HEAT EXCHANGER

OZISIC
Example 11-1 Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient U0 based on the outer surface of
a steel pipe with an ID of D, = 2.5 cm and an OD of Da = 3.34 cm [k = 54 W/(m •°C)] for the
following flow and fouling conditions:
ht = 1800 W/(m2 •°C) ha = 1250 W/(m2 •°C) F. =F0 = 0.00018 m2oC/W
Example 11-2 Water at a mean temperature of Tm = 80°C and a mean velocity of um = 0.15
m/s flows inside a 2.5-cm-ID, thin-walled copper tube. Atmospheric air at 7^ = 20°C and a
velocity of ux = 10 m/s flows across the tube. Neglecting the tube wall resistance, calculate
the overall heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat loss per 1-m length of the tube.
Example 11-3 Engine oil at a mean temperature 7] = 80°C and mean velocity u —0.1 m/s
flows inside a thin-walled, horizontal copper tube with an ID of D = 2.5 cm. The outer
surface of the tube dissipates heat by free convection into atmospheric air at 7^ = 20°C.
Calculate the temperature of the tube wall, the overall heat transfer coefficient, and the heat
loss per meter length of tube.
Example 11-4 In a single-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger, the inlet and outlet
temperatures for the hot fluid are, respectively, Thi = 260°C and Th0 = 140°C; for the cold
fluid they are Tci = 70°C and Te[0 = 125°C. Calculate the logarithmic mean temperature
difference for (a) counterflow and (b) parallel-flow arrangements.
Example 11-5 A counterflow shell-and-tube heat exchanger is used to heat water at a rate of
m = 0.8 kg/s from 7j = 30°C to T0 =80°C, with hot oil entering at 120°C and leaving at 85°C.
The overall heat transfer coefficient is U = 125 W/(m2 • °C). Calculate the heat transfer area
required.
Example 11-6 An oil cooler for a large diesel engine is to cool engine oil from 60 to 45°C,
using seawater at an inlet temperature of 20°C with a temperature rise of 15°C. The design
heat load is Q - 140 kW, and the mean overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer
surface area of the tubes is 70 W/(m2 •°C).Calculate the heat transfer surface area for single-
pass (a) counterflow and (b) parallel-flow arrangements.
Example 11-7 Engine oil is to be cooled from 80 to 50°C by using a single-pass,counterflow,
concentric-tube heat exchanger with cooling water available at 20°C. Water flows inside a
tube with an ID of D, = 2.5 cm at a rate of mw = 0.08 kg/s, and oil flows through the annulus
at a rate of moiI = 0.16 kg/s. The heat transfer coefficients for the water side and oil side are,
respectively, hw = 1000 W/(m2 •°C) and hoil = 80 W/(m2 •°C); the fouling factors are
Fw =0.00018 m2 •°C/W and FoU = 0.00018 m2 • °C/W; and the tube wall resistance is
negligible. Calculate the tube length required.
Example 11-8 A shell-and-tube steam condenser is to be constructed of 2.5-cm-OD, 2.2-cm-
ID, single-pass horizontal tubes with steam condensing atTs = 54°C outside the tubes. The
cooling water enters each tube at Tj = 18°C, with a flow rate of m = 0.7 kg/s per tube and
leaves at T0 = 36°C. The heat transfer coefficient for the condensation of steam is hs = 8000
W/(m2 • °C). Calculate the tube length L. Calculate the condensation rate per tube.
Example 11-9 A two shell pass, four tube pass heat exchanger with flow ar/angement shown
in Fig. 11-166 has water on the shell side and brine on the tube side. Water is cooled from Tx
= 18°C to T2 = 6°C with brine entering at tx = -1°C and leaving at t2 —3°C. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is U = 600 W/(m2 •°C). Calculate the heat transfer area required for a
