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FINAL EXPERIMENT
TITLE: “Determining the Effect of Eggshell for Enhanced Soil Compressive Strength”
Objective:
This study generally aims to determine the performance of combined eggshell powder and soil
in terms of compressive strength. The specific objectives of the study were:
1. To determine the effect of using eggshell powder to the compressive strength of soil.
2. To determine the mixture (0%, 0.75%, 1.50%, 2.25%, 3%) that would give the
significant increase in the compressive strength of soil.
3. To compare the compressive strength of soil with and without eggshell powder.
4. To determine the mixture that would attain the highest compressive strength.
❖ Produce an improved soil sample with increased mechanical properties specifically its
compressive strength
❖ Emphasize the potential of eggshell as a raw material in treating and improving the
resistance of soil to compressive stress.
Structures are usually built on weak and loose layers of soil deposits. In building
structures, soil properties must be taken into account as they can have major effect and impact
on their surroundings. Therefore, for safe design formations, properties of soil needs to be
improved before the start of construction.
Compressive strength of soil forms one of the important soil criteria required in design
considerations. This experiment examines properties of soil, specifically compressive strength,
using eggshell as an admixture to improve the resistance of soil to compressive stress. The
study uses and observes different percentages of (0%, 0.75%, 1.50%, 2.25%, 3%). The standard
test used for this experiment is the ASTM D 2166 – 00 Unconfined Compressive Strength of
Cohesive Soil to test the limit of compressive stress that it could absorb.
Resources/Instruments Required:
This study would be using the experimental procedure. All cylinder molds should be set at a
time. The retrieved soil from Quiling, Batangas will be use as the soil sample. Eggshells are
garner from poultry farms in Manila.
Extraction of Eggshell:
Specimens:
Soil Eggshell
100 % 0%
( 330 g) (0 g)
100% 0.75%
( 330 g) (2.475 g)
100% 1.50%
( 330 g) (4.95 g)
100% 2.25%
( 330 g) (7.425 g)
100% 3%
( 330 g) (9.9 g)
Procedure for the Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of
Cohesive Soil according to ASTM D 2166 - 00
1. Take the specimen from the seals and cylindrical molds
2. Note the weight and dimensions of the specimens before testing
3. Place the specimen in the loading device so that it is center on the bottom platen.
Adjust the loading device carefully so that the upper platen just makes contact with the
specimen.
4. Zero the deformation indicator and apply the load to produce an axial strain at a rate of
½ to 2% per min.
5. Record load, deformation, and time values at sufficient values at sufficient intervals to
define shape of the stress-strain curve (usually 10 to 15 points). The rate of failure should
be chosen so that the time to failure does not exceed about 15 mins.
6. Continue loading until the load values decrease with increasing strain or until 15%
strain is reach.
S=P/A
Where:
S = compressive strength
P = maximum load applied to specimen
A = cross-sectional area of specimen
3 0.7398 364.973
0.75 2.027 x 10-3 1 0.7647 377.257
2 0.7800 384.805 379.017
3 0.7601 374.988
1.50 2.027 x 10-3 1 0.7914 390.429
3 0.7972 393.291
2.25 2.027 x 10-3 1 0.7981 393.735
2 0.7972 393.291 393.965
3 0.8004 394.869
3 2.027 x 10-3 1 0.7660 377.898
3 0.7877 388.604
Table A shows the data and results according to the experiment conducted in accordance to
the determination of the compressive strength of soil specimen where the average compressive
strength of 0% is 368.983 MPA, 379.017 MPA at 0.75%, 390.923 MPA at 1.5%, 393.965 MPA at
2.25%, and 383.111 MPA at 3%.
As shown in Table B, the soil mixture with 2.25% gave the highest compressive
strength. It is also shown that the increasing eggshell powder content from 0% to 2.25% gave
also an increasing compressive strength but in the soil mixture with 3% eggshell powder
content, the compressive strength reduced and it gave the lowest compressive strength.
