Professional Documents
Culture Documents
xl 2 y m 2 z n 2 2 lm x y mn yz ln zx
4 1 9 2 3 6
14 x 10 x 35 x 2 7 0 7
14 14 14 14 14 14
2 1 3
S x l x m xy n xz 14 7 7 0
14 14 14
1 3 2 4
S y m y n yz l yx 10 0 7
14 14 14 14
3 2 1 91
S z n z l zx m zy 35 7 0
14 14 14 14
2 16 912
2 Sx Sy Sz 2 0 223.62
2 2
14 14
from which = 14.95 MPa. The direction cosines for this shear stress are
2
l s S x l / 0 x19.21 / 14.95 0.678
14
4 1
ms S y m / x19.21 / 14.95 0.415
14 14
91 3
ns S z n / x19.21 / 14.95 0.597
14 14
Example 2.2 At a point in a loaded material, a resultant stress of magnitude 216 MPa
makes angles of r 43 , r 75 and r 50.88 with the coordinates x, y and z
respectively. Find the normal and shear stress on a plane whose direction cosines
are l 0.387 , m 0.866 and n 0.3167 . Given that the applied shear stresses
are xy 23 , yz 3.1 and xz 57 (MPa) , determine x , y , z , the invariants and
the principal stresses.
Resolve the resultant S (stress S acting on unit area ABC) in the x, y and z directions to
give
S x Sl r S cos r
S y Smr S cos r
S z Snr S cos r
2160.387 cos 43 0.866 cos 75 0.3167 cos 50.88 152.71 MPa
2 S 2 2 216 2
152.712 152.76 MPa
Substituting
S x l x m xy n xz
x 310.1MPa
S y m y n yz l yx
y 55.41MPa
S z n z l zx m zy
z 369.15MPa
J1 x y z
J 2 x y y z x z xy y z zx
2 2 2
310.1 23 57
J 3 det 23 55.41 3.1 5956556.22
57 3.1 369.15
Example 2.3. Find the principal stresses and their directions, given the following stress
components: x 3 , y 0 , z 0 , xy yx 1 , yz zy 2 (KN/m2). Show that the
principal directions are orthogonal.
x xy xz
yx y yz
zx zy z
3 1 1
det 1 0 2 0
1 2 0
Principal stresses are found from the expansion of the above equation
1 4 2 0
The roots are principal stresses 1 4 , 2 1 and 3 2 KN / m 2
l ( x ) mx y n xz 0 l (3 ) m n 0
l yx m( y ) n yz 0 l m 2n 0
l zx m zy n( z ) 0 l 2 m n 0
Above equations supply direction cosines for each principal stress. Substituting
1 4
l1 m1 n1 0
l1 4m1 n1 0
l1 2m1 4n1 0
Because only two of the above equations are independent, we can let any vector
A Ax u x Ay u y Az u z , lie in one direction. Thus the unit vector for the 1-direction
becomes
u
u
u
Ax Ay Az
1 l1 x m1 y n1 z x y z
A A A
hence
Ax Ay Az
l1 , m1 , n1
A A A
l1 m1 n1 0 Ax Ay Az 0
l1 4m1 n1 0 Ax 4 Ay 2 Az 0
l1 2m1 4n1 0 Ax 2 Ay 4 Az 0
1
We solve by setting Ax 1 to give Ay Az
2
3 2 1
Then A thus giving l1 m1 n1
2 3 6
2 1 1
u1 ux uy uz
3 6 6
The direction cosines for the 2 and 3 – directions are similarly found by substituting,
stresses in turn, 2 1 and 3 2 . The unit vectors for these directions are
1 1 1
u2 ux uy uz
3 3 3
1 1
u3 uy uz
2 2
Example 2.4. The given matrix of stress components ij (MPa) describes the stress state
at a point. Find, in magnitude and direction, the normal and shear stress on a plane whose
unit normal vector equation is u N 0.53u x 0.35u y 0.77u z . Determine the principal
stresses, the greatest shear stress and the stress state on the octahedral plane.
6 2 2
ij 2 0 4
2 4 0
2
2 S x S y S z 2 5.42 2 4.14 2 2.46 2 6.216 2 13.93
2 2
3.732 MPa
l s S x l /
5.42 0.53x6.216 0.57
3.732
ms S y m /
4.14 0.35 x6.216 0.526
3.732
n S n /
2.46 0.77 x6.216 0.623
s z
3.732
u
s ls x ms y ns z 0.57u x 0.526u y 0.623u z
6 2 2
det 2 0 4 0
2 4 0
42 8 0
1 8 , 2 2 and 3 4 MPa
max
1
1 3 1 8 4 6 MPa
2 2
1 1
which acts along the plane defined by the normal l , m 0 and n , relative to
2 2
the principal directions 1, 2 and 3.
