Professional Documents
Culture Documents
& Technology
College of Engineering
Kothandaraman Nagar, Dindigul - 624 622. Tamilnadu.
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Page Marks
SI No Date Content Remarks
No Awarded
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INDEX
EX.N PAGE
DATE NAME OF THE EXPRIMENTS MARK SIGN
O NO
CAD LAB
1 Study Of Cad Using Solidworks
EXERCISE: 1 DATE :
STUDY OF CAD USING SOLIDWORKS
TECHNOLOGY OF CAD:
CAD - Computer Aided Design
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CAD technology makes use of the computer to create drawings of parts and
assemblies on computer files, which can be further analyses and optimized.
BENEFITS OF CAD
The single operating system in CAD provides a command basis for design,
analysis and drafting process. With interactive CAD, drawings are standardized.
With the increase in the use of 3D views and solid modeling, it has become easier to
comprehend the features of the component readily. One does not have to reconstruct the
solid shape from 2D objects. Many software packages allow 3D view generation from a 2D
model.
Improved Procedures of Engineering Changes:
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Control and implementations of engineering changes can be significantly and
improves with CAD.
Original drawings and reports are available and easily accessible.
Revised Information can be retained and new drawings with changes can be created
without destroying previous features.
Solidworks is a 3-D modeling tool. Unlike other 3-D modeling tools, Solidworks is not fully
three dimensional. Other programs allow the user to easily draw in three dimensional
space. In Solidworks, one draws in a plane and then extrudes solids from the plane. Planes
are used to obtain position in three dimensional space. It is possible to draw in three
dimensional space using Solidworks, but is very difficult. Therefore the best method of
creating three dimensional objects is using planes.
File types
The Default tab contains templates based on the units and drafting standard you selected
when you installed Solid Works.
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1.CREATING A NEW PART FILE
a. Go to File:New
b. Select Part
i. Solidworks files consist of parts and assemblies. Individual parts
ii. are made and combined together in an assembly
2.CHANGING UNITS
a. Go to Tools:Options
b. Click on Document Properties tab
c. Select Units from the tree on the l
3.CREATING A RECTANGLE
d. Click on Sketch
Sketches are drawings located on a plane
e. Click on Rectangle
f. Select Top Plane
g. Click and Drag to create the rectangle
h. Click the Return Button in top left corner
5.CREATING A SOLID
a. Click on Features
Features manipulate sketches and creates three dimensional solids
b. Click on Extruded Boss/Base
This creates a solid by extending a two dimensional sketch into
viii. three dimensions. The sketch can be extruded in either or both
ix. directions. It can also be extruded a specified distance or up to
x. another surface. The extrusion can also be tapered a specified
xi. number of degrees
c. Change the distance of D1 to 4.25
d. Click the direction arrow so that the normal vector is pointing in the
Negative Y direction
e. Click the check box
6.FILLETS
a. Click on Features:Fillet
b. Set fillet radius to .25
c. Select the four Top Edges
d. Click the check box
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7. HOLLOWING THE BOTTOM
a. Click the bottom plane of the solid
b. Draw a 45x45 Rectangle centered on the plane
c. Click on Features:Extruded Cut
i. Extruded Cut is similar to Extruded Boss/Base, but is the opposite.
It takes a two dimensional sketch and removes part of a solid in the
third dimension.