The statistical analysis of the results are shown considering the eggshell percentage
content of the soil as control variable which is the dependent (X) and the compressive strength
as the independent variable (Y).The proponent use the linear regression and compute for the
correlation of the variables to determine the degree of relationship between the two variables.
The percentage of the eggshell content was used as a control since the strength of the soil
was being determined using the Unconfined Compressive Strength.
Fig C. Graph of the Linear Regression for the eggshell percentage content
x y x2 y2 xy
0 368.903 0 136089.4 0
Table 4.1 shows the important variables to compute for the regression equation of the
data. Upon computation, the regression line has a slope (B) of 578.19 and the y-intercept (A)
of 374.51
r = 0.4731
Linear Regression:
= 374.51
= 578.19
Regression Equation:
Y=a+bX
Y= 374.51 + 578.19x
The coefficient of correlation which assigns the relationship of the independent variable
(eggshell powder content) and the dependent variable (compressive strength). The value of
the r computed indicates that the relation between the two variables is positive which indicates
that the variables have a direct relation with each other.
r value =
The results show a strong positive relationship of the independent variable (eggshell
powder of and the dependent variable (compressive strength). It means that 47.31% of the
compressive strength changes are due to the percentage content of eggshell powder.
Observations:
The researchers have observed from the data gathered that the soil with 2.25%
eggshell powder gave the highest compressive strength while the soil with 3% admixture
obtained the lowest compressive strength. As the amount of added eggshell powder reached
3% and more, the compressive strength of soil decreased. From the result shown, the
researchers found that there is a strong positive relationship of the independent variable
(eggshell powder of and the dependent variable (compressive strength). It means that 47.31%
of the compressive strength changes are due to the percentage content of eggshell powder.
The researchers concluded that the use of pulverized chicken eggshell as an admixture
to soil significantly increases its compressive strength despite adding only small percentages
on the soil sample. The addition of 0.75 %, 1.5 % and 2.25% eggshell powder improved the
compressive strength of the soil. 2.25% has shown the most promising data because of the
great increase that occurred. However, 3% has gone down to 383.111 N/m^2, hereby fails to
improve soil compressibility. Moreover, the researchers concluded that eggshell undoubtedly
helps increase soil compressive strength but there is a limitation due to factors to be
considered.
Soil is one of the most crucial materials used in a different construction project
.Clay soil has clay particles which allows the soil to hold water well. When dry, the soil has a
very high strength because it becomes hard. However, clay soil tends to have low strength
performance in wet conditions. This inconsistency of the behavior of clay soil causes problems
when building structure. Many experts used lime as stabilizer to soil. Eggshell, on the other
hand, was used as an additive to concrete. Eggshell powder is actually no different from lime.
The have similar properties, which help, increase soil stabilization. In order to improve the
characteristics of soil, variety of approaches and process were used. This experiment used
quarry dust and eggshell to increase the compressive strength of soil. Different percentage of
eggshell and quarry dust were used. Unconfined compressive strength test machine were
used. The result shows that with the addition of eggshell and quarry dust, compressive
strength of foil increased.
Soil is very important in construction for it is the foundation of every structure. The
foundation receives the magnitude of the load and transfer it to the soil. Soil should have high
capacity of carrying loads because if it has a small capacity and cannot withstand the load
transfer, it may result to failure of construction. This study addressed its concern regarding to
small soil carrying capacity that it should be improve and need to be stabilize for effective
construction use. Based on this study, one material is used for soil stabilization and with the
addition of lime. Chicken eggshell is the most common waste produced and still rarely used
that is why it remains as pollutant in environment. Based on this study, the results of the
research states that composition eggshell broadly consists of water (1.6%) and dry material
(98.4%).
Wong, I. 2016. Study Added of Waste Chicken Eggshell in Soils. Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Universitas Kristen Indonesia Paulus-Civil Engineering. https://www.matecconferences.org/articles
Muthu Kumar M., Tamilarasan V.S., May, 2014.(Effect of Eggshell Powder in the Index and Engineering
Properties of Soil),Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India, http://ijettjournal.org/volume-11/number-7/IJETT-V11P261.pdf
In this research, quarry dust and eggshell with different weight proportions were used as
additive materials to soil to investigate the properties of soil. Properties of soil with and without
eggshell powder and quarry dust was compared to determine the changes the two additive
materials can contribute to soil. Properties tested includes plasticity limits, compressive
strength, shear strength, optimum moisture content, density etc. The results shows that
addition of these two materials to soil improves properties of soil. It was also observed that
combination of quarry dust and eggshell is an effective soil stabilizer.
Anu P.,Anumol V.S., Moideen F., Jiksymol K.J., Alka A.,April 2014. Studies on Improvement of Clayey
Soil Using Eggshell Powder and Quarry Dust. ,Kothamangalam,India,
http://ijera.com/papers/Vol4_issue4/Version%204/I044045563.pdf
In this study, eggshell powder was used to improve the compressive strength of soil.
The soil used was kuttanad clay. The percentages varies from 10%, 15% and 20%. The
mixture was cured for 0, 4 and 7 days. After 7 days, the mixture of 15% eggshell powder
showed significant increase in the properties of soil. However, at 20% the property of soil
decreased. The result shows that the allowable percentage of eggshell powder to be used is
15%. Any percentages exceeding 15% will amount great decrease in soil properties.
Prasad K., Mathachan N., James P.P., Liya T.,June 2016.Effect of Curing on Soil Stabilized with
Eggshell. Kanjirapally, India. http://www.ijste.org/articles/IJSTEV2I12022.pdf
This study shows the effect of adding eggshell powder and lime in improving properties
of soil. The soil sample collected was classified as black cotton soil. This type of soil can be
used in road works. Thus, additive materials were added to black cotton soil to improve its
properties.
Kavyashree M.P., Renukaprasad M.S., Maruti R.N.October, 2016.Black Cotton Soil Stabilization Using
Eggshell Powder and Lime. Karnataka, India http://ijsart.com/Content/PDFDocuments/IJSARTV2I105854.pdf
All construction industries are in current research for a suitable and effective use of
waste product that would help in engineering work. Based on this study, the construction
industry researches want to minimize the use of cements and definitely decreases the
construction cost. It is noticeable that the agricultural waste has the great number in the
proportion of the collected solid waste in most of the cities of the world. Eggshells are one of
these agricultural wastes that surround the environment. This study showed that there is an
effective way to convert this waste to wealth, investigating eggshells for beneficial use
becomes a focus on many studies. It is scientifically known that the eggshell is composed of
compounds mainly of calcium. In this study, another research cited that presented eggshell as
being composed of 93.70% calcium carbonate, 4.20% organic matter, 1.30% magnesium
carbonate, and 0.8% calcium phosphate. Calcium trioxocarbonate (IV), [that is calcium
carbonate, (CaCO3)], is the major composition of the eggshell, accounting for 93.70% of the
total composition of the eggshell. Odesina(2008), also presented calcium trioxocarbonate (IV),
as an important constituent of eggshells and seashells. Similarly, calcium trioxocarbonate (IV),
[calcium carbonate, (CaC03)], is the primary raw material in the production of cement.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) composed of four main calcium compounds in the forms of
dicalcium silicates, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetra-calcium aluminoferite. In
this study, the researchers have proved that eggshells and cement have the same primary
composition of calcium compounds. The eggshell ash used in this study was collected from
different locations at around Kaduna North.
Arash B., Hamidreza S., Mehdi G., Moustafa Y.D.2012. Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of Eggshell
powder on Plasticity Index in Clay and Expansive Soils. Tehran, Iran, http://www.imedpub.com/articles/laboratory-
investigation-of-the-effect-of-eggshell-powder-on-plasticity-index-in-clay-and-expansive-soils.pdf
This study aims to stablish the geotechnical properties of eggshell powder along with
marble dust stabilized clay as an alternative for traditional lime stabilized clay. The main goal
of this study is to compare the stabilizing potential of eggshell powder and marble dust, which
is easily obtained as a waste material with that of artificially synthesized lime. Lime is produced
by burning of limestone in kilns, which is harmful to the environment. It needs more cost to
burn limestone to obtain the lime that will be used for stabilization. Because of its expensive
price, we use eggshell powder and marble dust as a replacement for industrial lime since it
contains lime content in it. The effect of eggshell powder and marble dust on the index and
engineering properties of clay will be examined individually and in combination.
Elizabeth K Siby and Betsypaul K. 2014. Improvement of Lateritic Clay using Eggshell Powder & Marble
Dust and its comparison with Lime Stabilized Clay. India. http://www.ijser.in/archives/v4i3/IJSER15701.pdf
Diana Johns, Naveena Joseph and S Naveen Prasath (2017), Improvement of Subgrade Clayey Soil
using Eggshell, Coimbatore https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=6799
The propose study evaluated the outcome of two solid wastes, Red Mud (RM) along
with Eggshell Ash (ESA), in the improvement of early strength of lime stabilized soil. Quick
strength development is critical in highway projects wherein longer curing periods may lead to
delay in completion of the work. To examine the impact of the two combined waste materials,
they were combined with two lime contents improve for stabilization of an expansive soil and
their unconfined compressive strengths were determined through three curing periods of 0 (2
hours), 3 and 7 days of curing.
P. Kasinatha Pandian and Jijo James .2016. DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY STRENGTH OF LIME
STABILIZED EXPANSIVE SOIL: EFFECT OF RED MUD AND EGGSHELL ASH, India
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309721682_DEVELOPMENT_OF_EARLY_STRENGTH_OF_LIME_ST
ABILIZED_EXPANSIVE_SOIL_EFFECT_OF_RED_MUD_AND_EGG_SHELL_ASH
Ely JauharotusS, NikenSilmiSurjandari and RadenHaryaDananjaya. 2018. The effect of eggshell powder
(ESP) on the compression strength of finegrained soil. Indonesia.
http://sipil.ft.uns.ac.id/icrmce04/assets/presentation/201_Niken_Silmi_S.pdf
Black cotton soil is widely spread worldwide and is a great cause of damage to
infrastructure and buildings. Due to his natural property of swelling and shrinkage, it absorbs
water and swells in monsoon, whereas it shrinks in summer due to evaporation of water and
as a result of this moistening and drying cycle, a subgrade layer composed of black cotton soil
cracks and settles.
Bhargav Tewar and Chitra Pandya. 2015. Black cotton soil stabilization using eggshells for use in
subgrade. India.
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=eLwRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=compressive+strength+of+
soil+yung+eggshell&source
This study determines the possibility of Bagasse Ash (BA) and Eggshell Powder (ESP)
to stabilize soft and expansive soil. The physical properties of clay, BA and ESP have been
studied by conducting Specific gravity, wet sieve analysis, Liquid Limit (wL) and Plastic Limit
(wP) tests. The soil has been classified as Clay of Medium Compressibility (CI). Light
Compaction Test (LCT) has been carried out to determine the Optimum Moisture Content
(OMC) of virgin soil. Then, for determining the strength of virgin and stabilized soil, California
Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests have been performed. Optimum proportion of BA and ESP are to be
replaced to stabilize the soil is determined by changing the percentage from 5% to 25% by
weight of soil and addition of 3% of ESP then CBR tests are performed. The design of flexible
pavement for the CBR value and the estimation of savings in cost are carried out. The results
of the experimental research resulted that soil replaced by 25% BA and addition of 3% of ESP
can effectively be used as a soil stabilizer for subgrade in addition to the CBR value has
increased but also the expansive nature of clay is reduced. This leads to reduction in total cost.
Erfen Y.M. July 2015. THE APPROPRIATENESS OF EGGSHELL AS FILLER IN HOT MIX ASPHALT,
Johor, Malaysia, retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279515932
In this study, laboratory experiments were made by the researchers using main
ingredients of concrete mixing which are the cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and
water. Eggshell ash and RHA were the partial substitutes to cement. Researchers collected
eggshells and RHA from different restaurants near the school. These materials were
introduced to a temperature of about 500 degrees Celsius, and thoroughly ground and sieve
through sieved no.200 (75 μm). After that, tests have been made and the results in this study
is that the eggshell and RHA can be a partial replacement for cement for it also has calcium
compound of cement. The eggshell properties were being compared to cement. As the cement
was being used to be additives in soil, the same goes with the eggshell. This study serves as a
reference for mechanical properties of eggshell.
Nurul, S., Dullah, S.,Ayug, J., et al. 2016. Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Eggshell Ash and
Rice Husk Ash As Partial Replacement Of Cement. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia
Afolayan J. O, Oriola F.O.P, Moses G. and Sani J.E, August 2017. INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF
EGGSHELL ASH ON THE PROPERTIES OF SANDCRETE BLOCK. Kaduna, Nigeria
Karthikeyan, ., Suresh, C., Divya, M., Manikandan, S., Nandhakumar, R., December 2015. An
Experimental Investigation of Eggshell Concrete. Department of Civil Engineering, Vel Tech Multi Tech.
https://www.jchps.com/issues/Volume.
Anand P., Pardeep K.Y., August 2017. A REVIEW STUDY OF EGGSHELL POWDER AS A CEMENT
REPLACING MATERIAL IN CONCRETE. Punjab,North India.
A microstructural analysis was made by the researcher of this resource and the result
states that eggshells contains porous irregular shapes. Porous or also known as permeable
substance are commonly defined as the ability to let a liquid or gas to pass through it. This
means that eggshell can be a compatible mixture content of concrete. Little research has been
conducted to prove that eggshell also contain Calcium oxide or lime, a content that can help in
increasing the strength of the soil. Eggshells was grinded before mixing into the mixture for this
will avoid decrease and depletion of the lime content or calcium oxide content of the eggshell it
shall be dried and grinded after two days of being obtained. Eggshells could be widely used in
construction industry with the purpose of lessening waste materials and also for the decrease
in the usage of cement. The mixture was moulded and cured for 7days, 28 days, and 90 days.
It was proven that containment of eggshells has an equal or greater strength acquired than of
the normal concrete mixture specimen. The water absorption of the mixture decreased, it was
identified that the eggshell powder was responsible for this decrease in water content.
LEE R.S. June 2015. WATER ABSORPTION AND STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LIGHTWEIGHT
FOAMED CONCRETE WITH 2.5 % AND 5.0 % EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT
MATERIAL. Selangor, Malaysia
Tan Y.Y., Doh S.I., Chin S.C. 2016. Effect of Mixing Ingredient on Compressive Strength of ISSA
Concrete Containing Eggshell Powder. Kuantan, Malaysia.
This research was meant to study the effect of Eggshell Powder (ESP) on the stabilizing
potential of lime on an expansive clay soil. Tests were carried out to determine the optimal
amount of lime and the optimal percentage of lime-ESP combination; the optimal amount of
lime was gradually replaced with suitable amount of eggshell powder. The lime stabilized and
lime-ESP stabilized mixtures were subjected to engineering tests. The optimal percentage of
lime-ESP combination was attained at a 4% (ESP) + 3% (lime), which served as a control.
Results of the Maximum Dry Density (MDD), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined
compression test and Undrained triaxial shear strength test all indicated that lime stabilization
at 7% is better than the combination of 4% (ESP) + 3% (lime).
