DR ATIF SHAHZAD

IE-321

Fundamentals of
Dr. Atif Shahzad

LECTURE #13
9/27/2018
Computer Systems 1
 What We have seen
Logic
Memory
Memory Cell
Logical variables CPU
Conditional, Negation, Contrapositive,Biconditional Register
AND, OR,NOT,XOR Program Counter
Logic gates Fetch-Execute Cycle
Truth Tables Q&A
Spreadsheet Concepts:
Boolean Algebra File Management
Using Microsoft Excel
Examples Word Processing Basics Using Microsoft Word
Database Creating Charts in Microsoft Excel
Q&A Microsoft Word Layout and Graphics Features
Flat & Relational Debugging Concepts Using Microsoft Excel
Database Making and using compressed Files
Presentation Concepts Using Microsoft PowerPoint
DBMS WinZip, 7Zip
Image Concepts
Tables & Fields Notepad++
Creating Tables in Wordpad
Access
Design view and Data Adobe acrobat
Sheet View Sumatra PDF
Primary Key & MathType
Foreign key
Relationships & ER
Diagram
Cyber Security
Queries &Simple SQL
Microsoft Visio
Security Problems
Interception
Spoofing
Microsoft Project Falsification
Repudiation
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Security Technologies
Encryption
MAC

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 TODAY
Data Model
Algorithm
Ingredients
Variables
Constructs
Pseudocode
Flowchart
Symbols
Flowcharting examples
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Q&A
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 Fundamentals of
Computer Systems

IE321
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 Data Processor Model

I really hate this damned machine

Dr. Atif Shahzad

I wish that they would sell it.

It never does quite what I want
But only what I tell it.
9/27/2018 ~Anon 5
 Programmable
Data Processor Model
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 Dr. Atif Shahzad

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7
 Same Program,
Figure 1-3
Different
Same program, differentData
data
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 Same Data, Different Program
Figure 1-4

Same data,
different
programs
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 von Neumann Model
Figure 1-5
von Neumann model
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 Program and Data
Figure 1-6
Program andin Memory
data in memory
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 Program instructions
Figure 1-7

Program made of instructions

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 A day in the life of a computer
How computers carry out
program instructions based
on algorithms
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 Algorithm
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 How is algorithm organized?

Title
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 How is algorithm organized?

Title
Ingredients
Steps
Exceptions
Servings
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16
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 How is algorithm organized?

Title
Ingredients
Steps
Exceptions
When to stop
Servings
Dr. Atif Shahzad

D.A. Clements, UW Inform 17

9/27/2018 ation School 17
 How is algorithm organized?

Title
Ingredients
Steps
Servings
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 How is algorithm organized?
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 Five Ingredients of Algorithm
Input specified • Data to be transformed during the computation to produce the output
• Must specify type, amount, and form of data

Output specified • Data resulting from the computation—intended result

• It is possible to have no output

Definiteness • Specify the sequence of events

• Details of each step, including how to handle errors

Effectiveness • The operations are do-able

Finiteness • Must eventually stop

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 Computational Problem

A computational problem specifies an input-

output relationship
What does the input look like?
What should the output be for each input?
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 Computational Problem: Exps

Example 1:
Input: A list of names of people
Output: The same list sorted alphabetically
Example 2:
Input: A picture in digital format
Output: An English description of what the
picture shows
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 Algorithm

An algorithm is an exact specification

of how to solve a computational
problem

There can be many different algorithms

for each computational problem.
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 Designing Algorithm

Understand your
There is no single
problem well – may
recipe for inventing
require much
algorithms
mathematical analysis!

Use existing
algorithms
(reduction) or
algorithmic ideas
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 What is the following ALGORITHM
used for ?

WHAT SUM WILL BE PRINTED

IF N = 2 ?
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 Algorithms and Variables

X is the
variable

• X = 50
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• X=X + 5 26
 N=5

0
SUM

5
n 0
count
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 N=5

5
SUM

5
n 1
count
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 N=5

10
SUM

5
n 2
count
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 N=5

15
SUM

5
n 3
count
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 N=5

20
SUM

5
n 4
count
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 N=5
How many instructions
were processed?

