Strengthening Powerpoint PDF

The Design of Fiber Reinforced
Polymers for Structural

Strengthening
An Overview of ACI 440
Guidelines
Sarah Witt
Fyfe Company
November 7, 2008
1
GUIDE FOR THE DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERNALLY
BONDED FRP SYSTEMS FOR
STRENGTHENING CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
ACI Document 440.2R-08

Printed July 2008
2
Outline
Strengthening Concrete Structures
Reasons for strengthening
Types of FRP strengthening systems
Materials and properties of FRP strengthening systems
Substrate Preparation/FRP Application
Repair
Proper detailing and installation methods
Quality control
Design Principles
Strengthening limits
Flexural strengthening
Shear strengthening
Axial strengthening
Reinforcement Details
Bond and delamination
Detailing of laps and splices
Design Examples and Case Studies
3
Reasons for Strengthening
Change in use
Construction or design defects
Code changes
Seismic retrofit
Deterioration
4
Excessive Loading
5
Flexural Cracking
6
Overloading
7
Seismic Loads
8
Improper Steel Placement
9
Impact Damage
10
Typical FRP Systems for
Strengthening Structures
Section 3.2, Guide: Wet lay-up systems
Unidirectional fiber sheets
Multidirectional fiber sheets
Mechanically applied fiber tows
Prepreg systems
Unidirectional fiber sheets
Multidirectional fiber sheets
Mechanically applied fiber tows
Precured systems
Unidirectional laminates
Multidirectional grids
Shell elements
Other forms not covered
11
12
13
Typical Fiber Properties
Carbon
Aramid
E-Glass
14
Substrate Preparation / Repair
Bond vs. Contact Critical
Contact Critical
Requires intimate contact between the FRP
System and the concrete
c Confinement of columns
Bond Critical
Requires an adhesive bond between the FRP
system and the concrete
c Beam, slab and wall strengthening
15
Substrate Preparation / Repair
Section 6.4, Guide:
Substrate issues:
c ACI 503
c ICRI 03730
200 psi (1.4 MPa)

minimum tensile
strength
2500 psi minimum
compressive strength of
concrete Removal / replacement
of unsound concrete
16
Substrate Preparation
Section 6.4, Guide:
Minimum ICRI CSP 3
Preparation of concrete surface
17
Epoxy Injection
Section 6.4, Guide:
Cracks wider than
0.010 in (0.3 mm)
should be injected
prior to application
of the FRP system.
ACI 224.1
Smaller cracks in
aggressive
environments may
require sealing
18
Quality Control & Assurance
During-construction:
Bond testing
ACI 503R
ASTM D4541
Tension adhesion strengths
should exceed 200 psi (1.4 MPa),
exhibit failure of the concrete substrate.
Cured thickness
Extract small core samples less than 0.5 in (13 mm)
diameter
Avoid sampling in high stress areas if possible
Repair using overlapping sheets on filled core.
19
Quality Control & Assurance
Post-construction:
General Acceptance Criteria for Delaminations
Wet Layup
c Delaminations less than 2 in2 (1300 mm2) each are permissible:
¡ No more than 10 delaminations per 10 ft2 of laminate area
¡ Total delamination area less than 5% of total laminate area
c Delaminations less than 25 in2 (16,000 mm2) may be repaired by resin
injection or ply replacement, depending upon the size, number and
location of delaminations.
c Delaminations greater than 25 in2 (16,000 mm2) should be repaired
by selectively cutting away the affected sheet and applying an
overlapping sheet patch of equivalent plies.
Precured systems
c Each delamination must be inspected and repaired in accordance with
the engineer’s direction
20
Design Guidelines
21
FRP Strengthening Applications
Flexural Strengthening
Beams, Slabs, Walls, etc.
Shear Strengthening
Beams, Columns, Walls, etc.
Axial Enhancement
Column Wrapping, Pressure Vessels
22
Strengthening Limits
Section 9.2, Guide:
Limited by strength of other structural components