O.O. Amu, A.B. Fajobi and B.O. Oke, 2005, Effect of Eggshell Powder on the Stabilizing Potential of
Lime on an Expansive Clay Soil, (Journal of Applied Sciences), 5: 1474-1478,
https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jas.2005.1474.1478
Clayey soils with high content of clay particles are found very fragile and they cannot be
used as foundation layers or as a construction substantial. Eggshell Powder (ESP) and Quarry
Dust (QD) were used to study the effect on the properties of clayey soil. Eggshell primarily
contains calcium, magnesium carbonate and protein and the quantity of lime in eggshell is
almost the same as in limestone on ton for ton basis. When quarry dust is added with
expansive soil it is expected that it will make it more porous, less durable, reduce cohesion etc.
Geethu Saji1, Nimisha Mathew2, Improvement of Clayey Soil by Using Eggshell Powder and Quarry
Dust, (IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering) PP 46-54, http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-
jmce/papers/ICETEM/Vol.%201%20Issue%202/22-46-54.pdf
Soil is one of the most important materials used in a construction projects. The fact that
soil may provide all the resistance characteristics necessary for a project. Most of the failures
of soil have been attributed to poor strength. Stabilization of soil by adding lime, cement,
bitumen etc. are expensive and therefore require an economic replacement. A huge amount of
eggshell wastes are produced every year in India. In the absence of an effective waste
disposal, the utilization of eggshell for soil improvement will be a wanted development. In this
paper, we studied the suitability of eggshell powder as a possible additive material to improve
the strength of soils. Soil samples were collected and stabilized with eggshell powder in
proportions of 0.5% to 5.5% at 0.5% interval by dry weight. The index and engineering
properties were carried out to access the behavior of soil with the addition of eggshell powder.
The unconfined compressive strength test was carried out with and without delay in
compaction. Addition of eggshell powder to soil sample lead to increase in unconfined
compressive strength. The maximum unconfined compressive strength was attained at 3%
eggshell powder stabilization. The unconfined compressive strength was increased in the
delayed compaction than the without delayed compaction. The use of eggshell powder as an
additive will therefore improve the strength of soils; however, using eggshell powder quantities
in excess of 3% may not yield ample results.
Muthu Kumar M., and Tamilarasan V S, May – 2014, Effect of Eggshell Powder in the Index and
Engineering Properties of Soil, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), Tamilnadu,
India, http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 319
Prasanth T., Sasidharan B., Udhayakumar M.R., Yuvasakthi V., Abdul Hameed A., (N.D) Replacement of
cement using eggshell and fully replacement by red sand, retrieved from:
http://www.ijiarec.com/sites/default/files/articles/IJIAREC-18-319_1133-1136.pdf
This research paper performed experiment for the stabilization of the soil along the
Ganga bank in the city of Kanpur with the help of eggshell and quarry dust and therefore helps
in eradicating the problem of soil erosion. Eggshell and quarry dust is a waste material that can
be used for stabilization of soil. The eggshell powder and quarry dust are sieved through IS200
sieve and then mix in different proportions of percentages to improve its shear strength.
Experiment result shows that the shear strength has increased in the help of eggshell powder
and quarry dust.
Gaurav Sahu, and Ishant Kumar, May – 2017, STUDIES ON IMPROVEMENT OF SHEAR STRENGTH
OF SANDY SOIL USING EGGSHELL POWDER AND QUARRY DUST, Kanpur, India, International Jornal of
Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), http://www.ijert.org
The overall strength and performance of a pavement is dependent not only upon its
design but also on the load bearing capacity of the subgrade soil. The quality of a flexible
pavement depends on the strength of its subgrade soil. The main function of the subgrade is to
give adequate support to the pavement and for this the subgrade should possess sufficient
stability under adverse climatic and loading conditions. The strength of subgrade is the major
parameters for determining the thickness of pavement. Index properties of soil are observed to
classify the soil. Since CBR is an important criterion in flexible pavement design, the strength
improvement has been found in terms of CBR in the present study.
