Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 12 – 19

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\LQ(QJLQHHULQJ,17(5(1*

7KH6PDUW&LW\&RQFHSWLQWKHVW&HQWXU\
0LUFHD(UHPLDDE /XFLDQ7RPDE0LKDL6DQGXOHDFF
a
Academy of Technical Sciences of Romania, 26 Bd. Dacia, Bucharest 010413, Romania
b
University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, Bucharest 060042, Romania
c
ECRO SRL, 6 Precupetii Vechi, Bucharest 020685, Romania

$EVWUDFW

7KHTXDOLW\RIOLIHZDVVLJQLILFDQWO\LPSURYHGLQWKHODVWFHQWXU\PDLQO\DVUHJDUGVWKHDFFHVVWRVHUYLFHV+RZHYHUWKHKHDY\
LQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQDQGWKHLQFUHDVLQJSRSXODWLRQLQWKHXUEDQDUHDVKDVEHHQDELJFKDOOHQJHIRUDGPLQLVWUDWRUVDUFKLWHFWVDQGXUEDQ
SODQQHUV 7KLV SDSHU SURYLGHV D EULHI SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH HYROXWLRQ RI WKH ³VPDUW FLW\´ WHUP DQG WKH PRVW UHSUHVHQWDWLYH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI LW )XUWKHUPRUH YDULRXV DOWHUQDWLYH WHUPV WKDW ZHUH SURSRVHG WR GHVFULEH WKH PXOWLSOH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH
IXWXUHFLWLHVDUHDQDO\]HG$FRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQVPDUWFLW\DQGVPDUWJULGLVDOVRSUHVHQWHG
©‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,17(5(1*
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of INTER-ENG 2016
Keywords:XUEDQL]DWLRQVPDUWFLW\VPDUWJULGVXVWDLQDELOLW\

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KHXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWKDVUHVXOWHGLQDFKDQJHRISDUDGLJPLQWKHVWFHQWXU\DQGWKHUHVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVIRU
VPDUWHUFLWLHVEHFDPHSULRULW\WDVNZLWKGLUHFWSDUWLFLSDWLRQIURPLQGXVWULDODQGSROLWLFDOHQWLWLHVSUDFWLWLRQHUVDQG
WKHVFLHQWLILFFRPPXQLW\$OWKRXJKWKHLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\DQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQKDVDGYDQFHGH[SRQHQWLDOO\DQG
WKHVPDUWFLWLHVEHFRPHUHDOWKLVFRQFHSWLVVWLOOXQGHUGHYHORSPHQW
7KH8QLWHG1DWLRQVHVWLPDWHVWKDWEHWZHHQDQGWKHZRUOGSRSXODWLRQZLOOLQFUHDVHE\LHIURP
WRELOOLRQLQKDELWDQWVZKLOHWKHXUEDQSRSXODWLRQZLOOLQFUHDVHE\IURPWRELOOLRQLQKDELWDQWV
7KH FXUUHQW HVWLPDWLRQV VXJJHVW WKDW XQWLO  RYHU  RI WKH ZRUOG SRSXODWLRQ ZLOO OLYH LQ FLWLHV DQG WKH
VLJQLILFDQWJURZWKZLOOEHLQ$IULFD$VLDDQG/DWLQ$PHULFD>@>@



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:HUHPLD#\DKRRFRP

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of INTER-ENG 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.357
 Mircea Eremia et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 12 – 19 13

7KHQHHGIRUXUEDQL]DWLRQLVGXHRQRQHKDQGWRWKHPLJUDWLRQRISRSXODWLRQIURPUXUDODUHDVWRFLWLHV±LQKRSH
IRU D EHWWHU OLIH IRUMREV HGXFDWLRQ PHGLFDO FDUH DFFHVV WR FXOWXUH HWF DQG RQ WKHRWKHUKDQG WR WKH PLJUDWLRQ
IURP SRRU FRXQWULHV RU XQGHU VRFLDO DQG PLOLWDU\ FRQIOLFWV WRZDUG WKH LQGXVWULDOL]HG FRXQWULHV 8QGHU WKHVH
FRQGLWLRQV LQ  ,QGLD ZLOO UHDFK  ELOOLRQ LQKDELWDQWV ZLWK LWV PHJDFLWLHV 0XPEDL  PLOOLRQV DQG 1HZ
'HOKLPLOOLRQV&KLQDZLOOEHVWHDG\DWaELOOLRQLQKDELWDQWVZLWKWKHFLW\RI6KDQJKDLPLOOLRQVZKLOH
1LJHULDDQG,QGRQHVLDZLOOUHDFKXSWRPLOOLRQDQGPLOOLRQLQKDELWDQWVUHVSHFWLYHO\>@
$VRXUSODQHWEHFRPHVPRUH³XUEDQ´WKHFLWLHVKDYHWREHFRPHVPDUWHU7KHH[WHQGHGXUEDQL]DWLRQUHTXLUHVQHZ
PHWKRGV DQG ZD\V LQQRYDWLYH WR DGPLQLVWUDWH WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH XUEDQ OLIH RYHUSRSXODWLRQ HQHUJ\
FRQVXPSWLRQUHVRXUFHVPDQDJHPHQWDQGHQYLURQPHQWSURWHFWLRQHWF
7KHILUVWPHJDFLWLHVLQWKHZRUOGZLWKRYHUPLOOLRQLQKDELWDQWVLQZHUH1HZ<RUNDQG7RN\RWKHVH
FLWLHVRZQHGQHFHVVDU\LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGUHVRXUFHVWRHQVXUHWKHQHHGVRIWKHLUFLWL]HQV+RZHYHUPRVWRIWKHQHZ
PHJDFLWLHV DUH ORFDWHG LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV KDYLQJ D ODUJH QXPEHU RI SRRU SHRSOH DQG OLPLWHG UHVRXUFHV
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV RU V\VWHPV WKDW FDQQRW VDWLVI\ WKH LQFUHDVLQJ GHPDQG 7KHVH PHJDFLWLHV ZLGH LQ VXUIDFH DUH QRW
FDSDEOH RI DSSURSULDWHO\ GHYHORS WR PHHW WKH UDWH RI LQFUHDVH RI WKH QXPEHU RI LQKDELWDQWV DUH FKDRWLF DQG
GDQJHURXV KDYLQJ OLPLWHG KHDOWK DQG HGXFDWLRQ VHUYLFHV 8QGHU WKHVH FRQGLWLRQV WKH FRPSHWLWLRQ IRU IRRG ZDWHU
DQGHQHUJ\UHVRXUFHVZLOOUDSLGO\LQFUHDVH7KHQXPEHURIPHJDFLWLHVLQZDVWKUHHWLPHVELJJHUWKDQLQ
DQGIRUWKHHVWLPDWLRQLVIRU2IWKHPHJDFLWLHVDUHORFDWHGLQ$VLDLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDLQ
$IULFDDQG(XURSHHDFKDQGLQ68$UHVSHFWLYHO\>@
:KLOHLQWKHXUEDQSRSXODWLRQLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQZDVRIWKHWRWDOSRSXODWLRQLWLVHVWLPDWHGWKDW
LQWKLVSHUFHQWDJHZLOOLQFUHDVHWR,Q5RPDQLDIRULQVWDQFHZKHUHXUEDQL]DWLRQGHJUHHLVRQO\WKH
PXQLFLSDOLWLHVDUHORRNLQJIRUVROXWLRQVWRGHYHORSWKHEXVLQHVVHQYLURQPHQWDQGHQVXUHWKHEHVWOLYLQJFRQGLWLRQV
IRUWKHLUFLWL]HQV
$OWKRXJK WKH FLWLHV RFFXS\ RQO\  RI WKH SODQHW¶V VXUIDFH WKH\ DFFRPPRGDWH DERXW  RI WKH ZRUOG
SRSXODWLRQFRQVXPHVRIWKHWRWDOJHQHUDWHGHQHUJ\DQGDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRURIWKHJUHHQKRXVHHIIHFW>@
7KLVLVWKHUHDVRQZK\WKHXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWDQGLWVDVVRFLDWHGSUREOHPVKDYHEHHQLQWHQVLYHO\GLVFXVVHGLQWKHODVW
\HDUVDWPDQ\LQWHUQDWLRQDODQGQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHV6RPHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWHYHQWVDUHShanghai World Expo
Ecocity World Summit Montreal$XJXVWSmart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona1RYHPEHU
International Conference on Smart Grids for Smart Cities/ Smart City 360 Summit 2015in Toronto2FWREHU
World Smart City Forum in Singapore-XO\IEEE International Forum on Smart Grids for Smart City
at Paris2FWREHU$VDFRQFOXVLRQWKHSUHRFFXSDWLRQIRUVPDUWGHYHORSPHQWRIFLWLHVLVDKRSHIRUUHGXFLQJ
SRYHUW\LQHTXDOLW\DQGXQHPSOR\PHQWDQGDOVRIRUHIILFLHQWPDQDJHPHQWRIHQHUJ\UHVRXUFHV