25

25
SUM

5
n 5
count
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 Task: Complete the worksheet
using the algorithm.
Fundamentals of Computer –IE321
Name:Student Name KAUID:########

Complete the table using the algorithm. The first one is done for you.
n sum count Output Time taken
20 0 0
20 20 1
20 40 2
20 60 3 60 1 minute
2

24

2.5

500

15
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 Pseudo Code

aka Structured English is an internal design

that uses

A limited set of words consistently throughout the

design

Indentation to indicate selection and iteration

• More on those later

Goes into greater detail than the algorithm

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 Pseudo Code
Notice several standards within the pseudo code
Commands (Display, Input) begin with a capital letter
Makes them easy to distinguish

Same commands used consistently

We don’t use:Show msg or Print msg we always use Display

Static text enclosed in double quotes

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 Pseudo Code
By following standards, the pseudocode is
Easier to understand
Consistency makes things easier to recognize
In real world, traffic light always has
Red light on top
Green light on bottom

Created faster
Designer doesn’t have to think up
words/commands to use
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 Flow Charts (FC)
Are internal design diagrams that use
Symbols/Shapes to represent the type of
operation to be preformed
Sequential process
Input/output
Decision

Text that further defines the exact operation to be

performed
Arrows to show the order in which the
Dr. Atif Shahzad

operations must be performed

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 Flow Charts (FC)
Begin and end with an oval with the
text Start and Stop

Start

Other symbols

Stop
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 Flow Charts (FC)
Input and output operations indicated
with a parallelogram

Display
“What’s your
name?”
Sequential processes indicated with a
rectangle

msg = “Hi ”, name

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 Flow Charts (FC) Start

So the FC to define the Display

program would be: “What’s your
name?”

Input name

msg = “Hi ”, name

Display msg
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Stop
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 Flowchart Symbols
Name Symbol Basic
Use in Flowchart

Oval Denotes the beginning or end of the program

Parallelogram Denotes an input operation

Rectangle Denotes a process to be carried out

e.g. addition, subtraction, division etc.

Diamond Denotes a decision (or branch) to be made.

The program should continue along one of
two routes. (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE)

Hybrid Denotes an output operation

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Flow line Denotes the direction of logic flow in the program

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 Figure 8-6
Three constructs
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 Algorithm Representation
Flowcharts for three constructs
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 Figure 8-8
Pseudocode for three constructs
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 Figure 8-2
Finding the largest integer
among five integers
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 Figure 8-3
Defining actions in FindLargest algorithm
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 Figure 8-4
FindLargest refined
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 Example

START
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE ← (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Input
M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then
Print “FAIL”
else
GRADE←(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 Print “PASS”
endif
N IS Y
GRADE<50

PRINT PRINT
“PASS” “FAIL”
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STOP

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 Example 2
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to
convert the length in feet to centimeter.
Pseudocode:
Input the length in feet (Lft)
Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying
LFT with 30
Print length in cm (LCM)
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 Example 2
Algorithm Flowchart
Step 1: Input Lft START

Step 2: Lcm ← Lft x 30 Input

Step 3: Print Lcm Lft

Lcm ← Lft x 30

Print
Lcm
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STOP

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 Example 3
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that
will read the two sides of a rectangle and
calculate its area.
Pseudocode
Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
Print A
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 Example 3

Algorithm START

Step 1: Input W,L Input

W, L
Step 2: A ← L x W
Step 3: Print A A ← L xW

Print
A
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STOP

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 Example 4
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will
calculate the roots of a quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c =0
Hint: d = sqrt ( b 2 − 4ac),
and the roots are:
x1 = (–b + d)/2a and
x2 = (–b – d)/2a
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 Example 4
Pseudocode:
Input the coefficients (a, b, c) of the quadratic
equation
Calculate d
Calculate x1
Calculate x2
Print x1 and x2
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 Example 4
START

Algorithm:
Input
Step 1: Input a, b, c a, b, c
Step 2: d ← sqrt ( b × b − 4 × a)× c
Step 3: x1 ← (–b + d) / (2 x a) d ← sqrt(b x b – 4 x a x c)