design heat load of Q =24,000 W.
Example 11-10 A one shell pass, two tube pass heat exchanger with flow arrangement shown
in Fig. 11-16a has water on the tube side and engine oil on the shell side. It must be designed
to heat 1.5 kg/s water from tx = 30°C to t2 = 80°C, with hot oil entering at Tx = 120°C and
leaving at T2 = 80°C The overall heat transfer coefficient is U = 250 W/(m2 • °C). Calculate
the heat transfer area required.
Example 11-11 A one shell pass, two tube pass heat exchanger of flow arrangement shown
in Fig. 11-16a is to be designed to heat mc = 2.0 kg/s of pressurized water from t x = 40°C to
t2 = 120°C flowing on the tube side, by using hot water entering the shell side at 7, = 300°C
with a flow rate of mh = 1.03 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is U = 1250 W/(m2
•°C). Calculate the heat transfer area required.
Example 11-12 A heat exchanger is to be designed to cool mh = 8.7 kg/s an ethyl alcohol
solution \_cph = 3840 J/(kg °C)] from Tx = 75°C to T2 = 45°C with cooling water [^ = 4180
J/(kg • °C)] entering the tube side at t x = 15°C at a rate of mc = 9.6 kg/s. The overall heat
transfer coefficient based on the outer tube surface is U0 = 500 W/(m2 •°C). Calculate the
heat transfer area for each of the following flow arrangements:(a) Parallel flow, shell and
tube (b) Counterflow, shell and tube (c) One shell pass and two tube pass (Fig. 11-16a) (d)
Cross-flow, both fluids unmixed (Fig. 11-16c)
Example 11-13 A counterflow heat exchanger of heat transfer area A — 12.5 m2 is to cool
oil [cph = 2000 J/(kg •s)] with water [c^ = 4170 J/(kg •s)]. The oil enters at Th in = 100°C
and mh —2 kg/s, while the water enters at 7^ m = 20°C and mc = 0.48 kg/s. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is Um = 400 W/(m2 • °C). Calculate the exit temperature of water
TCtOUi and the total heat transfer rate Q.
Example 11-14 A cross-flow heat exchanger with the flow arrangement shown in Fig. 11-19
and having a heat transfer area A = 8.4 m2 is to heat air [c^ = 1005 J/(kg • °C)] with water
\cph = 4180 J/(kg • °C)]. Air enters at Tcin = 15°Candwc = 2.0kg/s, while water enters at Th.
in = 90°Candmfc = 0.25 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is Um = 250 W/(m2 •°C).
Calculate the exit temperatures of both air and water as well as the total heat transfer rate Q.
Example 11-15 A two shell pass, four tube pass heat exchanger of flow arrangement shown
in Fig. 11-21 is to cool at mh = 1.5 kg/s oil [cph = 2100 J/(kg •°C)] from TMn = 90°C to
ThtOUt = 40°C with water [c^ = 4180 J/(kg •°Q] entering at Tcin = 19°C and mc = 1 kg/s.
The overall heat transfer coefficientis Um -250 W/(m2 • °C). Calculate the heat transfer area
required.
Example 11-16 A shell-and-tube steam condenser is constructed with 2.5- cm-OD, single-
pass horizontal tubes with steam condensing at Th = 54°C. The cooling water enters the tubes
at Tcin = 18°C with a flow rate of mc = 0.7 kg/s per tube and leaves at Tcoui = 36°C. The
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer surface of the tube is Um = 3509 W/(m2
•°C). Calculate the tube length L and the heat transfer rate Q.
Example 11-17 Air at 1 atm and 400 K and with a velocity of u^ = 10 m/s flows across a
compact heat exchanger matrix having the configuration shown in Fig. 11-23. (a) Calculate
the heat transfer coefficient. (b) Find the ratio of the frictional pressure drop to the inlet
pressure drop for the flow of air across the exchanger. The geometry is shown in the figure