(YROXWLRQRIWKHVPDUWFLW\FRQFHSW

7KH SUHRFFXSDWLRQ IRU VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH XUEDQ VHWWOHPHQWV KDV EHHQ D PDMRU SUHRFFXSDWLRQ VLQFH
DQFLHQWWLPHVIRUERWKDUFKLWHFWVDQGDGPLQLVWUDWRUV,QWKHERRN³*DUGHQ&LWLHVRI7RPRUURZ´SXEOLVKHGLQ
E\WKH%ULWLVKXUEDQSODQQHU(EHQH]HU+RZDUGWKHurbanismLVWUHDWHGDVDGLVWLQFWFDWHJRU\ZKLFKLVWKHZD\RI
WUDQVIRUPLQJWKHVOXPVLQWRQHLJKERUKRRGVFDSDEOHRISURYLGLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGFRPIRUW7KH)UHQFKPDQ(XJqQH
+pQDUGZKRZDVRQHRIWKHILUVWXUEDQSODQQHUVZKRLQIOXHQFHGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHIXWXUH(XURSHDQFLWLHVVDLG
LQ KLV VSHHFK DW KLV 5R\DO ,QVWLWXWH RI %ULWLVK $UFKLWHFWV ³0\ SXUSRVH LV WR LQTXLUH LQWR WKH LQIOXHQFH ZKLFK WKH
SURJUHVVRIPRGHUQVFLHQFHDQGLQGXVWU\PD\H[HUFLVHXSRQWKHSODQQLQJDQGSDUWLFXODUO\XSRQWKHDVSHFWRIWKH
&LWLHVRIWKH)XWXUH7KH&LWLHVRI7RPRUURZZLOOEHPRUHUHDGLO\VXVFHSWLEOHWRWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDQGDGRUQPHQWWKDQ
WKH&LWLHVRI<HVWHUGD\´>@
7KHDVSHFWVWKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHFLWLHVRIWKHIXWXUHKDYHEHHQDGRSWHGRYHUWKH\HDUV,QWKHLQWHUZDUSHULRGWKH
PRGHUQLVWSODQQHUVDQGDUFKLWHFWVKDYHODXQFKHGLGHDVZLWKWKHLQWHQWLRQRIDOOHYLDWLQJWKHPLVWDNHVJHQHUDWHGE\WKH
LQGXVWU\VWUDWHJ\DQGWUDQVIRUPWKHFLWLHVLQWRJUHHQRQHV$PRQJWKHPZHPHQWLRQ/H&RUEXVLHULQWKHZRUN³7KH
&LW\ RI 7RPRUURZ DQG LWV SODQQLQJ´  >@ DQG*RWWOLHE (OLHO 6DDULQHQ LQ WKHERRN³7KH &LW\ LWV JURZWK LWV
GHFD\LWVIXWXUH´ERWKKDYLQJDORQJODVWLQJLQIOXHQFHRQWKHDUFKLWHFWXUHRIFLWLHVIURP(XURSHDQG1RUWKHUQ
$PHULFD6XEVHTXHQWO\WKH)UHQFKXUEDQLVW5D\PRQG/RSH]KDVUHYLVHGWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHXUEDQLVPWHUPLQWKH
ERRN³/¶DYHQLUGHVYLOOHV´VWDWLQJWKDWWKHXUEDQLVPLV³LQGLVSHQVDEOHLQVWUXPHQWIRUOLIHDQGWKHYLWDOLW\RIPHQ´
14 Mircea Eremia et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 12 – 19

ZKLOHWKH6SDQLVKDUFKLWHFW0LJXHO)LVDFSURSRVHGLQKLVZRUN³/D0ROHFXOD8UEDQ´WKHUHSODFHPHQWRIWKHFXUUHQW
PRGHORIFLWLHVZLWK³IULHQGO\DJUHHDEOHFLWLHV´
7KH OH[LFRQ WKDW GHVFULEHV WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH FLWLHV RI WKH IXWXUH ZDV VLJQLILFDQWO\ LPSURYHG LQ WKH ODVW
GHFDGHVWREHWWHUH[SODLQWKHODUJHQXPEHURIFRQFHSWVSURPRWHGE\VWDNHKROGHUVDQGLQWHUHVWJURXSV7KHSRSXODULW\
RI WKH YDULRXV VSHFLILF WHUPV KDV FKDQJHG LQ WLPH GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH LGHDV SURPRWHG E\ XQLYHUVLWLHV WKH EXVLQHVV
HQYLURQPHQWSROLWLFDOHQWLWLHVDQGFLYLOFRPPXQLW\
6SHFLDOLVWVIURPYDULRXVGRPDLQVVXJJHVWHGGHILQLWLRQVIRUVPDUWFLW\VXFKDV
x $ÄVPDUWFLW\´XVHVLQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWHFKQRORJ\,&7WRHQKDQFHLWVOLYDELOLW\ZRUNDELOLW\DQG
VXVWDLQDELOLW\>Smart Cities Council 2014@
x $ FLW\ WKDW PRQLWRUV DQG LQWHJUDWHV FRQGLWLRQV RI DOO RI LWV FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV ± LQFOXGLQJ URDGV EULGJHV
WXQQHOV UDLOV VXEZD\V DLUSRUWV VHDSRUWV FRPPXQLFDWLRQV ZDWHU SRZHU HYHQ PDMRU EXLOGLQJV ± FDQ EHWWHU
RSWLPL]HLWVUHVRXUFHVSODQLWVSUHYHQWLYHPDLQWHQDQFHDFWLYLWLHVDQGPRQLWRUVHFXULW\DVSHFWVZKLOHPD[LPL]LQJ
VHUYLFHVWRLWVFLWL]HQV>US Office Technical and Scientific Information@
x $ VPDUW FLW\ FDQ EH VHHQ DV D GHWHUPLQHG JHRJUDSKLFDO VSDFH DEOH WR PDQDJH UHVRXUFHV QDWXUDO KXPDQ
HTXLSPHQWEXLOGLQJVDQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDVZHOODVZDVWHVJHQHUDWHGE\OLIHVW\OHLWVKRXOGEHVXVWDLQDEOHDQG
PXVWQRWEHKDUPIXOWRWKHHQYLURQPHQW>@
7DEOH  SUHVHQWV D SDUW RI WKH WHUPLQRORJ\ XVHG RYHU WLPH LQ JHQHUDO E\ WKH DFWRUV LQYROYHG LQ VSHFLILF ILHOGV
UHODWHGWRWKHÄIXWXUHFLWLHV´>@

