CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND

1.1 Background

The novel is one of three major forms in english literature. Purwarno

(2016: 8) states “Poetry, Drama and Novel are the three major forms of

literature”. To understand the literature works, there is literary criticism as a

tool to observe and to discover the events which happen in any works of

literature. Purwarno(2016: 120) states “ Literary criticism is the exercise of

judgment on works of literature. From this it would be appear that the nature

and function of literary criticism is quite simple and easy to understand.

Criticism is the play of the mind to observe the merits and the defects on the

works of literature, and its function is to examine its excellencies and defects,

and finally to evaluate its artistic worth”.

A successful novel is a novel that brings the reader to enjoy the events

that are depicted by the writer. The reader is easy to enjoy the novel if the

novel is successful to deliver the events that happen in the novel to the reader.

The characters, especially the main characters , are the basic elements in the

novel. In the novel, the characters depict what the main characters do, how the

main characters feel and why the main characters decide to do something. In

addition, the social problems, abuse of power and individual deviation are

added as additional elements that may influence the main characters in the

1
novel. These are basic elements that may produce the conflicts that are

happened by the main characters. Pane ( 2018 : 404) states “ Conflict in

literature refers to the different drives of the characters or forces involved.

Conflict may be internal or external—that is, it may occur within a character’s

mind or between a character and exterior forces, (or point(s) of view)”. The

purpose of conflict in literature is to deliver the feeling, the tension and the

sacrifice that are happened by the main characters to the reader. Murad is main

characters in this novel, Tanah Surga Merah.

Murad is fugitive, he always worries with himself. He grows long

goatee in his face to hide his identity from red party members. In addition, he

changes his name as Muaz and he moves from one place to another place

because the attackers are looking for him and they try to kill him. The conflict

arises when he tries to defend himself from the attackers, especially the

ambush that is executed by the attackers. The conflicts happened because he

was one of important person who suggests to establish the red party. Although,

he is also as founder of orange party because the red party which is established

by the gam members have gone a long way from the main goals, to support

and to develop the economic and social life of acehnese society.

The above conflicts experienced by murad, it is an important issue in

the novel. In literature, the conflict is the central issue that is looked by the

readers. This is happen because literature is also depict the problems in society

indirectly. The problems of society happen because there is abuse of power,

social deviance , especially individual deviance. Those are elements insult the

2
conflicts influence the individual psychology in facing the problems. Cascio

(2005:1) states, “ Confict in a narrative is created when the main character

wants something. When something else gets in the protagonist's way, a confict

arises. All stories contain confict, and some people disagree about how many

types of confict there are”.

Futhermore, the conflicts can be seen through some utterances in the

novel. It is depicted by the main character in the novel. The purpose is to

account the struggle of the main character in facing the attackers and it is also

to exercise the reader finds the elements are influencing to the main character

faced the conflicts. Cascio (2005:1) states, “ the conflicts in narrative divide

into two types, there are internal conflict and external conflict. Internal

conflict consists of man vs self. Futhermore, external conflict consits of man

vs man, man vs society, man vs nature, man vs machine, man vs fate/

supernatural ”.

In literary criticism, there are consist the types of literary criticism, such

as historical critism, feminist criticism, marxist criticism, psychological

criticism, etc. In this study, the author decides to use psychological criticism

as a tool to analyze the literary works, such as novel.

Psychological criticism may be defined as a tool to analyze the event

beneath the text. Ratna (2015:350) states “ Psychological criticism is

analyzing the text by considering the relevance and role of psychological

studies”. In this revelance, pyschology and literature are united into one part in

3
literary work that influence the reader to obtain and to feel the events through

the utterances in the literary works.

Ratna (2015:343) states “ there are three ways to understand the

relationship between psychology and literature, namely : a. understanding the

psychological elements of the author as a writer, b. understanding the

psychological elements of the fictional characters in literary works, c.

understanding the elements of the psychological element of the reader.

