ADVANCED FOUNDATION - BIOLOGY KEY AND SOLUTIONS

AIMS
BIOLOGY
IIT-JEE, NEET & OLYMPIADS
ADVANCED FOUNDATION

KEY
&
SOLUTIONS
VI to IX CLASS

R & D CONTACT NUMBER:

7995405189

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

KEY AND SOLUTIONS ADVANCED FOUNDATION - BIOLOGY

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

 BIOLOGY
ADVANCED FOUNDATION COURSE
IIT-JEE/NEET EXAMINATION CALENDAR FOR 2018-19
TEST NAME TEST DAT E VI CLASS VII CLASS VIII CLASS IX CLASS
ULTRA
IIT-JEE/ NEET NUTRI TION IN NUTRITION IN ORGANISATION IN
14 – 07 – 2018 STRUCTURE OF
TEST 01 ANI MALS PLANTS LIVINGBEINGS
CELL
MINERAL INTERNAL
IIT-JEE/ NEET RESPIRATI ON IN
04 – 08 – 2018 NUTRI TION IN MORPHOLOGY BIOM OLECULES
TEST 02 PLANTS
PLANTS OF PLANTS
THE LIVING
IIT-JEE/ NEET ORGANISMS A ND REPRODUCTI ON REPRODUCTION CELL DIVISION &
25 – 08 – 2018
TEST 03 THEIR IN PLANTS IN ANIMAL S CELL CYCLE
SURROUNDINGS
IIT-JEE/ NEET
CUMULATIV E 29 – 09 – 2018 Chapter s – 1 to 3 Chapters –1 to 3 Chapters – 1 to 3 Chapters – 1 to 3
TEST 01
CHEMICAL
MORPHOLOGY COORDINATION
IIT-JEE/ NEET TRANSPORT IN DIVERSITY IN
10 – 11 – 2018 OF FLOWERING AND
TEST 04 PLANTS ANIMAL KINGDOM
PLANTS INTEGRATION IN
ANIMALS
LOCOMOTION BODYFLUIDS
BIODIVERSITY
IIT-JEE/ NEET AND A ND
24 – 11 – 2018 AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
TEST 05 MOVEMENTS IN CIRCULATION
CONSERV ATION
ANI MALS IN ANI MALS
EXCRETORY
PLANT GROW TH PRODUCTS AND
IIT-JEE/ NEET SENSORY NERVOUS
15 – 12 – 2018 AND THEIR
TEST 06 SYSTEMS COORDINATI ON
MOVEMENTS ELIMINATION IN
ANIMALS
IIT-JEE/ NEET
CUMULATIV E 22 – 12 – 2018 Chapter s – 4 to 6 Chapters –4 to 6 Chapters – 4 to 6 Chapters – 4 to 6
TEST 02
DIGESTION AND SEXUAL
IIT-JEE/ NEET BI OLOGI CA L
02 – 02 – 2019 PL ANT KINGDOM ABSORPTION IN REPRODUCTION
TEST 07 CLASSIFICATION
ANIMALS I N PLANTS
BIO-
IIT-JEE/ NEET ENVIRONMENTAL M ICRO HUMAN HEALTH
16 – 02 – 2019 GEOCHEMICAL
TEST 08 ISSUES BIOLOGY AND DISEA SES
CYCLES
IIT-JEE/ NEET
CUMULATIV E 09 – 03 – 2019 Chapter s – 7 to 8 Chapters –7 to 8 Chapters – 7 to 8 Chapters – 7 to 8
TEST 03
IIT-JEE/ NEET TOTAL
GRAND TEST 16 – 03 – 2019 TOTA L SYLL ABUS SYLL ABUS TOTAL SYLLABUS TOTAL SYLLABUS

Note :
Exam dates are flexible. After the Completion of syllabus at your
convenient date you can conduct the exams. But after completing the
exams please send the OMR sheets to the AIMS CENTRAL OFFICE. So
that you can announce the results within 48 hours.
ADVANCED FOUNDATION - BIOLOGY KEY AND SOLUTIONS

AIMS
BIOLOGY
IIT-JEE, NEET & OLYMPIADS
ADVANCED FOUNDATION

VI CLASS
KEY
&
SOLUTIONS

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

KEY AND SOLUTIONS ADVANCED FOUNDATION - BIOLOGY

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE NUTRITION IN ANIMALS
VI - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

1 NUTRITION IN ANIMALS
LEVEL - 3
LEVEL - 1

36. C 37. D 38. D 39. D

1. B 2. C 3. B 4. B

40. A 41. A 42. A 43. B

5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B

44. D 45. A 46. B 47. D

9. C 10. D 11. D 12. B

48. A 49. C 50. C 51. C

13. B 14. D 15. B 16. A

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
17. D 18. D 19. A 20. B

ACROSS:
21. C 22. C 23. C 24. A

3. INGESTION,
25. C

4. ASSIMILATION,
LEVEL - 2

6. HOLOZOIC,

7. EGESTION,

26. A 27. C 28. C 29. A

DOWN:

30. D 31. A 32. A 33. A 1. ABSORPTION,

34. A 35. C 2. DIGESTION,

5. BILE,

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

NUTRITION IN ANIMALS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
Parasites- These live on or inside the body
of ether living organisms
(a) Ectoparasite- These live on the body of
the host. These are blood Slicking para-
sites, e.g lice, bedbugs, ticks, leeches etc
(b) Endoparasite- These live inside the
body of the host. e.p tapeworm, hook
worm, malaria parasite lives inside mos-
quito and man.
Saprotroph- These feed on dead organic
matter, e.g earthworm.
Scavengers- They feed on flesh of dead
matter, e.g vulture.
Holozoic nutrition- the process of taking
in complex food matter by animals.
Saprozoic nutrition- a type of nutrition
in which organism feeds on dead remains
of living organisms.
Peristalsis - The involuntary constriction
and relaxation of the muscles of the intes-
tine or another canal, creating wave-like
movements which push the contents of the
canal forward.
Brunner’s glands - Brunner's glands (or
duodenal glands) are compound tubular
submucosal glands found in that portion
of the duodenum which is above the
hepatopancreatic sphincter . The main
function of these glands is to produce a
mucus-rich alkaline secretion i.e. Mucous.
Heterodont: It is the condition of having
different types of teeth. For example hu-
mans have four different types of teeth
namely incisors, canines, molars and
premolars.
Thecodont: The type of attachment in
which each tooth in embedded in a socket.
Dip hyodont: The type of dentition
characterised by two sets of teeth. First set
is of temporary and second is of perma-
nent.
Wisdom Teeth: These are each of the four
hindmost molars in humans which usu-
ally appear at about the age of twenty.
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Large intestine : the caecum, colon, and
rectum collectively called large intestine.
It is 1.5meters long.
Small intestine : the part of the intestine
that runs between the stomach and the
large intestine; the duodenum, jejunum,
and ileum collectively. It is 7.5 meters long.
Buccal cavity / Oral cavity : the begin-
ning of the alimentary canal, which leads
to the pharynx and (in vertebrates) to the
oesophagus.
Salivary glands : The salivary glands in
mammals are exocrine glands that produce
saliva through a system of ducts. Humans
have three paired major salivary glands (pa-
rotid, submandibular, and sublingual).
Liver : The liver, an organ only found in
vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites,
synthesizes proteins, and produces
biochemicals necessary for digestion.
The liver plays a major role in carbohy-
drate, protein, amino acid, and lipid me-
tabolism.
The liver performs several roles in carbo-
hydrate metabolism. When needed, the
liver releases glucose into the blood by per-
forming glycogenolysis, the breakdown of
glycogen into glucose. The liver is also re-
sponsible for gluconeogenesis, which is the
synthesis of glucose from certain amino
acids, lactate, or glycerol.
Pancreas :The pancreas is an endocrine
and digestive organ that, in humans, lies
in the upper left part of the abdomen. It is
found behind the stomach.The pancreas
secretes substances which help in the di-
gestion of starch and other carbohydrates,
proteins and fats.Proteases, the enzymes
involved in the digestion of proteins, in-
clude trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen.
The enzyme involved in the digestion of fats
is lipase. Amylase, also secreted by the
pancreas, breaks down starch (amylum)
and other carbohydrates.
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE MINERAL NUTRITION IN PLANTS
VI - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

2 MINERAL NUTRITION IN PLANTS

LEVEL - 1
46. C 47. B 48. C 49. A

50. A 51. C

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C
LEVEL - 3

5. B 6. D 7. A 8. C

9. A 10. C 11. C 12. C

13. D 14. D 15. B 16. C 53. B 54. A 55. B 56. A

17. D 18. B 19. D 20. B 57. C 58. C 59. C 60. C

21. D 22. B 23. C 24. D 61. A 62. A 63. D 64. B

25. B CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:
LEVEL - 2
3. POTTASIUM,

5. HYDROPONICS,

6. NECROSIS,
26. C 27. D 28. C 29. A
DOWN:

30. B 31. C 32. D 33. B 1. CHLOROSIS,

2. COPPER,
34. A 35. C 36. D 37. D
4. IRON,
38. D 39. A 40. D 41. C

42. D 43. B 44. A 45. C

33 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
AIMS
MINERAL NUTRITION IN PLANTS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. An essential element is defined as 'one
without which the plant cannot complete
its life cycle, or one that has a clear
physiological role'.
2. Essential elements are divided into two
broad categories, based on the quantity in
which they are required by plants. Macro-
elements and micro-elements.
3. Macronutrients (Macroelements or
major elements) : Which are required by
plants in larger amounts (Generally
present in the plant tissues in
concentrations of 1 to 10 mg per gram of
dry matter). Of the non-essential
functional elements, silicon and sodium
often occur in the range of macroelements.
Macroelements are usually involved in the
synthesis of organic molecules and
development of osmotic potential.
4. Micronutrients (Microelements or minor
elements or trace elements) : Which are
required by plants in very small amounts,
i.e., in traces (equal to or less than 0.1 mg
per gram dry matter). Cobalt, vanadium,
aluminium and nickel, may be essential
for certain plants. Microelements are
mostly involved in the functioning of
enzymes, as cofactors or metal activators.
5. Growth : A proper growth causes
increase in surface area, number of cells
and in the number of binding sites for the
mineral ion. As a result, mineral
absorption is enhanced.
6.Construction of the plant body : The
elements particularly C, H and O construct
the plant body by entering into the
constitution of cell wall and protoplasm.
They are, therefore, referred to as
framework elements. Besides, these (C, H
and O) N, P and S, Mg and Fe also enter in
the constitution of protoplasm. They are
described as protoplasmic elements.
7. Maintenance of osmotic pressure :
Various minerals present in the cell sap
in organic or inorganic form maintain the
osmotic pressure of the cell.
8. Maintenance of permeability of
cytomembranes : The minerals,
particularly Ca++,K+ and Na+maintain the
permeability of cytomembranes.
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
9. Influence the pH of the cell sap :
Different cations and anions influence on
the pH of the cell sap.
10. Catalysis of biochemical reaction :
Several elements particularly
Fe,Ca,Mg,Mn,Zn,Cu,Cl act as metallic
catalyst in biochemical reactions.
11. Toxic effects : Minerals like Cu, As,
etc. impart toxic effect on the protoplasm
under specific conditions.
12. Balancing function : Some minerals
or their salts act against the harmful effect
of the other nutrients, thus balancing each
other.
13. Brown heart disease : a disease of
turnips and related plants caused by a
deficiency of boron and characterized by
gray or brownish mottling of the outer
xylem region of the root.
14. Exanthema : Exanthema disease is a
deficiency symptom of Copper in plant,
produced by soil factors and brought about
by soil microorganisms, as they attack the
roots and produce harmful substances. It
causes the yield of gums on the bark and
affects fruit bearing capacity of the tree.
Dying of the leaves is a major characteristic
symptom of exanthema.
15. Necrosis : When a living organism's
cells or tissues die or degenerate, the
condition is called necrosis.
16. Chlorosis : chlorosis is a condition in
which leaves produce insufficient
chlorophyll. As chlorophyll is responsible
for the green color of leaves, chlorotic leaves
are pale, yellow, or yellow-white.
17. Wilting : Wilting is the loss of rigidity
of non-woody parts of plants. Wilting
diminishes the plant's ability to transpire
and grow. Permanent wilting leads to plant
death. Symptoms of wilting and blights
resemble one another. Wilting is an effect
of the plant growth inhibiting hormone,
abscisic acid.
18. Mosiac : Mosaic, plant disease caused
by various strains of several hundred
viruses. A number of economically
important crops are susceptible to mosaic
infections, including tobacco, cassava, beet,
cucumber, and alfalfa.
AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE THE LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS
VI - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