d. Change the distance of D1 to 3.5
e. Click the check box
8. SAVING
a. Click on File:Save
b. Name file
9. CREATING AN ASSEMBLY
a. Click on File:New:Assembly with units of Inches
b. Insert the Table Top Part
c. Click on Insert:Component:Existing Part/Assembly
d. Insert the Leg Part
e. Click on Insert:Mate
f. Select the Left Circle of the hole in the Leg and the Inside of one
of the Left Circles on the table
g. Click the check box
h. Repeat for the three other legs
10. FINISHED
Result:
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
PAGE 7 OF 57
EXERCISE: 2 DATE :
Aim:
TOOLS USED :
SOLODWORKS
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
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58
Ø 40
8 H o le s Ø 1 0
R 20
R 20
34
34
Ø 22
Ø 58 R 15
6 H o le s Ø 8 Ø 36
40 40
Fig: 1
36
R 32
4 H o le s Ø 1 0
R12 20
R15
R32
100
4
Ø 40
4 H o le s Ø 2 6
65
Fig: 2
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6 h o le s Ø 8
Ø 70
Ø 48
Ø36
R8 R 10
72
2 h o le s Ø 1 8 28
R18
82
30
R10
84
Fig: 3
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EXERCISE: 3 DATE :
Aim:
TOOLS USED :
SOLODWORKS
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the given components have been created, using Solid Works.
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
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Extrude, Cut Extrude
Extrude, Cut Extrude
Rib
Revolve
PAGE 12 OF 57
EXERCISE: 4 DATE :
Aim:
TOOLS USED :
SOLODWORKS
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the given components have been created, using Solid Works.
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
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Loft
DRAFT SWEEP
EXERCISE: 5
DATE :
Aim:
TOOLS USED :
SOLODWORKS
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PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the given components have been created, using Solid Works.
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
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RECTANGULAR PATTERN
CIRCULAR PATTERN
MIRROR
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EXERCISE: 6 DATE :
Aim:
TOOLS USED :
SOLODWORKS
PROCEDURE:
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RESULT:
Thus the given Assembly have been created, using Solid Works.
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
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PAGE 19 OF 57
EXERCISE: 7 DATE :
Aim:
Different Views, Sections View, Isometric View and Dimensioning by using Solid
Works.
TOOLS USED :
SOLODWORKS
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
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To Create a documented drawing of a simple Assembly.
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EXERCISE: 8 DATE :
Aim:
TOOLS USED :
SOLODWORKS
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
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PAGE 23 OF 57
PAGE 24 OF 57
Exercise No: 9 Date:
Study of CAM
Program of instructions:
The program of instructions is the detailed step-by-step set of directions,
which tell the machine tool what to do. It is coded in numerical or symbolic
from on some type of input medium that can be interpreted by the controller
unit. The most common input medium today is 1-in-wide punched tape. Over
the years, other forms of input media have been used, including punched
cards, magnetic tape, and even 35-mm motion picture film.
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There are two other methods of input to the NC system, which should be
mentioned. The first is by manual entry of instructional data to the controller
unit. This method is called manual data input, abbreviated MDI, and is
appropriate only for relatively simple jobs where the other will not be
repeated. The second other method of input is by means of a direct link with a
computer. This is called direct numerical control, or DNC.
Controller unit:
The second basic component of the NC system is the controller unit. This
consists of the electronics and hardware that read and interpret the program
of instructions and convent it into mechanical actions of the machine tool. The
typical elements of a conventional NC controller unit include the taper reader,
a data buffer, signal output channels to the machine tool, feed back channels
from the machine tool, and the sequence control to coordinate the overall
operation of the foregoing elements. It should be noted that nearly all-modern
NC systems today are sold with a microcomputer as the controller unit. This
type of NC is called computer numerical control (CNC).
The tape reader is an electromechanical device for winding and reading the
punched tape containing the program of instructions the data contained on
the tape are read into the data buffer. The purpose of this device of this
device is to the store the input represents one complete step in the sequence
of processing elements.
The signal outputs are the observation to the servomotors and
other controls in the machine tool. Through these channels, the instructions
are sent to the machine tool machine tool from the controller unit. To make
certain that the instruction have been properly executed by the machine, feed
back data are sent back to he controller via feedback channels. The most
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important function of this return loop is to assure that table and work parts
have been properly located with respect to the tool.
Sequence controls coordinate the activities of the other elements of the
controller unit. The tape reader is actuated to read data into the buffer from
the tape, signals are sent to and from the machine tool, and so on. These
types of operations must be synchronized and this is function of the sequence
controls.
