IC6501 CONTROL SYSTEMS

UNIT-1 (2 mark Q/A)

1. What are the basic elements of a control Systems?
The basic elements in control system are controller, process and feedback path
element and error detector.

2. Define transfer function.

Transfer function is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output
function to the input function with zero initial condition.

3. Why negative feedback is preferred in control systems?

The negative feedback results in better stability in steady state and rejects any
disturbance signals.

4. Obtain the transfer function X(S) / F(S) the mechanical system shown in fig
below

..
0=Mx  Bx  Kx  K1( x  y )  Ms 2  Bs  K  K1  X (s )  K1Y (s )
F (s )
F (t )  K1( y  x )  Y (s )   x(s )
K1
 F (s ) 
Ms 2  Bs  K  K1  X (s )  K1   x (s )
 K1 
X (s ) 1

F (s ) Ms  Bs  K
2

5. What is analogous system?

Systems whose differential equations are of identical form are called analogous
systems.
6. Define resistance and capacitance of thermal system.
The thermal resistance is defined as,

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 IC6501 CONTROL SYSTEMS
o
change in temperature difference ( C) 1
R= =
 J  hA
change in heat flow rate  
 sec 
Where, h - heat transfer co-efficient (J/ m2 sec C)
7. A - Area normal to heat flow (m2)
The thermal capacitance (C) is defined as the ratio of change in heat stored to the
change in temperature.
change in heat stored (J)
C= o
change in temperature ( C)
The thermal capacitance C = mCp
Where, m – mass of the substance considered (kg)
Cp – Specific heat capacity (J/Kg C)

7. Distinguish open loop and closed loop control system.

Open Loop System Closed Loop System

1. Inaccurate and unreliable Accurate and reliable
2. Simple and economical Complex and expensive
3. Changes in output due to external Changes in output due to external
disturbances are not created disturbances are corrected
automatically. automatically.
4. They are generally stable. Greater efforts are needed to design a
stable system.

8. Describe the rule for moving a summing point ahead of a block.

Moving a
summing
point
ahead of a
block

9. Obtain C/R ratio of the system shown in Fig below.

Forward path gain P1=2x2x2=8; ∆1=1

Loop gain L1=-2 & L2=-2

Non touching loops L12=4
∆=1-(-2-2)+4=9
C/R= P1∆1/∆=8/9

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10. List out the limitations of transfer function approach.

 It is defined under zero initial conditions.

 Applicable only to LTIV system.
 Highly cumbersome for use with MIMO system.
 Provides no information regarding the internal state of the system

11. What is control system?

A system consists of a number of components connected together to perform a
specific function. In a system when the output quantity is controlled by varying the
input quantity then the system is called control system.

12. Define open loop control system.

The control system in which the output quantity has no effect upon the input
quantity is called open loop control system. This means that the output is not
feedback to the input for correction.

13. Define closed loop control system.

The control system in which the output has an effect upon the input quantity so
as to maintain the desired output value is called closed loop control system.

14. What is synchro?

A synchro is an electromagnetic transducer used to convert an angular position

of a shaft into an electric signal.

15. Illustrate with a neat sketch the control of an automobile by the driver and
identify the components of this closed loop control system?

The actual speed is measured by the speedometer and indicated on its deal. The
driver reads the speed visually and compares the actual speed with the desired
one mentally. If there is a deviation of speed, the driver takes the decision to
increase (or) decrease the speed and executed by change in pressure on the
accelerator pedal.

16. What is a signal flow graph?

It is a pictorial representation of the simultaneous equations describing the
system. It graphically represents the transmission of signals through the system.

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17. List the analogous quantities in force voltage analogy.

Mechanical Mechanical Force voltage

Translational Rotational analogy
Force (F) Torque (T) Voltage (e)
Mass (M) Moment of inertia (J) Inductance (L)
Viscous friction (B) Viscous friction (f) Resistance (R)
Torsional spring
Spring stiffness (K) Capacitance (C)
stiffness (1/K)
Angular
Displacement (x) Charge (q)
displacement (  )
Velocity ( x ) Angular velocity () Current (i)

18.List the analogous quantities in force current analogy.