Generally, the elements of the human psychology are the main object of the

psychological criticism. In related to this study, the main object is the

utterance in the novel that contains the elements of pyschology which are

influecing the main character faced the problems in the form of conflict. The

aim of the psychological criticism is to understand the psychological elements

that available in the text. In addition, it is also as a tool to enchance the

understanding and appreciating of literature.

Freud’s theory is the theory that is dominat to analyze the literary

works, especially in psychological criticism. This theory is created by

Sigmund Freud ( 1856 – 1939). Freud’s theory divides the mental processes to

three psychic zones, namely : id, ego, super ego. This theory has implemented

to analyze the literary works, such as the Oedipus The King is written by

Sopocles, Sangkuriang is written by Harnaeni Hamdan . This theory is used to

analyze the main characters in those novels.

Based on the above explanation, this study focuses to analyze the

conflicts that are happened by the main characters in the novel. The form of

4
conflicts can be divided into two forms, there are internal and external

conflict. To analyze the conflicts, the author decides to use Freud

psychological approach theory. The author uses Freud psychological approach

theory to reveal the conflicts that are happened by the main character in the

novel. In addition, the author tries to reveal how the conflicts influence the

psychological of the main character in facing the problems.

1.2 Problem Identification

Based on the above background that is explained by the author, the

author formulates two question, there are :

1. What are the types of conflicts found in the novel relate to Freud

psychological approach?

2. How are the types of conflicts depicted in the novel relate to Freud

psychological approach?

1.3 Objective

The objectives of this study are as follows :

1. To reveal the types of the conflicts found in the novel relate to Freud

psychological approach .

2. To show the types of the conflicts depicted in the novel relate to Freud

psychological approach.

5
1.4 Scope

This study focuses on conflicts of the main characters in the novel

Arafat Nur’s Tanah Surga Merah. The conflicts divides into two types:

conflict and external conflict. Internal conflict consists of man vs self.

Futhermore, external conflict consits of man vs man, man vs society, man vs

nature, man vs machine, man vs fate/ supernatural. The conflict will be

analyzed by using the Freud psychological approach.

Other topics which have no relation to the study, it will not be analyzed.

1.5 Significance of The Study

This study tries to reveal the conflicts which happen in the novel Arafat

Nur’s Tanah Surga Merah. The author hopes that this study is also give

significane, especially in the english literature. The significance of the study

formulates into two types, there are teoritical and practical.

1. Teoritical Significance

The result of this study can be used to develop the research in english

literature , especially to the psychological criticism. Next, the result of this

study can be used as additional reference in the psychoanalysis , especially to

the reader in order to understand the types of conflict which happen in the

novel.

6
2. Practical

This study can give knowledge and motivation to the reader in order to

understand the literature works, especially the elements of psychological

aspects that influence the main characters in the novel. In addition, this study

can be used as enrichment to increase the comprehension about literary works,

such as novel.

7
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Related Theory

2.1.1 Conflicts

A. Cascio’s Conflict

Cascio (2005 : 1) states , “ Confict in a narrative is created when the

main character wants something. When something else gets in the

protagonist's way, a confict arises. All stories contain confict, and some people

disagree about how many types of confict there are. These discrepancies

depend on individual narrative circumstances, but there are cases in which you

should recognize a total of seven different types of narrative confict.

1. Internal Conflicts

1. Man vs. Self

"Man vs. Self" is the only true version of internal confict you will find

in literature. In this mode, the confict takes place within the mind of the main

character, and often involves the character making a decision between right

and wrong, or other mixed emotions. However, this struggle could also exist

in the form of a character battling mental illness.

2. Eksternal Conflict

2. Man vs. Man

"Man vs. Man" is probably the most common form of external confict,

and is also known as interpersonal confict. This mode lies at the heart of all

8
dramatic arts and places the struggle directly between the protagonist and the

antagonist -- otherwise known as the good guy and the bad guy. In a man vs.

Man confict, the protagonist wants something, and the antagonist obstructs the

protagonist from getting what he wants.

