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Antennas Propagation of EM
waves in Atmosphere

Typical communication system (Wireless system)

Contents:
1. Antennas (General)
2. Antennas Parameters
3. Antennas Measurements
4. Elementary Antennas
5. Vertical and Horizontal Antennas
6. Antennas Arrays
7. Microwave Antennas
8. Broad Band Antennas
9. Frequency Independent Antennas
10. Micro strip Antennas
13. Smart Antennas
Topics Related to Antennas:
 Matching
 Antenna Measurement
 Radomes
References:
 Antenna Theory And Analysis, Constantine
 Hand Notes
 Chapter (1) : Antennas (General)
What is an Antenna?
antenna is a Latin word

 An antenna is a device (metallic or dielectric) as a rod or wire or aperture for radiating and receiving
radio waves.
 The antenna is the transitional structure between free space and a guiding device.

 it directs EM energy in some directions

 it is used as a probing device to collect EM waves in some
applications as in medical imaging or for radiation
measurement
Antenna Types (According to radiation method):
1. Wire antennas:
is formed of wires
radiation is caused by currents flowing on the wire
examples: TV 📺, Car 🚗, domestic devices 🏠

2. Aperture Antennas

radiation is caused by E&H field in the aperture (‫)ﻓﺗﺣﺔ‬

3. Array Antenna

antennas are arranged in an aggrigate (matrix) to achieve properties that cannot to be achived by a
single element
4. Reflector Antennas

is a metal curved surface fed at the prime focus by a feed

is used for satellite 🛰, point-to-point communication 📻 and radars 📡.

5. Lens Antennas
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Chapter (2) : Antennas Parameters
✔ 1. Polarization
✔
2. Radiation Pattern
✔ 3. Directivity and Gain
4. Radiation Resistance
5. Effective Length
✔ 6. Effective Aperture
7. Power Transfer
8. Reciprocity
✔ 9. Antenna Efficiency

1. Polarization:
is the direction of the electric field vector in space.
3 Major types
Horizontal
 Linear Vertical
inclined

 Elliptical
 Circular
Linear Polarization:
The direction of the E vector is fixed in space for anytime

 Horizontal
 Vertical
 Inclined
Horizontal Linear Polarization:

𝐸⃗ in the horizontal place

𝐸 = 𝐸 sin(𝜔 𝑡 )
𝐸 =0

Vertical Linear Polarization:

𝐸⃗ in the vertical place

𝐸 =0
𝐸 = 𝐸 sin(𝜔 𝑡 )
Inclined Linear Polarization (General case)

𝐸= 𝐸 +𝐸

𝐸 = 𝐸 sin 𝜃 sin(𝜔 𝑡 )
𝐸 = 𝐸 cos 𝜃 sin(𝜔 𝑡 )

2. Elliptical Polarization:
 Direction of the 𝐸⃗ is variable with time in space
 Magnitude is variable
it forms an ellipse

The rotation of 𝐸⃗ vector

canbe: Right Hand Polarization (RHP) or Left Hand Polarization (LHP)
RHP-LHP from TX view

3. Circular Polarization:
 Direction of the 𝐸⃗ is variable with time in space
 Magnitude of the E field is constant at all time and directions
It rotates in RHP or LHP

Polarization Diversity (Frequency Reuse)

Using the polarization of the wave no of channels can be doubled at the same frequency.
Linear Polarization: (at the same frequency)

Channel1: Vertical Polarization

Channel2: Horizontal Polarization

Circular/Elliptical Polarizations (at the same frequency)
Ch1: RHP
Ch2: LHP
The Radiation Pattern of Antennas:
is a graphical representation of the radiation properties of an antenna in space coordinates

It illuminates equally in all direction Is a directional radiation

Types of Radiation Patterns:

1. Isotropic Radiation Pattern
2. Directional Radiation Pattern
3. Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern.
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Lec w4: Chapter (2) : Antennas Parameters (continued)
2. Radiation Pattern
Planes of cut:
 They are two orthogonal planes
 They describe the pattern shape
A: Vertical (Elevation): is YZ plane
pattern is E(θ) θ : 0 - 180º
B: Horizontal (azimuth)
pattern is E(φ) φ : 0 - 360º
They are also known as E&H planes.

1. Isotropic Radiation Pattern

antenna radiates equally in all directions
is represented as a sphere surface
Source: is a point source antennas.
 2. Directional Radiation Pattern
The antenna has the property of transmitting or receiving in some directions rather than the others.

Examples of antennas:
horn, reflector, lens antennas

3. Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern

has a non-directional pattern in a one plane (horizontal) and a directional pattern in the other
plane (vertical)
3D Horizontal cut

Non directional
Example: Dipole antenna

Vertical cut

Is directional (figure of 8)

Representation of the Radiation Pattern:

 Cartezian
 Polar
 3D
Cartezian: Polar:

 Radial line: magnitude (Power)

 Angle θ οr φ
3D : use graphic tool

Pattern Representation According to Magnitude:

 Field E v/m
 Power P w
 Decibel dB
Field E

Shown details of the main lobe, no details

for other lobes

Power P: Decibel:

More side lobe details Side lobes are highly presented.