Columns, footings, etc.
Limited by other failure mechanisms
Punching shear
Loss of FRP should not result in immediate
collapse
(φRn )existing ≥ (1.1SDL + 0.75 SLL )new (9-1)
23
Structural Fire Endurance
Glass Transition Temperatures of most FRP

systems is typically in the range of 140 - 180oF
(60 - 80oC)
Use of an insulation system can improve the
overall fire rating of the strengthened reinforced
concrete member
Insulation system can delay strength
degradation of concrete and steel, increasing the
fire rating of the member
The contribution of the FRP system can be
considered if it is demonstrated that the FRP
temperature remains below a critical temperature
24
Rational Fire Endurance Check
ACI 216R:
Given cover and fire endurance requirement
Find the temperature of the steel & concrete
Find a reduced steel & concrete material
strength
Find the associated reduced section strength
Reduced strength > Unfactored demand
No phi factors or load factors
25
Rational Fire Endurance Check
Section 9.2.1, Guide:
From ACI 216R - Reduce material strengths at elevated
temperature:
Steel: f y → f yθ
Concrete: f 'c → f 'cθ
FRP: f fu → 0 *
(Rn )existing ≥ (S DL + S LL ) (9-2)
26
Maximum Service Temperature
Typical glass transition temperature (Tg) for epoxy 140 -
180oF (60 - 80oC)
Above Tg mechanical properties start to degrade
Service temperature should not exceed Tg - 27°F (Tg – 15°C)
27
Flexural Strengthening
Chapter 10, Guide
Typical flexural strength increases up to 40%

This limit is based on the Guide’s requirements
Positive and negative moment strengthening
Add strength to RC and PC members
Reduce crack widths
Seismic loadings not covered
φM n > M u (10-1)
28
Assumptions
Design calculations are based on actual

dimensions and material properties.
Plane sections remain plane (including FRP).
Maximum compressive strain ε cu = 0.003
Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
FRP has linear-elastic relation to failure.
Perfect bond between FRP and concrete (no
slip).
The shear deformation within the adhesive layer
is neglected.
29
Verification of Shear Capacity
Section shear capacity must be

sufficient to handle shear forces
associated with increased flexural
capacity.
30
Failure Modes
1. crushing of concrete prior to steel yield

2. yield of steel followed by concrete crushing
3. yield of steel followed by FRP failure
4. shear / tension delamination in concrete cover
5. FRP debonding from substrate
The desired mode of failure is usually mode 2 or 3.
31
Effective Strain in FRP
600
Rupture Strain
500
400
Stress (ksi)
Effective Strain
300
200
100
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Strain (in/in)
32
Limitation on Strain in FRP
To prevent debonding in regions away from FRP Termination
f c' (10-2) US
ε fd = 0.083 ≤ 0.9 ε fu
nE f t f
f c'
ε fd = 0.41 ≤ 0.9 ε fu
nE f t f (10-2) SI
⎛h−c⎞
ε fe = ε cu ⎜ ⎟ − ε bi ≤ ε fd (10-3)
⎝ c ⎠
33
Calculation Procedure
Determine initial strain in substrate
Estimate neutral axis, c
Determine failure mode Compute Moment Capacity
Calculate material strain Check service conditions
Calculate stresses and forces
Check Equilibrium (Calculate c)
No Estimated c = Yes
c for Equilibrium?
34
Estimate the Neutral Axis Depth
No closed form
solution exists εc
Must find depth to the
neutral axis by trial c
and error
As a starting point, a
good rule of thumb is
20% of the effective εs
section depth
εfe εbi
c ≈ 0.20 d εb
35
Determine Mode of Failure
⎛h−c⎞
ε fe = ε cu ⎜ ⎟ − ε bi ≤ ε fd (10-3)
⎝ c ⎠
⎛h−c⎞
ε fe = ε cu ⎜ ⎟ − ε bi ≤ ε fd Concrete Crushing Controls
⎝ c ⎠
⎛h−c⎞
ε fe = ε cu ⎜ ⎟ − ε bi ≥ ε fd FRP Rupture Controls
⎝ c ⎠
36
Concrete Stress Block
Whitney stress block is

