METRO TRAIN

PROTOTYPE
USING 8051

SUBMITTED BY:

SHOBHIT CHAUDHARY(EC 2nd ) IIMT MEERUT

Sumit KUMAR SINGH (EC 2nd ) IIMT MEERUT
Sumit ARORA (EC 2nd ) CERT MEERUT
SWADESH KUMAR MISHRA (EC 2nd ) BIT KANPUR
 Semiconductor Technologies
VEDANT
EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CERTIFICATE
To whom it May concern

This is to certified that sumit,Swadesh,shobhit

Has successfully completed their project on:

“ Metro train prototype using 8051”

with all its functionalities during the summer training course
from Semiconductor Technologies, “Vedant” his work was
authentic and conduct was diligent & sincere. The project
satisfies the norms of the company and was developed under
the guidance of Mr. Manoj kr. Srivastava, Ms. Nirmal Chauhan

Certificate is awaited

CERTIFIED BY:

Ms.Nirmal chauhan Mr.Sachin Kr. Kanodia

(Project Guide) (Center Head)

2
 A CKNOWLEDGEMENT

No academic endeavor can be single handedly

accomplished. This work is no exception.
At the outset, we would like to record our gratitude to Mr.
Sachin Kr. Kanodia for initiating us into this training.
We sincerely acknowledge our thanks to our project guide
Mr. Manoj kr. Srivastava, Ms. Nirmal Chauhan, for their
valuable suggestions and time to time consultation.
Last, but not the least, we would like to thank all the staff of
Design Department, Semiconductor Technologies, Vedant,
Lucknow especially Ms. Shilpa for their kind cooperation and
assistance during our training period.

-SUMIT KUMAR SINGH

-SUMIT ARORA
-SHOBHIT

3
-SWADESH

PREFACE
"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from
magic,"wrote ARTHUR C. CLARKE. Today, we can drive in a
voice activated car, get our clothes washed and dried in a
washing machine with in minutes, and read the temperature and
air pressure from our wrist watch .A musical greeting card has
more computing power than NASA'S lunar Lander had in 1969.
Thousand of people have embedded processors beneath their
skin, as pacemaker or hearing aids.

It is the embedded technology that makes all this possible.

Embedded system not only sit in our microwave ovens but also
help drive our cars, giving us directions to follow entertainment
through our journey, keeping us connected with anyone across
the globe and even warning us of potential danger. And is not far
off when you'll have a car similar to what JAMES BOND
drives!

Embedded technology plays a key role not only in consumer

electronics but also in much safety critical application like
avionics, space, railways and transport, process control and
medicine. But complexity creates problems too. A faulty
microprocessor or software may prove to be a costly affair. Your
favorite song on the MP3 player may sing a different tune. A car

4
can go up in flames if spark plugs misfire. Even the Boeing
aircraft may go off course. Fingers are then pointed at the system
developer or software engineer for writing a code that is not
robust. It's imperative for embedded application to be much
more reliable than their desktop counterparts.

5
 INDEX
S.No. Title Page
1. Introduction To Semiconductor 6
technologies - Vedant.
2. Introduction to Embedded Systems 8

3. Introduction to the Microcontroller 13

4. Block Diagram of the System 16

5. Introduction to the Keil Software 19

6. Introduction To The Project 20

7. Circuit Diagram 26

8. Program Code 27

9. Program List File 33

10. Bibliography 50

6
 S EMICONDUCTOR T ECHNOLOGIES -
VEDANT
AN ISO 9001:2000 C ERTIFIED I NSTITUTION
Semiconductor Technologies has always been in sync with the future. It
has understood and appreciated the needs of India, its people and its ever-
growing industry. Over the last six 20 years tell the saga of VEDANT
contribution in leading the national effort in the vital areas of
microelectronics.

M/s Semiconductor Technologies-VEDANT is India’s premier VLSI

Design & Embedded System Design organization since 2002. While
VEDANT is India’s pioneer in the field of VLSI Design & Embedded System
Design and Testing. VEDANT is providing Education & Training on VLSI
Design & Embedded System Design through ‘state-of-the-art’ lab facilities,
equipped with the Industry Standard tools. VLSI Design / Embedded
Systems Design Engineer design such Silicon chips…making a career in
VLSI Design / ESD is highly respected & rewarding one. Furthermore we

7
would like to bring in your notice that VEDANT is a member of “Indian
Semiconductor Association” as well. Semiconductor Technologies-
VEDANT (Now an ISO 9001: 2000 Certified Institution) is center for the
training crafted in VLSI/ESD education module followed with VLSI Design
software along with the FPGA programming & 8051 Microcontroller kit.

