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Generation and Size Distribution of

Isao Kataoka
Institute of Atomic Energy,
Droplet in Annular Two-Phase
Kyoto University,
Uji, Kyoto 611
Japan
Flow
The mean droplet size and size distribution are important for detailed mechanistic
Mamoru Ishii modeling of annular two-phase flow. A large number of experimental data indicate
that the standard Weber number criterion based on the relative velocity between
Reactor Analysis and Safety Division,
Argonne National Laboratory,
droplets and gas flow predicts far too large droplet sizes. Therefore, it was
Argonne, III. 60439 postulated that the majority of the droplets were generated at the time of en-
Mem. ASME trainment and the size distribution was the direct reflection of the droplet en-
trainment mechanism based on roll-wave shearing off. A detailed model of the
droplet size in annular flow was then developed based on the above assumption.
Kaichiro Mishima The correlations for the volume mean diameter as well as the size distribution were
Research Reactor Institute, obtained in collaboration with a large number of experimental data. A comparison
Kyoto University, with experimental data indicated that indeed the postulated mechanism has been the
Osaka 590-04, Japan dominant factor in determining the drop size. Furthermore, a large number of data
can be successfully correlated by the present model. These correlations can supply
accurate information on droplet size in annular flow which has not been available
previously.

Introduction
An accurate knowledge of the mean droplet size and droplet annular flow. The principal objective of this study, therefore,
size distribution is essential to the detailed analyses of droplet is to develop a reliable and simple predictive method for the
or annular dispersed flow. The inception of droplet en- mean droplet size as well as the droplet size distribution. A
trainment from the liquid film significantly changes the certain mechanistic modeling which is consistent with the
mechanisms of mass, momentum and energy transfer [1, 2]. previously developed onset of entrainment criterion and
The available interfacial area and droplet transport depend on correlation for the amount of entrainment has been adopted
the amount of entrainment and droplet size. Therefore, in here to obtain a general correlation with wide ranges of ap-
order to accurately model and predict a number of important plicability. Hence, the main mechanism of droplet generation
physical phenomena in annular dispersed flow, an un- considered here is the shearing off of the roll-wave crest by
derstanding of mechanisms of entrainment, generation of gas flow.
droplets and size distribution are prerequisite. In particular, In addition to the present model based on the entrainment
the relative velocity and droplet carry-over, the dry out and mechanism, several existing droplet size criteria based on
post dryout heat transfer [3-7] and the effectiveness of the droplet disintegration have been reviewed in this study. As it
emergency core cooling in light water reactors [8-11] are becomes evident, the standard Weber number criterion ex-
significantly influenced by the amount of entrainment and pressed in terms of the relative velocity between gas and
droplet size. droplet gives far too large droplet sizes in annular flow. This
In view of its importance, a detailed modeling of amount of also indicates that the droplet size in annular flow is mainly
entrained droplet has been carried out recently [2] by con- determined at the time of entrainment.
sidering the entrainment mechanism of the shearing off of
roll-wave crests by streaming gas flow. However, there have Droplet Generation Mechanisms
been no satisfactory correlations for the prediction of the
mean droplet size and size distribution for annular dispersed Droplets can be generated by a number of different ways
flow. The lack of such a correlation has been one of the main such as the liquid jet breakup, droplet disintegration and
difficulties of analyzing various important phenomena in droplet entrainment from a body of liquid [1, 12-14]. The
former two mechanisms have been reviewed in detail by
Brodkey [12]. A liquid jet or sheet disintegrates into small
droplets due to interfacial instabilities [15, 16].
Contributed by the Fluids Engineering Division and presented at the ASME Disintegration of droplets in a gas stream has been studied
Applied Mechanics, Bioengineering, and Fluids Engineering Conference,
Houston, Texas, June 20-22, 1983, of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL
by a number of researchers [12, 13, 17-23]. Several different
ENGINEERS. Manuscript received by the Fluids Engineering Division, September mechanisms of droplet breakup have been recognized. The
28,1981. Paper No. 83-FE-2. mode by which the disintegration occurs depends on the initial

