Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Written as per the syllabus prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education.
CBSE
CLASS X
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
TERM I & II
Salient Features
• Exhaustive coverage of the Grammar syllabus for Term I and Term II.
• Detailed theory with sufficient examples for all the topics prescribed in the syllabus.
• Solved Exercises for each topic to provide better understanding of concepts.
• Ample Practice Exercises to enable thorough preparation.
• Board Exam Questions offer exposure to examination-level questions.
• Solutions for all the questions in the Workbook.
• Simple and Lucid language.
Printed at: Repro Knowledgecast Ltd., Mumbai
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.
P.O. No. 10705
10231_10321_JUP
PREFACE
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them exposure to examination level questions. The book also
you can get through, but rather how many can get through to includes Solutions for all the questions in the Workbook.
you. The journey to create a complete book is strewn with
“Std. X : English Grammar” is a complete and triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve nearly
thorough guide, critically analysed and extensively drafted missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs,
to boost the student’s confidence. The book is prepared as we’d love to hear from you.
per the syllabus prescribed by the Central Board of Please write to us at: mail@targetpublications.org
Secondary Education for Term I and Term II. A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its
The book contains detailed theory along with influence stops.
sufficient examples for each topic. Solved Exercises have
been provided to facilitate better understanding of the Best of luck to all the aspirants!
concepts. Ample Practice Exercises have been included to Yours faithfully,
give an insight on the difficulty levels of various questions. Publisher
Additionally, the Board Questions covered for each topic
will enable thorough preparation of the student and provide
Syllabus
WORK BOOK* – Suggested Break-up of Units for the Purpose of Classroom Teaching only – NOT FOR TESTING (see the
note below).
Sr. No Term I Term II
1. Determiners 1. Comparison
2. Tenses 2. Avoidng Repetition
3. Subject-Verb Agreement 3. Nominalization
4. Non-Finites 4. Modals
5. Relatives 5. Active and Passive
6. Connectors 6. Reported Speech
7. Conditionals 7. Prepositions
Note on Workbook:
The suggested split up of the units of the Workbook reflects a distribution for the purpose of classroom teaching only. Since grammar
and usage is not to be tested discreetly, but in an integrated manner, the split up as shown above will not restrict questions in the
grammar section of SA I and SA II question papers to the specific units shown in the split up of Workbook units. Grammar will be
tested by recycling grammar items learnt over a period of time in a comprehensive manner. Teachers may adapt this suggested
distribution for classroom teaching making modifications according to their specific needs. Similarly Formative Assessment of
grammar items may also be carried out in an integrated manner along with the skills of Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening as
well as Literature.
Contents
No. Topic Name Page No. No. Topic Name Page No.
Part I : Basic Grammar Integrated Grammar Practice-2 104
05 Relatives 107
01 Prepositions 1
06 Connectors 110
02 Determiners 10 Integrated Grammar Practice-3 116
03 Modals 20 07 Conditionals 118
04 Clauses 29 08 Comparison 122
05 Tenses 37 Integrated Grammar Practice-4 129
06 Subject-Verb Agreement 47 09 Avoiding Repetition 131
10 Nominalisation 137
07 Active and Passive Voice 57
Integrated Grammar Practice-5 142
08 Reported Speech 66 11 Modals-Expressing Attitudes 145
Part II : Workbook Integrated Grammar Practice-6 150
01 Determiners 76 12 Active and Passive Voice 152
Integrated Grammar Practice-7 159
02 Tenses 81
13 Reported Speech 161
Integrated Grammar Practice-1 89 Integrated Grammar Practice-8 168
03 Subject-Verb Agreement 91 14 Prepositions 170
04 Non-Finites 96 Integrated Grammar Practice-9 173
01. Prepositions Basic Grammar 01: Prepositions
Types of Prepositions
Prepositions are mainly of five types: Place, Time, Direction, Movement and Position.
i. Preposition of Place: There are three prepositions of Places.
