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Combustion
15. 0 Release
dmC
• TP<Tboil Diffusion and/or Convection
dt
dmC
• TP Tboil Heat transfer limited
dt
dmC W P ,C 1 X P ,C
dDSh log
dt W F ,C 1 X F ,C
B
pvap exp A
TP C
Extension of standard
Liquid Evaporation Model
• Evaluation of Re, Nu and Sh
numbers in heat/mass transfer
correlations is based on ‘average’
properties within boundary layer
of the particle
Particle Fluid
0.0 if pVap pambient
0.5 if pVap pambient
Vol Fl (1 ) Vol Fl
pVap
0 .5
Boundary Layer pambient
Wills (2005)
dt i dt i WF 1 X is
V
pure
pvap,i pvap
,i X iL
V ,i
X vap
pambient pambient
11 © 2012 ANSYS, Inc. June 10, 2014
Multi-Component Droplet Evaporation:
Boiling Regime ptotal < pambient
• Evaporation rate of component i is proportional to the vapor
pressure of the component :
dmi / dt pvap,i
dmi / dt ptotal
i
pvap,i X iL pvap
pure
X vap
,i V
– with: ,i
ptotal ptotal
dt X vap, j V j
V
j
12 © 2012 ANSYS, Inc. June 10, 2014
Validation: Binary Mixture
n-Heptane + n-Hexadecane
Z0(n-Heptane) = 47%, 73%, 94%
Wills (2005)
Liquid
Liquid Core Dispersed Flow
Primary Break-up
• In-nozzle effects (cavitation, turbulence induced disturbances)
• Instabilities on liquid-gas interface lead to primary break-up
Secondary Break-up
• Droplets become unstable under the action of forces induced by their motion
relative to the continuous phase
15 © 2012 ANSYS, Inc. June 10, 2014
Primary Break-up Models
Task:
• Determine starting conditions of droplets that leave injection nozzle
– I.e.: initial radius, velocity components, spray angle
– Mainly influenced by nozzle flow
Model constants
Defaults are recommended
20 © 2012 ANSYS, Inc. June 10, 2014
Secondary Droplet Break-up Models
Reitz & Diwakar Model (1987)
– Wave instability on the surface of the drop leads to its breakup – “wave” breakup
model
– Bag and stripping regimes are taken into account
Note: Formulation of Reitz & Diwakar and TAB models are most appropriate in
combination with Huh primary breakup model.
21 © 2012 ANSYS, Inc. June 10, 2014
Turbulence Induced Atomization:
Model Validation for Single-Hole Injector
0.14
0.12
Penetration Depth [m]
0.1
0.08
0.06
We = 900
0.04
Experiment 0.14
Huh + Reitz
0.02 Huh + TAB
0.12
Experiment
0 Huh + Reitz
0.04
0.02
0
22 © 2012 ANSYS, Inc. June 10, 2014 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Time [s]
Turbulence Induced Atomization:
Influence of Mass Flow Rate
• Typically only the total injected mass 70
50
Minj=35 mg
40
• Mass flow rate has to be determined 30
Mass Flow Rate 1
20
Mass Flow Rate 2
• Turbulence Induced Atomization is 10 Mass Flow Rate 3
0.06 0.06
0.02 0.02
0 0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Time [s] Time [s]
Turbulence
23 © 2012 ANSYS, Inc. Induced
June 10, 2014Atomization Blob method
Secondary Break-Up Mechanisms
Bag break-up
Multimode break-up
Shear break-up
• most important for injection in swirler slot
Honeycomb section
to act as flow
straightener
CFD
Expt.
CFD
Expt.
Steady-state combustion
Ignition of particles:
• Inlet temperature may be too low
to start devolatilization or char
oxidation
• Need to ignite flame
Ignition temperature:
• Replaces fluid temperature
• Applied first iteration particle solver
entered
• On second iteration uses actual fluid
temperature
• Momentum
– Velocity Under Relaxation Factor (Default=0.75)
• Energy
– Energy Under Relaxation Factor (Default=0.75)
• Mass Transfer
– Mass Under Relaxation Factor (Default=0.75)
T
•Only available in transient mode
–Workaround: For steady state, need to use
a large time step and increase number of
coefficient loops
Bai C. and A.D. Gosman, Mathematical Modelling of Wall Films
Formed by Impinging Sprays, SAE 960626, 1996
33 © 2012 ANSYS, Inc. June 10, 2014
Validation: Impinging Spray
Spray
Height
Spray Radius
34 © 2012 ANSYS, Inc. June 10, 2014
Oil Combustion Example
50 mm 8.0
4.0
3.0
1400.0
6.0 1200.0
T [C]
w [m/s]
2.0
u [m/s]
1000.0
4.0
1.0 800.0
2.0
0.0 600.0
Experiment Experiment
14.0 12.0 1800.0 Experiment
CFX - SST
30 mm 12.0
10.0
CFX - SST, part
10.0
CFX - SST
CFX - SST, part 1600.0
CFX - SST
1400.0
8.0
8.0
1200.0
6.0 6.0
w [m/s]
1000.0
T [C]
u [m/s]
4.0
4.0 800.0
2.0
2.0 600.0
0.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 400.0
-2.0 0.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 200.0
-4.0 -2.0
0.0
-6.0
-4.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
x [mm]
x [mm] x [mm]
Experiment
20.0 Experiment 1800.0 Experiment
CFX - SST 16.0
CFX - SST CFX - SST
CFX - SST, part 1600.0
10 mm 14.0 CFX - SST, part
15.0
12.0 1400.0
10.0 1200.0
10.0
1000.0
w [m/s]
T [C]
8.0
u [m/s]
5.0
800.0
6.0
0.0 600.0
4.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
400.0
2.0
-5.0
200.0
0.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 0.0
-10.0
-2.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
x [mm]
x [mm] x [mm]
Experiment Experiment
5 mm 25.0
20.0
CFX - SST
CFX - SST, part.
18.0
16.0
CFX - SST
CFX - SST, part
1800.0
1600.0
Experiment
CFX - SST
14.0
1400.0
15.0 12.0
1200.0
10.0
10.0 1000.0
w [m/s]
T [C]
8.0
u [m/s]
6.0 800.0
5.0
4.0 600.0
0.0
2.0 400.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
-5.0 0.0 200.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
-2.0
0.0
-10.0 -4.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
x [mm] x [mm] x [mm]