3. Man vs. Society

This mode of external confict occurs when the protagonist is placed at

odds with a government or cultural tradition. This type of confict applies to

societal norms as well. For example, if a child gets in trouble with his parents

for sneaking out of the house at night, he is in confict with the societal

tradition that children are expected to obey their parents.

4. Man vs. Nature

"Man vs. Nature" pits the main character against the forces of nature --

in the form of a natural disaster or a similarly dangerous situation -- and is

often associated with literary naturalism, which hinges on the idea that nature

is indifferent to humanity. Stephen Crane's short story, "The Open Boat," is a

prime example, and demonstrates that the sea can cause shipwrecks easily and

without regard for humanity.

5. Man vs. Machine

"Man vs. Machine" can mean that a person is in direct combat with

robots, in the context of science action, or it could mean simply that

technology stands in the way of the protagonist getting what she wants. In the

science-action version, the same attributes of a man vs. man confict apply.

However, if a person struggles to keep a job that a new machine can do better,

9
the physical struggle is against the machine, but the emotional struggle is

against the society that breeds technology.

6. Man vs. Fate/Supernatural

"Man vs. Fate" exists in any story in which the protagonist is struggling

against a god or gods. It is sometimes considered part of "Man vs. Self" when

focused on an internal, moral struggle, but should be considered separate in

the context of epics -- such as the "Iliad" and "Odyssey," in which the gods are

present antagonists. "Man vs. the Supernatural" falls into a similar standard: If

the protagonist is the only one witnessing supernatural acts, it could be

considered "Man vs. Self." However, if it's certain that these supernatural

powers are real, then the mode of confict stands on its own”.

B. Nancy’s Definition

Nancy ( 2008:90) states “ In fiction, as in life, there are four basic kinds

of conflict a character can confront. Although there can be two or three kinds

of conflict in the same story, one usually dominates the plot.

1. Man Against Man

This conflict covers a lot of stories, from Western gunfights to

romances to war stories. It may be the most obvious of conflicts, but the near

endless variation of the story—along with the near endless variation of

conflicts man has with man—still make for compelling stories. A classic

example is the epic novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo. It tells the story of

Jean Valjean, who is convicted of stealing a loaf of bread to feed his starving

sister and her children. After nineteen years in prison, Valjean is released, only
10
to find that his past continues to haunt him. Desperate to escape the chains of

his former life, he assumes a new identity and, with it, starts a new life as an

upstanding citizen. But the disappearance does not stop the obsessive

Inspector Javert from stalking Valjean, mercilessly dogging the man’s steps

over a period of more than fifteen years.After several twists of fate, Javert

confronts the hero for the last time. He is then faced with the terrible choice of

upholding the law or upholding the law of morality. Unable to cope in a world

not painted in black and white, Javert drowns himself in the Seine.

2. Man Against Nature

Since the dawn of time, man has been struggling against nature. It is

probably our most primal conflict. This plays out in many ways: man vs.

dinosaur in Jurassic Park, man vs shark in Jaws, or man vs. the island in Lord

of the Flies.The Perfect Storm is Sebastian Junger’s reconstruction of how the

fishing crew of the Andrea Gail battles a massive Atlantic storm in 1991. The

six fishermen do not survive. But Junger’s re-creation of characters who were

on that boat is so compelling that their struggle to battle hundred-foot waves

and hurricane-force winds has become a classic of the man against nature

genre.

3. Man Against Society

Man pitted against society is in every struggle against the government,

fight for civil rights, or push for change. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird

is a perfect example of this genre. Set in Alabama during the Great

Depression, the book tells the story of a white lawyer named Atticus Finch

11
who is assigned to defend Tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping a

white woman. To the horror of the town, Atticus actually defends Tom; he

doesn’t, in the fine Southern tradition of the time, merely pretend to do so.

Narrated by Finch’s six-year-old daughter Scout, the story is a touching and

painful exploration of the ramifications and consequences of prejudice in the

deep South. And it is also a powerful story of what happens to an honorable

man when he is faced with the choice of defending tradition or defending

justice.

4. Man Against Self

Choice is most painful when there is an equal pull in two directions.