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Class X: English Grammar
ii. Preposition of Time: There are two prepositions of Time.
AT - used to indicate a precise time At ten o’clock At 4:30 a.m.
At the moment/this time At sunrise/noon
Note: At night is an exception to this
rule.
IN - used for indicating a time period In January In 2015
In the 90’s In this century
Note: In the morning/afternoon/
evening are the exceptions to this rule.
iii. Preposition of Position: There are two prepositions of Position.
Under/Underneath and Over - used The ball went under the floor.
to indicate position that is vertically The file is underneath the packages.
down or vertically up The airplane went over the clouds.
Below/Beneath and Above - used to I saw him standing below the building.
indicate position that is lower or higher We sat beneath the apple tree.
They stay above the shop.
iv. Preposition of Direction: There are seven prepositions of Direction.
To - used to indicate a specific A place - I am going to the shop.
destination An event - Are you going to the dance party?
A person - I am going to your principal to complain
about you.
A position - The kitchen is to your left.
Towards - used to show the direction of Abdul was running towards the bus stop.
the destination. Please turn towards your left to exit.
From - used to show the point of origin She has started from home.
(i.e. starting or departure point) They have left from Mumbai already.
We are from Chennai.
Off - used to indicate either ‘being taken The salesman took the bottle off the shelf.
away from’ or ‘down from’ The cat fell off the tin roof.
For - used to indicate direction only They will leave for home tomorrow.
when the verb indicates the beginning of My son has already left for Singapore.
a movement
Against - used to indicate contact or Sona leaned against the wall.
pressure Father, put the box against the wall.
Out of - used to indicate departure from Alok went out of the classroom.
We need to get out of this place.
v. Preposition of Movement: There are six prepositions of Movement.
Through/Across - used to show the The hunters went through the forest.
movement from one point to the other We went across the road.
Into - used to show the movement of We got into the cinema hall.
going inside
Onto - used to show the movement on The coin rolled onto the pavement.
an object.
Along - used to show the movement that We were walking along the river.
is adjacent in line.
In/On/By - used to indicate a means of They travelled in a ship for the first time.
He was the only one who was travelling on foot.
We came by bus.
Up/Down - used to show the movement Romy and Suzy climbed up the mountain as a challenge.
across an upper or lower level They came down from Vaishno devi temple as fast as
they could.
2 2
Basic Grammar 01: Prepositions
above despite of underneath
Preposition Rules
among due to owing to until
There are two main rules to follow to use across ‘e’ off up
prepositions. after excepting on behalf upon
i. Preposition’s Choice: Certain prepositions of
must follow certain words and make the around except on up to
relationships between words in the sentences ‘b' ‘f’ over ‘w’
clear. below for onto with
e.g. a. Able to but from out within
b. Capable of beneath ‘i’ outside without
c. Preoccupied with by in ‘p’ with
d. Prohibited from regards to
These prepositions must follow these words. It beside(s) past
would be grammatically incorrect to say “able because in front of ‘r’
with” or “capable to” of
ii. Preposition’s Position: Prepositions are between into regarding
followed by a noun and have an object, and before inside ‘s’
hence they are not used at the end of a beyond in favour of since
sentence. behind in spite of ‘t’
However, in certain cases the meaning of a by instead of through
sentence can change without the preposition at courtesy
the end of the sentence. of
e.g. “I turned the TV on.”
If you removed the “on” from the end of this Solved Exercises
sentence, it would change the meaning.
Instead of switching on the set, one would be 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct
saying that one turned the TV itself. preposition.
i. They went _____ the zoo last week with their
Key To Learning teacher.
ii. Isaac arrived _____ work early this morning.
i. A preposition is followed by a noun, which iii. Everybody was talking _____ him after the
includes: rumours spread.
a. dog, money, love iv. They need to drive _____ the tunnel before
b. Bangkok, Mary they reach the destination.
c. you, him, us v. You better put a jacket _____ your shirt
d. my first job because it is really cold today.
e. swimming Ans: i. to ii. for
ii. A preposition is never followed by a verb. iii. about iv. through
iii. It is permissible to end a sentence with a v. over
preposition.
