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Seepage and percolation in the project area can be determined by using reference values
given in Table 1.
3
or
Effective rainfall (ER) is the total rainfall minus runoff minus evaporation and minus deep
percolation. Only the water retained in the root zone can be used by the plants, and
represents what is called the effective part of the rainwater. The term effective rainfall is used
to define this fraction of the total amount of rainwater useful for meeting the water need of
the crops.
To estimate the fraction of the total rainfall which is used effectively by crops, the following
formulas can be applied, which applies in areas with a maximum slope of 4 to 5 percent:
4
and
Land preparation water requirement shall be calculated as the total of land soaking water
requirement, standing water and replenishment for evaporation.
Mathematically,
Information on the depth of the crop root zone and soil physical properties shall be obtained.
Land soaking requirement shall be computed using the formula:
(Eq. 5)
Seepage and percolation in farm ditches can be determined by using reference values of
seepage and percolation and canal dimensions:
where: (S&P) Seepage and percolation rate, mm/day (design values for the
field given in Table 1 can be used)
P Wetted perimeter of farm ditch, m
L Length of farm ditch, m
Note: Equation 6 is very seldom used. Instead, the application efficiency (Step 8) is
more convenient to use.
Application losses can be expressed using values of field application efficiency (Ea) given in
Table 3, which depends on the type of field application system.
6
Light soils include sand and loamy sand; while sandy loam, loam, silt loam and silt are
medium soils. Heavy soils are silty clay loam, silty clay and clay.
or
Seepage and percolation in the conveyance structures such as supplementary farm ditches,
main farm ditches, lateral canals, sub-lateral canals and main canal shall be determined to
account for the conveyance losses. The conveyance loss per meter of channel length differs
per channel type and is 0.2 m³ per day for clay channels and 0.01 m³ per day for concrete
channels.
For planning and design purposes, reference values in Table 4 for conveyance efficiency (Ec)
can be used.
Total rainfall/month: Assume value between 60 and 500 (xx.x or xxx.x) ________________mm/mo
Length of canal: Assume value between 400 and 900 (xxx) ________________m
1. Solve for crop water requirement (CWR) using Equation 1. (10 pts)
Interpret result:
9
2. Solve for effective rainfall (ER) using either Equation 3a or Equation 3b. (15 pts)
Interpret result:
3. Solve for land soaking requirement (LSR) using Equation 5. (15 pts)
Interpret result:
10
4. Solve for land preparation water requirement (LPWR) using Equation 4. (15 pts)
Interpret result:
Interpret result:
11
6. Solve for farm water requirement (FWR) using Equation 2b. (15 pts)
Interpret result:
7. Solve for diversion water requirement (DWR) using Equation 7b. (15 pts)
Interpret result:
12
(Draw conclusions as to the things you have learned and experienced out of this exercise.)
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Appendix Table 1. Ranges of maximum effective root depth for common crops
Crop Maximum Root Depth (m)*
a. Small Vegetables
Broccoli 0.4-0.6
Brussel Sprouts 0.4-0.6
Cabbage 0.5-0.8
Carrots 0.5-1.0
Cauliflower 0.4-0.7
Celery 0.3-0.5
Garlic 0.3-0.5
Lettuce 0.3-0.5
Onion
- dry 0.3-0.6
- green 0.3-0.6
- seed 0.3-0.6
Spinach 0.3-0.5
Radish 0.3-0.5
b. Vegetables – Solarium Family (Solanaceae)
Eggplant 0.7-1.2
Sweet Pepper (bell) 0.5-1.0
Tomato 0.7-1.5
c. Vegetables – Cucumber Family (Cucurbitaceae)
Cantaloupe 0.9-1.5
Cucumber
- Fresh Market 0.7-1.2
- Machine harvest 0.7-1.2
Pumpkin, Winter Squash 1.0-1.5
Squash, Zucchini 0.6-1.0
Sweet Melon 0.8-1.5
Watermelon 0.8-1.5
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Clipart Library. (n.d). Agricultural and biosystems engineering [Logo]. Retrieved from
http://clipa.cash/agricultural-biosystems-engineering-logo.html
Food and Agriculture Organization. (n.d)a. Irrigation water requirements. Rome, Italy: Agency.
Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/w4347e/w4347e0c.htm
_______________________. (n.d)b. Irrigation water needs. Rome, Italy: Agency. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s2022/s2022e08.htm
_______________________. (n.d)c. Chapter 8 – ETc under soil water stress conditions. Rome, Italy:
Agency. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/x0490e00.htm
Orcullo, N.A. 1997. Irrigation systems handbook. 1st ed. Pasig City, Philippines: Busy Book
Distributors.
van Lieshout, A.M. & de Brouwer, J.A.M. (n.d). Irrigation water requirement. The Netherlands:
International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation.