STARTER

Identify the substance which contain

THINK/PAIR/SHARE
acid .
 Learning Objectives/ (Specific Skill)/(Specific Learning Target): LO
•To Describe the characteristic physical properties of acids
•Effect on litmus and methyl orange
•Define acid and bases based in terms of proton transfer and
weak and strong acids. Acids
Proton
Hydrogen ions,
Indicator,
Litmus
Methyl Orange
Aqueous.

Success criteria/(Expected Learning outcome) :

• To define acid and bases in terms of proton transfer.
•To describe the physical properties of acids
•To explain the effect of acid on litmus and methy orange
 3 Min
STARTER
THINK/PAIR/SHARE

Specialty of this
animal

CHAMELEONS ARE FAMOUS for their

quick color-changing abilities. It's a common
misconception that they do this to camouflage
themselves against a background. In fact,
chameleons mostly change color to regulate
their temperatures or to signal their intentions
to other chameleons.
Since chameleons can't generate their own body
heat, changing the color of their skin is a way to
maintain a favorable body temperature. A cold
chameleon may become dark to absorb more
heat, whereas a hotter chameleon may turn pale
to reflect the sun's heat.
 Colour change - INDICATOR

Demonstration
Proton transfer
 Random Calling of students to
Plenary summarize the lesson
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ACIDS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBCLoWwcWo
Reaction with metals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPIsPWxLh6U
Reaction of acid with base
 Learning Objectives/ (Specific Skill)/(Specific Learning Target): LO
•To Describe the characteristic physical properties of bases
•Effect on litmus and methyl orange
•Define bases based in terms of proton transfer and
weak and strong bases
Bases, Alkali
Proton
Hydrogen ions,
Indicator,
Litmus
Methyl Orange
Aqueous.

Success criteria/(Expected Learning outcome) :

• To define bases in terms of proton transfer.
•To describe the physical properties of bases
•To explain the effect of acid on litmus and methy orange
STARTER
Reaction of acid with base
Ammonia. Ammonia has a characteristic sharp,
choking smell. It also makes damp red litmus
paper turn blue. Ammonia forms a white
smoke of ammonium chloride when hydrogen
chloride gas, from concentrated hydrochloric
acid, is held near it.
 Causes of Soil Acidity
Soil acidity can be caused by a number of factors:
❑ Soils in areas with large amounts of rainfall tend to be acidic because the water
leaches basic cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium) out of the soil
profile, and these cations are then replaced by acidic cations (hydrogen and aluminum).

❑Carbonic acid formed from carbon dioxide and water acidifies soils in
high-precipitation areas.

❑Acidic soils tend to be high in iron and aluminum oxides, as they are the slowest
minerals to weather in soil. Aluminum in these increasingly acidic soils is solubilized
and will combine with water to release additional hydrogen ions (acidity).

❑The soil parent material (or mineral types from which the soil developed) can be a
source of acidity in soils.

❑Nitrification of ammonium fertilizers yields hydrogen ions.

❑Acid rain contains nitric and sulfuric acid.

Added elemental sulfur oxidizes to form sulfuric acid.
Plants take up, and thus remove, basic cations from the soil.
Plant roots excrete hydrogen ions in exchange for nutrients in the soil.
 Detrimental Effects of Soil Acidity
❖Soil acidity can lead to elemental toxicities for plants by aluminum, iron, manganese,
and zinc due to the increased solubility of these elements at low pH values.

❖Soil acidity can cause limited availability of some macronutrients and micronutrients
such as phosphorus which binds to iron and aluminum oxides in acidic soils.

❖Other elements in their plant-available forms, such as molybdate, exibit decreased

solubilities at low pH values.

❖Microbial activity drops off in acidic conditions which can lower nitrogen (the key
plant nutrient) concentrations, reducing nitrogen fixation and nitrogen mineralization,
two processes vital to creating plant-available forms of nitrogen.

❖Organic matter decomposition by soil organisms slows.

❖Calcium, magnesium, and potassium deficiencies develop.