230/Vol. 105, JUNE 1983 Transactions of the ASME


Copyright © 1983 by ASME
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droplet size and the flow condition. A large free-falling drop GAS FLOW
initially becomes unstable due to the Taylor instability and
then it is blown in by gas and disintegrates into fine droplets.
A criterion for droplet disintegration can be expressed in
terms of the Weber number defined by
D
We = A (i)

where D is the droplet size. Then the criterion is given by a


critical Weber number beyond which droplets disintegrate
into small droplets.
In the case of a falling drop, the critical Weber number is Fig. 1 Mechanism of the shearing off of roll-wave
given [13, 17, 20] by
Wec=22 (falling drop) (2)
However, direct observations of droplet sizes indicate that the Later some modification has been proposed [12] using the
critical diameter is approximately given [22, 24] by same dimensionless group as
/ id \ °-8
£>t.=(4~6)Vff7gAp (3)

This value can be also obtained from the consideration of In view of equations (5) and (7), it may be concluded that the
Taylor Instability [22]. On the other hand, the terminal criterion given by equation (7) is a good general purpose
velocity of a large drop [24, 25] is about correlation for droplet disintegrations in a gas stream.
The third mechanism is the disintegration of fluid particles
/ 4
^ ( 1 .4~1.7)(^)' (4) by strong turbulent motions of a continuous phase [13, 17].
This occurs mainly in bubbly flow or droplet in liquid flow.
Substituting equations (3) and (4) into equation (1), one gets For highly turbulent flow, the value of the critical Weber
the critical Weber number to be number is given approximately [13, 17] by Wec = 1.2 — 2.5.
It is noted that these critical Weber numbers are sensitive to
We,. = 8 - 1 7 (5) flow conditions. For example, in a pulsating flow the value of
This value is much smaller than the one given by equation (2), Wec can be reduced by as much as 50 percent of the one given
however, it is considered to be a more reliable criterion for by equation (7).
large drops. Another important but quite different type of generation of
When a dfoplet is suddenly exposed into a gas stream, droplets is associated with entrainment of droplets at gas-
violent shattering of droplets becomes possible. In this case, liquid interfaces [1, 2, 14]. In this case, the entrainment
the critical Weber number is about 10 to 12 for low viscous mechanisms can be grouped into two main categories, i.e.,
fluids [13, 18, 20, 21]. However, a significant effect of the film entrainment and pool entrainment. A wavy liquid film
liquid viscosity has been observed. Thus Hinze [13] correlated can be entrained into gas flow in several different ways such
it in terms of the viscosity group (/*}/ pjDd) as as roll-wave shearing off, wave undercutting, droplet im-
pingement and liquid bridge disintegration. For annular flow
We 12
- NJ-J°' 36 ]
,pf.
(6) shearing off of the roll-wave crests is the most important
entrainment mechanism [2, 14], see Fig. 1. The liquid bulge or

f, = liquid interfacial friction v„ volume of a particle


a = roll wave amplitude factor v volume of wave regime
w
"i = interfacial area per unit FD = drag force We Weber number
volume g = acceleration due to Wec critical Weber number
a-m = wave area per unit gravity WetZU) Weber number based on
volume is = liquid volumetric flux volume median diameter
A, = projected area of a (superficial velocity) X parameter defined by
particle h = gas volumetric flux equation (31)
A,w = wave area (superficial velocity) y parameter defined by
CD = drag coefficient k = factor in upper limit log- equation (33)
cg = (18)
coefficient in equation
Mid
normal distribution
= interfacial force per
<Xd volume fraction of a
particle
c = coefficient for internal volume 8 average film thickness
flow MT = shear force per unit A volume fraction oversize
D = droplet diameter volume Ap density difference
Dc = critical diameter Re 7 = liquid Reynolds number fV liquid viscosity
^ m a x = maximum diameter (= pfjfDh/lLf) fig gas viscosity
Df\m = mean diameter defined Re, = gas Reynolds number i distribution parameter in
by equation (39) (= pgjgDh/ng) upper limit log-normal
*-*vm = volume median diameter
v = liquid film velocity distribution
f
Dh = hydraulic equivalent V
H = gas velocity pj liquid density
diameter of flow passage Vr = relative velocity between pg gas density
f(D) = number density dis- phases a surface tension
tribution function Vo> = terminal velocity T; interfacial shear stress