Machine tool or other controlled:
The third basic component of an NC system in machine tool or other
controlled process. It is the part of the NC system which performs useful
work. In the most common examples of an NC system, one designed to
perform machining operations, the machine tool consists of the worktable and
spindle as well as the motors and controls necessary to drive them. It is also
includes the cutting tools, work fixtures, and other auxiliary equipment need in
the machine operation,
NC machine range in complexity from simple tape-controlled drill presses
to highly sophisticated and versatile machining centers. The NC machining
centre was first introduced in the late 1950s. it is a multifunction machine
which incorporates several time saving features into is capable of performing
a verity of different operations, drilling tapping, reaming, Milling, and boring.
The tools are kept in a tool drum or other holding device. When the tape calls
a particular tool, the drum rotates to positions the tool for insertion into the
spindle. The automatic tool changer then grasps the tool and places it into
spindle chuck. The machine table can orient the job so that it can be
machined on several surfaces, as required. Finally, a fourth feature
possessed by some machining centres is the presence of two tables or
pallets on which the work piece can be fixtures. While the machining
sequence is being performed on one work part, the operator can be unloading
the previously completed piece, and loading the next one. This improves
machine tool utilisation because the machine not have to stand idle during
loading and unloading of the work parts.
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TYPES OF CNC MACHINES
1. Vertical Machining Centres
2. Horizontal machining centres
3. Machining centres with indexing heads
4. Multi-axis machining centres
5. Unmanned machining centres
6. Head changer machines
7. Plano millers
8. Milling machines
9. Drilling machines
10. Horizontal Axis Turning machines
11. Vertical axis Turning Machines
12. Surface grinders
13. Cylindrical grinders
14. Tool and cutter grinders
15. Fixed RAM Electro Discharge machines
16. Wire EDM
17. Punching and nibbing machines with plasma arc or laser beam
machining
18. Forming machine
Pipe bending machines
Sheets bending machines
Stretch forming machines
Flow forming machines
19. Gear cutting machines
Gear hobbing machine
Gear shaping machine
Gear grinders
20. Coordinate measuring machines
21. Inspection systems
22. Welding systems
23. Packing equipment
PAGE 28 OF 57
Exercise No: 10 Date:
NC PART PROGRAMMING
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For example, the word G02 is used to prepare the NC controller unit for
circular interpolation along an arc in the clockwise direction. The preparatory
word is needed so that the controller can correctly interpret the data that follow it
in the block. Come typical examples of G-words are given in the Table below.
Some Common G-Words
CODE PREPARATORY FUNCTIONS
G00 Used with countering systems to prepare for a point to point operation
G02 Linear interpolation in contouring systems
G03 Circular interpolation, clockwise
MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTION:
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The m-word is used specify certain miscellaneous or auxiliary
functions which may be available on the machine tool. Of course, the machine
must posses the function that is being called. A partial but representative list of is
given below. The miscellaneous function is the last work in the block. To identify
the end of instruction, an end of block (EOB) symbol is punched on the tape.
Some typical M-Words:
CODE MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
M03 Start spindle in clockwise direction
M04 Start spindle in counter clockwise direction
M05 Stop spindle
TAPE FORMATS:
The organization of words within blocks is called the tape format. Three
tape format seem to enjoy the most widespread use:
1. Word address format
2. Tab sequential format
3. Fixed block format
The tape for mat refers to the method of writing the words in a block of
instruction. Within each format there are variations because of differences in
machining processes, type of machine, features of the machine tool, and so
on.
WORD ADDRESS FORMAT:
In this format, a letter precedes each word and is used to identify the word
type and to address the data to a particular location in the controller unit. The
X-prefix identifies an X-coordinate word; an S-prefix identifies spindle speed
and so on. The standard sequence of words for two-axis NC system is
M-word
G-word
X-word
Y-word
F-word
S-word
T-word
EOB
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However, since the type of word is designed by the prefix letter, the words
can be presented in any sequence. Also, if a word remains unchanged from
the previous block or is not needed, it can be deleted from the block.
