1st Sessional Examination Feb-2013

Department : ECE / EE Semester : 4th Sem.(2nd Year)

Subject: Analog Electronics Date:

Paper Code: EE-202-F Session :

Max.Marks: 20 Time: 90 Min.

Note: Out of five questions attempt any four Questions. All questions carry equal

marks.

Q1. Draw the circuit of Bridge Rectifier and explain its working with the help of

input and output wave-shapes (5)

Q2. Explain the working of a voltage multiplier. (5)

Q3. What is the need of Filter in a Rectifier Circuit? Explain (5)

Q4. Draw The Out-Put Characteristics in Common Base Configuration of Transistor. (5)

Q5.Write a short note on any three of the following:

a. Peak Inverse Voltage (5)

b. Maximum Forward Current
c. Clipping Circuits
d. Transistor

Solution
Bridge Rectifier:-
A Bridge Rectifier is a type of Fullwave rectifier and A full-wave rectifier allows
current to flow during both the positive and negative half cycles.The working of
a bridge rectifier and its wave-shapes are explained below with the help of neat
and clean diagram.

Voltage Multiplier:-

Voltage multiplier circuits use a combination of diodes and capacitors to step up

the output voltage of rectifier circuits.
They can be classified as:-
Voltage Doubler
Voltage Tripler
Voltage Quadrupler
This half-wave voltage doubler’s output can be calculated by: Vout = VC2 = 2Vm
where Vm = peak secondary voltage of the transformer

• Positive Half-Cycle
o D1 conducts
o D2 is switched off
o Capacitor C1 charges to Vm
• Negative Half-Cycle
o D1 is switched off
o D2 conducts
o Capacitor C2 charges to Vm
Vout = VC2 = 2Vm

Filter Circuits :-

A power supply must provide ripple free DC power from an A.C. sourse. But
the output of a rectifier circuit contains ripple components in addition to a D.C.
It is necessary to include a filter between the rectifier and the loads in order to
eliminate these ripple components.
Ripple components are high frequency A.C. Signals in the D.C output of the
rectifier,these are not desirable, so they must be filtered. So filter circuits are
used.

Many types of passive filters are in use such as.

 Shunt capacitor filter
 Series inductor filter
 Chock input (LC) filter
 Pi(π) section filter or CLC filter or capacitor input filter .

Transistor Out-Put Characteristic:-

Input Characteristics:-
Graphical relationship between input current IE and input voltage VEB for various
levels of output voltage VCB
Output Characteristics:-
Graphical relationship between output current IC and output voltage VCB for
various levels of input current IE
a. Peak inverse voltage (PIV):-
It is the max. voltage a diode can survive under reverse biasd condition.

b. Max. Forward current (If).:-

It is the maximum current that can flow through the diode under forward
bias condition.

c. Clipping Circuits:-

The clipping circuit, also referred to as clipper, clips off some of the portions of
the input signal and uses the clipped signal as the output signal.
There are two types of clipper circuits, the series and parallel diode clipping
circuits.
1.Series Diode Clipping Circuit
2. Parallel Diode Clipping Circuit

d.Transistor:-
A Transistor is a three layer, three junction, three terminal NPN or PNP
semiconductor switching device. Its three terminals are named as emitter, base
and collector. Its Schematic Symbols are drawn below.
The MOSFET

As well as the Junction Field Effect Transistor, there is another type of Field Effect Transistor available
whose Gate input is electrically insulated from the main current carrying channel and is therefore called
an Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor. The most common type of insulated gate FET or IGFET as
it is sometimes called, is the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor or MOSFET for
short.

The MOSFET type of field effect transistor has a "Metal Oxide" gate (usually silicon dioxide commonly
known as glass), which is electrically insulated from the main semiconductor N-channel or P-channel.
This isolation of the controlling gate makes the input resistance of the MOSFET extremely high in the
Mega-ohms region and almost infinite. As the gate terminal is isolated from the main current carrying
channel ""NO current flows into the gate"" and like the JFET, the MOSFET also acts like a voltage
controlled resistor. Also like the JFET, this very high input resistance can easily accumulate large static
charges resulting in the MOSFET becoming easily damaged unless carefully handled or protected.

Basic MOSFET Structure and Symbol

We also saw previously that the gate of a JFET must be biased in such a way as to forward-bias the PN
junction but in a MOSFET device no such limitations applies so it is possible to bias the gate in either
polarity. This makes MOSFET's specially valuable as electronic switches or to make logic gates
because with no bias they are normally non-conducting and the high gate resistance means that very
little control current is needed. Both the P-channel and the N-channel MOSFET is available in two basic
forms, the Enhancement type and the Depletion type.