7DEOHÄ)XWXUHFLWLHV´±FRQFHSWLRQVRIVXFFHVV>@
'RPDLQ 6RFLDO (FRQRPLF *RYHUQLQJ
*DUGHQFLWLHV 3DUWLFLSDWLYHFLWLHV (QWUHSUHQHXULDOFLWLHV 0DQDJHGFLWLHV
6XVWDLQDEOHFLWLHV :DONDEOHFLWLHV &RPSHWLWLYHFLWLHV ,QWHOOLJHQWFLWLHV
(FRFLWLHV ,QWHJUDWHGFLWLHV 3URGXFWLYHFLWLHV 3URGXFWLYHFLWLHV
*UHHQFLWLHV ,QFOXVLYHFLWLHV ,QQRYDWLYHFLWLHV (IILFLHQWFLWLHV
&RPSDFWFLWLHV -XVWFLWLHV %XVLQHVVIULHQGO\FLWLHV :HOOUXQZHOOOHGFLWLHV
6PDUWFLWLHV 2SHQFLWLHV *OREDOFLWLHV 6PDUWFLWLHV
5HVLOLHQWFLWLHV /LYDEOHFLWLHV 5HVLOLHQWFLWLHV )XWXUHFLWLHV

7DEOHSUHVHQWVWKHJHRJUDSKLFWUHQGVLQIXWXUHFLW\WHUPXVDJH
x Ä6XVWDLQDEOH FLW\´EHFRPHDIWHUWKHPRVWSRSXODUWHUPUHODWHGWRWKHIXWXUHXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWDVWURQJ
LQIOXHQFH FRPLQJ IURP WKH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV %UXQGWODQG &RPPLVVLRQ UHSRUW  LQ WKH ILHOG RI VXVWDLQDEOH
GHYHORSPHQW,QEHFRPHWKHPRVWFRPPRQO\UHIHUUHGWRWHUPLQ(QJOLVKHVSHFLDOO\LQ8.&DQDGD$XVWUDOLD
86$DQG,QGLDSUREDEO\JLYHQWKHVWUDWHJLHVIRUWDNLQJHPHUJHQF\GHFLVLRQVWROLPLWWKHFOLPDWHFKDQJHV
x Ä'LJLWDO FLWLHV´ EHFDPH WKH VHFRQG PRVW SRSXODU WHUP XVHG LQ GLVFORVXUHV LQ ODWH V DV LW VXJJHVWV D VWURQJ
FRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHH[SRQHQWLDOO\JURZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDQGWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\DQGWKHODUJHDPRXQW
RILQIRUPDWLRQ7KH(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQIRXQGHGSURJUDPFDOOHGÄ(XURSHDQ'LJLWDO&LWLHV´ZDV
RQH RI WKH ILUVW DFWLRQV WKDW LQVSLUHG IRU SXEOLFDWLRQ RI VHYHUDO ERRNV 7KH SURMHFW SURPRWHG WKH LGHD RI
GLJLWDOL]DWLRQ WR VXSSRUW WKH FRPSOH[ HQYLURQPHQWV RI D FLW\ E\ PHDQV RI LQIRUPDWLF SODWIRUPV DQG GLJLWDO
QHWZRUNV DLPLQJ WR SURYLGH VHUYLFHV WR ORFDO FRPPXQLW\ DQG HQVXUH DFWLYH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI FLWL]HQV WR FLW\
GHFLVLRQV>@
x +RZHYHU VLQFH  WKH LQWHUHVW IRU WKH WHUP ³GLJLWDO FLWLHV´ ZDV VLJQLILFDQWO\ UHGXFHG DV LW ZDV JUDGXDOO\
UHSODFHGE\WKHQHZWHUP³VPDUWFLWLHV´7KLVWHUPLQFRUSRUDWHVHOHPHQWVRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ
DWWKHVDPHWLPHEHLQJVXLWHGWRWKHHYROXWLRQVRIWKHQHZLQWHUQHWWHFKQRORJLHV>@6RPHREVHUYHUVLQGLFDWHWKDW
WKHWHUP³VPDUWQHVV´LVPRUHQHXWUDOIURPWKHSROLWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZWKDQWKHWHUP³VXVWDLQDELOLW\´7KHUHIRUH
YDULRXVFRPELQDWLRQVRIWKHWHUP³VPDUW´³VPDUWFLW\´³VPDUWJURZWK´³VPDUWGHYHORSPHQW´ZHUHPRUHHDV\
DFFHSWHGLQFRXQWULHVZHUHDODUJHSDUWRIWKHSXEOLFRSLQLRQDVVRFLDWHVWKHWHUPV³VXVWDLQDELOLW\´DQG³JUHHQQHVV´
ZLWKVWURQJO\OLEHUDORUSURJUHVVLYHSROLFLHV>@>@
 Mircea Eremia et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 12 – 19 15

x 7KHWHUPÄHFRFLWLHV´RQWKHRWKHUKDQGSURSRVHGE\WKH8UEDQ(FRORJ\±DJURXSIRXQGHGE\5LFKDUG5HJLVWHU
LQ &DOLIRUQLD EHFRPH PRUH SRSXODU LQ WKH PLGV ,W SURPRWHV WKH LGHD RI HOLPLQDWLQJ DOO FDUERQ ZDVWH
SURGXFLQJ HQHUJ\ WKURXJK FOHDQUHVRXUFHV DQGGHYHORSLQJ WKH FLW\LQ EDODQFH ZLWK WKHQDWXUH (FRFLW\ HDUQHG
PRUHQRWRULHW\VLQFHZKHQWKHVPDUWFLW\FRQFHSWVWDUWHGWRJDLQDQH[SRQHQWLDOLQWHUHVW7KHFLWLHVDUHLQ
FRPSHWLWLRQWRHQVXUHKLJKTXDOLW\OLIHFRQGLWLRQVWRWKHLUFLWL]HQVZKLOHÄ(FRFLW\´SURMHFWVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHG
IURPWKHVXVWDLQDEOHLQQRYDWLRQSRLQWRIYLHZDPRQJZKLFK$EX'KDELDQGFLWLHVIURP&KLQD>@