FUNCTION (G CODES)
G Codes are instruction describing machine tool movements.
G00 Fast Traverse
G01 Linear interpolation (cutting feed)
G02 Circular Interpolation (clockwise)
G03 Circular Interpolation (counter clockwise)
G04 Dwell
G20 Imperial (Input in Inches)
G21 Metric (input in mm)
G28 Go to Reference
G40 Cutter Compensation Cancel
G41 Cutter Compensation Right
G42 Cutter Compensation Left
G50 Coordinate Setting
G70 Finishing Cycle
G71 Stock Removal in Turing
G72 Multiple Facing
G73 Pattern Repeating
G74 Peck Drilling
G76 Multiple Thread
G81 Drilling Cycle
G90 Turning Cycle
G94 Facing Cycle
G96 Const. Surface
G97 Var. Surface
G98 Feed per Minute
G99 Feed Per Rev
PAGE 32 OF 57
MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTION (M CODES)
M Codes are instructions describing miscellaneous functions like calling the tool,
spindle rotation, coolant on etc.,
M00 Program Stop
M01 Optional stop
M02 Program end
M03 Spindle On
M05 Spindle Stop
M06 Tool Change
M08 Coolant On
M09 Coolant Off
M10 Vice Open
M11 Vice Close
M13 Spindle Forward, Coolant on
M15 Spindle Reverse, Coolant on
M25 Quill Extend
M26 Quill Retract
M30 Programme End
M38 Door Open
M39 Door Close
M98 Subprogram call
M99 subprogram exit
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G02 CLOCKWISE ARC
A G02 causes a clockwise arc to the specified position.
Examples: G01 X20 Z-10 F120
G03 X30 Z-15 R5.0
G02 X40 Z-20 I15
G21 METRIC
A G21 causes positions to be interpreted as being in metric units (mm). This is
can only be at the start of the main program.
PAGE 35 OF 57
Two G72 blocks are needed to specify all the values.
Examples: G72 W2. R1.5
Specifies a depth of cut specify the “N” block numbers at the start and end of the
profile.
G72 P10 Q20 U1.0 W1.0
The “U” and “Q” values specify the “N” block numbers at the start and end of the
profile.
The “U” and “W” specify the distance and direction of the finishing allowance on
the X and Z axis.
PAGE 36 OF 57
G81 DRILLING CYCLE
A G81 is a drilling cycle.
An explicitly specified G81 will
Linear to new position.
Fast traverse to start positions
A modally specified G81 differs in that it will first traverse to 1 mm short on the
last drilling position.
If only an X axis value is entered then grooving will be performed.
If only a Z axis value is entered then drilling will be performed.
Examples: G81 U-4.0
U-8.0
G81 Z-2.0
Z-4.0
I an “R” value is specified tapering will be performed. The initial rapid move will
be to the X position plus the “R” value (Radius)
PAGE 37 OF 57
G94 FACING CYCLE
A G94 is an end face cutting cycle.
It is the equivalent of
• Rapid to Z position.
• Feed to X position
• Feed to star Z position
• Rapid to start X positing.
If an “R” value is specified tapering will be performed. The initial rapid move will
be to the Z position pules “R” value.
Examples: G94 U-4 W-2.0 R8.0 F140
W3.0
W-4.0
G96 CONSTANT SURFACES SPEED
G96 Enables constant surface speed.
Examples: G96 S100
Sets the surfaces speed to 100 meters a minute.
PAGE 38 OF 57
M01 Optional Stop
Cycle operations is stopped after a block containing M01 is executed. This code
is only effective when the optional stop switch on the machine control panel has
been pressed.
Examples: M01
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M09 turns the coolant on.
M10 Chuck Close
M10 opens the chuck.
M11 Chuck Close
M11 close the chuck.