Vedant
VEDANT (VLSI design and training) is one of the prestigious projects
of SCL, a pioneer with vertically integrated facility in the country.

SCL VEDANT program covers the complete spectrum of VLSI design

inclusive of “front end”, “back end” and provides of exposure to the
IC fabrication process. Industry standard CAD tools are used for the
purpose of training backed up by project work under the guidance of
experts.

VEDANT (LUCKNOW CENTER) is the institute, which provides

training in VLSI design to students. The working environment is
concentrated on front-end design process. It runs two programs ‘PG
diploma in VLSI designing of four months and certificate course of
two months. It also provides Summer & Winter Training in VLSI
Design or Embedded System.

It has an advanced lab which is equipped with latest industry standard

Electronic Design Automation (EDA) and FPGA tools and 8051
Development Kits inclusive of

Model Sim 6.0a

Xilinx tools
FPGA Kit
8051 Development Kit
Keil Software

8
Flash Magic (Rom burning)

Introduction to Embedded Systems

The embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software
additional electrical & mechanical parts.
A computer is used in such devices primarily as a means to simplify the
system design and to provide flexibility.
• Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is
present.
• Electronic devices that incorporate a computer (usually a
microprocessor) within their implementation
These are Real-time systems process events.These events occur on
external inputs cause other events to occur as outputs.Minimizing
response time is usually a primary objective, or otherwise the entire
system may fail to operate properly.

Therefore Embedded systems employ the use of a RTOS (Real-Time

Operating System)
It is an Operating Systems with the necessary features to support a Real-
Time System
Real-Time System
A system where correctness depends not only on the correctness of the
logical result of the computation, but also on the result delivery time. It
responds in a timely, predictable way to unpredictable external stimuli
arrivals.

The real Time Systems can be further divided into two types:
 Soft Real-Time System
Compute output response as fast as possible, but no specific
deadlines that must be met.
 Hard Real-Time System

9
 Output response must be computed by specified deadline or system
fails.

Logical/Dig Computer
Programmin
ital Systems
g
Design Organization

Embedded
Embed Systems
ded
& DSP
Real
Advance
Time
d Control
System VLSI/ASI
Digital System
s C
Design s
&
(Synthesi
SoC
s)
Design

10
Programming Languages Used in New Embedded
Designs

90.0%

80.0%

70.0%
1998-1999
60.0%
1999-2000
50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%
Assembly C C++ Java Other

11
Micro Controllers Trend in the Embedded Systems

100.0%

80.0%

60.0%

40.0%

20.0%

0.0%
4-bit 8-bit 16-bit 32-bit 64-bit Special

12
Application of embedded systems in
sphere of life

 Consumer electronics

 Telecommunication

 Automobile

 Medical instrumentation

 Industrial control equipment

 Defense

 Communication satellite

 Data communication

 Internet appliances

13
 Introduction to microcontroller
A microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip, or, if you prefer, a single-
chip computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller
tells you that the device might be used to control objects, processes, or
events. Another term to describe a microcontroller is embedded
controller, because the microcontroller and its support circuits are often
built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.

You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of things these days. Any
device that measures, stores, controls, calculates, or displays information
is a candidate for putting a microcontroller inside. The largest single use
for microcontrollers is in automobiles—just about every car
manufactured today includes at least one microcontroller for engine
control, and often more to control additional systems in the car. In
desktop computers, you can find microcontrollers inside keyboards,
modems, printers, and other peripherals. In test equipment,
microcontrollers make it easy to add features such as the ability to store
measurements, to create and store user routines, and to display messages
and waveforms. Consumer products that use microcontrollers include
cameras, video recorders, compact-disk players, and ovens. And these
are just a few examples.

Microcontroller Basics

14
A microcontroller is similar to the microprocessor inside a personal
computer. Examples of microprocessors include Intel’s 8086, Motorola’s
68000, and Zilog’s Z80. Both microprocessors and microcontrollers
contain a central processing unit, or CPU. The CPU executes
instructions that perform the basic logic, math, and data-moving
functions of a computer. To make a complete computer, a
microprocessor requires memory for storing data and programs, and
input/output (I/O) interfaces for connecting external devices like
keyboards and displays. In contrast, a microcontroller is a single-chip
computer because it contains memory and I/O interfaces in addition to
the CPU. Because the amount of memory and interfaces that can fit on a
single chip is limited, microcontrollers tend to be used in smaller
systems that require little more than the microcontroller and a few
support components. Examples of popular microcontrollers are Intel’s
8052 (including the 8052-BASIC, which is the focus of this book),
Motorola’s 68HC11, and Zilog’s Z8.