valid only when
γf 'c
concrete crushing
governs failure (i.e., c β1c
εc=0.003)
If FRP rupture controls,
a stress block Actual Equivalent
appropriate for the Stress Stress
concrete strain level Distribution Distribution
should be used
37
Concrete Stress Block
εc < 0.003 β1 = 2 −
[
4 (ε c ε c′ ) − tan −1 (ε c ε c′ ) ]
(
(ε c ε c′ ) ln 1 + ε c2 ε c′2 )
γ=
(
0.90ln 1 + ε c2 ε′c2 )
γf'c β1ε c ε′c
β1c 1.71f c′
ε′c =
Ec
38
Calculation of Flexural Strain
Assume strain
compatibility εc
Based on failure mode
c
Calculate the strain in each
material by similar
triangles
εs
⎛ d −c ⎞ εfe εbi
ε s = (ε fe + ε bi ) ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
(10-10)
εb
d
⎝ f − c ⎠
39
Calculation Of Stress
Steel – Elastic / Plastic:
Stress
FRP
f s = Esε s ≤ f y (10-11)
FRP – Elastic:
f fe = Esε fe (10-9)
Steel
Strain
40
Check Force Equilibrium
Sum forces in the horizontal
direction
If forces do not equilibrate,
revise “c” α1 f
'c
Repeat previous steps β1c
As f s + A f f fe
cest =
β1α 1 f c′ b Asfs
Afff
41
Ultimate Strength Model
εc
c
εs fs
Af = n tf wf εfe εbi ffe = Ef εfe
⎛ β1c ⎞ ⎛ β1c ⎞
M n = As f s ⎜ d − ⎟ + ψ f A f f fe ⎜ h − ⎟ (10-13)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
42
Loss in Ductility
φ ≈0.75ρb
ACI 318 :
A section with lower 0.90
ductility should ρb
compensate with a
0.65
higher reserve of
strength
εsy 0.005 Steel

⎧ Strain at
0.90 for ε t ≥ 0.005
0.25(ε t − ε sy )
⎪ Ultimate
⎪
φ = ⎨0.65 + for ε sy < ε t < 0.005 (10-5)
⎪ 0.005 − ε sy
⎪⎩ 0.65 for ε t ≤ ε sy
43
Design Flexural Strength
⎡ ⎛ β1c ⎞ ⎛ β1c ⎞⎤
φM n = φ ⎢ As f s ⎜ d − ⎟ +ψA f f fe ⎜ h − ⎟⎥ (10-13)
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
Reduction factor for FRP contribution: ψ = 0.85
φM n > M u (10-1)
44
Serviceability
At service, stress in steel should be limited to 80% of
yield strength:
Mu
FRP Strengthened
Moment
My
Ms Unstrengthened
f s , s ≤ .80 f y (10-6)
Curvature
45
Prestressed Concrete Members
Assumptions
Assumptions for concrete members apply

strain compatibility for strain or change in strain
in the prestressing steel
prestressing steel rupture mode should be
investigated
where prestressing steel is draped several
sections should be evaluated
46
Failure Modes
1. Strain level in FRP governed by strain

limitations due:
1. concrete crushing
2. FRP rupture
3. FRP debonding
4. Prestressing steel failure
47
Strength Reduction Factor
To maintain a sufficient ductility the nominal strain in the

prestressing steel should be higher than 0.013. If this
strain is not achieved a lower strength factor should be
used
⎧ 0.90 for ε ps ≥ 0.013

⎪⎪ 0.25 (ε ps − 0.010) (10-19)
φ = ⎨0.65 + for 0.010 < ε ps < 0.013
⎪ (0.013 − 0.010)
⎪⎩ 0.65 for ε ps ≤ 0.010
48
Serviceability
In service stress in the prestressing steel should be prevented

from yielding:
f ps , s ≤ 0.82 f py (10-20a)
f ps , s ≤ 0.74 f pu (10-20b)
49
Nominal Strength
•The calculation procedure for nominal strength:

• satisfy should strain compatibility
•satisfy force equilibrium
•consider mode of failure
•similar to method for reinforced members
50
Nominal Strength
For a given value of the neutral axis, c:
Stress level in the FRP f fe = E f ε fe (10-21)
P ⎛ e2 ⎞
Strain in the tendon ε ps = ε pe + e ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ + ε pnet ≤ 0.035 (10-22)
Ac Ec ⎝ r ⎠
51
Nominal Strength
The value of enet depends on the mode of failure
⎛ dp −c ⎞
ε pnet ≤ 0.003 ⎜⎜ ⎟ (10-23a)
concrete crushing
c ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ dP − c ⎞
FRP rupture or
ε pnet ≤ (ε fe + ε bi )⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ (10-23b)
debonding
d
⎝ f − c ⎠
52
Nominal Strength
Force equilibrium can be checked by satisfying:
Ap f ps + A f f fe
c= (10-25)
α f β1b
1 c
'
53
Case Study – Slab Upgrade
P/T flat slab live

load increase:
50 – 100 psf
54
Case Study – Slab Upgrade
Positive moment
upgrade to
column strip
55
Shear Strengthening
Chapter 11, Guide
Increase shear capacity of beams or columns
Amount of increase depends on section geometry,
existing reinforcement, and a variety of additional
factors.
Change failure mode to flexural
Typically results in a more ductile failure
φVn > Vu (11-1)
56
Wrapping Schemes
Overlap
Fully Wrapped “U-wrap” Two sides bonded
57
Effective Strain in FRP
Maximum strain that can be achieved in the FRP