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bridge disintegration is similar to the large droplet disin-
tegration discussed above in terms of the critical Weber r— WAVE REGION VOLUME V w
number. This mechanism may be important in counter-
current situations or near the churn to annular flow tran- / /-SURFACE AREA A,
sition. Wave undercutting occurs at very high gas flow and at
low Reynolds numbers. Therefore, for highly viscous fluids,
this is an important mechanism to consider [14].
Tatterson et al. [26] proposed a correlation for droplet size
in annular-droplet flow, which is given by
Fig. 2 Illustrative figure of a neighborhood of a wave region
We(A,„,) = 0. KKJReJ-1 ( - ^ - ) ^ (8)
V Dh apg /
where Dh is hydraulic diameter of flow passage. This ,, FDud adAd r 1 -i
correlation is based on Kelvin Helmholtz instability at the top Mid = —p— = —^—^--CDpevr\vr\^ (11)
of ligament of liquid. However, in the highly turbulent gas
core in annular-droplet flow, the potential flow assumption where FD, ad, Vd, and Ad are drag force, volume fraction,
may not be applied. Consequently, equation (8) fails to volume and projected area of a typical particle. Assuming
correlate experimental data over a wide range of gas Reynolds that droplets are spheres, one obtains
number.
As mentioned above, most of the droplets in annular two-
phase flow are produced by entrainment. There is very strong
~yf=i 02)
experimental evidence indicating that the drops are too small where at is the interfacial area per unit volume. Then equation
to be generated by the standard droplet disintegration (11) becomes
mechanism. In other words, the critical Weber number based
on the relative velocity between gas and drops gives much Mid = ~[-X-CDpevr\vr\\ (13)
larger drop sizes than experimentally observed. Therefore, the
majority of droplets should have been generated at the time of By considering a neighborhood of a wave region as illustrated
entrainment and not during the flight as droplets in gas flow. in Fig. 2, the shear force per unit volume, M T , is given by
This implies that the relative velocity between the gas core
flow and liquid film flow is the governing factor in deter- r = —n—=aj„Ti (14)
' w
mining the droplet size. Furthermore, the dominant
mechanism of entrainment in annular two-phase flow is where aiw is the wave area per unit volume. In a wave region,
shearing off of roll-wave crests by streaming gas flow. In view the interfacial force acting on semidispersed phase, Mjd, is
of these, a criterion for drop size in annular flow is derived by approximately equal to the shear force, MT. Therefore, from
considering the roll-wave entrainment mechanism in the next equations (13) and (14) one obtains
section.
[-l-CDpgvr\vr)]=4^Ti (15)
Droplet Generation by Entrainment When a liquid film on the wall is not so thick, the relative
Ishii and Grolmes [14] have developed a criterion for velocity between the mean gas flow and the film flow, vr, can
droplet entrainment based on the shearing off of roll-wave for be approximated by the gas flux, j g . Then the following
film Reynolds number > 160. At the gas velocity beyond the simplification can be made;
inception of entrainment, it can be considered that droplets l
are generated by the shearing off of roll-waves. Combined -CDPgfg=4^ n (16)
effects of entrainment and subsequent disintegration and z a,
coalescence of droplets produce a droplet size distribution. For the interfacial shear force for a rough wavy regime,
However, it is expected that droplet size distributions are Wallis [24] presented the following simple correlation:
mainly characterized by sizes of droplets which are entrained
by the shearing off of roll-waves in annular flow. T, = 0.005 [l+300 ^ - - J i p ^ (17)
Theoretical estimation of a droplet size based on this
mechanism will be discussed below. In Fig. 1, the mechanism where 5 is the average film thickness.
of the shearing off of roll-wave is illustrated. The force In the entrainment regime beyond the critical gas velocity
balance on the ligament, which is about to be torn off, is given for the onset of entrainment, the amplitude of the wave crest
by should be the most important parameter for the description of
Tj. Therefore, the above correlation is slightly modified by
TDo=~D1CD±pgj2g (9) using the wave amplitude instead of the film thickness as