HOLMAN
EXAMPLE 10-1
EXAMPLE 10.1 Hot water at 98◦C flows through a 2-in schedule 40 horizontal steel pipe [k
=54 W/m· ◦C] and is exposed to atmospheric air at 20◦C. The water velocity is 25 cm/s.
Calculate the overall heattransfer coefficient for this situation, based on the outer area of pipe.

EXAMPLE 10.2 The pipe and hot-water system of Example 10-1 is exposed to steam at 1
atm and 100◦C. Calculate the overall heat-transfer coefficient for this situation based on the
outer area of pipe.

EXAMPLE 10.3 Suppose the water in Example 10-2 is seawater above 125◦F and a fouling
factor of0.0002 m2 · ◦C/W is experienced. What is the percent reduction in the convection
heat-transfer coefficient?
EXAMPLE 10-4
EXAMPLE 10.4 Water at the rate of 68 kg/min is heated from 35 to 75◦C by an oil having a
specific heat of 1.9 kJ/kg · ◦C. The fluids are used in a counterflow double-pipe heat
exchanger, and the oil enters the exchanger at 110◦C and leaves at 75◦C. The overall heat-
transfer coefficient is 320 W/m2 · ◦C. Calculate the heat-exchanger area.

EXAMPLE 10.5 Instead of the double-pipe heat exchanger of Example 10-4, it is desired to
use a shell-and-tube exchanger with the water making one shell pass and the oil making two
tube passes. Calculate the area required for this exchanger, assuming that the overall heat-
transfer coefficient remains at 320 W/m2 · ◦C.

EXAMPLE 10.6 Water at the rate of 30,000 lbm/h [3.783 kg/s] is heated from 100 to 130◦F
[37.78 to 54.44◦C] in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. On the shell side one pass is used with
water as the heating fluid, 15,000 lbm/h [1.892 kg/s], entering the exchanger at 200◦F
[93.33◦C]. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 250 Btu/h · ft2 · ◦F [1419 W/m2 · ◦C], and
the average water velocity in the 34 -in [1.905-cm] diameter tubes is 1.2 ft/s [0.366 m/s].
Because of space limitations, the tube length must not be longer than 8 ft [2.438 m].
Calculate the number of tube passes, the number of tubes per pass, and the length of the
tubes, consistent with this restriction.
EXAMPLE 10.7 A heat exchanger like that shown in Figure 10-4 is used to heat an oil in the
tubes (c=1.9 kJ/kg · ◦C) from 15◦C to 85◦C. Blowing across the outside of the tubes is steam
that enters at 130◦C and leaves at 110◦C with a mass flow of 5.2 kg/sec. The overall heat-
transfer coefficient is 275 W/m2 · ◦C and c for steam is 1.86 kJ/kg · ◦C. Calculate the surface
area of the heat exchanger.

EXAMPLE 10.8 Investigate the heat-transfer performance of the exchanger in Example 10-7
if the oil flow rate is reduced in half while the steam flow remains the same. Assume U
remains constant at 275 W/m2 · ◦C.

EXAMPLE 10.9Complete Example 10-8 using the effectiveness method.

EXAMPLE 10.10 The heat exchanger of Example 10-4 is used for heating water as described
in the example. Using the same entering-fluid temperatures, calculate the exit water
temperature when only 40 kg/min of water is heated but the same quantity of oil is used. Also
calculate the total heat transfer under these new conditions.

EXAMPLE 10.11 A finned-tube heat exchanger like that shown in Figure 10-5 is used to heat
5000 ft3/min [2.36 m3/s] of air at 1 atm from 60 to 85◦F (15.55 to 29.44◦C). Hot water enters
the tubes at 180◦F [82.22◦C], and the air flows across the tubes, producing an average overall
heattransfer coefficient of 40 Btu/h · ft2 · ◦F [227 W/m2 · ◦C]. The total surface area of the
exchanger is 100 ft2 [9.29 m2]. Calculate the exit water temperature and the heat-transfer
rate.

EXAMPLE 10.12 A counterflow double-pipe heat exchanger is used to heat 1.25 kg/s of
water from 35 to 80◦C by cooling an oil [cp =2.0 kJ/kg · ◦C] from 150 to 85◦C. The overall
heat-transfer coefficient is 150 Btu/h · ft2 · ◦F.Asimilar arrangement is to be built at another
plant location, but it is desired to compare the performance of the single counterflow heat
exchanger with two smaller counterflow heat exchangers connected in series on the water
side and in parallel on the oil side, as shown in Figure Example 10-12. The oil flow is split
equally between the two exchangers, and it may be assumed that the overall heat-transfer
coefficient for the smaller exchangers is the same as for the large exchanger. If the smaller
exchangers cost 20 percent more per unit surface area, which would be the most economical
arrangement—the one large exchanger or two equal-sized small exchangers?

EXAMPLE 10.13 Hot oil at 100◦C is used to heat air in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The
oil makes six tube passes and the air makes one shell pass; 2.0 kg/s of air are to be heated
from 20 to 80◦C. The specific heat of the oil is 2100 J/kg · ◦C, and its flow rate is 3.0 kg/s.
Calculate the area required for the heat exchanger for U =200 W/m2 · ◦C.