Mechanical Mechanical Force current

Translational Rotational analogy
Force (F) Torque (T) Current (i)
Mass (M) Moment of inertia (J) Capacitance (C)
Viscous friction (B) Viscous friction (f) Resistance (R)
Torsional spring
Spring stiffness (K) Inductance (L)
stiffness (1/K)
Angular Flux linkage ( )
Displacement (x)
displacement (  )
Velocity ( x ) Angular velocity () Voltage (e)

19. What is block diagram?

A block diagram of a system is a pictorial representation of the functions performed by

each component of the system and shows the flow of signals. The basic elements of
block diagram are block, branch point and summing point.

20.Write Masons Gain formula

The overall gain of closed loop system can be determined by mason’s gain formula
1
T   PK K
K
Where, T → overall (or) closed loop gain
PK → Path gain of Kth forward path
∆ → determinant of the graph.
∆ = 1- (sum of all individual loop gains) + (sum of gain products of all possible
combinations of two non – touching loops) – (sum of gain products of all possible
combinations of 3 non – touching loop)
(ie.)   1 (L1  L2  ........)  (L12  L22  ........)  (L13  L23  ........)
∆ = The value of ‘∆’ for that part of graph not touching the Kth forward path

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21. What are the types of friction encountered in physical system?

Coulomb friction force: The force of sliding friction between dry surfaces. The force is
substantially constant.
Viscous friction force: The force of friction between solid body and fluid medium.
Force is proportional to velocity.
Stiction: The force required to initiate motion between two contacting surfaces.

22. State the advantages of closed loop system over the open loop system.

i) Accurate
ii) The changes in output due to external disturbances are corrected automatically.

23. Write the force balance equation of ideal dashpot and ideal spring.

The damper element:

x  Displacement of moving vehicle w.r.t to reference

F (t )  f (v1  v 2 )  f ( x1  x2 )
f  Viscous friction coefficient.
The spring element:
The concept of elastic deformation of a body is symbolized by a helical spring

F (t )  k ( x1  x2 )
K  Spring stiffness coefficient

24.What are the advantages and disadvantages of feedback control?

Advantages :

i) Reduction in sensitivity to variations of parameters in the forward path.

ii) Control over the transient response as well as the steady state accuracy by
adjusting the loop gain.
iii) Reduction in the effect of noise or disturbance at the output level.

Disadvantages:

i) The need of additional hardware with consequent increase in cost.

ii) The possibility of instability due to phase lags in the feedback loop.

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25. What are the applications of synchros?

Synchros are used to transmit torque over a long distance without a rigid mechanical
connection. They are used for operating gates in canals, fire control systems, in military
hardware, motion picture equipments for synchronizing movie cameras and sound
recording equipments.

26.Draw the electrical analog of thermometer.

mC p 1
  RC where R  C  mC p
hA hA

27.From the torque-speed characteristics of a two-phase AC servomotor, write the

dynamic equation relating the motor torque and the speed

From the torque speed characteristic we can write,

Where
= torque
= a positive constant = negative of the slope of the torque-speed curve
= a positive constant = torque per unit control voltage at zero speed
= angular displacement

28.State the basic elements for modeling in translational and rotational systems.
Three basic elements of mechanical translational system:
Spring (elastic) element
Damper (frictional) element
Mass (inertia) element
Three basic elements of mechanical rotational system:
Inertia element, spring and friction element.

29. What is the difference between AC servo motor and 2 phase induction motor?
AC servo motor is low power motor while 2 phase induction motor is high power motor.
The AC servo motor has small X/R ratio hence speed torque characteristic is linear
while the 2 phase induction motor has large X/R ratio hence the speed torque
characteristic is non linear.

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