Step 4: x2 ← (–b – d) / (2 x a)
x1 ←(–b + d) / (2 x a)
Step 5: Print x1, x2
X2 ← (–b – d) / (2 x a)

Print
x1 ,x2
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STOP

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 DECISION STRUCTURES
The expression A>B is a logical expression
it describes a condition we want to test
if A>B is true (if A is greater than B)we take the
action on left
print the value of A
if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B) we take
the action on right
print the value of B
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 DECISION STRUCTURES

Y N
is
A>B

Print A Print B
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 IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
The structure is as follows
If condition then
true alternative
else
false alternative
endif
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 IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
The algorithm for the flowchart is as follows:
If A>B then
print A
else
Y N
print B is
A>B
endif
Print A Print B
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 Relational Operators

Relational Operators
Operator Description
> Greater than
< Less than
= Equal to
≥ Greater than or equal to
≤ Less than or equal to
≠ Not equal to
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 Example 5
Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines the
largest value and prints the largest value with an identifying
message.
ALGORITHM
Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2
Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX ←VALUE1
else
MAX ←VALUE2
endif
Step 3: Print “The largest value is”, MAX
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 Example 5
START

Input
VALUE1,VALUE2

Y is
N
VALUE1>VALUE2

MAX ← VALUE1 MAX ← VALUE2

Print
“The largest value is”, MAX
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STOP
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 NESTED IFS
One of the alternatives within an IF–THEN–
ELSE statement
may involve further IF–THEN–ELSE statement
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 Example 6
Write an algorithm that reads three numbers
and prints the value of the largest number.
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 Example 6
Step 1: Input N1, N2, N3
Step 2: if (N1>N2) then
if (N1>N3) then
MAX ← N1 [N1>N2, N1>N3]
else
MAX ← N3 [N3>N1>N2]
endif
else
if (N2>N3) then
MAX ← N2 [N2>N1, N2>N3]
else
MAX ← N3 [N3>N2>N1]
endif
endif
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Step 3: Print “The largest number is”, MAX

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 Example 6
Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the
above Algorithm.
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 Example 7

Write and algorithm and draw a flowchart to

a) read an employee name (NAME), overtime hours
worked (OVERTIME), hours absent (ABSENT)
and
b) determine the bonus payment (PAYMENT).
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 Example 7
Bonus Schedule
OVERTIME – (2/3)*ABSENT Bonus Paid

>40 hours $50

>30 but ≤ 40 hours $40
>20 but ≤ 30 hours $30
>10 but ≤ 20 hours $20
≤ 10 hours $10
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 Step 1: Input NAME,OVERTIME,ABSENT
Step 2: if (OVERTIME–(2/3)*ABSENT > 40) then
PAYMENT ← 50
else if (OVERTIME–(2/3)*ABSENT > 30) then
PAYMENT ← 40
else if (OVERTIME–(2/3)*ABSENT > 20) then
PAYMENT ← 30
else if (OVERTIME–(2/3)*ABSENT > 10) then
PAYMENT ←20
else
PAYMENT ← 10
endif
Step 3: Print “Bonus for”, NAME “is $”, PAYMENT
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 Example 7
Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the
above algorithm?
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 Dr. Atif Shahzad

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71
 NEVER hesitate to
contact should you
have any question
Dr. Atif Shahzad
Dr. Atif Shahzad

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 Flow Charts Tools
Help the designer generate the diagrams

GUI to drag and drop symbols

Automatically generate start/stop symbols
Based on FC, may create pseudo code or
source code
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 Flow Charts Tools
Structured Flow Chart
editor (SFC) is free
software to create and
modify flow charts

Flowgorithm and
Raptor are flow chart
editors and executers
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 Welcome window displayed
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Click OK button
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 Click File, New and enter a title for diagram (Exa
mple), your name, click OK
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 Lots of options

This is where the flow This is where the

chart is defined and d pseudocode is dis
isplayed played
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Dr. Atif Shahzad

To insert into diagram, click on location (a circle b

etween symbols) to insert then, Edit, Insert
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 Dr. Atif Shahzad