2. Read the paragraph given below and fill in
iv. It is permissible to begin a sentence with a
the blanks by choosing the correct options
preposition or a prepositional phrase, but in
from those that follow: [CBSE 2014]
rare cases only.
A recent research gives smokers one more
v. If the preposition is required to be followed by
reason to quit smoking. (i) _______ addition
a verb, then the “-ing” form is used, which is a
to affecting the lungs, (ii) _______ also
gerund or verb in noun form.
damages the eyes. The more cigarettes people
vi. A prepositional phrase always begins with a
smoke and the (iii) _______ they do so, the
preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun
greater the risk of damaging their eyes.
called the object of the preposition.
i. a. In b. Along
The most commonly used prepositions are given c. With d. Beside
below: ii. a. its b. which
‘a' ‘c’ ‘l’ throughout c. it d. that
at concerning like to iii. a. frequent b. faster
against ‘d’ ‘n’ Toward(s) c. oftener d. quick
about down near ‘u’ Ans: i. a. In ii. c. it
along during ‘o’ under iii. b. faster
3
Class X: English Grammar
3. Insert the appropriate preposition in the 6. The following passage has one omission in
following sentences: each line. Identify the word and write it
i. Slaves sleep ______ the stables. along with the words that come before and
ii. Jacob was feeling lonely ______ Bella by his after the ommission in the answer sheet.
side. Ensure that the word that forms your
iii. Suddenly, as we were near the bus stop, the answer is underlined.
suspicious car started moving ______ us. i. Self-help is very important. You need to be self-
iv. Use the ladder that is leaning ______ the reliant and not depend others or wait for others to
wall. ii. come to your rescue. danger, if we use our
v. We have got a house ______ a big garden. presence of mind we can surely reach safety.
iii. Sometimes we have to face some difficult
Ans: i. in ii. without
situations accidents, fires, etc. but, we only
iii. towards iv. against need to take
v. with iv. initiative to find ways to our safety. In short,
4. Fill in the blanks with the correct though help is, our safety is our
preposition. v. responsibility and we should watch out for
i. The treasure is buried _______ (on, under, ourselves waiting for others.
in) the two coconut trees. Before Omission After
ii. The secret documents were hidden _______ i.
(inside, at, in) a filing cabinet. ii.
iii. I like to listen _______ (on, at, to) the radio Ans:
when I wake up.
Before Omission After
iv. She left without paying _______ (for, at, in) i. depend upon others
the meal.
ii. rescue. In times of danger
v. A lot of people borrow money _______ (on,
from, in) the bank. iii. situations during accidents
Ans: i. under ii. inside iv. is at hand, our
v. ourselves instead of waiting
iii. to iv. for
v. from
Practice Exercises
5. The following passage has not been edited.
There is one error in each line. Identify the Gap Filling Exercises
error and write it along the correction in 1. Choose the correct preposition in the
the answer sheet. The first one has been following sentences.
done for you as an example. i. The classes will be held _______ (on/at/in)
One morning I finished one business at the Sundays.
bank and was returning in pick my motorbike ii. The speaker will be coming _______
which I had left in the parking lot outside. (by/from/in) car.
Suddenly he realised that I had lost the bike iii. The name of the author is provided _______
keys. Upset I searched about it in the bank. A (at/by/in) the end of the chapter.
bank employee tried to help me find it, and in iv. You will find out who the murderer is
vain. _______ (at/by/in) the end of the chapter.
v. Put it _______ the right. (in/on/at)
Error Correction Ans: i. on ii. by
One some iii. at iv. by
i. _______ _______ v. on
ii. _______ _______
2. Fill the blanks with the correct
[CBSE 2013] prepositions.
Ans: i. He is interested _______ (on/at/in) learning
karate.