EXAMPLE 10.14 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger is used as an ammonia condenser with

ammonia vapor entering the shell at 50◦C as a saturated vapor.Water enters the single-pass
tube arrangement at 20◦C and the total heat transfer required is 200 kW. The overall heat-
transfer coefficient is estimated from Table 10-1 as 1000 W/m2 · ◦C. Determine the area to
achieve a heat exchanger effectiveness of 60 percent with an exit water temperature of 40◦C.
What percent reduction in heat transfer would result if the water flow is reduced in half while
keeping the heat exchanger area and U the same?
EXAMPLE 10.15 A recuperator used as an energy conservation measure employs a cross-
flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed as shown in Figure Example 10-15. The
exchanger is designed to remove 210 kW from 1200 kg/min of atmospheric air entering at
25◦C. This energy is used to preheat the same quantity of air that enters from outdoor
conditions at 0◦C before being used for a building heating application. The design value of U
for this flow condition is 30W/m2 ·◦C. The following
calculations are desired:
1. The design value for the area of the heat exchanger
2. The percent reduction in heat-transfer rate if the flow rate is reduced by 50 percent while
keeping the inlet temperatures and value of U constant
3. The percent reduction in heat-transfer rate if the flow rate is reduced by 50 percent and the
value of U varies as mass flow to the 0.8 power, with the same inlet temperature conditions
EXAMPLE 10.16 Air at 1 atm and 300 K enters an exchanger like that shown in Figure 10-
19 with a velocity of 15 m/s. Calculate the heat-transfer coefficient.

EXAMPLE 10.17 A rock-bed thermal-energy storage unit is employed to remove energy

from a hot airstream and store for later use. The schematic for the device is shown in Figure
Example 10-17. The surface is covered with a material having an overall R value of 2 h · ◦F ·
ft2/Btu. The inlet flow area is 5×5=25 ft2, and the rock-bed length is 10 ft. Properties of the
rock are
ρr = 80 lbm/ft3 [1281.4 kg/m3]
cr = 0.21 Btu/lbm· ◦F [0.880 kJ/kg · ◦C]
kr = 0.5 Btu/h · ft · ◦F [0.87 W/m· ◦C]
EXAMPLE 10.18 A 600-ft-long duct having a diameter of 1 ft serves as a space heater in a
warehouse area. Hot air enters the duct at 800◦F, and the emissivity of the outside duct
surface is 0.6. Determine duct air temperature, wall temperature, and outside heat flux along
the duct for flow rates of 0.3, 1.0, and 1.5 lbm/s.Take into account variations in air properties.
The room temperature for both convection and radiation is 70◦F.

EXAMPLE 10.19 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger is used to condense atmospheric steam

from saturated vapor to saturated liquid at 100◦C. Liquid water entering at 35◦C is used as the
coolant in the tube side of the exchanger. Examine the performance characteristic of the
exchanger as a function of the mass flow of cooling water, and establish ranges of operation
where the total heat transfer (and thus the total steam condensed) is not a strong function of
the mass-flow rate of water. Assume that the value of U and A are constant at 2000W/m2 · ◦C
and 1.1m2, respectively.

CENGEL
EXAMPLE 11–1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Heat Exchanger
Hot oil is to be cooled in a double-tube counter-flow heat exchanger. The copper inner tubes
have a diameter of 2 cm and negligible thickness. The inner diameter of the outer tube (the
shell) is 3 cm. Water flows through the tube at a rate of 0.5 kg/s, and the oil through the shell
at a rate of 0.8 kg/s. Taking the average temperatures of the water and the oil to be 458C and
808C, respectively, determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger.
EXAMPLE 11–2 Effect of Fouling on the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
A double-pipe (shell-and-tube) heat exchanger is constructed of a stainless steel (k 5 15.1
W/m?K) inner tube of inner diameter Di 5 1.5 cm and outer diameter Do 5 1.9 cm and an
outer shell of inner diameter 3.2 cm. The convection heat transfer coefficient is given to be hi
5 800 W/m2?K on the inner surface of the tube and ho 5 1200 W/m2?K on the outer surface.
For a fouling factor of Rf, i 5 0.0004 m2?K/W on the tube side and Rf, o 5 0.0001 m2?K/W
on the shell side, determine (a) the thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length
and (b) the overall heat transfer coefficients, Ui and Uo based on the inner and outer surface
areas of the tube, respectively.