3 THE LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS

LEVEL - 1
57. D 58. D 59. D 60. A

61. C 62. A

LEVEL - 3
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C

5. D 6. D 7. A 8. B

9. C 10. B 11. C 12. D

63. C 64. A 65. B 66. B

13. B 14. C 15. B 16. D 67. B 68. C 69. C 70. D

17. D 18. A 19. A 20. C CROSSWORD PUZZLE

21. A 22. B 23. A 24. A ACROSS:

25. B 26. D 27. C 28. C 1. PRODUCERS,

5. CHLOROFLUOROCARBON,
29. A 30. D 31. D 32. A
7. BIODEGRADABLE,
33. A 34. C 35. A 36. D
8. HERBIVORES,
LEVEL - 2
10. TROPHICLEVEL,

12. CONSUMERS,

DOWN:
37. B 38. D 39. A 40. A
2. DECOMPOSERS,

41. D 42. B 43. D 44. B 3. GLOBALWARMING,

4. IRON,
45. D 46. C 47. A 48. D
6. FOODWEB,
49. D 50. C 51. C 52. C
9. FOODCHAIN,

53. D 54. B 55. A 56. C 11. PYROLYSIS.

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

THE LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
AQUATIC HABITAT : A water based
habitats is known as aquatic habitats.
Hydrophytes: Plants which live in water
Hydrocoles: Animals which live in aquatic
habitat
Phytoplanktons: The microscopic plants
which live in water.
Zooplanktons: The microscopic animals
which live in water.
Aquatic habitat has been divided into three
groups
a) Marine Habitats: Salt water habitats are
known as marine habitats.
b) Costal Habitats: The region where seas
meats land, is known as coastal habitats.
c) Fresh Water Habitats: Lakes, rivers,
ponds, are known as fresh water habitats.
TERRESTRIAL HABITATS :
Land based habitats are known as
terrestrial habitats. Terrestrial habitats
have been divided into five groups :-
a) Desert Habitats :
It is the region of land habitats with
very low rainfall.
i) Xerophytes: The plants which live
in desert.
ii) Xerocoles: The animals which live
in desert.
b) Grassland Habitats :
This is the region of terrestrial
habitats of moderate rainfall.
c) Rainforest Habitats :
This is the region of hot and wet
weather with high rainfall.
d) Tundra Habitats :
This is the very cold region of
terrestrial habitat which is covered by snow
throughout the year.
e) Mountainous Habitats :
This is the region of landform that
rises high above the surrounding terrain.
PRODUCERS :
Producers are the living organisms
which can make their own food with the
help of photosynthesis. All the green plants
like mango, peepal, grass etc. are included
in this category.
CONSUMERS :
Consumers are the living organisms
which consume the food prepared by the
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
green plants. This includes all the animals
like tiger, elephant, human etc.
DECOMPOSERS:
It includes the microorganisms which
decomposes dead bodies of plants and
animals.
1. Halophyte : a plant adapted to growing
in saline conditions, as in a salt marsh.
2. Psammophytes : a plant adapted to
growing in sand.
3. Lithophyte : a plant that grows on bare
rock or stone.
4. Sciophyte : a plant that endures or
thrives best at lowered light intensity.
5. Commensalism : an association between
two organisms in which one benefits and
the other derives neither benefit nor harm.
6. Amensalism : a relationship between
two species of organisms in which the
individuals of one species adversely affect
those of the other and are unaffected
themselves.
7. Stratification : Stratification means
arranging something, or something that
has been arranged, into categories.
8. Incineration : Waste destruction in a
furnace by controlled burning at high
temperatures.
9. Pyrolysis : a process of temperature
decomposition of organic material in the
absence of oxygen, that brings many
industrial benefits.
10.DDT(Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) :
a synthetic organic compound used as an
insecticide. Like other chlorinated aromatic
hydrocarbons, DDT tends to persist in the
environment and become concentrated in
animals at the head of the food chain. Its
use is now banned in many countries.
11. BHC( Benzene hexachloride) : a
chlorinated hydrocarbon; one isomer,
gamma benzene hexachloride (lindane) is
used as an insecticide, to kill lice.
12. Autoecology : the ecological study of a
particular species.
13. Synecology : the ecological study of
whole plant or animal communities.
14. Ecological Niche :ecological niche is
the role and position a species has in its
environment .
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
VI - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

4 MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

LEVEL - 1
CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:

1. RACHIS,
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D
5. PHELLOTAXY,
5. D 6. B 7. B 8. D
6. VENATION,
9. C 10. C 11. D 12. D
8. PETIOLE,
13. D 14. D 15. C 16. D
9. ANDROECIUM,
17. D 18. D 19. B 20. D
11. STILTROOTS,
21. B 22. B 23. D 24. C
12. PISTIL
25. A
13. COROLLA
LEVEL - 2 DOWN:

2. STORAGE ROOTS,

3. PROPROOTS,

26. A 27. A 28. A 29. C 4. RADICLE,

30. C 31. A 32. C 33. A 7. STOMATA,
34. D 35. A 36. B 37. B
8. PEDICLE,

10. PLUMULE
LEVEL - 2
13. CALYX

38. D 39. A 40. C 41. D

42. C 43. A 44. C 45. C

46. D 47. C 48. A 49. D

50. C 51. A 52. A 53. A

54. A

AIMS1 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
Node: Part of the stem from where the
leaves arise is called a node.
Internode: The distance between two
nodes is called the internode.
Venation: The arrangement of veins in a
leaf is called venation.
Transpiration: The loss of water through
the stomata is called transpiration.
Stamen: Male part of a flower is called the
stamen.
Carpel: Female part of a flower is called
carpel.
Pollination: Transfer of pollen grains from
the anther to the stigma is called
pollination.
Seed coat: The outer covering of a seed is
called the seed coat.
Reticulate Venation: Plants like a rose,
Hibiscus and mango have a network of
branched veins. The main vein has many
branches to form a network of smaller
veins. This venation is called reticulate
venation.
Parallel venation: In plants like palms and
maize, the veins run parallel to each other.
This is called parallel venation.
Fusiform root : is a modified form of tap
root. The root is swollen from the middle
and tapers at both the ends. Example:
Radish
Napiform roots : are also a modified tap
root. They have swollen base and then it
tapers abruptly. For Example: Turnip
Prop roots : are roots which are modified
for aerial support. For Example: Corn,
Banyan.
Stilt roots : are modified roots for support.
For Example: Maize
Pneumatophores : are roots modified for
respiration. They grow in swampy area and
grow vertically upwards. Example:
Rhizophora
Tendrils : are slender, twining strands that
allow the plant to climb and helps in
support. For Example: Cucumber.
Thorns : are modified stem for protection
of the plant. They are hard, woody and
sharp outgrowths from the plant.
Example: Rose.
Phylloclade : Some plants of arid regions
modify their stems into flattened (Opuntia),
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
or fleshy cylindrical (Euphorbia)
structures. They contain chlorophyll and
carry out photosynthesis.
Cladodes are modified stem that perform
the function of photosynthesis.
Bulbils : are modified stem that becomes
fleshy and store food.
Runner – Underground stems of some
plants spread to new niches and when
older parts die new plants are formed. e.g.,
grass and strawberry
Stolon – In these plants a slender lateral
branch arises from the base of the main
axis and after growing aerially for some time
arch downwards to touch the ground. e.g.,
mint and jasmine
Offset – A lateral branch with short
internodes and each node bearing a rosette
of leaves and a tuft of roots is found in
aquatic plants. e.g., Pistia and Eichhornia.
Sucker – in these, the lateral branches
originate from the basal and underground
portion of the main stem, grow horizontally
beneath the soil and then come out
obliquely upward giving rise to leafy shoots.
e.g., banana, pineapple and
Chrysanthemum.
The calyx may be gamosepalous (sepals
united) or polysepalous (sepals free).
The corolla may be also free (gamopetalous)
or united (polypetalous).
When stamens are attached to the petals,
they are called epipetalous. e.g., brinjal.
When stamens are attached to the
perianth, they are called epiphyllous.
e.g., lily; If the stamens in a flower remain
free – Polyandrous.
If the stamens are united into one bundle
– monoadelphous. e.g., china rose.
If the stamens are united into two bundles
– diadelphous. e.g., pea.
If the stamens are united into more than
two bundles – Polyadelphous. e.g., citrus.
Monocarpellary – when only one carpel is
present; Multicarpellary – When more
than one carpel is present; Apocarpous –
if carpels are free. e.g., lotus and rose.
Syncarpous – when carpels are fused. e.g.,
mustard and tomato.
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE LOCOMOTION & MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS
VI - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

5 LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS

LEVEL - 1
43. A 44. C 45. C 46. C

47. D 48. A 49. C 50. A

1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A
51. D 52. A

5. B 6. D 7. C 8. A LEVEL - 3

9. B 10. C 11. A 12. B

13. A 14. A 15. A 16. B

53. C 54. B 55. B 56.

17. A 18. C 19. A 20. -

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
ACROSS:
21. C 22. D 23. C 24. C
3. TENDON,
25. D 26. B
5. LLIGAMENTS,

LEVEL - 2 6. JOINT,

DOWN:

1. HINGE,

27. B 28. B 29. B 30. C

2. CONDYLOID,

31. A 32. A 33. A 34. B 4. PIVOT.

35. D 36. C 37. D 38. A

39. D 40. B 41. C 42. A

AIMS1 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

LOCOMOTION & MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
Sutures : Found between skull bones,
sutures are fixed or fibrous joints, articu-
lating bones are held together by white
fibrous tissue.
Gomphoses : It is a type of fibrous joint
in which cone shaped peg fits soket.
Teeth in mandibles, and maxillary bones.
Syndesmosis : It is type of fibrous joint
with more fibrous tissue than sutures.
e.g., distal articulation between Tibia and
fibula.
Imperfect joints (Amphiarthroses)
slightly movable : Joints in which
syanovial cavity is absent. Permit a small
amount of movement.
Perfect joints (Diarthroses) freely mov-
able : Syanovial cavity and ligaments are
present. These are typical joints having
articulate surface and syanovial capsule.
Syanovial fluid act as a grease in the joint
e.g., Joints of elbow, ankle, wrist, hip,
knee.
Ball and socket joint : Also known as
enarthroses.
Hinge joint : Also known as gingulum.
Pivot joint : Also known as rotatoria and
helps in turning movement.
Gliding joint : Also known as arthrodial,
limited movement in all direction.
Saddle joint : It is ball and socket like
joint but not developed fully. e.g., metac-
arpal of thumb, and carpals of hand.
Condyloid joint : Also known as ellipsoi-
dal joint .
Ciliary movement : The cilia present in
the trachea, vasa efferentia and oviducts
propel by their movements dust particles,
sperms and eggs respectively. The cilia of
flame cells of flatworms push excretory
materials. Ciliary movements in Planaria
or Dugesia also.
Flagellar movement : The flagella of
choanocytes (collar cells) of the sponges
maintain a regular current of water in the
body. The flagella of certain cells of
gastrodermis of hydra help in the circula-
tion of food. Sperms move by flagellar
movements.
Pseudopodial movement : Leucocytes
and macrophages move by pseudopodial
movement.
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Cytoplasmic streaming movement :
Streaming movement of the cytoplasm is
called cyclosis. It is observed in most of
the cells.
LOCOMOTION IN DIFFERENT ANI-
MALS :
1. Locomotion in Protozoa : Locomotion
in protozoans by the help of cilia, flagella
and pseudopodia.
2. Locomotion in Porifera : Sponges
are sedentary or fixed animals which are
always attached to some substratum.
Hence locomotion never takes place.
3. Locomotion in Coelentrates : Loco-
motion in coelentrates is largely due to
the contraction of the epidermal muscle
fibres following type of movements take
place in coelentrates -
(a) Swimming, (b) Floating, (c) Surfacing ,
(d) Climbing, (e) Walking, (f) Gliding ,
(g) Somersaulting, (h) Looping ,
(i) Bending swaying movement
4. Locomotion in Helminths : In helm-
inths (platyhelminthes and
aschelminthes) locomotion not required
by adult due to parasitic adaptations.
However in miracidia (a larva) locomotion
by cilia, in cercaria larva by tail. In As-
caris 15% locomotion by cuticle fiber. In
planaria locomotion by cilia and muscles.
5. Locomotion in Annelids : Leech,
Earthworm and Nereis have well devel-
oped circular and longitudinal muscles in
the body wall that help these animals to
move about. Parapodia and setae helpful
for locomotion in nereis. In earthworm
also locomotion by setae.
6. Locomotion in Arthropods : In
arthropods locomotion takes place with
the help of jointed legs, and a pair of
wings. Cockroaches, housefly etc., move
from one place to another by legs (walk-
ing) as by wings (flight) both. Palaemon
or prawn crawls at bottom by pairs of
walking legs. Palamnaeus or Indian scor-
pion used 4 pairs of walking legs. All
insects used 3 pair of walking legs for
locomotion.
7. Locomotion in Mollusca : In all the
molluscs, the locomotory organ is a thick
walled, muscular, broad or laterally com-
pressed foot.
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE LOCOMOTION & MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS
VI - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

6 PLANT GROWTH AND MOVEMENTS

LEVEL - 1
43. A 44. D 45. D 46. B

47. A 48. C 49. C 50. A

1. D 2. B 3. A 4. D
51. A 52. C

5. A 6. C 7. A 8. B
LEVEL - 3
9. C 10. A 11. A 12. B

13. A 14. C 15. C 16. C

17. B 18. D 19. A 53. B 54. A 55. D

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
21. B 22. A 23. C 24. A
ACROSS:

25. A 26. C
2. ETHYLENE,

LEVEL - 2
3. ABA,

5. GIBBERELLINS,

DOWN:
27. D 28. A 29. B 30. B
1. CYTOKININS,

31. D 32. C 33. D 34. D

4. AUXINS.

35. D 36. B 37. A 38. A

39. A 40. A 41. B 42. C

AIMS1 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

LOCOMOTION & MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Short day plants (SDP) : These plants
initiate flowering when the day length
(Photoperiod) become shorter than a
certain critical period. Most of winter
flowering plants belong to this category e.g.,
cocklebur (Xanthium), Chrysanthemum,
sugarcane, tobacco (Mutant Maryland
Mammoth), soyabean, strawberry etc.,
2. Long day plants (LDP) : These plants
begin flowering when the day length
exceeds a critical length. This length too
differs from species to species. The long day
plants fail to flower, if the day length is
shorter than the critical period. e.g.,
spinach (Spinacea oleracea), henbane
(Hyoscymus niger), radish, sugar-beet,
wheat, lattuce, poppy, larkspur, maize etc.
3. Day neutral plants : These plants can
flower in all possible photoperiods. The day
neutral plants can blossom throughout the
year. e.g., cucumber, cotton, sunflower,
tomato, some varieties of pea, etc.
4. Intermediate plants : These plants flower
only under day lengths within a certain
range usually between 12-16 hours of light
but fail to flower under either longer or
shorter photoperiods. e.g., Mikania
scandens, Eupatorium hyssopifolium and
Phaseolous polystacous.
(a) Amphiphotoperiodic plants : Such
plants remain vegetative on intermediate
day length and flower only on shorter or
longer day lengths. e.g., Media elegans.
(b) Short long day plants : These plants
require short photoperiods for initiation of
flowering and long photoperiods for
blossoming. e.g., Triticum vulgare, Secale
cereale.
(c) Long short day plants : These plants
require long photoperiods for initiation of
flowering and short photoperiods for
blossoming. e.g., Bryophyllum, Cestrum.
6. PROCESS OF VERNALIZATION :
Usually vernalization treatment is
given to the germinating seeds. The seeds
are moistened sufficiently to allow their
germination. They are then exposed to a
temperature of 0-4oC for a few weeks and
sown to the fields. Lysenko developed the
process of vernalization it is completed in
two stages.
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
(i) Thermostage : Germinating seeds are
treated with 0-5oC in presence of oxygen
and slight moisture. The seed dormancy is
broken.
(ii) Photostage : The stage is very essential
to initiate the reproductive phase. After
vernalization plants must be subjected to
a correct photoperiod in order that they
may produce flowers.
Importance of vernalization :
(i) Vernalization is believed to overcome
some inhibitor and induce synthesis of
growth hormones like gibberellins.
(ii) It reduces the vegetative period of plant.
(iii) It prepares the plant for flowering.
(iv) It increases yield, resistance to cold and
diseases.
(v) Vernalization can remove kernel
wrinkles in wheat.
(vi) Vernalization is beneficial in reducing
the period between germination and
flowering. Thus more than one crop can
be obtained during a year.
7. ABSCISSION:
The process of shedding of leaves,
fruits or flowers by a plant is called
abscission. The shedding of plant parts
takes place by the formation of a special
layer of cells called abscission layer, within
the region of attachment. The middle
lamella between certain cells in this layer
in often digested by polysaccharide
hydrolyzing enzymes such as cellulase and
pectinases.
8. Types of senescence : Plant senescence
is of four types- whole plant senescence,
shoot senescence, sequential senescence
and simultaneous senescence. The last
three are also called organ senescence.
i) Whole plant senescence : It is found in
monocarpic plants which flower and fruit
only once in their life cycle.
ii) Shoot senescence : This type of
senescence is found in certain perennial
plants which possess underground
perennating structures like rhizomes,
bulbs, corm etc.
iii) Sequential senescence & (iv)
Synchronous senescence
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE PLANT KINGDOM
VI - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

7 PLANT KINGDOM
LEVEL - 1
51. A 48. A 49. C 50. A

51. E 52. C 53. E 54. C

1. A 2. A 3. A 4. D 55. B

5. A 6. B 7. A 8. C LEVEL - 2

9. D 10.D 11. B 12. B

13. D 14. A 15. C 16. A

56. A 57. A 58. A 59. B
17. B 18. C 19. B 20. D
60. B 61. D 62. D 63. A
21. D 22. B 23. A 24. B
64. D 65. A 66. C
25. B 26. D 27. D 28. B
CROSSWORD PUZZLE
29. D 30. C ACROSS:

LEVEL - 2 5. SPOROPHYLL,

6. CAPSULE,

7. SPIROGYRA,

DOWN:
31. B 32. B 33. B 34. B
1. CHLORELLA,

35. B 36. B 37. C 38. A 2. CYCAS,

39. D 40. B 41. D 42. A 3. PROTHALLUS,

4. PROTONEMA,
43. A 44. A 45. D 46. B
7. SEED.
47. A 48. C 49. C 50. A

AIMS1 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

PLANT KINGDOM
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
Types of Algae :
1. Cryophytes: Plants growing on snow or
ice are called as cryophytes.
2. Thermophytes: Plants growing in hot
water are called as thermophytes.
3. Epiphytes: Several algal forms grow on
other plants (algae, angiosperms) as
epiphytes. e.g., Oedogonium, Cladophora,
Vaucheria etc.
4. Endophytes: Some blue-green algae
grows as endophytes inside other plants
e.g., Anabaena growing inside the leaf of
Azolla (fern)
5. Epizoic: Algae growing on the bodies of
animals are described as epizoic. e.g.,
Cladophora crispata grows on snail shell.
6. Endozoic: Algae growing inside the body
of animals. e.g., Chlorella grows with in the
tissue of Hydra.
7. Symbiotic forms: Some algae like
Chlorella, Nostoc etc. growing in symbiotic
relationship with members of Ascomycetes
and Basidiomycetes (Fungi) constitute the
lichen.
8. Colonial: A colony consists of
independent organisms. While the colony
of Volvox is motile, that of Hydrodictyon is
fixed.
9. Filamentous: The filaments may be
uniseriate or multiseriate, free floating or
attached, unbranched (Ulothrix) or
branched (Cladophora).
Types of Bryophytes :
1) Bryophyta (Gk: Bryon = moss; phyton
= plants) includes the simplest and
primitive land plants.
2) Due to peculiar type of their habitats,
they are regarded as 'the amphibians of
the plant kingdom'.
3) Hepaticopsida: The latin word Hepatica
means liver. Thus the members of
hepticopsida are popularly known as
liverworts.
4) Anthocerotopsida: Hornworts are a
group of non-vascular plants constitution
the division Anthocerotophyta.
5) Bryopsida: The members of bryopsida
are commonly known as mosses.
Types of Pteridophytes :
1) The pteridophytes (Gk. Pteron = feather
and phyton = plants ; means plants with
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
feather like fronds or ferns). They are
flowerless, seedless, spore producing
vascular plants which have successfully
invaded the land.
2) Psilopsida : These are the oldest known
vascular plants; most of them (except
Psilotum and Tmesipteris) are fossils.
3) Lycopsida : Plant body is differentiated
into root, stem and leaves.e.g., Lycopodium,
Selaginella, etc.
4) Sphenopsida : Stem differentiated into
nodes and internodes. e.g., Equisetum.
5) Pteropsida : Plant body well
differentiated into root, stem and
leaves.e.g., Dryopteris, Pteris, Pteridium,
Polypodium, etc.
Types of Angiosperms :
The plants of Angiosperms divided into two
major groups as – Dicotyledons and
Monocotyledons.
(i) Dicotyledons :The seeds of dicotyledons
are with two cotyledons as the name
indicate.
(ii) Monocotyledons:The seeds of
monocotyledons are with one cotyledon as
the name indicates. e.g., Cereals, bamboos,
sugarcane, palms, banana, lilies and
orchids.
Gymnosperms : Living gymnosperms are
mostly perennials, xerophytic, evergreen,
arboreal and woody plants.
They are perennial and woody,
forming either bushes or trees. Some are
very large (Sequoia sempervirens) and
others are very small (Zamia pygmia).
i) They grow as wood trees, bushy shrubs
or rarely as climbers (e.g., Gnetales).
ii) The plant possesses well developed tap
root system. In some cases the roots are
symbiotically associated with algae (e.g.,
Coralloid roots of Cycas) or with fungi (e.g.,
Mycorrhizal roots of Pinus).
iii) The stem is erect, aerial, solid, woody
and branched (unbranched in Cycadales)
but almost tuberous in Zamia.
iv) Male and female gametophytes do not
have independent free-living existence.
Pollination occurs through air and zygote
develops into embryo and ovules into seeds.
These seeds are naked.
Example- Pines, Cycus, Cedrus, Ginkgo,
etc.
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE ENVIRONMENT ISSUES
VI - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