Error Correction
ii. I will pick you up _______ (on/at/in) 8 a.m. on
i. one some Monday.
ii. in to iii. I am going to lose at least 5 kgs _______ (on/
iii. he I at/in) one month.
iv. about for iv. I have a doctor’s appointment _______
v. and but (in/on/at) Saturday.
4 4
Basic Grammar 01: Prepositions
v. Could you get me this shirt _______ (on/at/ i. a. off b. of
in) a smaller size? c. with d. from
Ans: i. in ii. at
iii. in iv. on ii. a. is b. are
v. in c. has d. have
6 6
Basic Grammar 01: Prepositions
Vinod : The father is smiling, but the little iv. Being humble before achieving success keeps
boy seems preoccupied (iii) us
_______ his picnic basket. v. in touch of our roots and further helps us to
Farah : But his older brother has his hand jump ahead in life.
(iv) _______ his small shoulders.
i. a. beside b. besides Error Correction
c. over d. at i.
ii.
ii. a. with b. at
c. towards d. over Ans:
8 8
Basic Grammar 01: Prepositions
Ans:
e.g. sport at that
i. while all the
ii. roofs to enter
iii. and it was
Sentence Reordering Exercises
1. Rearrange the following to form
meaningful sentences. The first one has
been done for you.
i. the pain / we go / only when / to the /
unbearable / dentist / becomes /
ii. dental hygiene / in kids / be inculcated /
should /
iii. solve / dental / brushing / can / the teeth / woes
/ most /
iv. are due / most / dental / to sheer neglect /
diseases / [CBSE 2011]
Ans: i. We go to the dentist only when the pain
becomes unbearable.
ii. Dental hygiene should be inculcated in
kids.
iii. Brushing the teeth can solve most dental
woes.
iv. Most dental diseases are due to sheer
neglect.
2. Rearrange the following words / phrases to
form meaningful sentences.
i. standing / a woman / the doorway / was / in /
ii. young / dressed / in red / and was / was / she /
iii. was / hands / my dog / her / licking /
[CBSE 2014]
Ans: i. A woman was standing in the doorway.
ii. She was young and was dressed in red.
iii. My dog was licking her hands.
3. Rearrange the following words and phrases
to form meaningful sentences.
i. a bed / warm box / I made / in a / for him
ii. I kept / on him / for / an eye / two days
iii. and plenty / I gave / of water / him / food
[CBSE 2014]
Ans: i. I made a bed in a warm box for him.
ii. I kept an eye on him for two days.
iii. I gave him food and plenty of water.
4. Rearrange the following words and phrases
to form meaningful sentences.
i. all workers / child workers / in India / five
percent of / are / about /
ii. them / engaged / in agriculture / most of / are /
iii. work / in urban areas / many / of industries / in
a variety / [CBSE 2014]
Ans: i. In India child workers are about five
percent of all workers.
ii. Most of them are engaged in
agriculture.
iii. Many work in a variety of industries in
urban areas.
9
14. Prepositions
Class X: English Grammar
172
172
Integrated Grammar Practice 9
Integrated Grammar Practice 9
1. This is a conversation between a father and Ans: i. will be hiked
his son. After reading the conversation ii. will be reduced
report the conversation in your own words. iii. computerised house tax bills will be
Father : Why did you return home late today? issued
Son : My motorbike brakes failed on the iv. was released
way. v. were cut
Father : Why didn’t you check your brakes
before starting? 3. Rearrange the words and phrases given
Son : I was in a hurry. I didn’t have the time. below to form meaningful sentences. The
Father : It shows how careless you are. If first one has been done for you.
you keep your bike in a good friends / I / my / were / grandmother / and /
condition, you will save yourself a good
lot of trouble and time. My grandmother and I were good friends.