Microcontroller History

To understand how microcontrollers fit into the always-expanding world

of computers, we need to look back to the roots of microcomputing.
In its January 1975 issue, Popular Electronics magazine featured an
article describing the Altair 8800 computer, which was the first
microcomputer that hobbyists could build and program themselves. The
basic Altair included no keyboard, video display, disk drives, or other
elements we now think of as essential elements of a personal computer.
Its 8080 microprocessor was programmed by flipping toggle switches on
the front panel. Standard RAM was 256 bytes and a kit version cost
$397 ($498 assembled). A breakthrough in the Altair’s usability
occurred when a small company called Microsoft offered a version of
the BASIC programming language for it. Of course, the computer world
has changed a lot since the introduction of the Altair. Microsoft has
become an enormous software publisher, and a typical personal
computer now includes a keyboard, video display, disk drives, and
Megabytes of RAM. What’s more, there’s no longer any need to build a

15
personal computer from scratch, since mass production has drastically
lowered the price of assembled systems. At most, building a personal
computer now involves only installing assembled boards and other major
components in an enclosure. A personal computer like Apple’s
Macintosh or IBM’s PC is a general-purpose machine, since you can use
it for many applications—word processing, spreadsheets, computer-
aided design, and more—just by loading the appropriate software from
disk into memory. Interfaces to personal computers are for the most part
standard ones like those to video displays, keyboards, and printers.
But along with cheap, powerful, and versatile personal computers has
developed a new interest in small, customized computers for specific
uses. Each of these small computers is dedicated to one task, or a set of
closely related tasks. Adding computer power to a device can enable it to
do more, or do it faster, better, or more cheaply. For example,
automobile engine controllers have helped to reduce harmful exhaust
emissions. And microcontrollers inside computer modems have made it
easy to add features and abilities beyond the basic computer-to-phone-
line interface. In addition to their use in mass-produced products like
these, it’s also become feasible to design computer power into one-of-a-
kind projects, such as an environmental controller for a scientific study
or an intelligent test fixture that ensures that a product meets its
specifications before it’s shipped to a customer. At the core of many of
these specialized computers is a microcontroller. The computer’s
program is typically stored permanently in semiconductor memory such
as ROM or EPROM. The interfaces between the microcontroller and the
outside world vary with the application, and may include a small display,
a keypad or switches, sensors, relays, motors, and so on.
These small, special-purpose computers are sometimes called single-
board computers, or SBCs. The term can be misleading, however, since
the computer doesn’t have to be on a single circuit board, and many
types of computer systems, such as laptop and notebook computers, are
now manufactured on a single board.

16
 Block diagram of the 80C51
Microcontroller

17
Pin Diagram of the 40 Pin DIP package of the 80C51

18
8051 architecture contains the following:

19
 8 bit CPU with registers A and B

 16 bit program counter(PC) and data pointer(DPTR)

 8 bit program status word(PSW)

 8 bit stack pointer

 Internal ROM of 0(8031) to 4K(8051)

 Internal RAM of 128 Bytes

 4 register banks 00-1f

 16 bytes(bit addressable) 20-2f

 80 bytes of general purpose data memory 30-7f

 32 I/O pins arranged as four 8 bit ports (P0 – P3)

 2 16-bit timer/counters: T0 and T1

 Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF

 Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IPand IE

 2 external and 3 internal interrupt sources

 Oscillator and clock circuits

20
 INTRODUCTION TO THE KEIL SOFTWARE
The Keil Software 8051 development tools are listed below. These are
the programs that will perform the following:

 Compile C Code
 Assemble the assembly source files.
 Link & Locate the object modules & the libraries.
 Create the HEX files.
 Debug the Target Program.

Micro Vision 2 is an interegated development Environment that

Combines
 Project management
 Source Code Editing
 Program debugging.

CSI ANSI: It is an optyimizing c Cross compiler that creates relocatable

object modules from the C code.

ASI Macro Assembler : It assembles the assembly language program

from the source code.

The BL51 linker/locator: It combines relocatable object modules that are

created by the relocatable object6 modules created by the c51 compiler
and the A51 assembler into absolute object module.

The LIB51 library manager combines object modules into libraries that
may be used by the linker.

The OH51 Object HEX converter creates Intel Hex files fro0m the
absolute object module.