And memorable choice is often created out of a war between the heart and

head … or between good and evil. Like it or not, we all have shadow sides.

That dark part of our nature often manifests inmoments of stress (see chapter

two). Confronting that nature is not only a way to make a character interesting.

It is a way to make a character come alive. The story of self pitted against self

is a time-honored literary tradition. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.

Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson explored the dual nature of man in a story

about a doctor tormented by a split personality. Here, the respectable Dr.

Jekyll concocts a potion that does not work as anticipated. Instead of evoking

the good side of the good doctor, the formula evokes his dark side, an aspect

of his personality that becomes increasingly addictive and difficult to reject.

Each time Jekyll swallows the potion, he become a maniacal killer named Mr.

Hyde, a man who thrills to the power of darkness. Eventually, Hyde no longer

12
returns to his former self. The tormented Jekyll is permanently stuck in the

body and mind of a monster. Understanding that he is doomed to live out his

life as the personification of evil, he kills himself … but only after leaving a

confession letter behind that explains what has happened to him. As you

examine each conflict scenario to determine which approach creates the

greatest benefit for your particular plot requirements, never forget that, above

all, “man” is the foundation of each of these stories. In other words, the

characters not only define the heart of story, they also make that story

memorable”.

2.1.2 Psychoanalysis Criticism

Delahoyde (2018:1) states “Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the

methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts.

It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires

and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the

author's own neuroses. One may psychoanalyze a particular character within a

literary work, but it is usually assumed that all such characters are projections

of the author's psyche. One interesting facet of this approach is that it validates

the importance of literature, as it is built on a literary key for the decoding.

Freud himself wrote, "The dream-thoughts which we first come across as we

proceed with our analysis often strike us by the unusual form in which they are

expressed; they are not clothed in the prosaic language usually employed by

our thoughts, but are on the contrary represented symbolically by means of

similes and metaphors, in images resembling those of poetic speech". Like

13
psychoanalysis itself, this critical endeavor seeks evidence of unresolved

emotions, psychological conflicts, guilts, ambivalences, and so forth within

what may well be a disunified literary work. The author's own childhood

traumas, family life, sexual conflicts, fixations, and such will be traceable

within the behavior of the characters in the literary work. But psychological

material will be expressed indirectly, disguised, or encoded (as in dreams)

through principles such as "symbolism" (the repressed object represented in

disguise), "condensation" (several thoughts or persons represented in a single

image), and "displacement" (anxiety located onto another image by means of

association).

Purwarno (2016:129) states “ Next in importance comes the modern

psychological criticism. The new psychological knowledge, the result of the

researchers of Freud, Jung, Bergson and others, are harnessed in the service of

criticism, and new interpretations are provided, and hidden significance are

discovered. Pyshology has provided the critic with a more precise languange

with which to discuss the creative process, it enables the critic to study “ the

interior life” of the writer, and then to study his works with reference to it. The

unconscious repressions and derives of the artist are discovered, and this

results in a better understanding and more exact interpretations on his art.

Psychological knowledge has also been of great use in interpreting fictitious

characters.

Brizze (2018 : 8) states “ Psychoanalytic criticism builds on Freudian

theories of psychology. While we don't have the room here to discuss all of

14
Freud's work, a general overview is necessary to explain psychoanalytic

literary criticism. The Unconscious, the Desires, and the Defenses Freud

began his psychoanalytic work in the 1880s while attempting to treat

behavioral disorders in his Viennese patients. He dubbed the disorders

'hysteria' and began treating them by listening to his patients talk through their

problems. Based on this work, Freud asserted that people's behavior is affected

by their unconscious: "the notion that human beings are motivated, even

driven, by desires, fears, needs, and conflicts of which they are unaware.

Freud believed that our unconscious was influenced by childhood events.