Here D is the characteristic diameter and CD is the drag r, = 0.005 [ l + C ^ ] ^


coefficient at the wave crest. The term -KDO is a surface
tension force and the right hand side of equation (9) is a drag
force acting on the ligament. Introducing Weber number, We =0 . 0 0 5 ^ . 1 ^ (18)
( = PgJgD/a), equation (9) can be rewritten
The motion of the wave crest with respect to the film may be
We=^- (10) expressed by a shear flow model (Ishii and Grolmes [14]) as

Now in what follows it will be shown that the drag coefficient, r^O/-^- (19)
CD, is related to interfacial shear stress, T,. In a droplet an-
nular two-phase flow, interfacial force per unit volume acting On the other hand, interfacial shear force can also be ex-
on dispersed phase, Mid, is given (Ishii and Chawla [27]) by pressed by the liquid friction factor as

232/Vol. 105, JUNE 1983 Transactions of the AS ME

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Table 1 Summary of various experiments on droplet size distribution

Operational
Reference Fluids Geometry Flow Direction Measurement Condition
Wicks and Dukler [29] (1966) Air-Water 1.9x15cm Vertical Down Electrical 1 atm
Wicks [30] (1967) Channel Conductance Rey = 930 - 9700
Res=6.6~17xl04
Cousins and Hewitt [31] (1968) Air-Water 0.95 cm Vertical Up 2 atm
Tube Photography Re, = 640-4200
Reg = 3 . 6 - 6 . 2 x l 0 4
Lindsted et al. [32] (1978) Air-Water 3.2 cm Vertical Up 1 atm
Tube Photography Ref= 100-3500
v:
^•g-

pfvj 300 ~r i i i i i i"( i i i i r "i i i j


r,=f, (20)
A WICKS 8 DUKLER
• COUSINS a HEWITT
From equations (19) and (20) one can eliminate vf and obtain
x LINDSTED et al.
an expression for the amplitude as 100
We
V2CivJV JUL 1 (D» m r
fl =
V
(21)
Pf T, V/;
0.02779 Re^V^VWZ
A typical liquid friction factor can be obtained from the
correlation for a film thickness given by Hughmark [28]. Thus
for a relatively high Reynolds number regime of interest,
4f, = 1.13 Re/0-25 (22) 10
Substituting equations (21) and (22) into equation (18) a
following expression for the interfacial shear force can be
derived.
/ 2C w \ 2/3
T, = 0.005C„
8 ( , 1 Re}/6Re~2/3
.13V0.005C„
\1.13V0.005C„/
1/3 -2/3 J
20 100 1000
•1/3 2/3
Then in view of equations (16) and (23) the expression for the Re 1/6D.c 2/31 ^3
'Re„
drag coefficient, CD, is obtained. g v/>f / W,
2/3 Fig. 3 Comparison of volume median diameter correlation to various
a• / 2C \ data
Co = 0 . 0a-, ^ sc
2 ' \1.13V0.005C
/ Re}/6Re-2/3
g/