7DEOH*HRJUDSKLFWUHQGVLQIXWXUHFLW\WHUPXVDJH>@
7HUP 7UHQG 5HJLRQDOSRSXODULW\ 3RSXODULW\LQFRXQWULHV 3RSXODULW\LQFLWLHV
)XWXUHFLWLHV 6WDEOH *OREDO ,QGLD86$&DQDGD 0LQQHDSROLV6LQJDSRUH0XPEDL1HZ
$XVWUDOLD8.0H[LFR 'HOKL3KRHQL[/RQGRQ6DQ)UDQFLVFR
%UD]LO 3XQH
(FR&LW\ 6WDEOH $VLD 3KLOLSSLQH6LQJDSRUH &KDQGLJDUK7LDQMLQ
0DOD\VLD,QGLD
6PDUWFLWLHV )OXFWXDWLQJLQWHUHVW (XURSH1RUWKHUQ ,WDO\6SDLQ%HOJLXP8. %DUFHORQD%RORJQD7RULQR5RPD
$PHULFD
,QWHOOLJHQWFLWLHV 6WDEOH 1RUWKHUQ$PHULFD 86$8. /RQGRQ
6XVWDLQDEOHFLWLHV 6WDEOH &RPPRQZHDOWK $XVWUDOLD8.&DQDGD 9DQFRXYHU6LQJDSRUH:DVKLQJWRQ
86$,QGLD $XFNODQG3RUWODQG'XEDL/RQGRQ
$XVWLQ
&RPSDFWFLWLHV 6WDEOH 0L[HG $XVWUDOLD8.86$ 6DOW/DNH&LW\1HZ<RUN&LW\
/LYHDEOHFLWLHV 5DUHO\XVHG &RPPRQZHDOWK $XVWUDOLD8. 1HZ<RUN&LW\6LQJDSRUH0HOERXUQH
3LWWVEXUJK9DQFRXYHU
 &DQDGD6LQJDSRUH
'LJLWDOFLWLHV 6WDEOHDIWHUD 0L[HG 86$,UHODQG3KLOLSSLQH .DQVDV&LW\2NODKRPD&LW\'XEOLQ
GHFUHDVLQJLQWHUHVW 8. 0LQQHDSROLV
,QQRYDWLYHFLWLHV 6WDEOH 0L[HG 86$8.,QGLD %DQJDORUH
*UHHQFLWLHV 6WDEOH 1RUWKHUQ$PHULFD 86$$XVWUDOLD&DQDGD 1HZ<RUN&LW\


7KHVWXG\HODERUDWHGE\Catapult Future Cities>@SUHVHQWVWKHFLW\LQWZRJHQHUDOIRUPVWKDWLV³IXWXUHFLWLHV´
DQG³IXWXUHRIFLWLHV´ZKLFKDUHXVHGE\DFDGHPLDDVZHOODVE\SUDFWLWLRQHUVDQGSROLWLFLDQV
x i)XWXUHRIFLWLHVWHUPDGRSWHGLQRUGHUWRVXJJHVWWKHZD\RIHQVXULQJWKHQHHGVRIFLWLHVLQWKHIXWXUHWDNLQJ
LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHLUUROHLQWKHIXWXUHDQGWKHSUHVVXUHVDQGWKUHDWVWKDWWKH\ZLOOKDYHWRIDFHVRWKDWWRKHOS
WKHFLWL]HQVWRVXFFHVVIXOO\DGDSWWRDQ\FRQGLWLRQ
x ii )XWXUH FLWLHV UHIOHFWV WKH YLVLRQJRDOV RI SHRSOH UHJDUGLQJ WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH FLWLHV KRZ WKH\ ZLOO
IXQFWLRQZKDWV\VWHPVWKH\ZLOOUHO\RQDQGKRZWKH\ZLOOLQWHUDFWZLWKWKHFLWL]HQVWKHDXWKRULWLHVWKHEXVLQHVV
HQYLURQPHQWWKHLQYHVWRUVDQGZLWKWKHHQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFKWKH\ZLOOOLYH
%\FRPELQLQJWKHVHWZRWHUPVDWKLUGPRVWXVHGWHUPZLOOUHVXOWDIWHUÄVXVWDLQDEOHFLWLHV´DQGÄVPDUWFLWLHV´,W
LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW WKH WHUP ³IXWXUH FLWLHV´ ZKLFK LV OHVV XVHG WR GHILQH WKH WHFKQRORJLFDO GLPHQVLRQ KDV
UHSODFHGWKHH[SUHVVLRQÄIXWXUHRIFLWLHV´VWDUWLQJZLWK7KLVDVFHQVLRQRIWKHWHUPÄIXWXUHFLWLHV´LVOLQNHGWR
WKHWUHQGRIVHSDUDWLRQRIWKHXUEDQGRPDLQVLQWRQHZGLVFLSOLQHV±HQJLQHHULQJFLYLOFRQVWUXFWLRQVHQHUJ\,7DQG
HFRORJ\2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHH[SUHVVLRQÄIXWXUHRIFLWLHV´LVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOWKLQNLQJSODQQLQJDQG
SROLF\7KLVWHUPLVZLGHO\XVHGLQ8QLWHG.LQJGRP1RUWK$PHULFD6RXWKHUQ$VLDDQGLQ/DWLQ$PHULFD$WWKH
FLW\OHYHOWKHUHLVDQLQWHUHVWIRUWKHWHUP³IXWXUHFLWLHV´LQWKHODUJHFLWLHVIURPZHVWDQGHDVWLQFOXGLQJ6LQJDSRUH
0XPEDL/RQGRQDQG6DQ)UDQFLVFR
,Q-DSDQWDNLQJLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHGHPRJUDSKLFIXWXUHRIWKHFLWLHVWKHDYHUDJHDJHRIWKHSRSXODWLRQZLOO
UHDFK D YHU\ KLJK UHFRUG PRUH LV DFFHSWHG WKH FRQFHSW RI FRPSDFW FLW\ DQG FRPIRUWDEOH ZLWK KLJK SRSXODWLRQ
GHQVLW\
16 Mircea Eremia et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 12 – 19

$FFRUGLQJWR*RRJOH7UHQGVWKHWHUPÄ(FR&LW\´KDGDZLGHUDFFHSWDQFHLQ6RXWK$VLD$XVWUDOLD:HVW(XURSH
DQG 1RUWKHUQ $PHULFD ZKLOH Ä6PDUW &LW\´ KDV EHHQ H[WHQVLYHO\ DFFHSWHG LQ (XURSH DQG 1RUWKHUQ $PHULFD 7KH
WHUPVÄ*UHHQ&LW\´DQGÄ&RPSDFW&LW\´DUHUHOHYDQWLQFRPSDQLHVIURP1RUWKHUQ$PHULFDDQG$XVWUDOLDZKLOHLQ
,QGLDWHUPVOLNHÄ6XVWDLQDEOH&LW\´DQGÄ,QQRYDWLYH&LW\´DUHZLGHO\XVHG$W/RQGRQWKHWHUPÄ,QWHOOLJHQW&LW\´D
V\QRQ\P ZLWK 6PDUW &LW\ LV PRUH IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG ZKLOH LQ 1HZ <RUN D YLVLEOH LQWHUHVW LV VKRZQ IRU WKH WHUPV
Ä&RPSDFW &LW\´ Ä/LYHDEOH &LW\´ DQG Ä*UHHQ &LW\´ $GGLWLRQDOO\ 7DEOH  VSHFLILHV WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI XVH RI WKH
WHUPVLQYDULRXVFRXQWULHV>@
+RZHYHU LUUHVSHFWLYH RI WKH QDPH WKH FLWLHV RI WKH IXWXUH PXVW DGDSW LQ RUGHU WR PLWLJDWH WKH HIIHFWV RI  WR
FRQWULEXWH WR FOLPDWH FKDQJH SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK JOREDOL]DWLRQ RI HFRQRP\ GHPRJUDSKLF ULVNV DQG HFRORJLFDO
GHSHQGHQFLHV WHFKQRORJ\ GHYHORSPHQW JHRSROLWLFDO FKDQJHV KXPDQ PRELOLW\ LQFOXGLQJ PLJUDWLRQV SRSXODWLRQ
DJLQJVRFLDOFRQIOLFWVDQGLQHTXDOLW\LQVHFXULW\DVUHJDUGVHQHUJ\IRRGZDWHUFKDQJHVLQWKHJRYHUQPHQWDODQG
LQVWLWXWLRQDOVHFWRUV

&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVPDUWFLWLHV

7KHLQWHOOLJHQFHRIDFLW\LVJLYHQE\WKHVHWRISK\VLFDODQGOHJLVODWLRQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVWKDWVXSSRUWWKHHFRQRPLF
GHYHORSPHQWHQVXUHVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQDQGDOORZHQYLURQPHQWSURWHFWLRQ)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
RIDFLW\DQGLWVWRROVDYDLODEOHIRUERWKWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\DQGFLWL]HQVWKDWFDQWUDQVIRUPDFLW\LQWRDVPDUWRQH