8 ENVIRONMENT ISSUES
LEVEL - 1
LEVEL - 3

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B
59. A 60. A 61. A 62. B
5. D 6. B 7. C 8. A
63. C 64. A 65. D 66. B
9. D 10.D 11. A 12. B

13. D 14. C 15. A 16. D 68. D 69. A 70. B 71. F

17. D 18. A 19. A 20. D CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:
21. B 22. B 23. C 24. A
1. PRODUCERS,
25. A 26. A 27. A 28. B
5. CHLOROFLUOROCARBON,
29. B 30. A
7. BIODEGRADABLE,
LEVEL - 2
8. HERBIVORES,

10. TROPHICLEVEL,

12. CONSUMERS,
31. A 32. B 33. A 34. B
DOWN:

35. B 36. B 37. A 38. C 1. DECOMPOSERS,

39. D 40. D 41. D 42. A 2. GLOBALWARMING,

43. C 44. A 45. C 46. C 4. CARNIVORES,

47. C 48. D 49. A 50. C 6. FOODWEB,

9. FOODCHAIN,
51. B 52. C 53. A 54. A
11. PYROLYSIS.
55. B 56. D 57. C 58. B

AIMS1 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

ENVIRONMENT ISSUES
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Ionising radiations: Ionizing radiations
include alpha particles, beta particles and
gamma rays. They are released into the
air on testing atomic weapons.
2. Freons: Use of freons and other chloro-
fluoro-carbon compounds in refrigerants,
coolants and as filling agents in aerosol
also cause pollution.
3. Aerosols: Aerosols are small particles of
all sorts of solid or liquid substances
suspended in the air. They block the
stomata of plants and prevent the gaseous
exchanges between plants and
atmosphere. They may also change the
climate of an area.
4. Domestic sewage: Domestic sewage
consists of human faces, urine, and the
dirty used–up water in houses. It contains
a large number of bacteria and virus. The
sewage is released into the rivers on the
banks of which most of the cities are
situated.
5. Industrial effluents: All industrial plants
produce some organic and inorganic
chemical wastes. Those nonusable
chemical are dumped in water as a means
of getting rid of them. The industrial wastes
include heavy metals (Hg, Cu, lead, zinc
etc), Detergents, Petroleum, Acids,
Alkalies, Phenols, Carbonates,
Alcoholcyanides, Arsenic, Chlorine, etc.
6. Thermal pollution: Many industries use
water for cooling. The resultant warm water
is discharged into rivers. This brings about
thermal pollution.
7. Pesticides: Pesticides are used to control
pests in fields and houses. They include
DDT, BHC, endrin etc.
Pesticides are chemicals used to kill
pests like insects, rats, snails, fungi, herbs,
etc. They are collectively called biocides
because they kill life.
8. Radioactive wastes: Liquid radioactive
wastes are released into the sea around
nuclear installations. The oceanic currents
carry the radioactive contaminants
everywhere.
9. Eutrophication: Rich growth of micro-
organisms consumes most of the dissolved
oxygen, so as to depreve other organisms.
It generally occurs at the bottom layers of
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VI-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
deep lakes. Addition of excessive plant
nutrients intensifies eutrophication. It is
harmful to fish and other aquatic life.
10. Sedimentation: When sewage is
allowed to stand, the suspended particles
settle to the bottom. So by sedimentation
the suspended particles are removed from
sewage.
11. Non ionising radiations: UV rays, IR
rays, etc. UV rays cause skin burning, IR
rays increases atmospheric temperature
and leads to the green house effect.
12. Typ es of ionizing radiations:
Radioactive isotopes release three types of
radiations:
(a) Alpha particles: These are large particles
emitted by radioactive isotopes (as U238).
They travel only short distances. They
cannot penetrate the organisms. They
cause ionization.
(b) Beta particles: These are small particles
emitted by radioactive isotopes. They can
travel long distances. They can easily
penetrate the body tissues and cause
ionization.
(c) Gamma rays: These are short
wavelength rays emitted by radioactive
isotopes. They can travel long distances.
They can easily penetrate the body tissues
and cause ionization. On the basis of the
biological effects produced, the radioactive
radiations can be grouped into two types,
namely internal emitters and external
emitters.
13. Secondary air pollutants: Secondary
air pollutants are poisonous substance
formed from primary air pollutants. In
bright sun light nitrogen, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons and O2 interact to produce
more powerful photochemical oxidants like
ozone (O 3), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN),
aldehydes, sulphuric acid, peroxides, etc.
All these constitute photochemical smog,
which retard photosynthesis in plants.
14. Global Warming : Increase in
atmospheric concentrations of green house
gases (CO2, CH4, CFCs, N2O) causes global
warming (enhanced green house effect),
changes in sea level, weather and climate
change etc.
ADVANCED FOUNDATION - BIOLOGY KEY AND SOLUTIONS

AIMS
BIOLOGY
IIT-JEE, NEET & OLYMPIADS
ADVANCED FOUNDATION

VII CLASS
KEY
&
SOLUTIONS

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

KEY AND SOLUTIONS ADVANCED FOUNDATION - BIOLOGY

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

VII- BIOLOGY NUTRITION IN PLANTS
VII BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

1 NUTRITION IN PLANTS
LEVEL - 1
LEVEL - 3

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C

41. B 42. C 43. A 44. D

5. D 6. B 7. A 8. A

45. B 46. B 47. B 48. D

9. A 10. B 11. A 12. D

49. A 50. C 51. C

13. A 14. B 15. C 16. B

C ROSSWORD PUZZLE
17. D 18. B 19. B 20. B
ACROSS:

21. B 22. B 23. C 24. B

3. XYLEM,

25. C 26. D 27. D 28. B

4. ORABANCHE,

29. D 30. A
6. VISCUM,
LEVEL - 2
7. LICHENS,

8. SANTALUM,

DOWN:
31. D 32. D 33. A 34. C

1. NEPENTHES,
35. B 36. D 37. D 38. B

2. PHLOEM,
39. B 40. B
5. CUSCUTA,

33OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
AIMS 1
NUTRITION IN PLANTS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Nutrition- Refers to the entire process
of taking in food and drinking by living
organisms and using it for the purpose of
growth and metabolic activities.
2. Autotrophs- Organisms which make
their own food.
3. Heterotrophs- Organisms which obtain
their food from other sources.
4. Parasite- Organism that lives for its food
on other living plants or animals.
5. Saprophyte- A plant organism that lives
for its food on dead organic matter.
6. Symbiotic- Two organisms that live
together for mutual benefit.
7. Carnivorous plants- Those plants that
derive some or most of the nutrition's by
trapping and consuming insects and other
small animals.
A) Synthesis of plant food other than
carbohydrates :
1. We have seen so far that photosynthesis
can only provide us with carbohydrates
which contain carbon,hydrogen and
oxygen. These components of
carbohydrates are used to produce other
components of food.
2. But nitrogenous substances containing
nitrogen, proteins, vitamins and minerals
are also a substantial component of food.
3. The second source of food for plants is
from soil which contains certain minerals
like phosphorous, potassium, nitrogen,
magnesium, calcium, Sulphur and many
other minerals present in dissolved form.
These minerals are absorbed by the plants
from soil using the root hairs of plants.
B) Parasitic modes of nutrition in plants :
i) Cuscuta (Amarbel) is a yellow tubular
plant twisting around the stem and
branchesof a tree that does not have
chlorophyll and hence cannot make its
own food.
ii) Rafflesia- it is also a total parasite
growing on the roots of host plant. It lacks
chlorophyll and its stem is thread like
penetrating the roots of host plant and
sucks the food from there. Rafflesia bears
the biggest flower in the world. A single
flower measures about 50-100 cm and
weighs nearly 10 kg. It has smell of rotten
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VII- BIOLOGY
meat.
iii) Viscum : a common mistletoe plant
bears green leaves. It synthesizes its own
food, but receives water and mineral from
host plant. It sucks the liquid from the stem
of the host plant with the help of haustoria.
Visum does not have normal roots. Viscum:
Plant Attached to Host Stem Cut Open to
Show Haustoria Sandalwood- this is also a
interesting parasite. It commonly grows in
jungles of Kamataka, Tamil nadu and
Kerala. These are rootless plants growing
on roots of host plants
C) Insectivorous plants : Some other
species of plants known as insectivorous
plants that are capable of trapping insects
and digesting them. These plants are
known as pitcher plants with its leaf
modified as pitcher.
D) Saprotrophs : Some microorganisms like
fungi use another mode of nutrition known
as saprotrophic mode of nutrition.
The organisms undergoing this mode of
nutrition are known as Saprotrophs.
E) Symbiotic relationship :
i) There are certain organisms that lives
together and provides food and shelter to
each other. This kind of nutrition is known
as symbiotic relationship. Lichens where
a symbiotic relation exists between the alga
and fungus.
ii) Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used
by plants for production of food. Therefore
bacteria known as Rhizobium present in
the roots of gram, peas, moong,beans and
other legumes converts the atmospheric
nitrogen into soluble form that dissolves
in soil and can be easily absorbed by plants.
An upper pitcher of Nepenthes lowii, a
tropical pitcher plant that supplements its
carnivorous diet with tree shrew droppings.
Carnivorous plants are plants that derive
some or most of their nutrients (but not
energy) from trapping and consuming
animals or protozoans, typically insects and
other arthropods. Carnivorous plants have
adapted to grow in places where the soil is
thin or poor in nutrients, especially
nitrogen, such as acidic bogs.
VII- BIOLOGY RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
VII BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