o 1 2 3 / 3 8 2 4 / 3 2 MPa
1
which acts in the direction of the normal l m n . The octahedral shear stress is
3
found from
MPa
l o ( 1 o ) / 3 o 8 2 / 3 x 4.9 0.707
mo ( 2 o ) / 3 o 2 2 / 3 x 4.9 0
no ( 3 o ) / 3 o 4 2 / 3 x 4.9 0.707
Matrix and Tensor Transformations of Stress
A
u
u
Example 2.5. Given the following matrix S of stress components, determine S’ when the
coordinates x1 and x2 are aligned with the vectors 1 2 2 3 3 and
B
u
u
1 2 3 u
1 5 5
S 5 0 0 x10 4
5 0 1
B
First, divide the vector equations by their respective magnitudes 14 , 3 , to
give the unit vectors
1 2 3
u1' u1 u2 u3
14 14 14
1 1 1
u 2' u1 u2 u3
3 3 3
u u
u u
u u
1 2 3
l11 , l12 , l13
14 14 14
1 1 1
l 21 , l 22 , l 23
3 3 3
The cosines for the third orthogonal direction x 3 are found from the cross product. Thus,
if a vector C lies in x3 then by definition
u1 u2 u3 u1 u2 u3
C AxB A1 A2 A3 = 1 2 3
B1 B2 B3 1 1 1
u
u
u
C (2 3) 1 (1 3) 2 (1 2) 3 5 1 4 2 3
5 4 1
u 3' C / C u1 u2 u3
42 42 42
u
u
and from equation 3' l31 1 l32 2 l33 3
5 4 1
l31 , l32 , l33
42 42 42
1 2 3 1 1 5
14 14 14 1 5 5 14 3 42
1
5 0 0
1 1 2 1 4
S'
3 3 3 14 3 42
5 4 1
5 0 1
3 1 1
42 42 42 14 3 42
1 2 3 4 11 20
14 14 14 14 3 42 1.286 1.389 1.980
1 25
6.667 2.762
1 1 5 5
S' 1.389
3 3 3 14 3 42
5 4 1 8 4 26 1.980 2.762 5.381
42 42 42 14 3 42
Example 2.6. Find the principal strains and their directions for the following plane strain
state. Show that the principal strain directions are orthogonal.
x xy xz 65 33 0
i j yx y yz 33 73 0 x10 4
zx zy z 0 0 4
4
Substituting the strains x 65 x 10 , y 73 x10 4 , z 4 x10 4 ,
xy yx 33 x10 4 and xz yz 0 into equation 3 I1 2 I 2 I 3 0 leads to the
principal strain cubic
3 4 x10 4 2 5049.3 x10 8 20069.2 x10 12 0
For the plane strain condition, the absence of shear strains xz and yz is a consequence of
the absence of associated shear stresses xz and yz . Thus the normal strain z 4 x10 4 is
a principal strain and a root of the principal strain cubic. It follows that
4 x10 a
4 2
b c [ 3 4 x10 4 2 5049.3 x10 8 20069.2 x10 12 0
Equating coefficients,
: a 1
3
: b (4 x10
2
) 4 x10 4 , b 8 x10 4
4
2 8 x10 4 5017.3 x10 8 0
giving 75 x10 4 and 67x10 4 . The principal strains 1 > 2 > 3 are then
As the direction of 2 z is parallel to the z-direction, it follows that the cosines are
l 2 0 , m2 0 and n2 1 . The strain equivalent to equation,
l ( x ) mx y n xz 0
l yx m( y ) n yz 0
l zx m zy n( z ) 0
enables a calculation of the cosines for the remaining two directions. That is,
2l ( x ) m x y n xz 0
l yx 2m( y ) n yz 0
l zx m zy n( z ) 0
Only two of the above equations are independent. Substituting 67 x10 4 and given
strain components leads to the three simultaneous equations:
4l1 33m1 0 , 33l1 280m1 0 and 126n1 0
Thus n1 0 and l1 8.25m1 . As l1 m1 n1 1 , this gives the direction cosines for the
2 2 2
u u u
u u u
u u 2u
1 l1 x m1 y n1 z
2 l2 x m2 y n z
3 l3 x m3 y n3 z
These are orthogonal when the dot product of any two unit vectors in the 1, 2 and 3
directions are zero. Clearly u1 u 2 = u 1 u 3 u 2 u 3 0
Strain Tensor Transformation
Example 2.7. Find, for the given tensor of microstrains (1 = 1x10-6),
2 1 2 u
V 1 2 3
3 3 3
Substituting 11 100 , 22 200 , 33 200 , 12 100 , 13 100 , 23 200
into
i ' j ' lipl jq pq E’ = LELT
VV l ip l iq pq lip pq l1q
T
VV l11 11 l12 22 l13 33 2l11l12 12 l12 l13 23 l11l13 13
2 2 2
2 2 2
VV 2 / 3 100 1 / 3 200 2 / 3 200 2 (2 / 3)(1 / 3)100 (1 / 3)(2 / 3)200 (2 / 3) 2 (100) 196.7
u
(b) the shear strain between the normal vector in (a) and a perpendicular direction
defined by a unit vector: 2 ' 0.25 1 0.942 2 0.221 3
2 1
The unit vectors’ equations below yield the direction cosines l11 , l12 ,
3 3
2
l13 , l 21 0.25 , l 22 0.942 and l 23 0.221 .
3
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u u
V2' l11l 2111 l12 l 22 22 l13 l 23 33 l11l 22 l 21l12 12 l12 l 23 l 22 l13 23 l11l 23 l 21l13 13
max 1 3
1 1
2 2
1
1 3 100
2
(e) the octahedral normal and shear strains
m
1
1 2 3 (400 200 100) / 3 166.7
3
V / V 1 2 3 3 m 500
Which equals the strain invariant IV and from which the mean strain
3 m 166.7
Deviatoric strains will remain when the mean or hydrostatic strain 3m has been
subtracted from the normal strain components. Correspondence with equation
ij’ = ij - ijm = ij – 1/3ijkk gives the strain deviator tensor
i j ' ij i j m
These normal deviators, together with the given tensor shear strains constitute the
deviatoric strain tensor i j ' . The six independent deviatoric components of strain
define unsymmetrical distortion.