system at the ultimate load stage
Governed by the failure mode of the FRP system
and the strengthened member.
ε fe = 0.004 ≤ 0.75ε fu for completely wrapped members (11-6a)
ε fe = κ vε fu ≤ 0.004 for bonded U − wraps or face plies (11-6b)
58
Effective Strain Limitations for FRP
Determination of bond-reduction coefficient κv:
k 1 k 2 Le
κv = ≤ 0.75 (11-7) US
⎛ f ⎞ ' 2/3
468 ε fu k 1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟c
(11-9) US
⎟
⎝ 4000 ⎠
k1k 2 Le
κv = ≤ 0.75 (11-7) SI ⎛ ⎞
f c'
2/3
11,900ε fu k 1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (11-9) SI
⎝ 27 ⎠
⎧ d f − Le
⎪ for U wraps
⎪ df
k2 = ⎨ (11-10)
d − 2 Le
⎪ f for two − sides bonded
⎪⎩ d f
59
Determination of active bond length Le:
2500 23 ,300
Le = Le = (11-8) SI
(n t f Ef )
0.58
(11-8) US
(n t f E f )
0.58
Le
60
Determination of bond-reduction coefficient κv:
k 1 k 2 Le
κv = ≤ 0.75 (11-7) US
⎛ f ⎞ ' 2/3
468 ε fu k 1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟c
(11-9) US
⎟
⎝ 4000 ⎠
k1k 2 Le
κv = ≤ 0.75 (11-7) SI ⎛ ⎞
f c'
2/3
11,900ε fu k 1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (11-9) SI
⎝ 27 ⎠
⎧ d f − Le
⎪ for U wraps (11-10)
⎪ df
k2 = ⎨
d − 2 Le ε fe = κ vε fu ≤ 0.004
⎪ f for two − sides bonded
⎪⎩ d f
61
Pertinent Shear Dimensions
df sf sf
βα
wf wf
A fv f fe (sin α + cos α )d f
Vf = (11-3)
sf
A fv = 2 nt f w f (11-4)
f fe = ε fe E f (11-5)
62
Design Shear Capacity
φVn = φ (Vc + Vs +ψ f V f ) (11-2)
φVn = φ (Vc + Vs +ψV f )

φ = 0.85 ( ACI 318)
ψ f = 0.95 ( fully wrapped )
ψ f = 0.85 (bonded U − wraps or face plies )
63
Spacing, Reinforcing Limits
d
s f ,max = wf + Section 11.1, Guide:
4
Based on ACI 318-05, Section 11.5.6.9:
Vs + V f ≤ 8 f 'c bw d (11-11) US
Vs + V f ≤ 0.66 f c′bd (11-11) SI
64
Case Study – Precast Garage
Installed FRP “U” Wraps
65
Confinement
Chapter 12, Guide
Increase in member axial compressive strength
Enhance the ductility of members subjected to
combined axial and bending forces
Increase the strength of members subjected to
combined axial and bending forces
66
Axial Compression
Fibers oriented transverse to the longitudinal

axis of the member
Contribution of any longitudinal fibers to axial
strength is negligible
Results in an increase in the apparent strength
of the concrete and in the maximum usable
compressive strain in the concrete
Passive confinement
Intimate contact between FRP system and
member is critical
67
Confinement
Confining
Pressure
FRP Confined Concrete Behavior
Stress
FRP Confined
Concrete
f cc′
εL
εT
f c′ Unconfined
0.85 f c′ Concrete
Transverse ε fu ε fe ε c′ ε cu = 0.003 ε ccu Longitudinal

Strain Strain
Transverse Strain Longitudinal Strain

(Dilation)
69
FRP Confined Concrete
Strain Limitation
For pure axial loading:
ε fe = κ ε ε fu (12-5)
κ ε = 0.55 Recommended value

(accounts for premature failure strain
of FRP)
For combined axial + bending:
ε fe = 0.004 ≤ κ ε ε fu (12-12)
Limit to maintain shear

Transverse Strain integrity of concrete Longitudinal Strain
(Dilation)
70
Stress FRP Confinement Model
f cc′ FRP Confined