(24)
representative diameters. In the present study, volume median
/ 3
( -Pf) ' ( V-f
- ) diameter, Dum, is used as a representative diameter.
The experimental data listed in Table 1 indicate that the
Or /
By substituting Vequation \ Uf '
(24) into equation (2), the critical volume median diameter decreases with increasing gas flux,
Weber number for the droplets entrained from wave crests j g , in a way Dvm ~ j ~ " where the power n is between 0.8
can be obtained. (Lindsted et al. [32]), and 1.2 (Wicks and Dukler [29, 30] and
2/3
a± 1 /1.13V0.005C„\ Cousins and Hewitt [31]). This tendency is similar to that
We = 400 ( )
Re,-|/6Re2 predicted by equation (25) where the droplet diameter
2C decreases as the 4/3 power of the gas flux. Figure 3 shows
experimental volume median diameter in We(Z5„,„) versus
(25) Re/ I / 6 Re2/3 (og/pf) ~1/3 (/ug/M/)2/3 plot. Most of these data
( $ ) " " & fall within ± 40 percent of the following correlation.
The foregoing expression indicates the significant dependence
of the critical Weber number on the gas flux which does not We(Dm„) = 0.028 Re/ 1/6 Re2/3 ( -^- ) " "' ( - ^ ) ^ (26)
exist in the case of disintegration in a gas stream. For prac-
tical applications, the proportionality constant in the above where We(Z?„m) is the Weber number based on the volume
equation should be correlated in collaboration with ex- median diameter.
perimental data.
D
WeCD„m) = PgJl «. (27)
Mean Droplet Size and Size Distribution
Several experiments have been carried out to study droplet The above Weber number criterion can be rewritten in terms
size distributions in annular two-phase flow. Among these of the volume median diameter as
available data, Wicks and Dukler [29, 30], Cousins and -1/3 / „ \ 2/3
Hewitt [31] and Linsted et al. [32] are used for the correlation — Re- 1/6 Re 2 ' 3 f-^V f-^Y (28)
purpose, because in their experiments liquid velocity and gas
velocity have been varied systematically. The conditions of This correlation indicates that the median diameter is
their experiments are described in Table 1. proportional toyg"4/3. On the other hand, the standard Weber
Droplet distribution can be characterized by various number criterion implies that Dvm is proportional toy„"2. This

Journal of Fluids Engineering JUNE 1983, Vol. 105/233

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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
VOLUME FRACTION OVERSIZE VOLUME FRACTION OVERSIZE
Fig. 4 Droplet size distributions at Ref 932 for data of Wicks and Fig. 6 Droplet size distributions at Re; 2999 for data of Wicks and
Dukler[29, 30] Dukler [29, 30]

10° 1 1 10° I I I _
I ;
1
- WICKS 8 DUKLER - : WICKS a DUKLER
:
- Ref = 1869 Reg - - Re, = 4669 Reg
4 4
o 6.55XI0 o 8.05XI0
A 8.17 A I0.0
+ 10.4 + I3.0
' x 12.9 X I3.0
"ir 10" - o 16.5 -I 0 I5.8

- o^fc^;*
- ^feA A -
0 ^0^ S L" M^• ~ X / * j .
0
- ^*5t
"^+x.
X O
_ 0 A\+o
0
O AX-t ^x
r 2
0 *\
; A1:
- +
o- A"

0~

10" i i 1 1
10" 3 i i I I
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
VOLUME FRACTION OVERSIZE VOLUME FRACTION OVERSIZE
Fig. 5 Droplet size distributions at Re; =1869 for data of Wicks and Fig. 7 Droplet size distributions at Re, =4669 for data of Wicks and
Dukler [29, 30] Dukler [29,30]

difference arises from the inclusion of the interaction between horizontal rectangular channel. But their data show that
the liquid film and gas core flow in the present model. volume median diameter increases with increasing gas flux.
In Fig. 3, the data of Wicks and Dukler [29, 30] for Re; / The mechanism of droplet formation should be quite dif-
7500 (liquid flowrate > 0.504 Kg/s) are excluded because in ferent in this case. One possibility is that the entrainment at
these regions the liquid bridge extends across the channel the inlet has been the main mechanism of droplet generation.
width according to the authors. Tatterson et al. [26] measured In view of these, their data were not used in the present
droplet size distributions in an air-water annular flow in a analysis.