H.M. Vijaya, William Paul, and Jaya Vardhan, 2018, IMPROVEMENT OF SUB GRADE PROPERTIES BY
USING EGGSHELL POWDER, India, https://www.ijrs.in
Galupino, J., Dungca, J., June 2017. Current Experimental Methodologies in Soil Strength Improvement
using Microorganisms. Metro Manila, Philippines. Civil Engineering Department, Gokongwei College of
Engineering, De La Salle University.
Foundations and earthworks are solely the first part and parcel of any civil engineering
project. The most important portion of civil engineering cost is spent often on foundation
systems and earthwork compaction. Particularly, on construction sites with poor or marginal
soils, there is a great need for ground improvement in order to withstand with big loads and for
economical foundations. This paper discussed how the ground procedures application will be
fully appreciated through the use of deep understanding of Soil Mechanics Principles. By a
further study, according to this paper, the concept of Optimum Moisture Content generally
does not apply to Clean Granular Soils and therefore the Proctor Standard is inappropriate or
could lead to problems in the Field. Clean sands either have to be compacted very dry or very
wet in order to achieve the maximum density. Based on the author, the microstructure of the
soil needs to be considered in the selection of the right compaction equipment. In this study,
after knowing the characteristics of soil, its response to compaction effort had been studied.
The researcher proved the effective range for compaction equipment under the differences of
soil conditions and recognized quickly that this has something to do with the grain size of soil
(clay to rock). Mechanical ground improvement in order to be fully see its importance and
understood, it requires a strong knowledge about the soil behavior particularly it refers to soil
mechanics.
Soil samples was collected from different depths and different places and was tested. It
was the observed and discovered that the soil in Luzon was high in or mostly clay except for
the one specimen. It is the bantay soil, which is mostly sandy and the other properties it all
commonly have is that it is acidic or high in acid which means it has low lime content which is
needed for the decrease in acidic content and also raise the pH content of the soil.
Calubaquib M.A.M., Navarrete I.A., and. Sanchez P.B., September 2016, Properties and Nutrient Status
of Degraded Soils in Luzon, Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines, retrieved from
http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol145no3/properties_and_nutrient_status_of_degraded_soils_Final_
Copy_Jan_2017.pd
Testing of Specimen
Recording of data
UCS Reading
Wong, I. 2016. Study Added of Waste Chicken Eggshell in Soils. Makassar, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Universitas Kristen Indonesia Paulus-Civil Engineering.
https://www.matecconferences.org/articles
Muthu Kumar M., Tamilarasan V.S., May, 2014.(Effect of Eggshell Powder in the Index and
Engineering Properties of Soil),Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India, http://ijettjournal.org/volume-
11/number-7/IJETT-V11P261.pdf
Anu P.,Anumol V.S., Moideen F., Jiksymol K.J., Alka A.,April 2014. Studies on Improvement of
Clayey Soil Using Eggshell Powder and Quarry Dust. ,Kothamangalam,India,
http://ijera.com/papers/Vol4_issue4/Version%204/I044045563.pdf
Prasad K., Mathachan N., James P.P., Liya T.,June 2016.Effect of Curing on Soil Stabilized
with Eggshell. Kanjirapally, India. http://www.ijste.org/articles/IJSTEV2I12022.pdf
Arash B., Hamidreza S., Mehdi G., Moustafa Y.D.2012. Laboratory Investigation of the Effect
of Eggshell powder on Plasticity Index in Clay and Expansive Soils. Tehran, Iran,
http://www.imedpub.com/articles/laboratory-investigation-of-the-effect-of-eggshell-powder-on-
plasticity-index-in-clay-and-expansive-soils.pdf
Diana Johns, Naveena Joseph and S Naveen Prasath (2017), Improvement of Subgrade
Clayey Soil using Eggshell, Coimbatore https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=6799
Bhargav Tewar and Chitra Pandya. 2015. Black cotton soil stabilization using eggshells for use
in subgrade. India.
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=eLwRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=compre
ssive+strength+of+soil+yung+eggshell&source
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