Concrete
E2 ⎧
⎪E ε −
( Ec − E 2 ) 2
2
εc for 0 ≤ ε c ≤ ε t′
fc = ⎨ c c 4 f c′ (12-2a)
f c′ ⎪ f ′+ E ε for ε t′ ≤ ε c ≤ ε ccu
⎩ c 2 c
Unconfined
Concrete
Where,
f cc′ − f c′
E2 = (12-2b)
Ec ε ccu
2 f c′
ε c′ ε t′ ε ccu Strain
ε t′ = (12-2c)
Ec − E 2
(Dilation)
71
Stress FRP Confinement Model
f cc′ FRP Confined
f cc′ = f c′ + ψ f 3.3κ a f l
Concrete
E2
(12-3)
f c′ ⎛ ⎛ ε ⎞
0.45
⎞
= ε c′ ⎜1.50 + 12κ b l ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟ (12-6)
f
Unconfined ε ccu fe
Concrete ⎜ f c′ ⎝ ε c′ ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Where,
Ec
fl is the confining pressure
exerted by the FRP jacket
ε c′ ε t′ ε ccu Strain
κa and κb are shape factors

(Dilation)
72
Circular Sections
FRP Jacket
Confining pressure:
fl
2 E f n t f ε fe
fl = (12-4)
D
fl
Ef εfe Ef εfe
Shape factors:
κ a = κ b = 1.0
Concrete
fl
73
Rectangular Sections
Equivalent circular
column
Confining pressure:
2 E f n t f ε fe
fl = (12-4)
D
D2
D = b + h2 b
74
Shape factors:
2
Ae ⎛ b ⎞
κa = ⎜ ⎟ (12-9)
Ac ⎝ h ⎠
Effective confinement
b 0.5
area, Ae Ae ⎛ h ⎞
κb = ⎜ ⎟ (12-10)
Ac ⎝ b ⎠
h
Confining stress
concentrated at corners
75
Ratio of effective confinement area to total area

of concrete
⎡⎛ b ⎞ ⎛h⎞ 2⎤
⎢⎜ h ⎟(h − 2rc ) + ⎜ b ⎟(b − 2rc ) ⎥
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1− ⎣ ⎦ −ρ
g
Ae 3 Ag
= (12-11)
Ac 1− ρg
76
Using the Confinement Model
Compressive Strength:
with existing steel spiral reinforcing
φPn = 0.85φ [0.85 f cc' (Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast ] (12-1a)
with existing steel-tie reinforcing:

φPn = 0.80φ [0.85 f cc' (Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast ] (12-1b)
Use the confined concrete

compressive strength in ACI 318
equations
77
Serviceability Considerations-
Axial Compression
To ensure radial cracking will not occur under

service loads,
f c ≤ 0.65 f c '
To avoid plastic deformation under sustained or

cyclic loads,
f s ≤ 0.60 f y
78
Reinforcement Details
Chapter 13, Guide
General Guidelines:
Do not turn inside corners;
Provide a minimum 1/2 in. (13 mm) radius when the
sheet is wrapped around outside corners
Provide adequate development length
Provide sufficient overlap when splicing FRP plies.
79
Allowable Termination Points –
Simply Supported Beams
Section 13.1.2, Guide
Plies should extend a

distance equal at least to ldf
past the point along the
span corresponding to the
cracking moment, Mcr,
If Vu > 0.67Vc at the
termination point the FRP
laminate should be
anchored with transverse
(“clamping”) reinforcement
80
Bond and Delamination
Transverse (“clamping”) reinfocement
Area of transverse (“clamping”) FRP U-Wrap

reinforcement to prevent concrete cover layer from
splitting:
(A f f fu )longitudinal
=
(E κ v ε fu )anchor
A f anchor (13-1)
81
Development Length
The bond capacity of FRP is developed over a critical

length:
nE f t f
ldf =0.057 in in.-lb units
'
f c
(13-2)
nE f t f
ldf = in SI units
'
f c
82
Detailing of NSM bars
groove dimensions shall be at least 1.5 times the

diameter of the bar
For a rectangular bar the minimum groove size
shall be 3ab x 1.5bb
83
Development Length of NSM bars
Development length of NSM bar:
db
ldb = f fd for circular bars (13-3)
4(0.5τ max )
ab d b
ldb = f fd for rectangular bars (13-4)
2(a b +b b )(0.5τ max )
84
QUESTIONS?
Thank You
85
Design Example
Flexural Strengthening of Interior Beam
86
Design Example: Flexural Strengthening of an Interior Beam
12”
24’-0”
DL,wLL
f’c=5000 psi 21.5”