2 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
LEVEL - 1
LEVEL - 3

1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A
45. D 46. A 47. B 48. D

5. B 6. B 7. B 8. C
49. A 50. D 51. D 52. C

9. C 10. B 11. B 12. C

53. C 54. B
13. B 14. B 15. C 16. D
C ROSSWORD PUZZLE
17. D 18. B 19. B 20. C
ACROSS:
21. D 22. B 23. C 24. A
5. EXTERNAL,
25. B 26. D 27. B 28. B
7. OBLIGATE,
29. D 30. A
DOWN:
LEVEL - 2
1. INTERNAL,

2. KREBSCYCLE,

3. GLYCOLYSIS,
31. B 32. C 33. D 34. B

4. STOMATA,
35. D 36. D 37. B 38. D

6. YEAST.
39. A 40. A 41. A 42. B

43. C 44. A

33OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
AIMS
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
Mechanism of respiration :
1. Glycolysis – it is common to both aerobic
and anaerobic respiration.
2. Citric acid cycle / Krebs cycle - Aerobic
respiration in mitochondria
3. Electron transport system – in the inner
membrane of mitochondria
4. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
starts with Glycolysis.
5. In aerobic respiration Glycolysis is
followed by Citric acid cycle and ETS (both
occur in mitochondria).
6. In anaerobic respiration Glycolysis is
followed by formation of ethyl alcohol /
lactic acid in the cytoplasm.
7. Fermentation : Incomplete oxidation of
pyruvic acid, under anaerobic respiration
forms lactic acid/ ethyl alcohol. It occurs
in bacteria, yeast and striated muscles.
8. In glycolysis two molecules of ATP are
consumed during double phosphorylation
of glucose to fructose 1,6 biphosphate. Two
molecules of NADPH2 are formed at the
time of oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate to 1,3 biphosphoglycerate. Each
NADH is equivalent to 3ATP, so that net
gain in glycolysis is 8 ATP.
9. In animal cells, like muscles during
exercise, when oxygen is insufficient for
aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is reduced
to Lactic acid by enzyme lactate
dehydrogenase due to reduction by
NADH2.
10. Aerobic Respiration :
Citric acid cycle / Tricarboxylic acid cycle
/ Kreb’s cycle:
TCA cycle – it takes place in the
mitochondrial matrix – it is the process of
complete oxidation of pyruvate by stepwise
removal of all hydrogen atoms, which leaves
three molecules of CO2.
This process releases two molecules of CO2
resulting again in tricarboxylic acid. Sin
the product of this cycle is citric acid,
therefore this cycle is called tricarboxylic
acid cycle or citgric acid cycle.
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative
phosphorylation – it takes place in the
VII- BIOLOGY
inner membrane of the mitochondria – it
is the process of synthesis of ATP fron
NADH2 and FADH2.
11. Oxidative phosphorylation : It is the
metabolic pathway in which cells use
enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby
releasing energy which is used to produce
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In most
eukaryotes, this takes place inside
mitochondria. Almost all aerobic organisms
carry out oxidative phosphorylation.
12. Oxidative decarboxylation reactions are
oxidation reactions in which a carboxylate
group is removed, forming carbon dioxide.
They often occur in biological systems:
there are many examples in the citric acid
cycle.
Enzymes in Citric acid cycle pathway :
i) Citrate synthase : Citrate synthase
catalyzes the condensation reaction of the
two-carbon acetate residue from acetyl
coenzyme A and a molecule of four-carbon
oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon citrate.
ii) Aconitase : It catalyses the stereo-
specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate
via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid
cycle, a non-redox-active process.
iii) Isocitrate dehydrogenase : It catalyzes
the third step of the cycle: the oxidative
decarboxylation of isocitrate, producing
alpha-ketoglutarate (a-ketoglutarate) and
CO2 while converting NAD+ to NADH.
iv) Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase :
It catalyses following reaction -
alpha - Ketoglutarate + NAD+ + Co.A 
Succinyl Co.A + CO2 + NADH
v) Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase : It
catalyzes the formation of succinate and
coenzyme-A, alpha 4-carbon metabolite,
from succinyl-CoA.
vi) Succinate dehydrogenase : catalyzes
the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with
the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol.
vii) Fumarase : Fumarase (or fumarate
hydratase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the
reversible hydration/dehydration of
Fumarate to S-malate.
viii) Malate dehydrogenase : It catalyzes
the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate
(using NAD+) and vice versa (this is a
reversible reaction).
AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VII- BIOLOGY REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
VII BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

3 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
LEVEL - 1
LEVEL - 3

1. D 2. C 3. C 4. C
44. C 45. C 46. D 47. A

5. D 6. D 7. C 8. A 48. D 49. C 50. D

9. B 10. C 11. D 12. B C ROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:
13. B 14. C 15. D 16. B
3. BULB,

17. B 18. C 19. D 20. A

6. POTATO,

21. A 22. B 23. D 24. D

7. GAMMAE,

25. D 26. D 27. C 28. C

8. RHIZOME,

29. A 30. C DOWN:

LEVEL - 2
1. SUCKER,

2. CORM,

4. BULBILS,
31. D 32. C 33. C 34. B
5. RUNNER.
35. C 36. B 37. B 38. B

39. B 40. D 41. D 42. B

43. A

2 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
AIMS 1
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Asexual reproduction produces
individuals that are genetically identical to
the parent plant.
2. Roots such as corms, stem tubers,
rhizomes, and stolon undergo vegetative
reproduction.
3. Some plants can produce seeds without
fertilization via apomixis where the ovule
or ovary gives rise to new seeds.
4. Advantages of asexual reproduction
include an increased rate of maturity and
a sturdier adult plant.
5. Asexual reproduction can take place by
natural or artificial means.
There are three common methods of
artificial propagation of plants. They are:
Layering: a method of plant propagation
in which a bent stem is covered with soil
in order to generate new roots
Grafting: process of attaching part of a
stem from one plant onto the root of
another plant
Micropropagation: practice of rapidly
multiplying plant material to produce a
large number of progeny plants using plant
tissue culture methods
Cutting: placing part of a stem containing
nodes or internodes in water or moist soil
in order to produce new plants
- Plants like bougainvillea,
chrysanthemum, grapes, etc., can be grown
by cutting.
- The layering method is used for the
plants like Jasmine, Strawberry, raspberry,
etc.
- Grafting is done in ornamental and
horticulture (fruit yielding) plants.
6. A rhizome is a modified underground
stem serving as an organ of vegetative
reproduction; the growing tips of the
rhizome can separate as new plants, e.g.,
polypody, iris, couch grass and nettles.
7. Prostrate aerial stems, called runners
or stolons, are important vegetative
reproduction organs in some species, such
as the strawberry, numerous grasses, and
some ferns.
8. Plants like onion (Allium cepa), hyacinth
(Hyacinth), narcissus (Narcissus) and
tulips (Tulipa) reproduce by dividing their
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VII- BIOLOGY
underground bulbs into more bulbs. Other
plants like potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)
and dahlia (Dahlia) reproduce by a similar
method involving underground tubers.
Gladioli and crocuses (Crocus) reproduce
in a similar way with corms.
5. Rhizomes are stem-like structures that
grow horizontally across the ground and
from which new roots and shoots may arise.
Examples : Ginger, Lilies
6. Runners : Also known as stolons,
runners are modified stems that, unlike
rhizomes, grow from existing stems just
below the soil surface. As they are
propagated, the buds on the modified
stems produce roots and stems. Example -
Strawberries
7. Corms : These are solid enlarged
underground stems that store nutrients in
their fleshy and solid stem tissue and are
surrounded by papery leaves. Corms differ
from bulbs in that their centers consists of
solid tissue while bulbs consist of layered
leaves. Examples - Gladiolus and taro.
8. The roots of some plants develop
adventitious buds on them e.g., Dalbergia
sissoo (Shisham), Guava, poplars, Albizzia
lebbek, Murraya, etc. Some tuberous
adventitious roots besides possessing
adventitious buds also contain sufficient
quantities of, food, e.g., Dahlia and Sweet
potato.
9. Some plants produce adventitious buds
on their leaves e.g., Bryophyllum, Begonia,
Streptocarpus, Kalanchoe and Saintpaulia.
In Bryophyllum notched margins of
succulent leaves bear adventitious buds.
10. Bulbil : Sometimes buds become fleshy
e.g., Agave. It takes part in propagation of
plant.
11. Gemmae : are specialised structures
which are green, multicellular, asexual
buds, which develop in small receptacles
called gemma cups located on the thalli.
Example - Marchantia.
12. Conidia : They are formed in
penicillium. These are non-motile spores
produced singly or in chains by constriction
at the tip or lateral side of hyphal branches,
called conidiophores.
VII- BIOLOGY TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
VII BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

4 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B
40. B 41. C 42. A

5. C 6. B 7. B 8. A 43. B 48. C

9. B 10. B 11. A 12. A CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:
13. B 14. D 15. C 16. B
3. TRANSPIRATION,

17. D 18. C 19. A 20. C 4. PHLOEM,

5. TRANSPIRATION,
21. A 22. B 23. D 24. A
DOWN:

25. A 26. A 27. C 28. D 1. TRANSLOCATION,

2. XYLEM
29. B 30. B 31. C 32. D

33. C 34. D

LEVEL - 2

35. B 36. A 37. B 38. B

39. B

2 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
AIMS 1
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
Transport in plants occurs at three levels:
i) The uptake and release of water and
solute by individual cells.
ii) Short distance transport of substances
from one cell to another.
iii) Long distance transport of sap within
xylem and phloem.
Translocation : is the movement of
materials from leaves to other tissues
throughout the plant. Plants produce
carbohydrates (sugars) in their leaves by
photosynthesis, but non-photosynthetic
parts of the plant also require
carbohydrates and other organic and
nonorganic materials.
There are three means of transport as
follows:
- Diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Active Transport
- The rate of diffusion depends on the
gradient of concentration, pressure,
temperature and permeability of
membrane separating them. Following
figure shows the diffusion of water vapor
from higher concentration to lower
concentration.
Active Transport –
Active transport use energy in the form of
ATP in the process of pumping molecules
against the concentration gradient.
Water Potential -
Plants use water potential to transport
water to leaves and this helps in carrying
out photosynthesis. The term water
potential is defined as “the measure of
potential energy in water and drives the
movement of water through plants.
- Osmosis is the spontaneous movement
of a solvent (water) through a Cellular
Membrane.
- Plasmolysis is defined as “the contraction
of the protoplasm of cells within plants due
to loss of water through osmosis.”
Plasmolysis depends on the three type of
solution:
a) Isotonic – It is the condition when the
external solution balances the osmotic
pressure of cytoplasm.
b) Hypotonic – In this case, external
solution is dilute as compared to cytoplasm.
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VII- BIOLOGY
c) Hypertonic – In hypertonic, external
solution is more concentrated.
- IMBIBITION : It is a special type of
diffusion which includes the absorption of
water by solids, called colloids, resulting
in enormous increase in volume.
Example of Imbibition: Absorption of water
by dry wood and seeds are the examples of
imbibition.
- Root Pressure : The pressure exerted by
the water molecules absorbed by root hairs
is called root pressure.
- Transpiration pull : Plants do not have
any circulatory system, but the flow of
water upward via xylem is achieved by fairly
high rates and that is upto 15 mts/ hr.
- Cohesion – It is the mutual attraction
between water molecules.
- Adhesion – It includes the attraction of
water molecules to polar surface.
- Surface tension – In this, water
molecules are attracted in liquid phase
which is more than the water in gaseous
phase.
Phloem transport:
Flow from Source to Sink
Food (sucrose) is transported by phloem
from source to sink. The part of plant that
synthesize the food is called source and
part where food is used or stored is called
sink.
The source and sink can be reversed by
the plants depending upon the season or
plant’s need. So, the direction of movement
in the phloem is bi-directional.
Phloem sap is mainly water and sucrose
but other sugars, hormones and amino
acids are also translocated through it.
Pressure flow or Mass flow hypothesis:
It is the most accepted theory for the
translocation of sugar from source to sink.
Glucose is prepared at source by
photosynthesis which is converted into
disaccharides (sucrose). Sucrose moves into
companion cells and then into sieve tube
cells by active transport.
Loading of phloem at source creates a water
potential gradient that facilitates the mass
movement in the phloem.
VII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION IN ANIMALS
VII - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