21
 The RTX51 real time operating system simpifies the design of the
complex, time critical software projects.
INTRODUCTION TO THE
PROJECT
This project is designed to demonstrate the technology used in the now a
day’s driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed
countries like Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped
with the CPU, which controls the train. The train is programmed for the
specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the
train and distance between the two stations is predefined.

In this project
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains.
We are using microcontroller 89c51 as CPU. The motion of the train is
controlled by the stepper motor, for displaying message in the train we
are using intelligent LCD display of two lines. The train is designed for
three stations, named as Bodhgaya, Rajgir, Nalanda .the stoppage time is
of 3 sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6sec.there is a
LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers.
There are indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. UP
path and DOWN path. Before stopping at station the train blows the
buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system due to which the
train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when
the emergency situation is over.

22
So this project gives an illustration of actual modern metro train
controlled through embedded electronics control system.
Implementation: This project is implemented using the following kit

VPL-ET: VPL-ET Embedded trainer has been design by using

Phillips 879C61X2/ microchip PIC16F877/ Motorola 68HC11 Micro
controller. This controller provide in –system as well as in application
programming so that one may be able to write program and download
directly in the controller through serial port without removing it from
the system
System Specification

1. CPU: Phillips 879C61X2/ microchip PIC16F877/ Motorola 68HC11

2. 16 x 2 LCD Module (HY1602F4)

3. Six seven segment display

4. Stepper motor controller interface

5. 8 x 8 LED Matrix Display

6. ADC/DAC interface

7. Four data switches

8. Switch array

9. AT 24C16 Serial EEPROM

23
 Interfacing an LCD to the 8051

LCD Operation:
Our project chose LCD over Seven Segment Displays due to
the following reasons:
1)Ease of program of charcters.
2)Ascii Values could be directly sent to the LCD.
3)In built command words to control Display.

24
PIN DESCRIPTION OF LCD

PIN Symbol I/O Description

1 V -- Ground
2 V -- +5V Power
supply
3 V -- Power supply
for contrast
control
4 RS I 0 :Command
Reg.
1 : Data Reg.
5 R/W I 0: Write1: Read
6 E I/O Enable
7 DB0 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
8 DB1 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
9 DB2 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
10 DB3 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
11 DB4 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
12 DB5 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
13 DB6 I/O 8-bit Data Bus
14 DB7 I/O 8-bit Data Bus

VCC , VSS , VEE

25
 VCC- provides +5 volt
VSS provides gnd
VEE is used to control LCD contrast

RS ( Register Select )

RS pin is used to select between the two different registers :

DATA register & the
COMMAND register .
RS=0 => Select the command register
RS=1 => Select the data register

R/W ( Read / Write )

R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or

read information from it.
R/W =1 => when reading
R/W =0 => when writing

E ( Enable)

The Enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information

presented to its data pins . When data is supplied to data pins ,
a HIGH to LOW pulse must be applied to this pin in order for
the LCD to latch in the data present in the data pins. This pulse
must be a minimum of 450 ns wide.

D0 – D7

26
 The 8 – bit data pins ( d0 – D7) are used to send information
to the LCD or read the content of the LCD internal Register.
To display letters and numbers , we send ASCII codes for
the letter A-Z , a-z & 0-9 to these pins while makin RS = 1.
There are also Instruction Command Codes that can be sent
to the LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home
position or blink the cursor.

The following table lists the instruction command codes:

Code ( HEX) Command to LCD instuction Register

1 Clear display screen
2 Return Home
4 Decrement Cursor ( shift cursor to Left)
6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right )
5 Shift display right
7 Shift display left
8 Display off , Cursor off
A Display off , Cursor on
C Display on , Cursor off
E Display on , Cursor blinking
F Display on , Cursor Blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift the entire display to the left
1C Shift the entire display to the right
80 Force cursor to beginning of 1st line
C0 Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line
38 2 Lines and 5x7 matrix

27
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

28
 Port 0 pins
connected to LCD
data lines
LEDs

8
0
displaying 5
message)
DISPLAY

1
LCD

(For

the

Port 2 pins connected to

LCD control lines (p2.0-
RW/p2.1- RS/p2.2-EN)

Project Code

/*PROGRAM FOR METRO RAILWAY PROTOTYPE */

29
org 300h
c1:db 'WELCOME TO LKO',0
c2:db 'U R IN:-',0
c3:db 'NEXT STATION:-',0
c4: db 'MORADABAD',0
c6:db 'BAREILY',0
c5:db 'MEERUT',0
c7:db'MADE BY SHOBHIT',0
c8:db'TAUFIQUE',0
org 0h
mov a,#38h
acall cmnwrt
acall delay
mov a,#01h
acall cmnwrt
acall delay
mov a,#0eh
acall cmnwrt
acall Delay
mov a,#80h
acall cmnwrt
acall delay
mov dptr,#c1
a1:mov a,#0h
movc a,@a+dptr
acall datawrt

