneSubsea
Sampling and analysis
Production Chemistry
Fluid sampling, analysis, characterisation, prediction of
challenges
Development of Asphaltene Deposition Model
(1) Particles
Form (2) Particle
Transport
Scale Precipitation Results
(3) Particles
Adsorb
6.00E-04
BaSO4 Cal.
SrSO4 Cal.
5.00E-04
BaSO4 Exp.
Value of Data
SrSO4 Exp.
4.00E-04
3.00E-04
2.00E-04
1.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Mass Fraction of Formation Water
20 45
1 month
Samples Analysis
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Model calibration
6 months 40
1 year
16 35
Fluid Sampling
14
30
Fluid Modeling
Temperature (C )
12
25
Interpretation
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20
8
Temperature profiles 15
6
4 10
2 5
0 0
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000
Distance (m)
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Time
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Production Engineering
Importance of Dynamics from Reservoir to Process Facilities
Slug Catcher
ECLIPSE
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Production Operations
Production surveillance and optimization, operational well and pipeline remediation,
prevention and mitigation techniques in order to optimize production
Reservoir
Alarm
Optimise
Multiphase
meter
Integrated asset management
Well intervention
Flowline remediation
ECLIPSE
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Hibernia
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Courtesy of OC Mullins Areal Map
11/19/2013
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Impact Completions
Vertical Compositional Grading (Heavy Ends ! )
Reservoir Fluids are often highly graded and often
NOT in equilibrium
May have compatibility issues
Column
One Oil
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11/19/2013
Production Chemistry
Mercury
Athabasca Asphaltene
Bitumen ρ>1
Wax
Diamondoids
Gas
Hydrate
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11/19/2013
Organic Scale
Asphaltenes
Asphaltenes
Operationally defined as a portion of crude oil insoluble in n-
S
alkanes such as heptane but soluble in aromatics such as
toluene or dichloromethane. Source specific.
They are the heaviest and the most polar components in
crude oil composed of :
• Polyaromatics carrying aliphatic rings or chains N
• H/C atomic ratio = 1.0-1.2 H
• Heteroatoms: nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur
• Metals: nickel, vanadium, iron.
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15-25 oC
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Barite
Anhydrite
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Field Situation
Dual 5-km deepwater subsea line capability with pigging operations
Half buried no insulation
High pour point waxy crude production at subsea temperature of 4°C
No wax deposition in early life
Challenge
Concerned with wax gelling during unplanned shut down.
Thermodynamic Characteristics
• Compositions C90+
• Wax Content
• Cloud Point/WAT @ Ambient/Line
Wax Condition
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Concentration (ppm)
8
1000
wt%
6
100
4
10
2
1
0
0
CO2
N2
C2
i-C4
i-C5
C6
C7
C10
C12
C14
C16
C18
C20
C22
C24
C26
C28
C30+
Toluene
o-Xylene
Benzene
C2-Benzene
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
n-alkane carbon #
CC
D
Hot Stage
4 50
25
Hot Stage
360o Rotatable Stage Cooling
Polarizer Gas
IR Filter
Light Source
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HPCPM HPCPM
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1.4E-04
1.0E-04
Power (W)
8.0E-05
HPCPM WAT
~ 15°C
6.0E-05
4.0E-05
2.0E-05
0.0E+00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature (°C)
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5000
PX02 Reservoir
4500 Conditions
4000
3500
Minimum seabed
Temperature
3000
P (psia)
2500
Wellhead
2000 Conditions
1500
1000
FPSO Arrival
500
0
-100 0 100 200
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T (C)
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Temperature Applications:
Controlled Bath • Measure Yield Strength
• Evaluate Effectiveness Of Flow
Improvers
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DP (psi)
50
15
40
30 10
20
5
10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time (min) Time (min)
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3.0
STO at 40°C
2.5
Shear Rate Sweep
• STO @ 40oC ~ 1.5 cP slightly non-linear
Viscosity (cp)
2.0
• STO @ 4oC – highly non-linear (highly viscous)
1.5 • Live Oil @ 4oC - Highly non-linear (less viscous)
1.0
0.5
0.0
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Shear rate (1/s)
Viscosity Modeling
Test # Oil Type PY(psi) τ (Pa)
1 STO 80.6 160.3
The plastic viscosities for the STO and live oil @ 2200 psia line
pressure were obtained from gradients of the shear stress vs shear
rate plots
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-200
-400
-600
Elevation (m)
-800
-1,000
Gas filled
WAT = 26C
WAT = 20C
16 hrs 24 hrs
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Re-Starts - STO
~ 2500 psi ~ 2500 psi
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– For live fluid with solution gas, pressures required to initiate flow in
the pipeline is 2200 psia for both ramp-ups, respectively.
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Summary Results
τ = Py D /4 L
Case OLGA predicted pressure (psia) Calculated from force
balances (psia) using gel-
2-hour restart 6-hour restart strength data
STO 2500 2500 2100
Live oil @ 2200psia 2200 2200 600
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5000
PX02 Reservoir
4500 Conditions
4000
3500
Minimum seabed
Temperature
3000
P (psia)
2500
Wellhead
2000 Conditions
1500
1000
FPSO Arrival
500
Predicted FPSO Arrival
0
-100 0 100 200
T (C)
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Concluding Remarks
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Hydrate Curve
Facility
Thank You
Any Questions?
Abul Jamaluddin, Ph.D.
Production Technology Advisor
Business Manager – North America
NExT – Oil & Gas Training and Career Development
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