5 BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION IN ANIMALS

LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

1. A 2. A 3. D 4. D
51. C 52. A 53. B 54. B

5. D 6. B 7. D 8. B
55. B 56. C

9. C 10. D 11. C 12. A

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
13. D 14. C 15. C 16. B
ACROSS:
17. A 18. C 19. A 20. C
2. FISH,

21. A 22. D 23. D 24. A 6. STOMATA,

25. A 26. B 27. B 28. D 7. CROCODILE,

9. TRANSPIRATION,
29. B 30. A 31. C 32. B
12. LYMPHOCYTES,
33. B 34. C 35. B 36. A
13. LENTICELS,
37. D
14. MAMMALS,

LEVEL - 2 DOWN:

1. BIRDS,

3. COCKROACH,

4. HAEMOGLOBIN,
38. D 39. C 40. A 41. A
5. EARTHWORM,
42. B 43. C 44. A 45. C
8. SPLEEN,
46. B 47. A 48. C 49. B
10. AMPHIBIANS,
50. A
11. PLATELETS.

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 3

 BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION IN ANIMALS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
0. Very small animals (like flatworms) don’t
require a special transport system because
they can get the substances they need and
excrete the substances don’t by diffusion
alone.
1. Evolution of Heart in Vertebrates :
- All vertebrates possess a muscular cham-
bered heart.
(i) Fishes have a 2-chambered heart with
an atrium and a ventricle.
(ii) Amphibians and the reptiles (except
crocodiles) have a 3-chambered heart with
two atria and a single ventricle.
(iii)In crocodiles, birds and mammals pos-
sess a 4-chambered heart with two atria
and two ventricles.
(iv) In fishes the heart pumps out deoxy-
genated blood which is oxygenated by the
gills and supplied to the body parts from
where deoxygenated blood is returned to
the heart.
(v) In amphibians and reptiles, the left
atrium receives oxygenated blood from the
gills/lungs/skin and the right atrium gets
the deoxygenated blood from other body
parts. However, they get mixed up in the
single ventricle which pumps out mixed
blood.
(vi) In birds and mammals, oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood received by the left and
right atria respectively passes on to the ven-
tricles of the same sides. The ventricles
pump it out without any mixing up, i.e.,
two separate circulatory pathways are
present in these organisms, hence, these
animals have double circulation.
2. Sino-atrial node of heart is responsible
-for initiating and maintaining its rhyth-
mic activity, therefore it is known as pace-
maker-of the heart.
3. Cardiac cycle The sequential event in
the heart which is cyclically repeated is
called the cardiac cycle. It consists of sys-
tole and diastole of both the atria and ven-
tricles. Cardiac output It is the volume of
blood pumped out by each ventricle per
minute and averages 5000 mL or 5 L in a
healthy individual. The body has the abil-
ity to alter the stroke volume as well as the
heart rate and thereby the cardiac output.
4 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
For example, the cardiac output of an ath-
lete will be much higher than that of an
ordinary man.
4. Heart sounds : During each cardiac
cycle, two prominent sounds are produced
which can be easily heard through a
stethoscope. The first heart sound (lub) is
associated with the closure of the tricus-
pid and bicuspid valves, whereas the sec-
ond heart sound (dup) is associated with
.the closure of the semilunar valves. These
sounds are of clinical diagnostic signifi-
cance.
5. Plasma - Transporting carbon dioxide,
digested food molecules, urea and hor-
mones; distributing heat.
6. Phagocytes - About 70 per cent of white
blood cells are phagocytes. Phagocytes en-
gulf and destroy unwanted microorganisms
that enter the blood, by the process of ph-
agocytosis. They are part of the body's im-
mune system.
7. Lymphocytes - Lymphocytes make up
about 25 per cent of white blood cells. They
are also part of the body's immune sys-
tem. Lymphocytes produce soluble pro-
teins called antibodies when a foreign body
such as a microorganism enters the body.
8. Arteries – Carry blood rich in oxygen
from the heart to all the cells of the body.
The pressure exerted by the arteries while
blood leave heart is rapid and thus wall
walls of arteries are thick.
9. Veins – Veins carry blood rich in carbon
di oxide from all the cells of the body to
the heart.
The pressure exerted by the walls of the
veins is less and have thin walls.
Valves present in the veins ensure that the
blood flows only towards the heart.
10. Capillaries - Connect the smallest
branches of arteries and veins . The walls
of capillaries are just one cell thick. Capil-
laries therefore allow the exchange of mol-
ecules between the blood and the body's
cells - molecules can diffuse across their
walls. This exchange of molecules is not
possible across the walls of other types of
blood vessel.
11. Heartbeat - The rhythmical contraction
and expansion of heart muscles constitute
heartbeat.
VII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION IN ANIMALS
VII - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

6 EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION IN ANIMALS

LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 43. A 44. D 45. B

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
5. B 6. B 7. C 8. D
ACROSS:

9. D 10. A 11. A 12. D 2. EXCRETION,

3. FLAMECELL,
13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C
5. UREOTELIC,

6. NEPHRON,
17. B 18. C 19. B 20. A
8. MALPIGHIANTUBULE,
LEVEL - 2
9. NEPHRIDIA,

10. URICOTELIC,

DOWN:
21. D 22. B 23. A 24. C 1. GREENGLAND,

4. AMMONOTELIC,
25. C 26. A 27. A 28. B
7. LIVER.

29. A 30. C 31. C 32. A

KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
Excretory organs of different organisms
33. A 34. C 35. B 36. A I. Invertebrates
1. Protozoa - Contractile vacuole -
Ammonia - Ammonotelic / Osmoregulatory
37. B 38. D 39. A 40. A - Amoeba, Paramecium
2. Porifera : General surface of body -
Ammonotelic - Sycon, Leucon
41. A 42. A 3. Coelenterata : Ammonia, General
surface of body - Ammonotelic - Hydra

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION IN ANIMALS
4. Platyhelminthes : Flame cells
(=Solenocytes) - form the protonephridial
system - Ammonotelic -
Taenia, fasciola
5. Nematoda - H-shaped excretory organ,
Renette cells - Ammonotelic - Ascaris
6. Annelida - Nephridial system,
(Metameric), various types - Ammonotelic
- Pheretima
7. Arthropoda
a. Class-Insecta - Malpighian tubule - (Uric
acid) - Uricotelic - Periplaneta
b. Class crustacea - Antennary (=green)
gland - Uric acid - Uricotelic - Palaemon
c. Class Arachnida - Coxal glands,
Malpighian tubule , Hepato pancreas,
Nephrocytes - Uricotelic - Spider
8. Mollusca :
a) Kidney (=organ of Bojanus) or Renal
organ
b) Keber's organ - Aquatic forms excrete -
Ammonia ( Ammonotelic) ; Terrestrial forms
- Excrete uric acid ( Uricotelic) - Pila ,
Pulmonate, Limax
9. Echinodermata : Dermal branchiae
(primitive gills) tube feet, body surface
(Ammonia) - Ammonotelic , Cucumaria
Asterias
10. Those animals which excrete their
nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia
are known as ammonotelic.
Examples: All aquatic invertebrates, bony
fishes and aquatic amphibians are
amminotelic organisms.
11. Those animals which excrete their
nitrogenous waste mainly in the form of
uric acid and urates are known as
uricotelic. Examples: All terrestrial
animals like insects, reptiles, and birds
excrete uric acid as nitrogenious wastes.
12. Those animals that excrete their
nitrogenous waste mainly in the form of
urea are known as ureotelic and the
phenomenon is known as ureotelism.
Examples: Ureotelism is exhibited by semi-
terrestrial animals, e.g. adult amphibians
and mammals.
13. Excretory system of man
Mammalian (human) urinary system
consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
ureter, a urinary bladder and a urethra.
Organs of the Excretory System :
Lungs – removal of excess carbon dioxide
Liver – produces urea and uric acid as a
by-product of the breakdown of proteins
Skin – removal of excess water, salt, urea
and uric acid
Urinary System – kidneys filter the blood
to form urine, which is excess water, salt,
urea and uric acid
Function of Tubules in Nephron :
i) Proximal Convoluted Tubules (PCT) –
all the important nutrients, 70-80%
electrolytes and water are reabsorbed.
ii) Henle’s Loop– maintains high
osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid.
iii) Distal Convoluted Tubules (DCT) –
conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water.
Maintains pH and sodium- potassium
balance.
iv) Collecting Duct– large amount of water
is reabsorbed to produce concentrated
urine.
Renal Arteries – 2 renal arteries constantly
transport blood to the kidneys.
Kidneys – 2 kidneys composed of millions
of nephrons constantly filter about 170 to
200 litres of blood to produce about 1.5 to
2 litres of urine daily.
Renal Veins – 2 renal veins return useful
nutrients back into the bloodstream.
Ureters – 2 ureters carry urine from the
kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder – The urinary bladder
temporarily stores urine until it is released
from the body.
Urethra – The urethra is the tube that
carries urine from the urinary bladder to
the outside of the body. The outer end of
the urethra is controlled by a circular
muscle called a sphincter.
The waste material along with blood is
brought to kidneys by the renal arteries.
Blood is filtered out from blood capillaries
into Bowman’s capsule under pressure
which is known as Ultrafiltration.
VII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN ANIMALS
VII - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

7 DIGESTION & ABSORPTION IN ANIMALS

LEVEL - 1 48. D 49. C 50. D 51. A

52. C 53. D 54. A

1. C 2. A 3. C 4. D
CROSSWORD PUZZLE

5. C 6. B 7. A 8. C ACROSS:

5. ROUGHAGE
9. D 10. B 11. B 12. D
7. CALORIEFOOD,
13. A 14. A 15. B 16. A
11. NEPENTHES,
17. A 18. B 19. B 20. B
12. LORANTHUS,
21. A 22. C 23. C 24. C
14. SCURVY,
25. A
16. OBESITY,
LEVEL - 2
DOWN:

1. BILE,

2. HETEROTROPHS,

26. B 27. B 28. D 29. B 3.RUMINANTS,

30. A 31. B 32. C 33. A 4. LICHENS,

34. A 35. B 36. B 37. A 6. AMERBEL,

38. D 39. B 40. C 41. D 8. AUTOTROPHS,

9. ANAEMIA,
42. A 43. C
10. RHIZOPUS,
LEVEL - 3
13. AZANAMOTO,

15. GOITRE

44. C 45. A 46. D 47. A

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN ANIMALS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. The process of conversion of complex food
into simpler absorbable form is called
digestion and is carried out by digestive
system by mechanical and biochemical
methods.
2. Each teeth is embedded in socket of jaw
bone (thecodont). Milk teeth is replaced by
permanent or adult teeth, this type of
dentition is called diphyodont. Four
different types of teeth (Heterodont) are
incisors (I), canine (C), premolar (PM) and
molar (M).Dental formula: Each half of the
upper and lower jaw has following number
of teeth- 2123 / 2123.
3. Stomach- Oesophagus leads to stomach.
The opening of stomach is guarded by a
sphincter (gastro-oesophageal). Stomach is
divided into three parts- cardiac, fundic and
pyloric.
4. Small intestine- is the longest part of
alimentary canal divided into duodenum,
jejunum and ileum. Pyloric sphincter is
present between stomach and duodenum.
5. Large intestine- ileum opens into large
intestine, which is divided into caecum,
colon and rectum. Caecum is a blind sac
which host microbes. Vermiform appendix
arises from caecum. Rectum opens through
anus.
6. Salivary Glands- secrete saliva in oral
cavity. In human beings salivary glands are
three pairs- parotid, sublingual, and
submandibular.
7. Liver- it is the largest gland in human
body lies in upper right side of the
abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm.
Hepatic lobules, covered by Glisson’s
capsule, are structural and functional unit
of liver made up of hepatic cells.
8. Pancreas- It is soft lobulated greyish
pink gland which weighs about 60 gm.,
consists of exocrine and endocrine portion.
The exocrine portion secretes alkaline
pancreatic juice and endocrine secretes
hormones insulin and glucagon.
9. Digestion of food - Carbohydrates, fats,
proteins and nucleic acids occur in food in
the form of large and complex insoluble
macromolecules (polymers). These
macromolecules are converted into small
monomers by the action of enzyme.
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
10. In buccal cavity, teeth and tongue help
in mastication and mixing of food. Mucus
in saliva mix with masticated food to form
bolus. Lysozyme acts as antibacterial
agent in mouth to prevent infection.
Salivary amylase breaksdown starch into
maltose.
11. Mucus and bicarbonates present in
gastric juice play important role in
lubrication and protecting inner wall of
stomach from the action of HCl. Renin is a
proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice
of infants to digest milk protein.
12. The Bile, pancreatic juice and
intestinal juice - are released in small
intestine. Pancreatic juice contain inactive
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen,
procarboxypeptidases, amylases, lipases
and nucleases.
13. Trypsinogen is activated by enzyme
enterokinase in to trypsin, which further
activates the other enzyme of intestinal
juice.
14. Bile contains bile pigments (bilirubin
and bil-verdin), bile salts, cholesterol and
phospholipids which help in emulsification
of fats.
15. Secretion of brush border cells of
mucosa and goblet cells contain enzyme
succus entericus, containing variety of
enzymes to complete the process of
digestion.
16. Function of large intestine -
Absorption of water, minerals and certain
drugs. Secretion of mucus for adhering of
the undigested food and lubricating it for
easy passage.
17. Absorption of Digested Food -
Absorption is the process by which
nutrients pass from the alimentary canal
into the blood and lymph through its
mucous membrane.
18. Amino acids, monosaccharide, fatty
acids, glycerol, salts, vitamins and water
are to be absorbed. About 90% of
absorption occurs in small intestine and
rest 10% in stomach, mouth and large
intestine. The passage of different
absorbent depends upon concentration
gradient for some substances like glucose
and amino acids and electrolytes.
VII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE MICRO BIOLOGY
VII - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

8 MICROBIOLOGY
LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

35. A 36. C 37. C 38. A

1. B 2. D 3. D 4. D

39. C 40. A 41. A 42. B

5. B 6. C 7. A 8. A

43. C 44. A 45. D 46. A

9. D 10. A 11. D 12. A

47. C 48. B 49. A 50. B

13. D 14. C 15. C 16. D

51. C
17. A 18. B 19. C 20. C

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
21. D 21. A 22. A 23. B
ACROSS:
24. B 25. B 26. B 27. B
5. CITRICACID,

28. A 29. D 30. A 31. A 6. RATPOISON,

LEVEL - 2 7. CANNING,

DOWN:

1. METHANOGENS,
32. C 33. C 34. D 23. D
2. BUTYRICACID,
30. A 31. A 32. D 34. B
3. MYCORRHIZA,

NOTE: Key is provided according to

the sequence number given in the work 4. ETHANOL.
sheet (Zig-Zag). Please follow
accordingly.

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

MICRO BIOLOGY
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Microbes are diverse-protozoa, bacteria,
fungi and microscopic plants viruses, viroid
and also prions that are proteinacious in-
fectious agents. They are found everywhere
on earth ranging from soil, air water and
some inhabitable places.
2. Bacteria and fungi can be grown on nu-
tritive media to form colonies, which can
be seen by necked eyes and very useful in
study of microorganisms.
3. Microbes cause many diseases in hu-
man beings, plants and animals. Several
microorganisms are useful to man in di-
verse ways.
Microbes in household products :
a. Microorganisms like Lactobacillus and
other commonly called lactic acid bacteria
(LAB) grow in milk and convert it to curd.
The LAB produces acids that coagulate and
partially digest the milk proteins. It also
improves its nutritional quality by increas-
ing vitamin B12.
b. The dough is used for making foods such
as dosa and idli is fermented by bacteria.
The puffed-up appearance of dough is due
to the production of CO2 gas. The dough
used for making bread is fermented using
baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cervisiae).
c. Cheese, is one of the oldest food items
in which microbes were used. The large
holes in ‘Swiss cheese’ are due to produc-
tion of a large amount of CO2 by a bacte-
rium named Propionibacterium sharmanii.
The ‘Roquefort cheese’ is ripened by grow-
ing a specific fungus on them for a par-
ticular flavour.
Microbes in industrial production :
A number of products like beverages and
antibiotics involve uses of microbes. Pro-
duction on large scale requires growing
microbes in very large vessels called fer-
menters.
a. Fermented Beverages- Saccharomyces
cerevisiae used for bread-making and com-
monly called brewer’s yeast, is used for fer-
menting malted cereals and fruit juices, to
produce beverages like wine, bear, whisky
and rum. Wine and bear are produced with-
out distillation whereas whisky, brandy and
rum are produced by distillation of the fer-
mented broth.
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
b. Antibiotics- they are chemical sub-
stances produced by some microbes and
can kill or retard the growth of other mi-
crobes. Penicillin was first antibiotic to be
discovered. Antibiotics have great improved
our capacity to treat deadly diseases such
as plague, whooping cough, diphtheria and
leprosy.
c. Chemical, Organic acids , Enzymes and
other Bioactive Molecules are commercially
produced by microbes.
Chemicals :
- Aspergillus niger (fungus) – Citric acid
- Acetobacter aceti (bacterium) – Acetic acid
- Clostridium butylicum (bacterium) – -
Butyric acid
- Lactobacillus (bacterium) – Lactic acid
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae – Ethanol
Enzymes:
Lipase – used in laundry detergents
Pectinase and protease – used in bottled
juices
Streptokinase (Streptococcus bacterium)
– used as clot buster (to remove clots)
Bioactive molecules:
Cyclosporin A (Trichoderma polysporum
fungi) – used as immunosuppressive agent
(for organ transplant patients).
Statins (Monascus purpureus yeast) – used
as blood cholesterol lowering agents.
Microbes in sewage Treatment - Munici-
pal waste water (sewage) contains large
amount of organic matter and microbes
which are pathogenic and cannot be dis-
charged into natural water bodies like riv-
ers and streams.
Microbes in Production of Biogas - Biogas
is a mixture of gases produced by the mi-
crobial activity that can be used as fuel.
Certain bacteria that grows anaerobically
on cellulosic material produce large amount
of methane along with CO2and H2. These
bacteria are collectively called
methanogens (Methanobacterium).
Bio fertilisers are organisms that enrich
the nutrient quality of the soil. The main
sources includes bacteria, fungi and
cyanobacteria.
ADVANCED FOUNDATION - BIOLOGY KEY AND SOLUTIONS

AIMS
BIOLOGY
IIT-JEE, NEET & OLYMPIADS
ADVANCED FOUNDATION

VIII CLASS
KEY
&
SOLUTIONS

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

KEY AND SOLUTIONS ADVANCED FOUNDATION - BIOLOGY

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

VIII- BIOLOGY ULTRA STRUCTURE OF CELL
VIII BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

1 ULTRA STRUCTURE OF CELL

LEVEL - 1

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 45. A 46. B 47. B 48. A

5. D 6. A 7. A 8. B 49. A 50. A 51. B 52. B

9. C 10. D 11. C 12. C 53. A 54. A 55. A 56. B

13. B 14. B 15. C 16. A 57. U 58. R 59. S 60. Q

17. B 18. A 19. D 20. B 61. P

21. A 22. C 23. C 24. B C ROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:
25. A 26. C 27. A 28. C
1. CHLOROPHYLL,
29. C 30. A
3. ORGANELLE,