30
 acall delay
acall delay
jz loop
inc dptr
sjmp a1
loop:
mov a,#01h
acall cmnwrt
acall delay
acall delay
acall delay
mov a,#081h
acall cmnwrt
mov dptr,#c2
a2: clr a
movc a,@a+dptr
acall datawrt
acall delay1
acall delay1
acall delay1
jz pl
inc dptr
sjmp a2
pl:
mov a,#089h
acall cmnwrt
mov dptr,#c4
a3: clr a

31
 movc a,@a+dptr
acall datawrt
acall delay
jz ul
inc dptr
sjmp a3
ul:mov a,#01h
acall cmnwrt
acall delay
acall delay
acall delay
mov a,#81h
acall cmnwrt
mov dptr,#c6
a4: clr a
movc a,@a+dptr
acall datawrt
acall delay1
acall delay1
acall delay1
jz df
inc dptr
sjmp a4
df:
mov a,#01h
acall cmnwrt
acall delay
mov a,#80h

32
acall cmnwrt
mov dptr,#c3
a5:clr a
movc a,@a+dptr
acall datawrt
acall delay1
acall delay1
acall delay1
jz ty
inc dptr
sjmp a5
ty:
mov a,#0c9h
acall cmnwrt
mov dptr,#c5
a6:clr a
movc a,@a+dptr
acall datawrt
acall delay
acall delay
acall delay
jz rv
inc dptr
sjmp a6
rv:mov a,#01h
acall cmnwrt
acall delay
mov a,#80h

33
mov dptr,#c7
a7:clr a
movc a,@a+dptr
acall datawrt
acall delay1
acall delay1
acall delay1
jz gh
inc dptr
sjmp a7
gh:mov a,#0c0h
acall cmnwrt
acall delay
mov dptr,#c8
a8:clr a
movc a,@a+dptr
acall datawrt
acall delay
acall delay
inc dptr
sjmp a8
again:sjmp again
cmnwrt:
mov p0,a
clr p2.0
clr p2.1
setb p2.2
acall delay

34
 clr p2.2
ret
datawrt:
mov p0,a
setb p2.1
clr p2.0
setb p2.2
acall delay
clr p2.2
ret
delay:mov r3,#70
here2:mov r4,#250
here:djnz r4,here
djnz r3,here2
delay1:mov r1,#240
def:mov r2,#250
jkl:djnz r2,jkl
djnz r1,def
ret
end

Program List File

35
A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER METRO2
07/04/2009 16:09:48 PAGE 1

MACRO ASSEMBLER A51 V8.00

OBJECT MODULE PLACED IN .\metro2.obj
ASSEMBLER INVOKED BY: C:\Keil\C51\BIN\A51.EXE \\System-
7\E\ribhu1\metro2.asm SET(SMALL) DEBUG PRINT(.\metro2.lst) OBJECT
(.\metro2.obj) EP

LOC OBJ LINE SOURCE

0300 1 org 300h

0300 57454C43 2 c1:db 'WELCOME TO lko',0
0304 4F4D4520
0308 544F206C
030C 6B6F00
030F 55205220 3 c2:db 'U R IN:-',0
0313 494E3A2D
0317 00
0318 4E455854 4 c3:db 'NEXT STATION:-',0
031C 20535441
0320 54494F4E
0324 3A2D00
0327 554E4E41 5 c4: db 'UNNAO',0
032B 4F00
032D 47414E47 6 c6:db'GANGA RIVER',0
0331 41205249
0335 56455200
0339 4B414E50 7 c5:db 'KANPUR',0
033D 555200
0340 4D414445 8 c7:db'MADE BY PREETI',0
0344 20425920
0348 50524545
034C 544900
034F 52494248 9 c8:db'RIBHU & RUCHIKA',0
0353 55202620
0357 52554348
035B 494B4100
0000 10 org 0h

