Proximity sensors

Optical – Through-beam Inductive Capacitive

Optical – Retro-reflective Reed switch Symbols

Optical - Diffuse Inductive magnetic Connection

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)

Type : Through-beam

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)

Type : Through-beam

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam
Targe
t

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam Targe
t

Transmitter Receiver

Long sensing distance: up to 30 metres with some devices

Will detect all but very transparent materials
Must be accurately aligned

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective Target

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)

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 Optical sensors (Retro-reflective)
Type : Retro reflective

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Reflector
(prismatic)
Sensing distance : 1/2 to 1/3 of through-beam type
Not suitable for reflective or transparent targets
Target should be larger than the reflector

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 Optical sensors (Diffuse)
Type : Diffuse

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 Optical sensors (Diffuse)
Type : Diffuse Target

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Diffuse)
Type : Diffuse

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Diffuse)
Type : Diffuse

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Diffuse)
Type : Diffuse

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Diffuse)
Type : Diffuse

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Diffuse)
Type : Diffuse

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

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 Optical sensors (Diffuse)
Type : Diffuse

T
Transmitter R
/Receiver

Sensing distance: much less than reflex type, actual distance depends on colour and
reflective nature of the surface
Larger targets result in longer sensing distances
Not suitable for dirty environments

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 Inductive sensors

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 Inductive sensors

High frequency magnetic

field
(300 to 800 kHz)

Active surface

Resonant circuit coil

LED indicator

Connection cable

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 Targ
et
Inductive sensors

Sensor

Oscillation
Amplitude

Sensor ON
output
signal OFF

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 Target

Inductive sensors

Sensor

Oscillation
Amplitude

Sensor ON
output
signal OFF

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 Target

Inductive sensors

Sensor

Oscillation
Amplitude

Sensor ON
output
signal OFF

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 Target

Inductive sensors

Sensor

Oscillation
Amplitude

Sensor ON
output
signal OFF

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 Target

Inductive sensors

Sensor

Oscillation
Amplitude

Sensor ON
output
signal OFF

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 Target

Inductive sensors

Sensor

Oscillation
Amplitude

Sensor ON
output
signal OFF

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 Target

Inductive sensors

Sensor

Oscillation
Amplitude

Sensor ON
output
signal OFF

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 Target

Inductive sensors

Sensor

Oscillation
Amplitude

Sensor ON
output
signal OFF

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 Target

Inductive sensors

Sensor

Oscillation
Amplitude

Sensor ON
output
signal OFF

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 Inductive sensors
Will detect any conductive material
Quoted distances are for mild steel
Sensor performance can be affected by:
• Temperature
• Target material
• Target dimensions

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 Reed switch

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 Reed switch

Glass Tube filled Reed LED

with nitrogen contacts indicator

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 Reed switch

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 Reed switch

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 Reed switch

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 Reed switch

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 Reed switch

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 Reed switch

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 Reed switch

24v

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 Reed switch

24v

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 Reed switch
Interference from other magnetic fields must be avoided.
If positioned in mid stroke, switching point will vary depending on direction of approach.
Maximum current must be limited to avoid burning of the reed contacts.

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 Inductive magnetic sensor

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 Inductive magnetic sensor

Connection Resonant circuit High LED

cable coil frequency Indicator
magnetic
field

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 Inductive magnetic sensor

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 Inductive magnetic sensor

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 Inductive magnetic sensor

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 Inductive magnetic sensor

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 Inductive magnetic sensor

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 Inductive magnetic sensor

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 Inductive magnetic sensor
Inductive principle of operation - but only reacts to magnetic fields
Interference from other magnetic fields must be avoided.
Solid state device - higher switching frequency - 1kHz

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 Capacitive sensor

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 Capacitive sensor
Electrostatic field
Sensor is looking for a
change in capacitance in the
active field Active surface

Active electrode

Earth electrode

LED indicator

Adjusting screw

Connection cable

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 Capacitive sensor Target

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 Capacitive sensor

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 Capacitive sensor

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 Capacitive sensor

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 Capacitive sensor
Detects any material denser than air (as
long as there is enough of it)
Can be adjusted for sensitivity
Can be affected by dusty environments

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 Capacitive sensor

Sensor is adjusted so that

it does not ‘see’ the wall of
the vessel.

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 Capacitive sensor

As the level rises the fluid

affects the sensor field.

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 Capacitive sensor

Until the sensor switches.

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 Sensor symbols

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 Sensor symbols
Inductive

Capacitive
+ 18 to 30 Volts
DC. Optical

Output Magnetic

Ultrasonic

Normally
0V open

Normally
closed

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 Sensor symbols
Capacitive Sensor with
Normally open function

+ 18 to 30 Volts
DC.

Output

0V

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 Sensor connection

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 Sensor connection
24v
PNP Type DC

• Output is Positive
+ 18 to 30 Volts DC
• Positive switching

Output

0V

0v

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 Sensor connection
24v
NPN Type DC

• Output switches
+ 18 to 30 Volts DC
through to 0v
• Negative switching

Output

0V

0v

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 Sensor connection

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 Sensor connection
Inductive

Capacitive
+ 18 to 30 Volts
DC. Optical

Output Magnetic

Ultrasonic

Normally
0V open

Normally
closed

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 Inductive sensor Targe
t
Will detect any conductive material
Quoted distances are for mild steel
Sensor
Sensor performance can be affected by:-
• Temperature
• Target material
• Target dimensions.

Oscillation
Amplitude

Sensor
ON
output
signal OF
F
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 Capacitive sensor
Detects any material denser than air.
(as long as there is enough of it)
Can be adjusted for sensitivity
Can be affected by dusty environments

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 Optical sensors
Type: Through-beam
Long sensing distance : up to 30 metres
with some devices
Target
Will detect all but very transparent
materials
Must be accurately aligned

Transmitter Receiver

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 Optical sensors
Type: Retro-reflective
Sensing distance : 1/2 to 1/3 of through-
beam type.
Not suitable for reflective or transparent
targets
Target should be larger
than the reflector
T
R

Transmitter / Receiver Reflector

(prismatic)

© Festo Didactic – Training and Consulting Sensors 17.10.03 No. 88 / 91

 Optical sensors
Type : Diffuse
Sensing distance : much less than reflex
type, actual distance depends on colour
and reflective nature of the surface
Larger targets result in longer sensing
distances
Not suitable for dirty
environments
T
R

Transmitter /
Receiver

© Festo Didactic – Training and Consulting Sensors 17.10.03 No. 89 / 91

 Reed switch
Interference from other
magnetic fields must be
avoided.
If positioned in mid stroke,
switching point will vary
depending on direction of
approach.
Maximum current must be
limited to avoid burning of the
reed contacts.

© Festo Didactic – Training and Consulting Sensors 17.10.03 No. 90 / 91

 Inductive magnetic sensor
Inductive principle of operation - but
only reacts to magnetic fields
Interference from other magnetic
fields must be avoided
Solid state device - higher switching
frequency - 1kHz

© Festo Didactic – Training and Consulting Sensors 17.10.03 No. 91 / 91