The father asked (a) _______. The boy replied
(b) _______. On hearing this, the father (c) i. left me / my parents / with her / they / in the
_______. The boy said that as (d) _______. city / when / went to live
Disappointed on hearing this, the father ii. morning / wake me up / she used to / in / the
observed that it showed how careless he was. iii. she said / prayers / sing song / in a
He added that if (e) _______. monotonous / morning / her / voice
Ans: a. his son why he had returned home late iv. listened / I / loved / I / her voice / because
that day v. she always / with me / school / to /went
b. that his motorbike brakes had failed on Ans: i. When my parents went to live in the
the way city, they left me with her.
c. asked him why he hadn’t checked his ii. She used to wake me up in the morning.
brakes before starting iii. She said her morning prayers in a
d. he was in a hurry, he had no time monotonous sing song voice.
e. he had kept his bike in a good condition, iv. I listened because I loved her voice.
he would have saved himself a lot of v. She always went to school with me.
trouble and time
4. Read the instructions for a cookware given
2. Look at the newspaper headlines given and
below and then fill in the blanks in the
then use the information in them to
paragraph that follows with one suitable
complete the news items below by filling in
word in each blank.
each blank.
i. No Hike in School Fee INSTRUCTIONS
Delhi Education Minister has nullified the a. Remove the label before cooking and
apprehension that the fee of government rinse in warm soapy water.
schools _______. b. Medium to low heat recommended for
ii. Medical College Admissions to Reduce all cooking procedures.
Admissions of students in medical and dental c. Never use on high heat.
colleges _______ by 2000 and 3000 seats d. Very high temperature could cause
respectively for want of renewal of permission sticking, loosening of handles.
from the centre. e. Easy maintenance. Use liquid soap only,
iii. Issue of Computerised House Tax Bills not detergents.
The government of Delhi has decided that The label (a) _______ to be removed before
_______ within two months.
cooking. Then the cookware (b) _______ be
iv. New Postal Stamp Released rinsed in warm soapy water. It is advisable to
A commemorative stamp in honour of Babu
keep (c) _______ medium to low heat for all
Gulab Rai, _______ on 22 June by the Prime
Minister. cooking procedures. The cookware (d)
_______ never be used on high heat. Very
v. Telephone Cables Cut
Two underground cables of 1200 pairs and 800 high temperatures (e) _______ cause sticking.
pairs capacity each _______ and stolen in Sarita The handles (f) _______ also loosen.
Vihar exchange area on the night of 19 June. However, you (g) _______ not worry about
173
Class X: English Grammar
(h) _______ as it is quite easy. The cookware g. she let be married to a little clerk
(i) _______ be cleaned with liquid soap and h. of the Ministry Public Instruction.
warm water. One (j) _______ not use Ans:
detergents for cleaning these pans. Before Omission After
Ans: a. is b. should a. of the pretty
c. in d. should b. girls who sometimes
e. could f. could c. fate in a
g. need h. maintenance d. She had no
i. should j. should e. of being known
f. by a rich
5. Read the following newspaper headlines g. let herself be
and complete the news items given below. h. Ministry of Public
a. Hostages Released
Bihar police report that all the hostages
_______ by the gangsters today.
b. Women’s Reservation Bill Blocked
The bill to grant 30 % reservation to women
_______ at the introductory stage itself by
vociferous protests from the opposition.
c. 20 Killed in Torrential Rains
Mumbai: At least 20 persons _______ and
dozens injured in floods caused by torrential
rains in Mumbai.
d. Aussies Crush South Africa
The South African team _______ 3-0 by the
Australians in the three test series which
concluded recently.
e. Cold Resistant Plant Discovered
A cold resistant plant with rich nutrition and
medicinal properties _______ by the DRDO
scientists.
Ans: a. were released
b. has been blocked
c. were killed
d. was defeated
e. has been discovered
6. In the passage given below, one word has
been omitted in each line. Write the missing
word along with the word that comes before
and the word that comes after it in your
answer sheet against the correct blank
number. Ensure that the word that forms
your answer is underlined.
a. She was one of pretty and charming
b. young girls sometimes are born, as if
c. by a slip of fate, a family of clerks.
d. She no dowry, no expectations, no way
e. of known, understood, loved and wedded
f. by rich and distinguished man; so
174
174