36
0000 7438 11 mov a,#38h
0002 11DD 12 acall cmnwrt
0004 11F7 13 acall delay
0006 7401 14 mov a,#01h
0008 11DD 15 acall cmnwrt
000A 11F7 16 acall delay
000C 740E 17 mov a,#0eh
000E 11DD 18 acall cmnwrt
0010 11F7 19 acall Delay
0012 7480 20 mov a,#80h
0014 11DD 21 acall cmnwrt
0016 11F7 22 acall delay
0018 900300 23 mov dptr,#c1
001B 7400 24 a1:mov a,#0h
001D 93 25 movc a,@a+dptr
001E 11EA 26 acall datawrt
0020 11F7 27 acall delay
0022 11F7 28 acall delay
0024 6003 29 jz loop
0026 A3 30 inc dptr
0027 80F2 31 sjmp a1
0029 32 loop:
0029 7401 33 mov a,#01h
002B 11DD 34 acall cmnwrt
002D 11F7 35 acall delay
002F 11F7 36 acall delay
0031 11F7 37 acall delay
0033 7481 38 mov a,#081h
0035 11DD 39 acall cmnwrt

37
A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER METRO2
07/04/2009 16:09:48 PAGE 2

0037 90030F 40 mov dptr,#c2

003A E4 41 a2: clr a
003B 93 42 movc a,@a+dptr
003C 11EA 43 acall datawrt
003E 11FF 44 acall delay1
0040 11FF 45 acall delay1
0042 11FF 46 acall delay1
0044 6003 47 jz pl
0046 A3 48 inc dptr
0047 80F1 49 sjmp a2
0049 50 pl:
0049 7489 51 mov a,#089h
004B 11DD 52 acall cmnwrt
004D 900327 53 mov dptr,#c4
0050 E4 54 a3: clr a
0051 93 55 movc a,@a+dptr
0052 11EA 56 acall datawrt
0054 11F7 57 acall delay
0056 6003 58 jz ul
0058 A3 59 inc dptr
0059 80F5 60 sjmp a3
005B 7401 61 ul:mov a,#01h
005D 11DD 62 acall cmnwrt
005F 11F7 63 acall delay
0061 11F7 64 acall delay
0063 11F7 65 acall delay
0065 7481 66 mov a,#81h
0067 11DD 67 acall cmnwrt
0069 90032D 68 mov dptr,#c6
006C E4 69 a4: clr a
006D 93 70 movc a,@a+dptr
006E 11EA 71 acall datawrt
0070 11FF 72 acall delay1
0072 11FF 73 acall delay1
0074 11FF 74 acall delay1
0076 6003 75 jz df
0078 A3 76 inc dptr
0079 80F1 77 sjmp a4
007B 78 df:

38
007B 7401 79 mov a,#01h
007D 11DD 80 acall cmnwrt
007F 11F7 81 acall delay
0081 7480 82 mov a,#80h
0083 11DD 83 acall cmnwrt
0085 900318 84 mov dptr,#c3
0088 E4 85 a5:clr a
0089 93 86 movc a,@a+dptr
008A 11EA 87 acall datawrt
008C 11FF 88 acall delay1
008E 11FF 89 acall delay1
0090 11FF 90 acall delay1
0092 6003 91 jz ty
0094 A3 92 inc dptr
0095 80F1 93 sjmp a5
0097 94 ty:
0097 74C9 95 mov a,#0c9h
0099 11DD 96 acall cmnwrt
009B 900339 97 mov dptr,#c5
009E E4 98 a6:clr a
009F 93 99 movc a,@a+dptr
00A0 11EA 100 acall datawrt
00A2 11F7 101 acall delay
00A4 11F7 102 acall delay
00A6 11F7 103 acall delay
00A8 6003 104 jz rv
00AA A3 105 inc dptr

39
A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER METRO2
07/04/2009 16:09:48 PAGE 3

00AB 80F1 106 sjmp a6

00AD 7401 107 rv:mov a,#01h
00AF 11DD 108 acall cmnwrt
00B1 11F7 109 acall delay
00B3 7480 110 mov a,#80h
00B5 900340 111 mov dptr,#c7
00B8 E4 112 a7:clr a
00B9 93 113 movc a,@a+dptr
00BA 11EA 114 acall datawrt
00BC 11FF 115 acall delay1
00BE 11FF 116 acall delay1
00C0 11FF 117 acall delay1
00C2 6003 118 jz gh
00C4 A3 119 inc dptr
00C5 80F1 120 sjmp a7
00C7 74C0 121 gh:mov a,#0c0h
00C9 11DD 122 acall cmnwrt
00CB 11F7 123 acall delay
00CD 90034F 124 mov dptr,#c8
00D0 E4 125 a8:clr a
00D1 93 126 movc a,@a+dptr
00D2 11EA 127 acall datawrt
00D4 11F7 128 acall delay
00D6 11F7 129 acall delay
00D8 A3 130 inc dptr
00D9 80F5 131 sjmp a8
00DB 80FE 132 again:sjmp again
00DD 133 cmnwrt:
00DD F580 134 mov p0,a
00DF C2A0 135 clr p2.0
00E1 C2A1 136 clr p2.1
00E3 D2A2 137 setb p2.2
00E5 11F7 138 acall delay
00E7 C2A2 139 clr p2.2
00E9 22 140 ret
00EA 141 datawrt:
00EA F580 142 mov p0,a
00EC D2A1 143 setb p2.1
00EE C2A0 144 clr p2.0