)LJ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGWRROVXVHGWRGHILQHWKH6PDUW&LW\>@

7KH ,62 6WDQGDUG  WLWOHG Sustainable development of communities GHILQHV  NH\ LQGLFDWRUV IRU
HYDOXDWLRQRISHUIRUPDQFHVRIFLWLHVIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIHQVXULQJXUEDQVHUYLFHVDQG TXDOLW\RIOLIHWKDWLV
HFRQRP\ HGXFDWLRQ HQHUJ\ HQYLURQPHQW ILQDQFH ILUH DQG HPHUJHQF\ UHVSRQVH JRYHUQDQFH KHDOWK UHFUHDWLRQ
VDIHW\ VKHOWHU VROLG ZDVWH WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV DQG LQQRYDWLRQ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ XUEDQ SODQQLQJ ZDVWHZDWHU ZDWHU
DQGVDQLWDWLRQ7KHVHLQGLFDWRUVWKDWFDQLQFOXGHVHYHUDOVXELQGLFDWRUVDUHUHIHUHQFHIRUFLW\PDQDJHUVSROLWLFLDQV
UHVHDUFKHUV EXVLQHVV OHDGHUV SODQQHUV GHVLJQHUV DQG RWKHU SURIHVVLRQDOV WR IRFXV RQ NH\ LVVXHV DQG SXW LQ SODFH
SROLFLHVIRUPRUHOLYDEOHWROHUDQWVXVWDLQDEOHUHVLOLHQWHFRQRPLFDOO\DWWUDFWLYHDQGSURVSHURXVFLWLHV
7DEOHSUHVHQWVWKHGLUHFWLRQVRIGHYHORSPHQWRIDFLW\DQGSURYLGHH[DPSOHVRIYDULRXVDSSOLFDWLRQVE\PHDQV
RIZKLFKWKHPDLQREMHFWLYHVRIDVPDUWFLW\FDQEHDFKLHYHG7KHGLUHFWLRQVRIGHYHORSPHQWUHIHUWRLQIUDVWUXFWXUHV
VHUYLFHV DQG DGPLQLVWUDWLYH V\VWHPV QHFHVVDU\ IRU FUHDWLQJ D VXLWDEOH HQYLURQPHQW LQ RUGHU WR DFKLHYH YDULRXV
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVPDUWFLW\
7KHLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\DQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQV,7 &LVHVVHQWLDOLQWKHVPDUWFLW\LQRUGHUWRLHIILFLHQWO\
XVHWKHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVDQGDOORZDVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWIURPHFRQRPLFVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOSRLQWRIYLHZLL
LQYROYHWKHFLWL]HQVDWORFDODGPLQLVWUDWLRQOHYHOE\HPSOR\LQJDQHSDUWLFLSDWLRQV\VWHPLLLVXSSRUWOHDUQLQJIURP
H[SHULHQFH DGDSWDWLRQ DQG LQQRYDWLRQ VR WKDW WR UHDFW PRUH HIILFLHQWO\ DQG PRUH UDSLGO\ WR YDULRXV FKDQJHV 7KH
,7 &GRPDLQLVFRQWLQXRXVO\HYROYLQJDOORZLQJVWURQJLQWHJUDWLRQRIDOOGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHVPDUWFLW\ZKLFKUHIHUV
WRWKHKXPDQLQWHOOLJHQFHWKHFROOHFWLYHLQWHOOLJHQFHDVZHOODVWRDUWLILFLDOLQWHOOLJHQFHRIWKHSK\VLFDOFRPSRQHQWV
RIWKHFLW\7KHLQWHOOLJHQFHRIWKHFLW\LVFUHDWHGE\LQWHUFRQQHFWLQJGLJLWDOWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQQHWZRUNVQHUYHV
 Mircea Eremia et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 12 – 19 17

WKH LQWHOOLJHQFH LQWHJUDWHG LQWR V\VWHPV EUDLQ VHQVRUV DQG SK\VLFDO FRPSRQHQWV VHQVRULDO RUJDQV DV ZHOO DV
VRIWZDUHWRROVNQRZOHGJHDQGFRJQLWLYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV>@
7DEOH'LUHFWLRQVRIGHYHORSPHQWRIVPDUWFLWLHV
$UHDRIDSSOLFDWLRQ 'HVFULSWLRQ
6PDUWEXLOGLQJV 6PDUWEXLOGLQJVWKDWLQFRUSRUDWHWKHDGYDQWDJHVRI
FRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGFRQWUROV\VWHPV
(GXFDWLRQPHGLFDODQGVRFLDOFDUH $SSOLFDWLRQVWKDWDOORZLPSURYLQJWKHDFWLYLW\LQ
WKHVHGRPDLQVDQGHQVXUHWKHDFFHVVWRDOOFLWL]HQVWR
KLJKTXDOLW\VHUYLFHV
6PDUWHQHUJ\ 6PDUWHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\V\VWHPWKDWLQWHUFRQQHFWVDOO
XWLOLWLHVDQGHQGXVHUVYLDDVPDUWLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
6PDUWJULGVPDUWPHWHULQJRIQDWXUDO 5HDOWLPHFRQVXPSWLRQPHWHULQJRIHQHUJ\ZDWHU
([DPSOHV
2SWLPL]LQJWKHKHDWLQJV\VWHPV
YHQWLODWLRQDQGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ
0RQLWRULQJV\VWHPVRIWKHROGSHRSOH
PRQLWRULQJE\WHOHPHGLFLQH
6PDUW*ULGDSSOLFDWLRQVRSWLPL]DWLRQRI
QHWZRUNRSHUDWLRQFRPSO\WKH
HQYLURQPHQWVWDQGDUGVVPDUWOLJKWLQJ
2QOLQHLQIRUPDWLRQRIWKHFRQVXPSWLRQ
JDVZDWHUHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\ DQGQDWXUDOJDV :LUHOHVVVPDUWPHWHUV
6PDUWXWLOLWLHVVPDUWZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQ ,QWHOOLJHQWPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQ 6PDUWZDVWHZDWHUV\VWHPV5HDOWLPH
DQGVPDUWZDVWHPDQDJHPHQW
6PDUWSDUNLQJ
,QWHJUDWHGVXSSO\V\VWHPV
6PDUWDQGLQWHJUDWHGWUDQVSRUW

)RUHDVLHUXVHRIWKHGDWDEDVHVDQGVRIWZDUHDSSOLFDWLRQVDQHZFRQFHSWZDVERUQZKLFKLVFDOOHG³,QWHUQHWRI
V\VWHPDQGZDVWHZDWHU VROLGZDVWHPRQLWRULQJ
0DQDJLQJWKHSDUNLQJSODFHVXVLQJVHQVRUV&&79 0RQLWRULQJV\VWHPVRIWKHYHKLFOHV
6\QFKURQL]LQJWKHVXSSO\ZLWKWKHGHPDQG 
PHDVXUHPHQWPRQLWRULQJDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQDURXQGWKHVXSSO\FKDLQVRIWKHFLWLHV
7UDIILFPRQLWRULQJDQGUHDOWLPHRSWLPL]DWLRQXVLQJ &&79IRUWUDIILF6PDUWSDUNLQJ
DQGFRPELQLQJDOOWUDQVSRUWDWLRQPHDQV QHWZRUNV0LQLPL]LQJWKHLPSDFWRQWKH
HQYLURQPHQW
7KLQJV´,R7,QIRUPDWLRQJDWKHUHGE\PHDQVRIVHQVRUVDQGVRIWZDUHSODWIRUPVDUHVWRUHGRQFORXGVHUYHUVZKLFK
DUHWKHQDFFHVVHGE\YDULRXVXVHUVERWKKXPDQDQGDXWRPDWLFV\VWHPVE\PHDQVRIVRIWZDUHWRROV+RZHYHUXQGHU
WKLVRSHQHQYLURQPHQWIRUDFFHVVWRLQIRUPDWLRQGDWDVHFXULW\LVFULWLFDOLQRUGHUWRDYRLGHFRQRPLFRUVRFLDOORVVHV

7KHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ6PDUW*ULGVDQG6PDUW&LW\

6PDUWFLWLHVLQWHJUDWHERWKYHUWLFDOO\DQGKRUL]RQWDOO\YDULRXVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVRUV\VWHPVDQGIRUWKLVUHDVRQWKH\
DUH VRPHWLPHV UHIHUUHG WR DV ³V\VWHP RI V\VWHPV´ :KLOH WKH ,7 & LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV WKH VXSSRUW OHYHO IRU
PDQDJHPHQWDQGFRQWURODSSOLFDWLRQVWKHVPDUWJULGLVWKHV\VWHPWKDWPDNHVDOOWKHRWKHUV\VWHPVWRIXQFWLRQ>@
$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHS\ORQVIRUDVPDUWFLW\LVWKHZD\LQZKLFKYDULRXVFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHFLW\ZRUNWRJHWKHUDVD
VLQJOHHQWLW\DQGÄDGDSWV´ZKHQZRUNLQJXQGHUH[WUHPHFRQGLWLRQV
7KHHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\LQIUDVWUXFWXUHLVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWRROVRIDQ\FLW\8QDYDLODELOLW\RIWKHHOHFWULFDO
HQHUJ\ IRU DQ H[WHQGHG SHULRG RI WLPH ZLOO HYHQWXDOO\ FDXVH WKH XQDYDLODELOLW\ RI DOO WKH RWKHU XWLOLW\ QHWZRUNV
³6PDUW (QHUJ\´ LV DQ H[SUHVVLRQ IUHTXHQWO\XVHG WRGD\ WDNLQJ LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WKH LPSRUWDQFHRIHQHUJ\ LQ WKH
FLWLHV¶DFWLYLW\,QSDUWLFXODUWKHHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\FRQVXPHUVDQGSURGXFHUVGHYLVHVWUDWHJLHVIRUHQHUJ\VDYLQJDQG
HQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\WRRSWLPL]HWKHXVHRIHQHUJ\UHVRXUFHV(IILFLHQWGHYHORSPHQWRIHOHFWULFLW\QHWZRUNVLVFULWLFDO
ZKHQ DLPLQJ WR DFKLHYH WKH JRDOV RI WKH WZR VLGHV ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH H[SUHVVLRQ 6PDUW (QHUJ\ LV EDVHG RQ WKH
SKLORVRSK\ RI DGRSWLQJ IRU WKH ORQJ WHUP WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH VWUDWHJLHV IURP WKH HFRQRPLFDO SRLQW RI YLHZ ZKLOH
PHHWLQJ WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV UHODWHG WR HQYLURQPHQW SURWHFWLRQ $ FRQIHUHQFH WLWOHG ³+RZ WR EXLOG 6PDUW (QHUJ\
5HJLRQV´ WRRN SODFH UHFHQWO\ DW .DUOVUXKH IRFXVLQJ RQ LQQRYDWLYH FRQFHSWV DQG EHVW SUDFWLFHV IRU VPDUW HQHUJ\
VROXWLRQVDWORFDODQGUHJLRQDOOHYHO
'HYHORSPHQWRIVPDUWJULGVLQFLWLHVUHOLHVRQILYHEDVLFGLUHFWLRQV>@
$ Promoting clean energy sources7KHVPDUWFLWLHVDUHHYDOXDWHGIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIXVLQJFOHDQHQHUJ\
7KH VPDUW JULG VROXWLRQV DUH NH\ IDFWRUV IRU VXSSRUWLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV 5(6 DQG
18 Mircea Eremia et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 12 – 19

KLJKHIILFLHQF\FRJHQHUDWLRQSRZHUSODQWV,QWHJUDWLRQRIGLVWULEXWHGVRXUFHVLQDVDIHDQGUHOLDEOHPDQQHUSURYLGHV
IOH[LELOLW\LQVXSSO\LQJHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\WRWKHFRQVXPHUV
% Smart metering'HYHORSLQJWKH$GYDQFHG0HWHULQJ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH$0,RQHRIWKHNH\IDFWRUVIRUVPDUWFLW\
VWUDWHJ\ ZLOO DOORZ WKURXJK UHPRWH GDWD UHDGLQJ DQG ELGLUHFWLRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQ DFWLYH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI WKH
FRQVXPHUV WR ORDG EDODQFLQJ LQ FULWLFDO VLWXDWLRQV DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI G\QDPLF WDULIIV LQ RUGHU WR VWLPXODWH WKH
LQWHJUDWLRQ RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV DQG HOHFWULF YHKLFOH 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG $0, ZLOO DOORZ WKH RSHUDWRUV
GLVWULEXWLRQRSHUDWRUHQHUJ\VXSSOLHURUWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\WRHODERUDWHORDGIRUHFDVWVIRUYDULRXVORDGLQWHUYDOV
& Efficient public lighting 7KH PXQLFLSDOLWLHV VKRZ DQ LQFUHDVHG LQWHUHVW WR DGRSW VXVWDLQDEOH VROXWLRQV DV D
PHDVXUHWRLPSURYHWKHenergy efficiency6RPHH[DPSOHVDUHWKHXVHRIORZFRQVXPSWLRQDQGKLJKHIILFLHQF\ODPSV
IRUWKHVWUHHWOLJKWLQJIRULQVWDQFHWKH/('EDVHGODPSVRUWKHXVHRIVHQVRUVWRDXWRPDWLFDOO\VZLWFKRQRIIWKH
OLJKWZKHQQHFHVVDU\LQFOXGLQJWKHOLJKWLQJLQWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHEXLOGLQJV
' Integration of the electrical vehicle 7KH DLU SROOXWLRQ LQ FLWLHV LV RQH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW SXEOLF KHDOWK
SUREOHPV /DUJH VFDOH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI HOHFWULFDO YHKLFOHV UHTXLUHV LQWHOOLJHQW VROXWLRQV WR EH DGRSWHG LQ HOHFWULFDO
QHWZRUNV0DQDJHPHQWRIEDWWHU\FKDUJLQJLVHVVHQWLDOWRDYRLGQHWZRUNRYHUORDGLQJDQGWRVXSSRUWRSWLPL]HGXVH
RIFOHDQHQHUJ\7KHHOHFWULFDOYHKLFOHLVDPHDQIRUKDQGOLQJWKHVXUSOXVRIHQHUJ\IURPUHQHZDEOHVRXUFHVPDLQO\
GXULQJWKHQLJKWSHULRGV
( Active involvement of consumers 7KHQHZ VPDUW JULGDSSOLFDWLRQVDUH RULHQWHG WRZDUG WKH FRQVXPHU VPDUW
JULGV DUH FXVWRPL]HG WR LQIRUP HGXFDWH DQG DVVLVW WKH FRQVXPHU LQ WDNLQJ WKH EHVW GHFLVLRQV %\ LQWHJUDWLRQ RI
HOHFWULFDO YHKLFOH DQG VXSSRUWLQJ WKH VPDOO SRZHU HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV WKH FRQVXPHUV PD\ EHFRPH SURVXPHUV KDYLQJ
WKXVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RILQMHFWLQJSRZHULQWRWKHHOHFWULFDOQHWZRUNGXULQJWKHSHDNORDGSHULRGV7KHFRQVXPHUVFDQ
WKHUHIRUHEHDFWLYHO\LQYROYHGLQWKHHIILFLHQWXVHRIHQHUJ\
,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHWKHREMHFWLYHVDERYHSUHVHQWHGDVPDUWJULGPXVWEHGHYHORSHGRQWKUHHOHYHOV
LPhysical infrastructure6PDUWJULGLVDQHFHVVDU\LQGXVWULDODQGHFRQRPLFUHYROXWLRQWDNLQJLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
WKH DGYDQFHG DJLQJ WKDW FDQ EH VWLOO IRXQG LQ VXEVWDWLRQV HOHFWULFDO OLQHV DQG WUDQVIRUPHUV :LWK WKH DGYHQW RI
FRPSXWDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV DQG WKH LQQRYDWLRQV LQ WKH HOHFWURWHFKQLFDO PDWHULDOV LW LV QRZ SRVVLEOH WR PDQXIDFWXUH
HOHFWULFDOHTXLSPHQWDQGDGYDQFHGDXWRPDWLRQSURWHFWLRQDQGFRQWUROV\VWHPV
&XUUHQWO\PRVWRIWKHVHWHFKQRORJLHVDUHDOUHDG\DYDLODEOHZKLFKDOORZVGRLQJWKHILUVWVWHSVLQGHYHORSLQJWKH
VPDUWJULG>@
x 7KHLPSRUWDQWOHYHOVRIDXWRPDWLRQFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\ZKLFKDUHWRGD\DYDLODEOHFDQ
HQVXUHDKLJKUHOLDELOLW\OHYHORIWKHGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNVLQFLWLHV
x ,WLVREYLRXVWKHWUHQGIRUHTXLSPHQWPRGHUQL]DWLRQERWKLQVXEVWDWLRQVDQGILHOGLQVWDOODWLRQVVRWKDWWKHUHDFWLRQ
WLPHLVYHU\PXFKUHGXFHGLQWKHFDVHRIIDXOWLVRODWLRQIDXOWORFDWLRQDQGUHVWRUDWLRQQHWZRUNUHFRQILJXUDWLRQ
DQGYROWDJHDQGUHDFWLYHSRZHUFRQWURO
x 7KH LQFUHDVH LQ WKH VKDUH RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV UHTXLUHV WKH HPSOR\PHQW RI QHZ SURWHFWLRQ HTXLSPHQW
DGDSWHG IRU WKHVH VLWXDWLRQV DQG VSHFLDO FLUFXLW FRQILJXUDWLRQV LQ VXEVWDWLRQV 0RUH WKDQ HYHU LQVWDOODWLRQ RI
HTXLSPHQWDQGSURWHFWLRQVFKHPHVFRPSOLHVZLWKVSHFLILFVWDQGDUGVVXFKDV6WDQGDUG,(&ZKLFKFRYHUV
WKH VXEVWDWLRQ DXWRPDWLRQ DQG WKH SULQFLSOHV RI LQWHJUDWLQJ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ GDWD GULYHQ DSSOLFDWLRQV DUH
EHFRPLQJHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWVLQWKHPRGHUQGHVLJQ
LLIT&C Infrastructure7KHLQWHOOLJHQFHRIDQHOHFWULFDOQHWZRUNLVJLYHQE\WKHVRIWZDUHDSSOLFDWLRQVDQGWKH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHWKDWFRQQHFWVWKHRSHUDWRUVZLWKWKHQHWZRUNFRPSRQHQWV6PDUWJULGGHYHORSPHQWLV
WKXVSRVVLEOHEHFDXVHRIWKHLQQRYDWLRQLQWKH,7 &GRPDLQYLVLEOHPDLQO\LQWKHODVW\HDUV
7KHODUJHVFDOHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH,7 &LQIUDVWUXFWXUHLQKHUHQWO\DOORZVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIUHPRWHDFFHVVWR
LQIRUPDWLRQLQFOXGLQJWKHDFFHVVWRWKHFRPPDQGDQGFRQWUROV\VWHPVWKXVH[LVWLQJWKHULVNRIXQDXWKRUL]HGDFFHVV
8QGHU WKHVH FRQGLWLRQV protection against cyber-physical attacks LV FULWLFDO WR SUHYHQW HFRQRPLF ORVVHV 7KH
$PHULFDQ 6WDQGDUG NISTIR 7628 Revision 1 >@ SUHVHQWV DQ DQDO\WLFDO IUDPHZRUN WKDW RUJDQL]DWLRQV FDQ XVH WR
GHYHORS HIIHFWLYH F\EHUVHFXULW\ VWUDWHJLHV WDLORUHG WR WKHLU SDUWLFXODU FRPELQDWLRQV RI VPDUW JULGUHODWHG
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVULVNVDQGYXOQHUDELOLWLHV
LLLStandardization7KHQRYHOW\RIWKHVPDUWJULGDQGVPDUWFLW\FRQFHSWVLVDEDUULHUIRUFRPSDWLELOLW\RIWKH
ODUJHQXPEHURIHTXLSPHQWSURYLGHGE\PDQ\FRPSDQLHVLQWKHILHOGLQWKHLUJRDORIUDSLGO\SURYLGLQJLQQRYDWLYH
VROXWLRQVDWWKHVDPHWLPHZLWKVXVWDLQDEOHHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW,QRUGHUWRHQVXUHDKDUPRQL]HGLQWHJUDWLRQRI
DOOHTXLSPHQWDQGWRUHGXFHWKHRSHUDWLRQFRVWVDVXLWDEOHVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQLVUHTXLUHG
 Mircea Eremia et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 12 – 19 19

7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO(OHFWURWHFKQLFDO&RPPLWWHH,(&SURYLGHVVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQLQ(XURSH,QRUGHUWRVLPSOLI\WKH

LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHVWDQGDUGVVXLWDEOHIRUDVSHFLILFDSSOLFDWLRQ,(&KDVFUHDWHGDFRQQHFWLRQPDSRIWKHVPDUW
JULG GRPDLQV DQGDSSOLFDWLRQV>KWWSVPDUWJULGVWDQGDUGVPDSFRP@ 6LPLODUO\ VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ LQ86$ LVSURYLGHG
E\ WKH 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 6WDQGDUGV DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ 1,67 DQG WKH ODUJH QXPEHU RI VWDQGDUGV DOUHDG\ LVVXHG
GHPRQVWUDWHVWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKLVGRPDLQ2QHRIWKHUHIHUHQFH1,67GRFXPHQWVIRUVPDUWJULGVDYDLODEOHDW>@
SURYLGHVWKHIUDPHZRUNIRUVWDQGDUGVXWLOL]DWLRQ7DNLQJLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHODUJHQXPEHURIGRPDLQVDVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKWKHVPDUWFLW\FRQFHSWVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQLQWKLVGRPDLQLVDPDMRUFKDOOHQJH

&RQFOXVLRQV

7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIVPDUWFLWLHVLVKLJKO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHOHYHORILQWHOOLJHQFHRIHOHFWULFDOQHWZRUNVWKDWKDYH
WR HQVXUH WKH HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ VXSSO\ WR DOO FRQVXPHUV DQG WR HQVXUH WKDW VRPH FLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DUH DFKLHYHG
DPRQJZKLFKLPSURYLQJ WKHHIILFLHQF\EXW WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DVSHFWLV WKH HDV\ FRRUGLQDWLRQEHWZHHQ WKH XUEDQ
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQWKHRSHUDWRUVRIWKHYDULRXVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVDQGWKRVHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHSXEOLFVDIHW\DQGKHDOWK
7KH VPDUW JULGV ZLOO EH FDSDEOH RI VWLPXODWLQJ WKH FRQVXPHUV WR PRGLI\ WKHLU ORDG LQ FULWLFDO FRQGLWLRQV WR
PDLQWDLQWKHHOHFWULFDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHXQDIIHFWHGWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWEHLQJWKHSROLF\ILUHPHQDQGKRVSLWDOVDOORI
WKHP EHLQJ HOHFWULFLW\ GHSHQGHQW 7KH DXWRPDWLRQ V\VWHPV IRU VHOIGLDJQRVLV ZLOO DVVLVW UHVWRUDWLRQ RI HOHFWULFLW\
VXSSO\IURP DUHDVZLWKEDFNXSSDWKV 7KHORFDO JHQHUDWLRQZLOO EHXVHG WR PHHW WKH GHPDQGIRU VKRUWSHULRGVRI
WLPH7KHFRPPXQLW\LQGXVWU\FRPPHUFLDOVHFWRUUHVLGHQWLDOVHFWRUZLOOUHVSRQGDXWRPDWLFDOO\E\UHGXFLQJWKH
HOHFWULFLW\ ORDGLQVXFKDZD\WRFRQWULEXWHWRWKHIDVWUHVWRUDWLRQRIHOHFWULFLW\VXSSO\7KHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGWKH
WUDIILFV\VWHPVZLOOEHV\QFKURQL]HGZLWKWKHHQHUJ\V\VWHPLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHFULWLFDOURDGV
7KH GDLO\ ORJLVWLF LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLOO EH FROOHFWHG DQG SURYLGHG WR WKH SXEOLF FRPPXQLW\ E\ DOO DYDLODEOH PHDQV
HVSHFLDOO\ XVLQJ WKH VRFLDO PHGLD QHWZRUNV 7KH HIILFLHQF\ DQG VDIHW\ ZLOO EH LPSURYHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ E\ YLUWXH RI
DFFXUDF\RILQIRUPDWLRQ
7KLV SDSHU SURYLGHV D JHQHUDO GHVFULSWLRQ RI D VPDUW FLW\ DV UHJDUGV WKH WHUPLQRORJ\ DQG WKHLU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
ZKLOHDVXJJHVWLYHFRQQHFWLRQLVFUHDWHGEHWZHHQVPDUWFLW\DQGVPDUWJULG

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ 8QLWHG1DWLRQV:RUOG3RSXODWLRQ3URVSHFWHV7KH5HYLVLRQ.H\)LQGLQJVDQG$GYDQFH7DEOHV
>@ 8QLWHG1DWLRQV:RUOG8UEDQL]DWLRQ3URVSHFWV7KH5HYLVLRQ+LJKOLJKWV
>@ 8QLWHG1DWLRQV(QYLURQPHQW3URJUDPPH9LVLRQVIRU&KDQJH5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU(IIHFWLYH3ROLFLHVRQ6XVWDLQDEOH/LIHVW\OHV
>@ (+pQDUG7KH&LWLHVRIWKHIXWXUH5R\DO,QVWLWXWHRI%ULWLVK$UFKLWHFWV7RZQ3ODQQLQJ&RQIHUHQFH/RQGRQ2FWREHU2QOLQH
KWWSXUEDQSODQQLQJOLEUDU\FRUQHOOHGX'2&6KHQDUGKWP>$FFHVVHG-XO\@
>@ /H&RUEXVLHU7KH&LW\RI7RPRUURZDQGLWVSODQQLQJ1HZ<RUN'RYHU$UFKLWHFWXUH
>@ $' *XHUUHUR3pUH] $ +XHUWD ) *RQ]iOH] ' /ySH] 1HWZRUN $UFKLWHFWXUH EDVHG RQ 9LUWXDOL]HG 1HWZRUNV IRU 6PDUW &LWLHV :KLWH
3DSHUVIURPWKH6PDUW&LWLHVRIWKH)XWXUH.LFNRII(YHQW*XDGDODMDUD0H[LFR2FWREHU
>@ (0RLU70RRQHP*&ODUN:KDWDUHIXWXUHFLWLHV"2ULJLQVPHDQLQJDQGXVHV&RPSLOHGE\WKH%XVLQHVVRI&LWLHVIRUWKH)RUHVLJKW
)XWXUHRI&LWLHV3URMHFWDQG)XWXUH&LWLHV&DWDSXOW*RYHUQPHQW2IILFHRI6FLHQFH8.-XQH
>@ $$XULJL0DNLQJWKH'LJLWDO&LW\7KHHDUO\VKDSLQJRIXUEDQLQWHUQHWVSDFH$OGHUVKRW$VKJDWH
>@ 0'HDNLQ(G6PDUW&LWLHVJRYHUQLQJPRGHOOLQJDQGDQDO\VLQJWKHWUDQVLWLRQ5RXWOHGJH/RQGRQ
>@ 53$:RUOG&LWLHV3ODQQLQJ&RPPLWWHH1HZ<RUN)RUG)RXQGDWLRQ$SULO
>@ 6-RVV(FRFLWLHVDJOREDOVXUYH\,Q7KH6XVWDLQDEOH&LW\9,%UHEELD&$+HUQiQGH]67LH]]L((G:,73UHVV
>@ 7UDQVIRUP7UDQVIRUPDWLRQDJHQGDIRUORZFDUERQFLWLHV2QOLQHKWWSXUEDQWUDQVIRUPHXDERXWVPDUWHQHUJ\FLW\>$FFHVVHG-XO\@
>@ : 0LWFKHOO ,QWHOOLJHQW FLWLHV H-RXUQDO RQ WKH .QRZOHGJH 6RFLHW\  2QOLQH KWWSZZZXRFHGXXRFSDSHUVGWHQJPLWFKHOOSGI
>$FFHVVHG-XO\@
>@ 0 (UHPLD / 7RPD $ 0DQRORLX 0 6DQGXOHDF $GYDQFHG SRZHU V\VWHPV XVLQJ SRZHU HOHFWURQLF IURP VPDUW JULGV WR VPDUW FLW\
7XWRULDO ZLWKLQ WKH WK (GLWLRQ RI :(& &HQWUDO  (DVWHUQ (XURSH (QHUJ\ )RUXP  )25(1  :RUOG (QHUJ\ &RXQFLO &RVWLQHVWL
5RPDQLD-XQH
>@ . *HLVOHU 7KH 5HODWLRQVKLS %HWZHHQ 6PDUW *ULGV DQG 6PDUW &LWLHV 2QOLQH KWWSVPDUWJULGLHHHRUJQHZVOHWWHUVPD\WKH
UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVPDUWJULGVDQGVPDUWFLWLHV>$FFHVVHG-XO\@
>@ 1,67*XLGHOLQHVIRU6PDUW*ULG&\EHUVHFXULW\9ROXPH6PDUW*ULG&\EHUVHFXULW\6WUDWHJ\$UFKLWHFWXUHDQG+LJK/HYHO
5HTXLUHPHQWV1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI6WDQGDUGVDQG7HFKQRORJ\1,67,55HYLVLRQ6HSWHPEHU
>@ 1,671,67)UDPHZRUNDQG5RDGPDSIRU6PDUW*ULG,QWHURSHUDELOLW\6WDQGDUGV5HOHDVH2QOLQH
KWWSZZZQLVWJRYVPDUWJULGXSORDG1,6763USGI>$FFHVVHG-XO\@