EXAMPLE 11–3 The Condensation of Steam in a Condenser

Steam in the condenser of a power plant is to be condensed at a temperature of 308C with
cooling water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser at 148C and leaves
at 228C. The surface area of the tubes is 45 m2, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is
2100 W/m2?K. Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of
condensation of the steam in the condenser.

EXAMPLE 11–4 Heating Water in a Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger

A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 208C to 808C at a rate of
1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water available at 1608C at a mass
flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall
heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 640 W/m2?K, determine the length of the
heat exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.

EXAMPLE 11–5 Heating of Glycerin in a Multipass Heat Exchanger

A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin from 208C to 508C
by hot water, which enters the thin-walled 2-cm-diameter tubes at 808C and leaves at 408C
(Fig. 11–22). The total length of the tubes in the heat exchanger is 60 m. The convection heat
transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2?K on the glycerin (shell) side and 160 W/m2?K on the water
(tube) side. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger (a) before any fouling
and (b) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 m2?K/W occurs on the outer surfaces of
the tubes.

EXAMPLE 11–6 Cooling of Water in an Automotive Radiator

A test is conducted to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient in an automotive radiator
that is a compact cross-flow water-to-air heat exchanger with both fluids (air and water)
unmixed (Fig. 11–23). The radiator has 40 tubes of internal diameter 0.5 cm and length 65
cm in a closely spaced plate-finned matrix. Hot water enters the tubes at 908C at a rate of 0.6
kg/s and leaves at 658C. Air flows across the radiator through the interfin spaces and is
heated from 208C to 408C. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of this radiator
based on the inner surface area of the tubes.

EXAMPLE 11–7 Upper Limit for Heat Transfer in a Heat Exchanger

Cold water enters a counter-flow heat exchanger at 108C at a rate of 8 kg/s, where it is heated
by a hot-water stream that enters the heat exchanger at 708C at a rate of 2 kg/s. Assuming the
specific heat of water to remain constant at cp 5 4.18 kJ/kg?K, determine the maximum heat
transfer rate and the outlet temperatures of the cold- and the hot-water streams for this
limiting case.
EXAMPLE 11-8 The Effectiveness-NTU Method
A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 208C to 808C at a rate of
1.2 kg/s (Fig. 11–30). The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water available at
1608C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 1.5
cm. The overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 640 W/m2?K. Using the
effectiveness-NTU method determine the length of the heat exchanger required to achieve the
desired heating.

EXAMPLE 11–9 Cooling Hot Oil by Water in a Multipass Heat Exchanger

Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes heat exchanger. The tubes
are thin-walled and are made of copper with an internal diameter of 1.4 cm. The length of
each tube pass in the heat exchanger is 5 m, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 310
W/m2?K. Water flows through the tubes at a rate of 0.2 kg/s, and the oil through the shell at a
rate of 0.3 kg/s. The water and the oil enter at temperatures of 208C and 1508C, respectively.
Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the outlet temperatures of the
water and the oil.

INCORPORA
EXAMPLE 11.1
A counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricating oil for a large
industrial gas turbine engine. The flow rate of cooling water through the inner tube
(Di _ 25 mm) is 0.2 kg/s, while the flow rate of oil through the outer annulus (Do _ 45 mm)
is 0.1 kg/s. The oil and water enter at temperatures of 100 and 30_C, respectively. How long
must the tube be made if the outlet temperature of the oil is to be 60_C?