Freud organized these events into developmental stages involving

relationships with parents and drives of desire and pleasure where children

focus on different parts of the body...starting with the mouth...shifting to the

oral, anal, and phallic phases. These stages reflect base levels of desire, but

they also involve fear of loss (loss of genitals, loss of affection from parents,

loss of life) and repression: the expunging from consciousness of these

unhappy psychological events. Tyson reminds us, however, that repression

doesn't eliminate our painful experiences and emotions we unconsciously

behave in ways that will allow us to play out our conflicted feelings about the

painful experiences and emotions we repress . To keep all of this conflict

buried in our unconscious, Freud argued that we develop defenses: selective

perception, selective memory, denial, displacement, projection, regression,

fear of intimacy, and fear of death, among others.

15
2.3.1 The Structure of The Human Personality

According to Freud that is cited by Guerin in (2005 : 153) , “ Freud has

divided the mental process of the human to the three psychic zones: the id, the

ego, and the superego. An explanation of these zones explain in this section.

The diagram reveals immediately the vast portion of the mental

apparatus that is not conscious. Furthermore, it helps to clarify the relationship

between ego, id, and superego, as well as their collective relationship to the

conscious and the unconscious. We should note that the id is entirely

unconscious and that only small portions of the ego and the superego are

conscious. With this diagram as a guide, we may define the nature

and functions of the three psychic zones.

1. The id is the reservoir of libido, the primary source of all psychic energy. It

functions to fulfill the primordial life principle, which Freud considers to be

the pleasure principle. Without consciousness or semblance of rational order,

the id is characterized by a tremendous and amorphous vitality. Speaking

metaphorically, Freud explains this "obscure inaccessible part of our

16
personality" as " a chaos, a cauldron of seething excitement [with] no

organization and no unified will, only an impulsion to obtain satisfaction for

the instinctual needs, in accordance with the pleasure principle. He further

stresses that the "laws of logic-above all, the law of contradiction-do not hold

for processes of the id. Contradictory impulses exist side by side without

neutralizing each other or drawing apart. . . . Naturally, the id knows no

values, no good and evil, no morality.

The id is, in short, the source of all our aggressions and desires. It is

lawless, asocial, and amoral. Its function is to gratify our instincts for pleasure

without regard for social conventions, legal ethics, or moral restraint.

Unchecked, it would lead us to any lengths-to destruction and even self-

destructionto satisfy its impulses for pleasure. Safety for the self and for others

does not lie within the province of the id: its concern is purely for instinctual

gratification, heedless of consequence. For centuries before Freud, this force

was recognized in human nature but often attributed to supernatural and

external rather than natural and internal forces: the id as defined by Freud is

identical in many respects to the Devil as defined by theologians. Thus there is

a certain psychological validity in the old saying that a rambunctious child

(whose id has not yet been brought under control by ego and superego) is "full

of the devil." We may also see in young children (and neurotic adults) certain

uncontrolled impulses toward pleasure that often lead to excessive self-

indulgence and even to self-injury.

17
2. In view of the id's dangerous potentialities, it is necessary that other psychic

agencies protect the individual and society. The first of these regulating

agencies, that which protects the individual, is the ego. This is the rational

governing agent of the psyche. Though the ego lacks the strong vitality of the

id, it regulates the instinctual drives of the id so that they may be released in

nondestructive behavioral patterns. And though a large portion of the ego is

unconscious, the ego nevertheless comprises what we ordinarily think of as the

conscious mind. As Freud points out in "The Dissection of the Psychical

Personality," "To adopt a popular mode of speaking, we might say that the ego

stands for reason and good sense while the id stands for the untamed passions"

. Whereas the id is governed solely by the pleasure principle, the ego is

governed by the reality principle. Consequently, the ego serves as

intermediary between the world within and the world without.