24”
3-#9 bars
fy=60 ksi
2-12”x 23’-0” FRP plies
φMn=266 k-ft
(w/o FRP) FRP
w
ELEVATION SECTION
Manufacturer’s reported FRP-system properties

Thickness per ply, 0.040 in. 1.016 mm
Ultimate tensile strength 90 ksi 0.62 kN/mm2
Rupture strain, 0.015 0.015
Modulus of elasticity of FRP laminates, 5360 ksi 37 kN/mm2
87
Loadings and corresponding moments

Loading/Moment Existing loads Anticipated loads
Dead loads,wDL 1.00 k/ft 14 N/mm 1.00 k/ft 14 N/mm
Live load,wLL 1.20 k/ft 17 N/mm 1.80 k/ft 26 N/mm
Unfactored loads,
2.20 k/ft 32.1 N/mm 2.80 k/ft 40.9 N/mm
(wDL + wLL)
Unstrengthened load limit
n/a n/a 2.45 k/ft 34.9 N/mm
(1.1wDL +0.75wLL)
Factored loads,
3.12 k/ft 50.2 N/mm 4.46 k/ft 65.1 N/mm
(1.2wDL +1.6wLL)
Dead-load moment,MDL 72 k-ft 96.2 kN-m 72 k-ft 96.2 kN-m

Live-load moment,MLL 86 k-ft 114.9 kN-m 130 k-ft 173.6 kN-m
Service-load moment,Ms 158 k-ft 211.1 kN-m 202 k-ft 269.8 kN-m
Unstrengthened moment
n/a n/a 177 k-ft 240 kN-m
limit (1.1MDL +0.75MLL)
Factored moment,Mu 224 k-ft 303.6 kN-m -
294.4 k-ft 399.2 kN-m
Two, 12 in. wide by 23 ft. long plies are to be bonded to the soffit of the beam
using the wet-lay-up technique.
88
• Step 1 - Compute the FRP-system design material properties
For an interior beam, an environmental-reduction

factor (CE ) of 0.95 is suggested.
f fu = C E f fu* f fu = (0.95)(90 ksi) = 85ksi
ε fu = CE ε *fu ε fu = (0.95)(0.0 15in./in.) = 0.0142in./ in.
89
• Step 2 - Preliminary calculations
Properties of the concrete:

β1 from ACI 318-05, Section 10.2.7.3.
f 'c
β1 = 1.05 − 0.05 = 0.80
1000
Ec = 57,000 5000 psi = 4,030,000 psi
90
Properties of existing reinforcing steel:
As = 3(1.00 in. 2 ) = 3.00 in. 2
As 3.00 in. 2
ρs ≡ ρs = = 0.0116
bd (12 in. )(21.5 in. )
91
Properties of the externally bonded FRP reinforcement:
A f = nt f w f A f = (2 plies)(0.040 in. ply )(12 in.) = 0.96in.2
Af 0.96 in.2
ρf ≡ ρf = = 0.00372
bd (12 in.)(21.5 in.)
92
• Step 3 - Determine the existing state of the strain on the soffit
The existing state of strain is calculated assuming

the beam is cracked and the only loads acting on the
beam at the time of the FRP installation are dead
loads. A cracked section analysis of the existing
beam gives k=0.334 and Icr=5937 in.4
M DL (h − kd ) ε bi =
(864 k ⋅ in.)[24 in. − (0.334 )(21.5 in.)]
ε bi =
I cr Ec
(5,937 in.4 )(4,030 ksi )
ε bi = 0.00061
93
• Step 4 – Determine the design strain of the FRP System
5000 psi
ε fd = 0.083 ≤ 0.9 ε fu
2 (5360000 psi ) (0.04in )
ε fd = 0.0113 ≤ 0.9(0.0142) = 0.0128
94
• Step 5 - Estimate c, the depth to the neutral axis
A reasonable initial estimate of c is 0.20d. The

value of c is adjusted after checking equilibrium.
c = 0.20d c = (0.20)(21.5 in.) = 4.30 in.
95
• Step 6 - Determine the effective level of strain in the FRP reinforcement
⎛df −c⎞
ε fe = 0.003 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ε bi ≤ ε fd
⎝ c ⎠
⎛ 24 − 4.3 ⎞
ε fe = 0.003 ⎜ ⎟ − 0.00061 ≤ 0.009
⎝ 4 . 3 ⎠
ε fe = 0.0131 ≤ 0.009
ε fe = 0.009
96
Since FRP controls the section failure, the concrete strain is