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]

79
 Often further options
You must be consistent!

Here’s a link to a video (6 mins) on using SFC

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http://web.fscj.edu/Janson/COP1000/FirstProgram.mov
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81

Flowgorithm Flowcharts
 Doesn't have modules, has functions

 Creating the main method is standard

 Create new flow chart (File, New)
 Flowgorithm puts “”Main” text in Start oval and
"End" text in the Finish oval

 Add I/O symbols and text to display

then double click on arrow between I/O
symbols…
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82

 … then click Call symbol

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 Module Call
main() showCustAddress()

Display “Howdy” Display “Joe Custo

mer”

showCustAddress()
Display “1 Main Str
eet
Display “See ya”

Display “Enid OK,

56565”
End

Return
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83
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 Flowgorithm

Function name

The return value type

The variable/value to return

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 Then add function s
tatements

Flowgorithm
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 Flowgorithm
Finished function
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 Flowgorithm

When run
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88

Flowgorithm Method Call

 In flowchart, double click Call symbol and
enter name of method followed by ()
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89

Flowgorithm Function Definition

 Click Add Function button

 Specify Func
tion name
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90

Flowgorithm Method Definition

 showCustAddress FC
created and displayed

 Simply add symbols to

showCustAddress

 To display Functions cl
ick drop down arrow a
nd select
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 Flowgorithm Method Definition
91

 Run
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 Practice Problem
Display
“What’s your name?”
Create the flowchart on the left
using SFC and call it Name

Input name

msg = “Hi ”, name

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Display msg

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 Flow Charts (FC)
Sample 1: Write a program that calculates the
sum of two input numbers and display the result.
Sample 2: Write a program to calculate the area
of a circle and display the result. Use the
formula: A=πr 2 where Pi is approximately equal
to 3.1416.
Sample 3: Write a program that computes the
average of three input quizzes, and then display
the result.
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 Flow Charts (FC)
Sample 4: Write a program that converts the
input Fahrenheit degree into its Celsius degree
equivalent. Use the formula: C= (5/9)*F-32.
Sample 5: Create a program to compute the
volume of a sphere. Use the formula: V= (4/3)*
πr 3 where is pi equal to 3.1416 approximately.
The r 3 is the radius. Display result.
Sample 6: Write a program that converts the
input Celsius degree into its
equivalent Fahrenheit degree. Use the formula:
Dr. Atif Shahzad

F= (9/5) * C+32.
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 User Interface

Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)

• Which you are all familiar with
• Use mouse to tell program what to do
• Click buttons, choose list options, enter data
into text boxes

Command Line Interface (CLI)

• Enter English-like commands and data to tell
the computer to do stuff
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 Windows Command Prompt

Run the application program (java OilCalc)

Enter info at command prompt (250), press the Enter key
Program displays the result
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 GUI GUI Input
Run the program
Enter info, click Calc button
Program displays the result
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 Example 1

Write an algorithm in pseudocode that

finds the average of two numbers
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 Solution
AverageOfTwo
Input: Two numbers
1. Add the two numbers
2. Divide the result by 2
3. Return the result by step 2
End
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 Example 2

Write an algorithm to change a numeric

grade to a pass/no pass grade.
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 Solution

Pass/NoPassGrade
Input: One number
1. if (the number is greater than or equal to 60)
then
1.1 Set the grade to “pass”
else
1.2 Set the grade to “nopass”
End if
2. Return the grade
End
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 Example 3

Write an algorithm to change a numeric

grade to a letter grade.
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 Solution

LetterGrade
Input: One number
1. if (the number is between 90 and 100, inclusiv
e)
then
1.1 Set the grade to “A”
End if
2. if (the number is between 80 and 89, inclusive)
then
2.1 Set the grade to “B”
End if
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Continues on the next slide

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 Letter grade (continued)
3. if (the number is between 70 and 79, inclusive)
then
3.1 Set the grade to “C”
End if
4. if (the number is between 60 and 69, inclusive)
then
4.1 Set the grade to “D”
End if
Continues on the next slide
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 Letter grade (continued)
5. If (the number is less than 60)
then
5.1 Set the grade to “F”
End if
6. Return the grade
End
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 Example 4

Write an algorithm to find the largest of a

set of numbers. You do not know the total
number of numbers.
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 Solution Find largest
FindLargest
Input: A list of positive integers
1. Set Largest to 0
2. while (more integers)
2.1 if (the integer is greater than Largest)
then
2.1.1 Set largest to the value of the integer
End if
End while
3. Return Largest
End
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 Example 5

Write an algorithm to find the largest of 100

0 numbers.

Solution

See Algorithm 8.5 on the next slide.

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 Algorithm 8.5: Find largest of 1000 numbers
FindLargest
Input: 1000 positive integers
1. Set Largest to 0
2. Set Counter to 0
3. while (Counter less than 1000)
3.1 if (the integer is greater than Largest)
then
3.1.1 Set Largest to the value of the integer
End if
3.2 Increment Counter
End while
4. Return Largest
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End

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 8.4
MORE FORMA DEFINITION
•Ordered set
•Unambiguous steps
•Effectiveness
•Termination
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 8.5

SUBALGORITHMS
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 Figure 8-9
Concept of a subalgorithm
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 Algorithm 8.6: Find largest
FindLargest
Input: A list of positive integers
1. Set Largest to 0
2. while (more integers)
2.1 FindLarger
End while
3. Return Largest
End
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 Subalgorithm: Find larger
FindLarger
Input: Largest and current integer
1. if (the integer is greater than Largest)
then
1.1 Set Largest to the value of the integer
End if
End
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 8.6

BASIC
ALGORITHMS
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 Figure 8-10
Summation
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 Figure 8-11
Product
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 Figure 8-12
Selection sort
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 Figure 8-13: part I
Example of selection sort
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 Figure 8-13: part II
Example of selection sort
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 Figure 8-14
Selection sort
algorithm
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 Figure 8-15
Bubble sort
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 Figure 8-16: part I
Example of bubble sort
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 Figure 8-16: part II
Example of bubble sort
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 Figure 8-17
Insertion sort
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 Figure 8-18: part I
Example of insertion sort
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 Figure 8-18: part II
Example of insertion sort
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 Figure 8-19
Search concept
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 Figure 8-20: Part I
Example of a sequential sort
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 Figure 8-20: Part II
Example of a sequential sort
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 Figure 8-21
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Example of a binary sort

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 8.1

RECURSION
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 Figure 8-22
Iterative definition of factorial
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 Figure 8-23

Recursive definition of factorial

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 Figure 8-24

Tracing recursive solution to factorial problem

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 Algorithm 8.7: Iterative factorial
Factorial
Input: A positive integer num
1. Set FactN to 1
2. Set i to 1
3. while (i is less than or equal to num)
3.1 Set FactN to FactN x I
3.2 Increment i
End while
4. Return FactN
End
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 Algorithm 8.8: Recursive factorial
Factorial
Input: A positive integer num
1. if (num is equal to 0)
then
1.1 return 1
else
1.2 return num x Factorial (num – 1)
End if
End
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 Chapter 9

Programming
Languages
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 OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, the reader should
be able to:
Have a vision of computer language evolution.

Distinguish between machine, assembly, and high-level

languages.

Understand the process of creating and running a program.

Distinguish between the different categories of languages:

procedural, object-oriented, functional, declarative, and special.
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Become familiar with elements of the procedural language C.

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 9.1

EVOLUTION
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 Figure 9-1
Evolution of computer languages
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 Program 9.1 Program in machine language
1 00000000 00000100 0000000000000000
2 01011110 00001100110000100000000000000010
3 11101111 000101100000000000000101
4 11101111 10011110 0000000000001011
5 11111000 10101101 11011111 0000000000010010
6 0110001011011111 0000000000010101
7 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000010111
8 11110100 1010110111011111 0000000000011110
9 0000001110100010 11011111 0000000000100001
10 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000100100
11 01111110 11110100 10101101
12 11111000 10101110 110001010000000000101011
13 0000011010100010 11111011 0000000000110001
14 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000110100
15 00000100 0000000000111101
16 00000100 0000000000111101
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 Note:

The only language understood by

a computer is machine language.
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 Program 9.2 Program in symbolic language
1 Entry main, ^m<r2>
2 subl2 #12,sp
3 jsb C$MAIN_ARGS
4 movab $CHAR_STRING_CON
5
6 pushal -8(fp)
7 pushal (r2)
8 calls #2,read
9 pushal -12(fp)
10 pushal 3(r2)
11 calls #2,read
12 mull3 -8(fp),-12(fp),-
13 pushal 6(r2)
14 calls #2,print
15 clrl r0
16 ret
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 Program 9.3 Program in C++ language
1 /* This program reads two integer numbers from the
2 keyboard and prints their product.
3 */
4 #include <iostream.h>
5
6 int main (void)
7 {
8 // Local Declarations
9 int number1;
10 int number2;
11 int result;
12 // Statements
13 cin >> number1;
14 cin >> number2;
15 result = number1 * number2;
16 cout << result;
17 return 0;
18 } // main
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 9.2
BUILDING
A
PROGRAM
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 Figure 9-2
Building a program
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 9.3
PROGRAM
EXECUTION
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 Figure 9-3
Program execution
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 9.4
CATEGORIES
OF
LANGUAGES
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 Figure 9-4
Categories of languages
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 Figure 9-5

Function in a functional language

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 Figure 9-6

Extracting the third element of a list

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 Table 9.1 Common tags

Beginning Tag Ending Tag Meaning

---------------- ---------------- ----------------------------
<HTML> </HTML> document
<HEAD> </HEAD> document head
<BODY> </BODY> document body
<TITLE> </TITLE> document title
<Hi> </Hi> different header levels
<B> </B> boldface
<I> </I> Italic
<U> </U> underlined
<SUB> </SUB> subscript
<SUP> </SUP> superscript
<CENTER> </CENTER> centered
<BR> line break
<OL> </OL> ordered list
<UL> </UL> unordered list
<LI> </LI> an item in the list
<IMG> an image
<A> </A> an address (hyperlink)
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 Program 9.4 HTML Program
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Sample Document </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is the picture of a book:
<IMG SRC="Pictures/book1.gif" ALIGN=MIDDLE>
</BODY>
</HTML>
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 9.5
A PROCEDURAL
LANGUAGE:
C
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 Figure 9-7
Variables
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 Table 9.2 Arithmetic operators

Operator Definition Example

---------------- ---------------- ----------------------
+ Addition 3 + 5
− Subtraction 2 − 4
∗ Multiplication Num * 5
/ Division (quotient) Sum / Count
% Division (remainder) Count % 4
−−−−−−−−−− ----------------------- -----------------------
++ Increment Count ++
−− Decrement Count −−
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 Table 9.3 Relational operators

Operator Definition Example

---------------- ---------------- ----------------------
< Less than Num1 < 5
<= Less than or equal to Num1 <= 5
> Greater than Num2 > 3
>= Greater than or equal to Num2 >= 3
== Equal to Num1 == Num2
!= Not equal to Num1 != Num2
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 Table 9.4 Logical operators

Operator Definition Example

---------------- ---------------- ----------------------
! NOT ! ( Num1 < Num2 )
&& AND (Num1 < 5 ) && (Num2 > 10 )
|| OR (Num1 < 5 ) || (Num2 > 10 )
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 Table 9.5 Assignment operators

Operator Example Meaning

---------------- ---------------- ----------------------
== Num =5 Store 5 in Num
+= Num += 5 Num = Num + 5
−= Num −= 5 Num = Num − 5
*= Num *= 5 Num = Num * 5
/= Num /= 5 Num = Num / 5
%= Num %= 5 Num = Num % 5
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 Figure 9-8

Statements
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 Figure 9-9
Side effect of a function
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 Figure 9-10
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Function declaration

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 Figure 9-11
if-else statement
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 Figure 9-12
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switch statement

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 Figure 9-13
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while loop

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 Figure 9-14
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for loop

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 Figure 9-15
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do-while loop

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 NEVER hesitate to
contact should you
have any question
Dr. Atif Shahzad
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