234/VOL 105, JUNE 1983 Transactions of the ASME

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Generation and Size Distribution of
Isao Kataoka
Institute of Atomic Energy,
Droplet in Annular Two-Phase
Kyoto University,
Uji, Kyoto 611
Japan
Flow
The mean droplet size and size distribution are important for detailed mechanistic
Mamoru Ishii modeling of annular two-phase flow. A large number of experimental data indicate
that the standard Weber number criterion based on the relative velocity between
Reactor Analysis and Safety Division,
Argonne National Laboratory,
droplets and gas flow predicts far too large droplet sizes. Therefore, it was
Argonne, III. 60439 postulated that the majority of the droplets were generated at the time of en-
Mem. ASME trainment and the size distribution was the direct reflection of the droplet en-
trainment mechanism based on roll-wave shearing off. A detailed model of the
droplet size in annular flow was then developed based on the above assumption.
Kaichiro Mishima The correlations for the volume mean diameter as well as the size distribution were
Research Reactor Institute, obtained in collaboration with a large number of experimental data. A comparison
Kyoto University, with experimental data indicated that indeed the postulated mechanism has been the
Osaka 590-04, Japan dominant factor in determining the drop size. Furthermore, a large number of data
can be successfully correlated by the present model. These correlations can supply
accurate information on droplet size in annular flow which has not been available
previously.

Introduction
An accurate knowledge of the mean droplet size and droplet annular flow. The principal objective of this study, therefore,
size distribution is essential to the detailed analyses of droplet is to develop a reliable and simple predictive method for the
or annular dispersed flow. The inception of droplet en- mean droplet size as well as the droplet size distribution. A
trainment from the liquid film significantly changes the certain mechanistic modeling which is consistent with the
mechanisms of mass, momentum and energy transfer [1, 2]. previously developed onset of entrainment criterion and
The available interfacial area and droplet transport depend on correlation for the amount of entrainment has been adopted
the amount of entrainment and droplet size. Therefore, in here to obtain a general correlation with wide ranges of ap-
order to accurately model and predict a number of important plicability. Hence, the main mechanism of droplet generation
physical phenomena in annular dispersed flow, an un- considered here is the shearing off of the roll-wave crest by
derstanding of mechanisms of entrainment, generation of gas flow.
droplets and size distribution are prerequisite. In particular, In addition to the present model based on the entrainment
the relative velocity and droplet carry-over, the dry out and mechanism, several existing droplet size criteria based on
post dryout heat transfer [3-7] and the effectiveness of the droplet disintegration have been reviewed in this study. As it
emergency core cooling in light water reactors [8-11] are becomes evident, the standard Weber number criterion ex-
significantly influenced by the amount of entrainment and pressed in terms of the relative velocity between gas and
droplet size. droplet gives far too large droplet sizes in annular flow. This
In view of its importance, a detailed modeling of amount of also indicates that the droplet size in annular flow is mainly
entrained droplet has been carried out recently [2] by con- determined at the time of entrainment.
sidering the entrainment mechanism of the shearing off of
roll-wave crests by streaming gas flow. However, there have Droplet Generation Mechanisms
been no satisfactory correlations for the prediction of the
mean droplet size and size distribution for annular dispersed Droplets can be generated by a number of different ways
flow. The lack of such a correlation has been one of the main such as the liquid jet breakup, droplet disintegration and
difficulties of analyzing various important phenomena in droplet entrainment from a body of liquid [1, 12-14]. The
former two mechanisms have been reviewed in detail by
Brodkey [12]. A liquid jet or sheet disintegrates into small
droplets due to interfacial instabilities [15, 16].
Contributed by the Fluids Engineering Division and presented at the ASME Disintegration of droplets in a gas stream has been studied
Applied Mechanics, Bioengineering, and Fluids Engineering Conference,
Houston, Texas, June 20-22, 1983, of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL
by a number of researchers [12, 13, 17-23]. Several different
ENGINEERS. Manuscript received by the Fluids Engineering Division, September mechanisms of droplet breakup have been recognized. The
28,1981. Paper No. 83-FE-2. mode by which the disintegration occurs depends on the initial

230/Vol. 105, JUNE 1983 Transactions of the ASME


Copyright © 1983 by ASME
Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/13/2014 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/terms
10° 1 1 1 1 - 10° - I I I I -
:
LINOSTED et al.
- Re g =4.36xl0 4 Ref . -
v 112
o 303
- x 606 • -
+ 1130
A 1930
o 2876 ; 10" k
V
-
"^^*&W 1«r

v
vVv
r
_ 10-2
^ f e l"s"^^1
J
-

-
<?I

<
: i
'i *
",
J

1 1 1 10" 1 1 1 1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 „ 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
VOLUME FRACTION OVERSIZE VOLUME FRACTION OVERSIZE
Fig. 12 Droplet size distributions at Re, = 4,36x10 4 tor data of Fig. 13 Droplet size distributions in
Lindsted et al. [32] -1/3 / .. \ 2/3 -

»/[--"*•£)(?-)]
versus volume fraction oversize plot for data of Wicks and Dukler [29,
region is about ten times as large as the interfacial area of the 30], Cousins and Hewitt [31] and Linsted et al. [32]
wave crests. Physically this indicates that the wave length is
rather long in comparison with the film thickness.
Now that volume median diameters are correlated by
equation (26), it is expected that droplet size distribution can The experimental data in Fig. 13 give £ = 0.884 and k = 2.13
be correlated in terms of the similar dimensionless groups as (i.e. Dmax/Dum = 3.13). The value of Dm„ has been correlated
used in equation (26). Figures 4 through 13 show droplet size by equation (26).
distributions in We/X versus the volume fraction oversize, A, Therefore, one obtains a correlation for droplet
plot. Here the parameter X\% given by distribution as
Re i/6Re /3 3
^ / * (tr (tr
and the volume fraction oversize A is defined as the volume
^ with
dA
~dj
°'884.e-oW
V^r
(35)

fraction of droplets whose diameters are larger than D in- / 2.13 D \


dicated by the Weber number We. Solid lines in Figs. 4 ' = lnl I (36)
V Dmax-D J
through 13 represent equations (35) and (36) discussed below.
Figures 4 through 7 show the data of Wicks and Dukler [29, by
30], Figs. 8 and 9 show the data of Cousins and Hewitt [31] D = 3 13Z) (37)
and Figs. 10 through 12 show the data of Lindsted et al. [32]. and Dvm is correlated by the Weber number correlation given
Figure 13 shows all the data shown in Figs. 4 through 12 in by equation (26). By using equation (37) y can also be ex-
one figure. As shown in these figures, most of the data for the pressed in terms of Dum as
examination of the droplet size distribution lie within ± 40
percent of the mean values in the We/A" versus A coordinate. y=\ nU2A3D ) (38)
The mean values of the data in Fig. 13 are fitted to the 3A3Dvm
\3A3D„ -D;
m-D/
upper limit log-normal distribution proposed by Mugele and The foregoing correlation for the droplet size distribution
Evans [33] and given by implies that the distribution can be uniquely determined by
dA knowing the volume median diameter. Furthermore, the
= - -j=e -<fj-r (32) median diameter is a function of the gas and liquid fluxes as
~dj Vir
indicated by the correlation for £>„,„ given by equation (28).
Here £ is a distribution parameter, and y is defined in terms of By knowing the size distribution the weighted mean
the maximum diameter Z)max and volume median diameter diameter defined below can be calculated.
as
kD
_y=ln (33) P "max
D„ -D Jo D"f(D)dD
(39)
k= (34) r °max
D„ I D'"f(D)dD

236/Vol. 105, JUNE 1983 Transactions of the ASME

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Table 2 Various mean diameters*
Ratio of diameter A and diameter B
\ A
B \ »io D2o Dn D30 £31 £>32 D 43 £>vm ^max

Dvm 0.313 0.409 0.533 0.510 0.650 0.796 1.064 1.0 3.129
^max 0.100 0.131 0.170 0.163 0.208 0.254 0.340 0.320 1.0

*D\o\ Linear mean diameter


D20', Surface mean diameter
D 2 i; Surface diameter mean diameter
D30; Volume mean diameter
£>31; Volume diameter mean diameter
D32; Sauter Mean diameter
D43; De Brouckere mean diameter

As can be seen from equation (26) the Weber number is not


a strong function of the liquid Reynolds number Rey. Thus
for simplicity, the dependency of We on Re/ may be dropped
in the correlation provided Re/ does not vary too widely. The
range of the experimental data used in this study is from 100
to 4700 and then R e / I / 6 ranges from 0.46 to 0.24. If we use
the mean value i.e., 0.35 instead of R e / 1 / 6 , equation (26)
reduces to
1/3 2/3
We(ZJ„,„) = 0 . 0 1 R e ^ ( — ) ( — ) <41>
( *V-f)
In Fig. 14, experimental data are plotted in
3
We/[Ref >-g \fg'H/j
(p^r'^/M / ) 2 7 3 1J versus volume fraction
\p-girj>
oversize plane. The solid line in this figure is equation (35)
where Dmn is given by equation (41).
By comparing Figs. 13 and 14, it can be said that the
simplified correlation given by equation (41) is as good as the
one given by equation (26). This also justifies the sim-
plification proposed above. In this case, the recommended
volume median diameter becomes

(42)
V V
PgJl Pf > V-f '
Hence the average maximum droplet size is
1 / 3 :
D m a x =0.031—2Rer(^)" (^) (43)
Jg • P/ ' \ V-f

The actual distribution of droplet size is expressed by


equations (35) and (36). These four equations describe the
droplet size and size distribution in annular droplet flow.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
VOLUME FRACTION OVERSIZE
Fig. 14 Droplet size distributions in Conclusions
- 1/3 / „ \ 2/3 -
(1) Based on the mechanism of the shearing off of the roll-
»/["*•£) (-)' wave crests, the theoretical model given by equation (25) was
obtained for the droplet size in annular gas-liquid two-phase
versus volume fraction oversize plot for data of Wicks and Dukler [29,
30], Cousins and Hewitt [31] and Lindsted et al. [32] flow.
(2) The experimental data of volume median diameters
were correlated within ± 40 percent errors by equation (26)
where f(D) is a number density distribution function and which is derived from theoretical equation (25) in
related to the volume oversize function as follows collaboration with data.
(3) The experimental data of droplet size distributions were
1 dA correlated within ± 40 percent errors in We/[Re/ 1 / 6
Reg / 3 (p g /p / )~ l / 3 (^ g //i / ) 2 / 3 ] versus volume fraction oversize
& db coordinate which is obtained from the correlation for the
f(D) (40)
mean diameter and the upper limit log-normal distribution
f "max 1 dA
function.
Jo D^^DdD (4) Upper limit log-normal distribution function fitted the
experimental data with the distribution parameter £ = 0.884
Ratios of various mean diameters and Dum or DmM are listed or the standard deviation of 0.800 andZ> max /D mn = 3.13.
in Table 2. (5) Simplified correlation for the volume median diameter

Journal of Fluids Engineering JUNE 1983, Vol. 105/237

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238/Vol. 105, JUNE 1983 Transactions of the ASME

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