less than 0.003:
⎛ c ⎞
ε c = (ε f e + ε bi ) ⎜ ⎟
⎜d −c⎟
⎝ f ⎠
⎛ 4 .3 ⎞
ε c = (0.009 + 0.00061) ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0021
⎝ 24 − 4.3 ⎠
97
• Step 7 - Calculate the strain in the existing reinforcing steel
⎛ d −c ⎞
ε s = (ε fe + ε bi ) ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ d f − c ⎠
⎛ 21.5 − 4.30 ⎞
ε s = (0.009 + 0.00061) ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0084
⎝ 24 − 4.30 ⎠
98
• Step 8 - Calculate the stress level in the reinforcing steel and FRP
f s = (29,000 ksi)(0.0084) ≤ 60 ksi

f s = Es ε s ≤ f y
f s = 348 ksi ≤ 60 ksi
f fe = E f ε fe f fe = (5,360 ksi )(0.009 ) = 48.2 ksi
99
• Step 9a - Calculate the internal force resultants
Approximate stress block factors may be calculated using the

parabolic stress-strain relationship of concrete as follows:
1.7 f c' 1.7 (5,000)

ε =
'
= = 0.0021
4,030 ×10
c 6
Ec
4ε c' − ε c 4(0.0021) − 0.0021

β1 = ' = = 0.749
6ε c − 2ε c 6(0.0021) − 2(0.0021)
3ε c' ε c − ε c2 3(0.0021) (0.0021)

α1 = = = 0.886
3γε c '2
3(0.749) (0.0021) 2
100
• Step 9b – Check equilibrium
Force equilibrium is verified by checking the initial estimate of the

neutral axis, c
As f s + A f A fe (3)(60) + (0.96)(48.2)
c= = = 5.87in
α f c'cβ1 b
1 (0.886)(5)(0.749)(12)
c = 5.87in ≠ 4.30in NG
101
• Step 10 – Iterate on c until force equilibrium is satisfied

c = 5.17 in.
ε s = 0.0083
c=
(3.00 in. )(60 ksi) + (0.96 in. )(48.2 ksi)
2 2
f s = f y = 60 ksi (0.928)(5 ksi)(0.786)(12 in.)

ε fd = 0.009
f fe = 49.8 ksi c = 5.17 in. = OK .
ε c = 0.0027
β1 = 0.786 The value of c selected for
α = 0.928
1
the final iteration is correct.
102
• Step 11 – Calculate reinforcement and FRP contribution to strength
⎛ β1c ⎞ ⎛ 0.786(5.17) ⎞
M ns = As f s ⎜ d − ⎟ = (3.00)(60)⎜ 21.5 − ⎟ = 3,504k − in = 292k − ft
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ β c⎞ ⎛ 0.786(5.17) ⎞
M sf = A f f fe ⎜ d f − 1 ⎟ = (0.96)(48.2)⎜ 24 − ⎟ = 1,017 k − in = 85 k − ft
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
103
• Step 11 – Calculate design flexural strength of the section

The flexural strength is calculated using the reduction factor.
Since εs =0.0083>0.005, the value of Ф is 0.9
φ M n = φ [M ns + ψ M nf ]= 0.9(292 + 0.85(85) ) = 327 k − ft
φ M n = 327 k − ft ≥ M u = 294 k − ft
The strengthened section is capable of sustaining

the new required moment strength
104
• Step 12 – Check service stresses in the reinforcing steel and the FRP
Calculate the elastic depth to the cracked neutral

axis by summing the first moment of the areas of the
transformed section.
105
2
⎛ Es Ef ⎞ ⎛ Es E f ⎛ h ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ Es Ef ⎞
k = ⎜⎜ ρ s + ρf ⎟⎟ + 2⎜⎜ ρ s + ρf ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ρ s + ρf ⎟⎟
⎝ Ec Ec ⎠ ⎝ Ec Ec ⎝ d ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ Ec Ec ⎠
k = 0.343
kd = (0.343)(21.5 in.) = 7.37 in.
106
Calculate the stress level in the reinforcing steel:

⎡ ⎛ kd ⎞⎤
M
⎢ s + ε A
bi f E f ⎜ h − ⎟⎥ (d − kd )Es
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
f s,s = ≤ 0. 8 f y
As Es ⎜ d − ⎟(d − kd ) + A f E f ⎜ d f − ⎟(d f − kd )
⎛ kd ⎞ ⎛ kd ⎞
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
f s , s = 40.4 ksi ≤ (0.80)(60 ksi ) = 48 ksi OK
The stress level in the reinforcing steel is within the recommended limit
107
• Step 14 – Check creep rupture limit t service for the FRP
Calculate the stress level in the FRP:
⎛ Ef ⎞⎛ d f − kd ⎞
f f ,s = f s , s ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ε bi E f ≤ 0.55 f fu
⎝ Es ⎠⎝ d − kd ⎠
f f , s = 5.60 ksi ≤ (0.55)(85) = 50 ksi OK
108
• Step 14 – Detailing Requirements
Detail the FRP reinforcement as follow:
1. Check that shear force at termination is less than shear force

that causes end-peeling (estimate as 2/3 of concrete shear
strength).
2. Terminate FRP at ldf (per Eq. 12.2) past cracking moment.
a) If shear force is higher extend FRP beyond and/or use
FRP U-wraps.
109

Strengthening Powerpoint PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Strengthening Powerpoint PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Design of Fiber Reinforced

Polymers for Structural

ACI Document 440.2R-08

 200 psi (1.4 MPa)

Minimum ICRI CSP 3

Preparation of concrete surface

 Limited by strength of other structural components

(φRn )existing ≥ (1.1SDL + 0.75 SLL )new (9-1)

 Glass Transition Temperatures of most FRP

(Rn )existing ≥ (S DL + S LL ) (9-2)

180oF (60 - 80oC)

 Above Tg mechanical properties start to degrade

 Service temperature should not exceed Tg - 27°F (Tg – 15°C)

 Typical flexural strength increases up to 40%

 Design calculations are based on actual

Section shear capacity must be

1. crushing of concrete prior to steel yield

The desired mode of failure is usually mode 2 or 3.

Estimate neutral axis, c

Determine failure mode Compute Moment Capacity

Calculate material strain Check service conditions

Calculate stresses and forces

Check Equilibrium (Calculate c)

 Whitney stress block is

Steel – Elastic / Plastic:

Af = n tf wf εfe εbi ffe = Ef εfe

εsy 0.005 Steel

 Assumptions for concrete members apply

1. Strain level in FRP governed by strain

To maintain a sufficient ductility the nominal strain in the

⎧ 0.90 for ε ps ≥ 0.013

In service stress in the prestressing steel should be prevented

•The calculation procedure for nominal strength:

For a given value of the neutral axis, c:

Stress level in the FRP f fe = E f ε fe (10-21)

Force equilibrium can be checked by satisfying:

P/T flat slab live

φVn > Vu (11-1)

Fully Wrapped “U-wrap” Two sides bonded

 Maximum strain that can be achieved in the FRP

ε fe = 0.004 ≤ 0.75ε fu for completely wrapped members (11-6a)

ε fe = κ vε fu ≤ 0.004 for bonded U − wraps or face plies (11-6b)

φVn = φ (Vc + Vs +ψ f V f ) (11-2)

φVn = φ (Vc + Vs +ψV f )

Based on ACI 318-05, Section 11.5.6.9:

Vs + V f ≤ 0.66 f c′bd (11-11) SI

 Fibers oriented transverse to the longitudinal

Transverse ε fu ε fe ε c′ ε cu = 0.003 ε ccu Longitudinal

Transverse Strain Longitudinal Strain

κ ε = 0.55 Recommended value

Limit to maintain shear

f cc′ FRP Confined

f cc′ FRP Confined

κa and κb are shape factors

 Ratio of effective confinement area to total area

with existing steel-tie reinforcing:

Use the confined concrete

 To ensure radial cracking will not occur under

 To avoid plastic deformation under sustained or

 Plies should extend a

 Area of transverse (“clamping”) FRP U-Wrap

 The bond capacity of FRP is developed over a critical

 groove dimensions shall be at least 1.5 times the

200 psi (1.4 MPa)

Limited by strength of other structural components

Glass Transition Temperatures of most FRP

Above Tg mechanical properties start to degrade

Service temperature should not exceed Tg - 27°F (Tg – 15°C)

Typical flexural strength increases up to 40%

Design calculations are based on actual

Section shear capacity must be

Whitney stress block is

Assumptions for concrete members apply

Maximum strain that can be achieved in the FRP

Fibers oriented transverse to the longitudinal

Ratio of effective confinement area to total area

To ensure radial cracking will not occur under

To avoid plastic deformation under sustained or

Plies should extend a

Area of transverse (“clamping”) FRP U-Wrap

The bond capacity of FRP is developed over a critical

groove dimensions shall be at least 1.5 times the

Development length of NSM bar: