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1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 1615
1621.3
The following definitions apply only to this division: SECTION 1619 — EXPOSURE
BASIC WIND SPEED is the fastest-mile wind speed asso-
ciated with an annual probability of 0.02 measured at a point An exposure shall be assigned at each site for which a building or
33 feet (10 000 mm) above the ground for an area having exposure structure is to be designed.
category C.
EXPOSURE B has terrain with buildings, forest or surface ir- SECTION 1620 — DESIGN WIND PRESSURES
regularities, covering at least 20 percent of the ground level area Design wind pressures for buildings and structures and elements
extending 1 mile (1.61 km) or more from the site. therein shall be determined for any height in accordance with the
EXPOSURE C has terrain that is flat and generally open, ex- following formula:
tending 1/2 mile (0.81 km) or more from the site in any full quad- P = Ce Cq qs Iw (20-1)
rant.
EXPOSURE D represents the most severe exposure in areas SECTION 1621 — PRIMARY FRAMES AND SYSTEMS
with basic wind speeds of 80 miles per hour (mph) (129 km/h) or
greater and has terrain that is flat and unobstructed facing large bo- 1621.1 General. The primary frames or load-resisting system of
dies of water over 1 mile (1.61 km) or more in width relative to any every structure shall be designed for the pressures calculated us-
quadrant of the building site. Exposure D extends inland from the ing Formula (20-1) and the pressure coefficients, Cq , of either
shoreline 1/4 mile (0.40 km) or 10 times the building height, Method 1 or Method 2. In addition, design of the overall structure
whichever is greater. and its primary load-resisting system shall conform to Section
1605.
FASTEST-MILE WIND SPEED is the wind speed obtained
from wind velocity maps prepared by the National Oceanographic The base overturning moment for the entire structure, or for any
and Atmospheric Administration and is the highest sustained av- one of its individual primary lateral-resisting elements, shall not
erage wind speed based on the time required for a mile-long sam- exceed two thirds of the dead-load-resisting moment. For an entire
ple of air to pass a fixed point. structure with a height-to-width ratio of 0.5 or less in the wind di-
rection and a maximum height of 60 feet (18 290 mm), the combi-
OPENINGS are apertures or holes in the exterior wall bound- nation of the effects of uplift and overturning may be reduced by
ary of the structure. All windows or doors or other openings shall one third. The weight of earth superimposed over footings may be
be considered as openings unless such openings and their frames used to calculate the dead-load-resisting moment.
are specifically detailed and designed to resist the loads on ele-
ments and components in accordance with the provisions of this 1621.2 Method 1 (Normal Force Method). Method 1 shall be
section. used for the design of gabled rigid frames and may be used for any
structure. In the Normal Force Method, the wind pressures shall be
PARTIALLY ENCLOSED STRUCTURE OR STORY is a assumed to act simultaneously normal to all exterior surfaces. For
structure or story that has more than 15 percent of any windward pressures on roofs and leeward walls, Ce shall be evaluated at the
projected area open and the area of opening on all other projected mean roof height.
areas is less than half of that on the windward projection.
1621.3 Method 2 (Projected Area Method). Method 2 may be
SPECIAL WIND REGION is an area where local records and used for any structure less than 200 feet (60 960 mm) in height ex-
terrain features indicate 50-year fastest-mile basic wind speed is cept those using gabled rigid frames. This method may be used in
higher than shown in Figure 16-1. stability determinations for any structure less than 200 feet
UNENCLOSED STRUCTURE OR STORY is a structure (60 960 mm) high. In the Projected Area Method, horizontal pres-
that has 85 percent or more openings on all sides. sures shall be assumed to act upon the full vertical projected area
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CHAP. 16, DIV. III
1621.3 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
1625
of the structure, and the vertical pressures shall be assumed to act SECTION 1623 — OPEN-FRAME TOWERS
simultaneously upon the full horizontal projected area.
Radio towers and other towers of trussed construction shall be de-
signed and constructed to withstand wind pressures specified in
SECTION 1622 — ELEMENTS AND COMPONENTS OF this section, multiplied by the shape factors set forth in Table
STRUCTURES 16-H.
Design wind pressures for each element or component of a struc-
ture shall be determined from Formula (20-1) and Cq values from
Table 16-H, and shall be applied perpendicular to the surface. For SECTION 1624 — MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
outward acting forces the value of Ce shall be obtained from Table
16-G based on the mean roof height and applied for the entire Greenhouses, lath houses, agricultural buildings or fences 12 feet
height of the structure. Each element or component shall be de- (3658 mm) or less in height shall be designed in accordance with
signed for the more severe of the following loadings: Chapter 16, Division III. However, three fourths of qs , but not less
1. The pressures determined using Cq values for elements and than 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2), may be substituted for qs in Formula
components acting over the entire tributary area of the element. (20-1). Pressures on local areas at discontinuities need not be con-
sidered.
2. The pressures determined using Cq values for local areas at
discontinuities such as corners, ridges and eaves. These local pres-
sures shall be applied over a distance from a discontinuity of
SECTION 1625 — OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES
10 feet (3048 mm) or 0.1 times the least width of the structure,
whichever is less. For the purpose of wind-resistant design, each structure shall be
The wind pressures from Sections 1621 and 1622 need not be placed in one of the occupancy categories listed in Table 16-K.
combined. Table 16-K lists importance factors, Iw, for each category.
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1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16-C
TABLE 16-E
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TABLE 16-F 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
TABLE 16-G
TABLE 16-F—WIND STAGNATION PRESSURE (qs ) AT STANDARD HEIGHT OF 33 FEET (10 058 mm)
Basic wind speed (mph)1 ( 1.61 for km/h) 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Pressure qs (psf) ( 0.0479 for kN/m2) 12.6 16.4 20.8 25.6 31.0 36.9 43.3
1Wind speed from Section 1618.
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1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16-H
TABLE 16-H
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TABLE 16-I 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
TABLE 16-K
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1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16-L
TABLE 16-M
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TABLE 16-N 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
TABLE 16-N
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1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16-O
TABLE 16-O
(Continued)
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TABLE 16-O 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
TABLE 16-Q
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FIGURE 16-1 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
FIGURE 16-1
100 90 80
125°
70 120° 115° 110° 105° 100° 95° 90° 85° 80° 75° 70° 65°
80
70 70
80
80
45° 100 90 45°
90 70
70
90 70
90
40° 40°
90
80
70 80
100
35° 110 35°
110
70
30°
70 30°
110
110
64°
25° 25°
110
60°
70 100
80 BASIC WIND SPEED 70 mph SPECIAL WIND REGION
110 80 90
176° E 180° 176° W NOTES:
56°
Aleutian Islands 90 1. LINEAR INTERPOLATION BETWEEN WIND SPEED CONTOURS IS ACCEPTABLE.
100 52° 2. CAUTION IN USE OF WIND SPEED CONTOURS IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS OF ALASKA IS ADVISED.
110 52° 110 52°
3. WIND SPEED FOR HAWAII IS 80, PUERTO RICO IS 95 AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS IS 110.
110 176° E 180° 176° W 4. WIND SPEED MAY BE ASSUMED TO BE CONSTANT BETWEEN THE COASTLINE AND THE NEAREST INLAND
168° 160° 152° 144° 136° CONTOUR.
100° 110° 105° 100° 95° 90° 85° 80° 75°
FIGURE 16-1—MINIMUM BASIC WIND SPEEDS IN MILES PER HOUR ( 1.61 for km/h)
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1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE FIGURE 16-2
FIGURE 16-2
2A
2B
3 2B
1
0
1
4
3
0 2A
4 2B
3
1
3 0
4 1
3 2
A
2A
1
3
3 2B
1
1
4 2A 2A
ALASKA 2A 1
0 2B
1
1
0
2B
KAUAI 1
2A
1 2B 3
MAUI
OAHU
1 2B
4 0
HAWAII GUAM 3
3 4
3 0
TUTUILA
2B 3
3 4 0 100 200 300
4 PUERTO RICO
0 MILES
ALEUTIAN
ISLANDS
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FIGURE 16-3 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
FIGURE 16-3
CONTROL PERIODS
2.5Ca Ts = Cv /2.5Ca
SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (gs)
To = 0.2Ts
Cv /T
Ca
To Ts
PERIOD (SECONDS)
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