Treatments for Soil Acidity
Soil acidity can be ameliorated and the pH of the soil increased by
the addition of lime/limestone (calcium carbonate) and similar
compounds that have been ground fine for use. Types of lime-like
amendments include:
Dolomitic limestone
Quicklime
Hydrated lime
Marl
Chalk
Oystershell
Wood ashes
Fluid lime
Each lime-like amendment has its benefits and drawbacks, such as
effectiveness, price, and purity. Lime is most effective at
neutralizing acidity when it is incorporated/tilled into the soil to the
full depth of the plow layer or root zone.
 Benefits of Liming:
Lime treats acidity by combining with carbon dioxide gas, water, and hydrogen ions
to form free calcium ions and carbonic acid (weak acid). The carbonic acid then
dissociates to form carbon dioxide gas and water, ridding the soil of hydrogen ions.
Liming is also effective at accomplishing the following:

➢The calcium addition by the lime displaces aluminum and hydrogen off the soil
particle surfaces and replaces calcium in the soil (dolomitic lime furnishes
magnesium as well).

➢As the pH of the soil increases, excess metals, such as aluminum, iron, manganese,
and zinc, precipitate out of the soil solution and are no longer plant-available.

➢Phosphorus solubilizes and become plant-available.

➢Molybdenum solubility increases.
➢Microbial activity resumes.
Other lime-like amendments neutralize acidity, but may follow different reaction
paths. For instance, calcium oxide combines with water and hydrogen ions to
immediately form free calcium ions and water.
a mixture of dyes that changes
colour gradually over a range
of pH and is used (especially
as indicator paper) in testing
for acids and alkalis.
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale
used to specify the acidity or basicity of
an aqueous solution. It is approximately
the negative of the base 10 logarithm of
the molar concentration, measured in
units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions.
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANIONS
TEST TEST RESULT

ANIONS
add dilute acid effervescence, carbon dioxide
carbonate (CO 2–) produced
chloride (Cl –) [in 3 acidify with dilute nitric acid, then white ppt.
solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
bromide (Br –) [in acidify with dilute nitric acid, then cream ppt.
solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
iodide (I–) [in acidify with dilute nitric acid, then yellow ppt.
solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then ammonia produced
nitrate (NO –) aluminium foil; warm carefully
[in solution]3
acidify, then add aqueous barium white ppt.
sulfate (SO 2–) nitrate
[in solution]4
add dilute hydrochloric acid, warm sulfur dioxide produced will turn
sulfite (SO 2–) gently and test for the presence of acidified aqueous potassium
3 sulfur dioxide manganate(VII) from purple to
colourless
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR CATIONS

CATIONS EfFect of aqueous sodium Effect of aqueous ammonia

hydroxide

aluminium (Al 3+) white ppt., soluble in excess giving a white ppt., insoluble in excess
colourless solution
ammonia produced on warming –
ammonium (NH4 )+
calcium (Ca2+) white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt., or very slight white ppt.
chromium(III) green ppt., soluble in excess grey-green ppt., insoluble in excess
(Cr3+)
copper(II) (Cu2+) light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess,
giving a dark blue solution

iron(II) (Fe2+) green ppt., insoluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess
iron(III) (Fe3+) red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
zinc (Zn2+) white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a white ppt., soluble in excess, giving
colourless solution a colourless solution
IDENTIFICATION TEST FOR GASES

GAS test and test results

ammonia (NH3) turns damp, red litmus paper blue

carbon dioxide (CO2) turns limewater milky

chlorine (Cl 2) bleaches damp litmus paper

hydrogen (H2) ‘pops’ with a lighted splint

oxygen (O2) relights a glowing splint

sulfur dioxide (SO2) turns acidified aqueous potassium

manganate(VII) from purple to colourless
FLAME TEST

metal ion flame colour

lithium (Li+) red
sodium (Na+) yellow
potassium (K+) lilac
copper(II) (Cu2+) blue-green