M13 Spindle Forward, Coolant On
Sets spindle rotation forward and coolant on.
Example: M13 S1000.
M14 Spindle Reverse, Coolant On
Example: M14 S1000
M25 Quill Extend
Extends the quill (tailstock).
M26 Quill Retract
Retracts the quill (tailstock).
M30 Program End
Stops the spindle. Turns the coolant off. Terminates and resets the CNC
program.
Example: M30
M38 Door Open
Opens the door, waiting until the door is open.
M39 Door Close
Close the door, waiting until the door is closed.
M98 Subprogram call
M98 causes another program to be executed.
The “P” value specifies the program number and the number of times to execute
it.
The rightmost 4 digits are the program number.
The digits to the left are the number of repetitions.
There can be up to 999 repetitions, if the value is omitted it is called once.
Example: M98 P12 and M98 P10012 both execute cnc program 12
once.
M99 Subprogram Exit
Returns control to the program that called the current program.
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If a “P” value is specified then execution begins from the block with the same “N”
number, otherwise it is from the block after the subprogram call.
If an M99 is specified in the main program then the execution is from the start of
the program.
Example: M99
Returns to the block following the call.
M99 P10
Returns to the block with “N” value 10.
Result:
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
PAGE 41 OF 57
Exercise No: 11 Date:
5
30
65
PAGE 42 OF 57
G00 X30
G01 Z-5
G01 X0
G01 Z1
G00 X30
G28 U0 W0
M05
M30
SIMPLE TURNING (USING G90)
25
30
30
65
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STEP TURNING
25
20
30
30 15 15
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TAPER TURNING
30
20
30 25 25 5
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CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION
R 14
R18
20
30
10
1 0 1 0 10 1 0 1 0
M12
20
15 30
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X11.4
G00 X20 Z0
G28 U0W0
M05
M30
DRILLING
25
10
30
75
PAGE 48 OF 57
Exercise No: 12 Date:
Ø 60
Procedure:
Result:
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
PAGE 49 OF 57
Exercise No: 13 Date:
Make the object as shown in given figure Using codes G01 and G90
Ø 40
Ø 20
Ø 60
40 20 20
Procedure:
Result:
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
PAGE 50 OF 57
Exercise No: 14 Date:
Make the object as shown in the following figure Using NC code G90
Ø 40
Ø 20
Ø 60
40 20 20
Procedure:
Result:
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
PAGE 51 OF 57
Exercise No:15 Date:
Make the object as shown in the following figure Using G90, G02 and G03
codes
Ø 40
R10
Ø 20
R10
R15
Ø 60 40 20 25
Procedure:
Result:
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
PAGE 52 OF 57
Exercise No: 16 Date:
Make the object as shown in the following figure Using NC code Using
G74
Ø 60
Ø 20
Ø 40
30
Procedure:
Result:
MARKS STAFF
SIGN
PAGE 53 OF 57
Exercise No: 17 Date:
Make the object as shown in the following figure Using NC code G72
Ø 40
M 12 x 2 P
Ø 60
30 20 30
Procedure:
Result:
PAGE 54 OF 57
TUTORIALS
NC PART PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES
LINEAR INTERPOLATION
70
70
PAGE 55 OF 57
CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION
15 30
R15
15
30
30
15
15
15 30 15
G21 G94
G91
G28 X0 Y0 Z0
M06 T0101
M03 S1000
G90
G00 X20 Y35 Z10
G01 Z-5 F60
G02 X35 Y20 R15
G01 X65 Y20
G02 X80 Y35 R15
G01 X80 Y65
G02 X65 Y80 R15
G01 X35 Y80
G03 X20 Y65 R15
G01 X20 Y35
G00 Z5
G91
G28 X0 Y0 Z0
M05
M30
PAGE 56 OF 57
Circular Interpolation
15
65
15
15 50 15
Circular Pocketing
R 10
30
Ø40
80
80
PAGE 57 OF 57