EXAMPLE 11.2
The counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger of Example 11.1 is replaced with a compact,
plate-type heat exchanger that consists of a stack of thin metal sheets, separated by N gaps of
width a. The oil and water flows are subdivided into N/2 individual flow streams, with the oil
and water moving in opposite directions within alternating gaps. It is desirable for the stack to
be of a cubical geometry, with a characteristic exterior dimension L. Determine the exterior
dimensions of the heat exchanger as a function of the number of gaps if the flow rates, inlet
temperatures, and desired oil outlet temperature are the same as in Example 11.1. Compare
the pressure drops of the water and oil streams within the plate-type heat exchanger to the
pressure drops of the flow streams in Example 11.1, if 60 gaps are specified.
EXAMPLE 11.3
Hot exhaust gases, which enter a finned-tube, cross-flow heat exchanger at 300_C and leave
at 100_C, are used to heat pressurized water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s from 35 to 125_C. The
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas-side surface area is Uh _ 100 W/m2 _ K.
Determine the required gas-side surface area Ah using the NTU method.
EXAMPLE 11.4
Consider the heat exchanger design of Example 11.3, that is, a finned-tube, cross-flow
heat exchanger with a gas-side overall heat transfer coefficient and area of 100 W/m2 _ K
and 40 m2, respectively. The water flow rate and inlet temperature remain at 1 kg/s and
35_C. However, a change in operating conditions for the hot gas generator causes the
gases to now enter the heat exchanger with a flow rate of 1.5 kg/s and a temperature of
250_C. What is the rate of heat transfer by the exchanger, and what are the gas and water
outlet temperatures?
EXAMPLE 11.5
The condenser of a large steam power plant is a heat exchanger in which steam is condensed
to liquid water. Assume the condenser to be a shell-and-tube heat exchanger consisting of a
single shell and 30,000 tubes, each executing two passes. The tubes are of thin wall
construction with D _ 25 mm, and steam condenses on their outer surface with an associated
convection coefficient of ho _ 11,000 W/m2 _ K. The heat transfer rate that must be effected
by the exchanger is q _ 2 109 W, and this is accomplished by passing cooling water through
the tubes at a rate of 3 104 kg/s (the flow rate per tube is therefore 1 kg/s). The water enters
at 20_C, while the steam condenses at 50_C. What is the temperature of the cooling water
emerging from the condenser? What is the required tube length L per pass?

EXAMPLE 11.6
A geothermal power plant utilizes pressurized, deep groundwater at TG _ 147_C as the heat
source for an organic Rankine cycle, the operation of which is described further in Comment
2. An evaporator, consisting of a vertically oriented shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one
shell pass and one tube pass, transfers heat between the tube side groundwater and the
counterflowing shell-side organic fluid of the power cycle. The organic fluid enters the shell
side of the evaporator as a subcooled liquid at Tc,i _ 27_C, and exits the evaporator as a
saturated vapor of quality XR,o _ 1 and temperature Tc,o _ Tsat _ 122_C. Within the
evaporator, heat transfer occurs between liquid groundwater and the organic fluid in Stage A
with UA _ 900 W/m2 _ K, and between liquid groundwater and boiling organic fluid in Stage
B with UB _ 1200 W/m2 _ K. For groundwater and organic fluid flow rates of m .
G _ 10 kg/s and m . R _ 5.2 kg/s, respectively, determine the required evaporator heat transfer
surface area. The specific heat of the liquid organic fluid of the Rankine cycle is cp,R _ 1300
J/kg _ K, and its latent heat of vaporization is hfg _ 110 kJ/kg.

EXAMPLE 11.7
A small copper heat sink with dimensions W1 _ W2 _ 40 mm, Lb _ 1.0 mm, S _ 1.6 mm,
t _ 0.8 mm, and Lf _ 5 mm has a uniform maximum temperature of Th _ 50_C on its bottom
surface. An insulating cap is placed on the top of the heat sink. Water is used as the coolant,
entering the heat sink at Tm,i _ 30_C and um _ 1.75 m/s, providing an average heat transfer
coefficient of . Determine the heat transfer rate from the hot surface to the water.

EXAMPLE 11.8
Spherical steel balls of diameter D _ 10 mm are cooled from an initial temperature of
Th,i _ 1000 K by submersing them in an insulated oil bath initially at Tc,i _ 300 K. The total
mass of the balls is mh _ 200 kg, while the mass of oil is mc _ 500 kg. The convection
coefficient associated with the spheres and the oil is h _ 40 W/m2 _ K, and the steel
properties are kh _ 40 W/m _ K, _h _ 7800 kg/m3, and ch _ 600 J/kg _ K. Determine the
steady-state ball and oil temperatures, and the time needed for the balls to reach a temperature
of Th, f _ 500 K.