3. The other regulating agent, that which primarily functions to protect society,

is the superego. Largely unconscious, the superego is the moral censoring

agency, the repository of conscience and pride. It is, as Freud says in "The

Anatomy of the Mental Personality," the "representative of all moral

restrictions, the advocate of the impulse toward perfection, in short it is as

much as we have been able to apprehend psychologically of what people call

the 'higher' things in human life". Acting either directly or through the ego, the

superego serves to repress or inhibit the drives of the id, to block off and thrust

back into the unconscious those impulses toward pleasure that society regards

as unacceptable, such as overt aggression, sexual passions, and the Oedipal

18
instinct. Freud attributes the development of the superego to the parental

influence that manifests itself in terms of punishment for what society

considers to be bad behavior and reward for what society considers good

behavior. An overactive superego creates an unconscious sense of guilt (hence

the familiar terrn guilt complex and the popular misconception that Freud

advocated the relaxing of all moral (inhibitions and social restraints). Whereas

the id is dominated by the pleasure principle and the egoby the

realityprinciple, the superego is dominated by the morality principle. We

might say that the id would make us devils, that the superego would have us

behave as angels (oL worse, as creatures of absolute social conformity), and

that it remains for the ego to keep us healthy human beings by maintaining a

balance between these two opposing forces. It was this balance that Freud

advocated-not a complete removal of inhibiting factors”.

2.3.2 Personality Dynamics

According to Freud that is cited by Moesono (2003:5) , Freud is also

realize if the human has personality dynamics. The explanation of the

personality dynamics will be explained in this section.

“As a nineteenth-century scientist, Freud also thinks within the

framework of the physics and physiology of the century. It views human

beings as a complex energy system and is controlled by an energy

conservation law which says: energy can change shape but the amount will

remain the same. For freud this law also applies to psychic life. All psychic

energy comes from neurophysiological tension. The various needs of human

19
bodies cause various tensions or excitement and will be revealed through a

number of mental representations in the form of a desire called instinct. so

instinct is the embodiment of bodily tension that seeks to uncover the tension

and tension, and is the innate of every living being. Around 1900, he brought

up the first instinct theory, which said that everythe number of number, we can

raise it in two mains paluri: naluri to maintain life and paluri to develop. after

the first world war (circa 1920) where he saw much human aggression, Freud

proposed a second instinct theory which says that there are two mains of

human paluri, yesite: living life (eros) and naluri of death (thanatos). The

instinct of life encompasses the two main instincts in his first instinct theory.

The energy that underlies this life instinct is libido. Libido is not only a sex

drive but a base for all the urge to live. Sex and sexual terms for freud are not

merely associated with sexual intercourse, but every physical pleasure we can

feel. The physical area which, when stimulated to cause pleasure, is called the

erogenous region (erregeneous zone). If love and sex are the embodiments of

life's instinct, hate and aggression are the embodiments of the dead instinct. to

achieve the satisfaction and easing of tension, the energy we associate or

invest in a particular satisfying object. This process is called a catheter. On the

contrary, the object can not satisfy our instinct's impulse or if there are

obstacles in the effort to achieve the gratification of the instinct called anti-

cloak. The bending or liquid nature of energy enables us to always search for

substitution objects. This process is called displacement. Freud believed that

all human civilization as manifested in art, economy, politics, religion and so

20
forth is the result of the process of removal of life instincts and dead instincts.

At the individual level, the anti-catheter-catheter process as well as the

successes and failures accompanied by displacement are the dynamics of the

human personality. Barriers to libido and tension that are not channeled cause

anxiety and this is the development of neuroses in humans. This view he

changed in 1926 by saying that anxiety is an ego function that gives warning

of impending danger and which must be faced by fighting or avoiding. Thus ,

anxiety is not always the basis of the development of neuroses, but also allows

the development of adaptive behavior”.

2.4 Review of Related Study

Several studies that are related to this study, it will be revealed in this

section. The purpose is to show if the topic in this study is not analyzed by

previous researcher in the same context. There are the list of the following

studies that relate to the topic in this study. The examples are :

1. Eko Budi Ihsanto (2014) Konflik Tokoh Utama Dalam Novel Merpati Biru

Karya Ahmad Munif, Program Studi Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia Fakultas

Bahasa Dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta 2014.

2. Agustina Tri Widayati ( 2015) Frank’s Hedonistic Lust And Pleasure-

Seeking Behavior In Abagnale’s Catch Me If You Can: A Psychoanalysis

Approach, English Language And Literature Study Program Faculty Of

Languages And Arts State University Of Yogyakarta 2013.

The above studies focus to analyze the psychological aspects of the

main character in the novel. The studies are also depict how the main character

21
has different personality in the different condition. The different personality of

the main character is caused by the lack of attention given by the parents.

Next, the parents is only focus to fulfill the main character needed on the

material side only. Those are problems that influence the personality of the

main character tends to do something prohibit.

The two studies are relevant because the two studies uses Freud

psychological approach to reveal the conflicts that happened by the main

character. In addition, the two studies are also analyze the development of the

main character personality. Therefore, the author tries to reveal the form of the

conflict, the factors influence the conflict and how the conflict happened by

the main character in the different novel. Those are the parts that are not

revealed by the previous researcher. In addition, The author believes if the

novel Tanah Surga Merah that is written by Arafat Nur , it is never analyzed

by any researcher.

22
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This research is library research proposed by Khotari (2004). The

design of the research is descriptive qualitative research. Jeane (1999:153)

states “the aim of descriptive research is to clarify the nature of a phenomenon

in a specified, static context while viewed from a specific, fixed perspective”.

3.2 Data Collection Procedure

In this research, the data are utterances and quotations in the novel. The

source of the data is the novel Tanah Surga Merah written by Arafat Nur. The

The data collection procedures divide into some steps. The first step is the

author observes the novel. Then, the author reads the novel. Next, the author is

searching information that is related to the novel and the topic of this study.

After that, the author underlines the utterances which are available in the

novel. Next, the author classifies the utterances into two section : internal

conflict and external conflict.

3.3 Data Analysis Procedure

After collecting the data, the author next step is starting to analyze the

data, especially the utterances. The author tries to find what are kinds of the

conflict through the utterances in the novel and how are the conflict revealed

through the utterances in the novel. The author focuses analysis the utterances

23
which are uttered by the main characters in the novel. To analyze the

utterances, the author uses content analysis as technique of analyzing the data.

Khotari( 2004:110) states “Content-analysis consists of analysing the contents

of documentary materials such as books, magazines, newspapers and the

contents of all other verbal materials which can be either spoken or printed” .

REFERENCES

Khotari, C. R. (2004). Research Metholodogy: Methods and Techniques. New

Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers

24
Jeane, W. Anastas,. (1999). Research Design for Social Work and the Human
Services, Second Edition. Chischester: Columbia University Press

Nur, Arafat. (2016).Tanah Surga Merah. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka

Utama

Purwarno & Darman Sitepu.(2016).Literary Studies.Medan: Islamic

University Of North Sumatra

Guerin, Wilfred L.(2005).A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature.

New York : Oxford University Press

Cascio, Christopher. (2005). Types of Confict That Can Be Found in a

Narrative. Retrieved on 2 February 2018. From seattlepi.com

Ratna, Nyoman Kutha.( 2015). Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra.
Yogyakarta : Pustaka Belajar.

Moesono, Anggadewi. ( 2003). Psikoanalisis dan Sastra. Depok: Pusat

Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Budaya Lembaga Penelitian
Universitas Indonesia.

Lamb, Nancy. (2008). The Art and Craft of Storytelling : A Comprehensive

Guide to Classic Writing Techniques. Ohio : Writer’s Digest Books.

Mario, Klarer. (2004). An Introduction To Literary Studies. London:

Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.

Delahoyde, Michael. (2018). Pyschoanalytic Criticism. Retrieved on 2 March

2018. From https://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/psycho.crit.html.

Brizee, Allen. (2018). Literary Theory and School of Criticism. Retrieved on

10 March 2018. From https://owl.english.purdue.edu.

Juliani Pane, (2018), “Conflict in Asma Nadia’s Novel Surga Yang Tak
Dirindukan” in The 1st Annual International Conference on Language
and Literature, KnE Social Sciences & Humanities, pages 404–410.

George, Mary W. (2008). The Elements of Library Research. New Jersey:

Pricenton University Press.

25
26