40
00F0 D2A2 145 setb p2.2
00F2 11F7 146 acall delay
00F4 C2A2 147 clr p2.2
00F6 22 148 ret
00F7 7B46 149 delay:mov r3,#70
00F9 7CFA 150 here2:mov r4,#250
00FB DCFE 151 here:djnz r4,here
00FD DBFA 152 djnz r3,here2
00FF 79F0 153 delay1:mov r1,#240
0101 7AFA 154 def:mov r2,#250
0103 DAFE 155 jkl:djnz r2,jkl
0105 D9FA 156 djnz r1,def
0107 22 157 ret
158 end

41
A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER METRO2
07/04/2009 16:09:48 PAGE 4

SYMBOL TABLE LISTING

------ ----- -------

NAME TYPE VALUE ATTRIBUTES

A1 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 001BH A
A2 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 003AH A
A3 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0050H A
A4 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 006CH A
A5 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0088H A
A6 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 009EH A
A7 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00B8H A
A8 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00D0H A
AGAIN. . . . . . . C ADDR 00DBH A
C1 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0300H A
C2 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 030FH A
C3 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0318H A
C4 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0327H A
C5 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0339H A
C6 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 032DH A
C7 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0340H A
C8 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 034FH A
CMNWRT . . . . . . C ADDR 00DDH A
DATAWRT. . . . . . C ADDR 00EAH A
DEF. . . . . . . . C ADDR 0101H A
DELAY. . . . . . . C ADDR 00F7H A
DELAY1 . . . . . . C ADDR 00FFH A
DF . . . . . . . . C ADDR 007BH A
GH . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00C7H A
HERE . . . . . . . C ADDR 00FBH A
HERE2. . . . . . . C ADDR 00F9H A
JKL. . . . . . . . C ADDR 0103H A
LOOP . . . . . . . C ADDR 0029H A
P0 . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0080H A
P2 . . . . . . . . D ADDR 00A0H A
PL . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0049H A
RV . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00ADH A
TY . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0097H A

42
UL . . . . . . . . C ADDR 005BH A

REGISTER BANK(S) USED: 0

ASSEMBLY COMPLETE. 0 WARNING(S), 0 ERROR(S)

43
A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER METRO2
07/03/2009 15:42:10 PAGE 4

0130 7AFA 179 def:mov r2,#250

0132 DAFE 180 jkl:djnz r2,jkl
0134 D9FA 181 djnz r1,def
0136 22 182 ret
183 end

44
A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER METRO2
07/03/2009 15:42:10 PAGE 5

SYMBOL TABLE LISTING

------ ----- -------

N A M E T Y P E V A L U E ATTRIBUTES

A1 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 001DH A
A2 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 003EH A
A3 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0054H A
A4 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0072H A
A5 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0090H A
A6 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00A6H A
AGAIN. . . . . . . C ADDR 00B3H A
C1 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0300H A
C2 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 030FH A
C3 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0318H A
C4 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0327H A
C5 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0339H A
C6 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 032DH A
CMNWRT . . . . . . C ADDR 00B5H A
D1 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00D1H A
D11. . . . . . . . C ADDR 00FDH A
D2 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00DDH A
D3 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00EBH A
DATAWRT. . . . . . C ADDR 00C2H A
DD2. . . . . . . . C ADDR 0109H A
DD3. . . . . . . . C ADDR 0117H A
DEF. . . . . . . . C ADDR 0130H A
DELAY. . . . . . . C ADDR 0126H A
DELAY1 . . . . . . C ADDR 012EH A
DF . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0081H A
HERE . . . . . . . C ADDR 012AH A
HERE2. . . . . . . C ADDR 0128H A
JKL. . . . . . . . C ADDR 0132H A
LOOP . . . . . . . C ADDR 002BH A
P0 . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0080H A
P1 . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0090H A
P2 . . . . . . . . D ADDR 00A0H A
P3 . . . . . . . . D ADDR 00B0H A
PL . . . . . . . . C ADDR 004DH A
RIBHU. . . . . . . C ADDR 00CFH A
RIBHU1 . . . . . . C ADDR 00FBH A
TY . . . . . . . . C ADDR 009FH A
UL . . . . . . . . C ADDR 005FH A

REGISTER BANK(S) USED: 0

ASSEMBLY COMPLETE. 0 WARNING(S), 0 ERROR(S)

45
SYMBOL TABLE LISTING
------ ----- -------

NAME T Y P E V A L U E ATTRIBUTES

A1 . . . . . . . . C ADDR 002EH A
AGAIN. . . . . . . C ADDR 01F8H A
AGAIN1 . . . . . . C ADDR 0210H A
AGAIN10. . . . . . C ADDR 02D5H A
AGAIN11. . . . . . C ADDR 02E3H A
AGAIN12. . . . . . C ADDR 02FBH A
AGAIN13. . . . . . C ADDR 0315H A
AGAIN14. . . . . . C ADDR 0323H A
AGAIN15. . . . . . C ADDR 033BH A
AGAIN16. . . . . . C ADDR 0355H A
AGAIN17. . . . . . C ADDR 0363H A
AGAIN2 . . . . . . C ADDR 021EH A
AGAIN3 . . . . . . C ADDR 0236H A
AGAIN4 . . . . . . C ADDR 0250H A
AGAIN5 . . . . . . C ADDR 025EH A
AGAIN6 . . . . . . C ADDR 0276H A
AGAIN7 . . . . . . C ADDR 0290H A
AGAIN8 . . . . . . C ADDR 029EH A
AGAIN9 . . . . . . C ADDR 02BDH A
AGAINA . . . . . . C ADDR 0030H A
ALLAHABAD. . . . . C ADDR 0045H A
BACK1. . . . . . . C ADDR 0196H A
BACK3. . . . . . . C ADDR 01B5H A
BACKA. . . . . . . C ADDR 01BAH A
BACKB. . . . . . . C ADDR 019BH A
BACKC. . . . . . . C ADDR 01D4H A
BACKD. . . . . . . C ADDR 01CCH A
BACKE. . . . . . . C ADDR 018EH A
BACKF. . . . . . . C ADDR 01ADH A
BHADOHI. . . . . . C ADDR 0035H A
CS . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00B5H A
D. . . . . . . . . C ADDR 02A5H A
DELAY. . . . . . . C ADDR 01C7H A
DELAY1 . . . . . . C ADDR 0189H A
DELAY3 . . . . . . C ADDR 01A8H A
DELAYA . . . . . . C ADDR 002CH A

46
 DOWNJOURNEY. . . . C ADDR 0081H A
LCD_CMD. . . . . . C ADDR 0002H A
LCD_WRITE. . . . . C ADDR 000FH A
LED1 . . . . . . . C ADDR 012DH A
LED3 . . . . . . . C ADDR 015BH A
MAIN . . . . . . . C ADDR 036AH A
OUT. . . . . . . . C ADDR 01BEH A
OUT1 . . . . . . . C ADDR 019FH A
P0 . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0080H A
P1 . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0090H A
P2 . . . . . . . . D ADDR 00A0H A
P3 . . . . . . . . D ADDR 00B0H A
PN . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00F5H A
TF0. . . . . . . . B ADDR 0088H.5 A
TH0. . . . . . . . D ADDR 008CH A
TL0. . . . . . . . D ADDR 008AH A
TMOD . . . . . . . D ADDR 0089H A
TR0. . . . . . . . B ADDR 0088H.4 A
U. . . . . . . . . C ADDR 01E0H A
UPJOURNEY. . . . . C ADDR 0055H A
VARANASI . . . . . C ADDR 001CH A

REGISTER BANK(S) USED: 0

A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER METRO1
05/14/2009 11:25:12 PAGE 10

ASSEMBLY COMPLETE. 0 WARNING(S), 0 ERROR(S

47
 BIBLIOGYRAPHY
Books:
• Title: The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System.
Author: Muhammad Ali Mazidi & Janice Gillispie
Mazidi.
Publication: Pearson Education.

• Title: Embedded Systems: Architecture, Programming &

Design.
Author: Raj Kamal
Publication: Tata McGraw Hill

• Title: Programming & Customizing the 8051 Microcontroller

Author: Myke Predko
Publication: Tata McGraw Hill

• Title: The 8051 Microcontroller

Author: J. H. Ayala
Publication: Eastern Economy Edition

Magazines:

ELECTRONICS FOR YOU, APRIL 2005.

Websites:

• SOFTWARE: www.keil.com
• Down loader: www.easacademy.com
• Reference: www.efymag.com
48
• Datasheets: www.datasheetarchive.com

49