LEVEL - 2
6. PROTOPLASM,

8. GENES,

DOWN:
31. B 32. D 33. D 34. B
1. CHLOROPLASTS,

35. C 36. A 37. A 38. A 2. ORGANS,

4. MEMBRANE,
39. B 40. C 41. B 42. D
5. VACUOLE,
43. A 44. B
7. TISSUE
LEVEL - 3

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

ULTRA STRUCTURE OF CELL
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
Membrane Bound Organelles :
1. The Nucleus: is the largest organelle in
a cell. It contains a dense structure called
the Nucleolus and is surrounded by the
Nuclear Envelope, a structure composed of
two membranes, seperated by fluid, which
contain a number of nuclear pores that can
allow relatively large molecules through.
The nucleus contains nearly all of the cell’s
genetic material. The Nucleolus creates
Ribonucleic Acid and Ribosomes, which
then travel out of the nucleus, through the
nuclear pores, to the cytoplasm where they
are involced in Protein Synthesis.
2. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): is
found near the Nucleas and is made up of
a number of flattened sacs called
Cisternae, which are continuous with the
Nuclear Envelope. The Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum is called so because it has a lot
of Ribosomes on its outer surface. The
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum however,
does not have Ribosomes. The Rough
transports proteins that are synthesised in
the Ribosomes, and the Smooth
synthesises Lipids.
3. The Golgi Apparatus : is a stack of
membrane bound flattened sacs, and are
responsible for the modification of proteins
received from the ER. These proteins are
then transported in vesicles around the
cell.
4. Lysosomes : are membrane bound
spherical sacs which contain digestive
enzymes used to break down materials,
such as non-self microorganisms engulfed
by Phagocytes.
5. Mitochondria : are round double
membrane bound organelles responsible
for Aerobic Respiration. Their inner
membrane is folded inside to form Cristae,
which are folded in the Matrix - the central
part of a Mitochondrion. During Aerobic
Respiration, ATP is produced in the
Mitochondria.
6. Found only in plants and some
protoctists, Chloroplasts are responsible
for Photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain
two fluid separated membranes and the
inner membrane is folded into a network
VIII- BIOLOGY
of flattened sacs called Thylakoids that are
stacked into Grana (one Granum, two
Grana). The Thylakoids contain Chlorophyll
in which the process of Photosynthesis
occurs.
7. Vesicles are membrane bound sacs that
are used to store or transport substances
around the cell. Lysosomes are actually
Vesicles.
8. Vacuoles are essentially larger Vesicles,
and they are formed by the joining together
of many Vesicles. They are membrane
bound organelles that have no specific
shape and contain water with a number of
different compounds within it. Their
function varies greatly depending on the
type of cell they are part of. In plant cells
they are important in maintaining Turgor
Pressure.
Non Membrane Bound Organelles :
9. Ribosomes: are small spherical
organelles, composed of two subunits,
which can be found on the Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (and also in the
cytoplasm and in mitochondria, and other
places). Ribosomes translate genetic
information in the form of mRNA into
proteins.
10. Centrioles : are microtubules found
next to the nucleus of animal cells and
some protoctists. They move Chromosomes
around by forming fibres called Spindle,
during cell division.
11. Peroxisomes (Uricosomes) : These are
found in photosynthetic cells of plants. In
animals peroxisomes are found in
vertebrates (cells of liver, kidney), brain,
small intestine, testis and adrenal cortex),
invertebrates and protozoans e.g.,
Paramecium.
12. Glyoxysomes : These are found in
fungi, some protists and germinating fatty
seeds where insoluble lipid food reserves
must be turned into soluble sugars. Absent
in animal cell.
13. Sphaerosomes : These are found in all
the plant cells which involves in the
synthesis and storage of lipids i.e.,
endosperm and cotyledon of oil seeds. The
main function of sphaerosomes is to help
in lipid metabolism. These are also known
as plant lysosomes.
AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VIII- BIOLOGY INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS
VIII BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

2 INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS

LEVEL - 1
LEVEL - 3

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 40. C 41. B 42. C 43. C

5. A 6. D 7. A 8. B 44. A 45. D 46. B 47. C

9. A 10. D 11. B 12. C 48. A 49. B 50. D 51. D

13. D 14. D 15. C 16. A 52. A 53. B 54. C

17. C 18. A 19. C 20. C C ROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:
21. B 22. B 23. C
2. XYLEM,

LEVEL - 2
5. TISSUE,

6. VASCULAR,

7. RADIAL,

24. B 25. B 25. B 26. B DOWN:

1. PHLOEM,
27. D 28. B 29. C 30. C

3. STOMATA,
31. C 32. A 33. D 34. B
4. GROUND.

35. D 36. B 37. B 38. D

39. D

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Epidermal tissue system : The tissues
of this system originate from the outermost
layer of apical meristem. It forms the
outermost covering of various plant organs
which remains in direct contact with the
environment.
2. Trichomes : These are epidermal
outgrowths present temporarily or
permanently on almost all plant parts. They
may be unicellular or multicellular and vary
in size and shape in different species. They
may be of different types : stellate hair,
glandular hair, short glandular hair,
floccose hair, urticating hair and stinging
hair. The trichomes serve for checking
excess loss of water and for protection.
3. Ground or Fundamental tissue system
: Ground tissue system includes all the
tissues of plant body except epidermal
tissue system and vascular tissues. It forms
the bulk of body. This tissue system mainly
originates from ground meristem. The
ground tissues constitute the following
parts :
Cortex : It lies between epidermis and the
pericycle. The cortex is distinct in
dicotyledons but not in monocotyledons
where there is no clear demarcation
between cortex and pith. It is further
differentiated into :
Hypodermis : It is collenchymatous in dicot
stem and sclerenchymatous in monocot
stem. It provides strength.
General cortex : It consists of
parenchymatous cells. Its main function is
storage of food.
Endodermis (Starch sheath) : It is mostly
single layered and is made up of
parenchymatous barrel shaped compactly
arranged cells.
Pericycle : It is a single layered or
multilayered cylinder of thin-walled or
thick-walled cells present between the
endodermis and vascular tissues.
Pith or Medulla : It occupies the central
part in dicot stem, and monocot root. It is
mostly made up of parenchymatous cells.
Vascular tissue system : The central
cylinder of the shoot or root surrounded
by cortex is called stele. The varying
number of vascular bundles formed inside
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VIII- BIOLOGY
the stele constitute vascular tissue system.
Xylem, phloem and cambium are the
major parts of the vascular bundle. Vascular
bundle may be of following types :
Radial : The xylem and phloem strands
alternate with each other separated by
parenchymatous cells. such kinds of
vascular bundles are called radial and
found mainly in roots.
Conjoint : A vascular bundle having both
xylem and phloem together, is called
conjoint. Normally the xylem and phloem
occur in the same radius. They occur in
stems.
Collateral : A vascular bundle in which the
phloem lies towards outerside and xylem
towards inner side, is called collateral, e.g.,
Sunflower.
Collateral bundle having a cambium
between xylem and phloem is said to be of
the open type, e.g., Dicot stem.
Collateral bundle lacking a cambium
between xylem and phloem is said to be of
the closed type, e.g., Monocot stem.
Bicollateral : A vascular bundle having the
phloem strands on both outer and inner
side of xylem, is called bicollateral. e.g.,
Cucurbita.
Concentric : A vascular bundle in which
one tissue is completely surrounded by the
other, is called concentric. The concentric
bundles are of two types :
(i) Amphivasal (Leptocentric) : The phloem
lies in the centre and remains completely
surrounded by xylem. e.g., Dracaena,
Yucca.
(ii) Amphicribal (Hadrocentric) : The
xylem lies in the centre and remains
completely surrounded by phloem. e.g.,
Ferns.
Laticiferous tissues : They are made up of
thin walled, elongated, branched and
multinucleate (coenocytic) structures that
contain colourless, milky or yellow coloured
juice called latex.
Latex cells : A laticiferous cell is a highly
branched cell with long slender processes
ramifying in all directions in the ground
tissue of the organ. e.g., Calotropis ,
Nerium, Vinca , Euphorbia , Ficus .
VIII- BIOLOGY REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
VIII BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

3 REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

42. A 43. C 44. C 45. D

1. B 2. D 3. B 4. D

46. A 47. A 48. B 49. B

5. A 6. B 7. C 8. A
50. B 51. A 52. D,E 53. B

9. C 10. A 11. A 12. B

54. C

13. C 14. D 15. D 16. D C ROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:
17. A 18. D 19. D 20. B 5. CLEIDOIC,

6. VIVIPAROUS,
21. C 22. A 23. A
8. OVIPAROUS,
LEVEL - 2
9. OVARIES,

10. FERTILIZATION,

DOWN:

24. B 25. A 26. B 27. D 1. ZYGOTE,

2. TESTIS,
28. A 29. C 30. D 31. A
3. HERMOPHRODITES,
32. B 33. C 34. B 35. C
4. CLEAVAGE,

36. C 37. C 38. C 39. C 5. COELOBLASTULA,

7. INTERNAL.
40. C 41. D

3 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
AIMS 1
REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS VIII- BIOLOGY
arising on the parent body is called bud-
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
ding. It is a common method of asexual re-
1. Reproduction : Production of offspring
production. In budding new individual form
by a single parent without the formation
by mitosis. Examples - Budding occurs in
and fusion of gametes is called asexual re-
some protozoans and certain lower animals
production. The young one receives all its
such as sponges (Scypha), coelenterates
genes from one parent.
(Hydra), annelids (Chaetopterus) and tu-
2. Asexual reproduction occurs in proto-
nicates (Salpa).
zoans and some lower animals such as
Sexual Reproduction : It is the produc-
sponges, coelentrates, certain worms and
tion of offspring usually by two parents,
tunicates. It is absent among the higher
male and female.
non-vertibrates and all vertibrates.
(i) Amphigony : It involves the complete
i) Binary fission : Binary fission is the di-
and permanent fusion of two gametes from
vision of the parent into two small, nearly
differents or from the same parent to form
equalized daughter individuals. During bi-
a composite cells, the zygote. It is further
nary fission nuclear divisions or karyoki-
of two kinds :
nesis, always followed by division of cyto-
(a) Syngamy : It involves the fusion of two
plasm or cytokinesis. Examples - Protozo-
entire gametes to form a zygote. The fu-
ans (Amoeba, Euglena etc.) Bacteria and
sion nucleus of zygote called synkaryon. It
Planarians.
is further of two types with regard to the
ii) Multiple fission : Multiple fission is
source of fusing gametes :
the division of the parent into many small
Endogamy : It involves self-fertilization, i.e.,
daughter individuals simultaneously. Ex-
the fusion of two gametes of the same par-
amples – Multiple fission occurs in many
ent. It is, thus uniparental. e.g., Taenia.
protozoans such as Plasmodium, Amoeba
Exogamy : It involves cross-fertilization,
and Monocystis, Foraminifera.
i.e., the fusion of two gametes formed by
(a) Encystation : In response to
different parents. It is, thus, biparental.
unfavourable living condition, an Amoeba
e.g., frog rabbit and man. Syngamy is also
withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a
of two kinds :
three-layered hard covering or cyst around
Isogamy : The fusing gametes are similar
itself. This phenomenon is termed as en-
morphologically as in Monocystis (a proto-
cystation.
zoans). Such gametes are known as isoga-
(b) Sporulation : During favourable condi-
metes, and their fusion is termed isogamy.
tion, the encysted Amoeba divides by mul-
e.g., forminifera, monocystis.
tiple fission and produces many minute
Anisogamy or Heterogamy : The fusing ga-
amoebae or pseudopodiospores; the cyst metes are different in form, size structure
wall burst out, and the spores are liber- and behaviour as in frog and humans. Such
ated in the surrounding medium to grow gametes are known as anisogametes, or het-
up into many amoebae. This phenomenon erogametes, and their fusion is termed
is known as sporulation. anisogamy, or heterogamy. e.g., Plasmodium,
(c) Schizogony : It is a type of multiple vertebrates.
fission present in plasmodium. Schizogo- Special forms of syngamy : These are three
nies are of two type. Liver schizogony and special forms of syngamy :
RBC schizogony. (a) Neoteny : Neoteny refers to “retention of
(iii) Plasmotomy : Plasmotomy is the divi- a larval or embryonic trait in adult body”. e.g.,
Retention of larval gills in some adult sala-
sion of a multinucleate protozoan into sev-
mander.
eral small, multinucleate daughters with-
(b) Paedogenesis or paedomorphosis : Pae-
out nuclear division. The daughters grow
dogenesis is refers to “development of gonads
and regain the normal number of nuclei and production of young ones by larva”. e.g.,
by nuclear divisions. It takes place in salamander Axolotl larva, liver fluke Redia
Opalina and Pelomyxa. larva, and gall fly.
(iv) Budding : Formation of a daughter in-
dividual from a small projection, the bud,
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VIII- BIOLOGY CHEMICAL COORDINATION & INTEGRATION IN ANIMALS
VIII BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

4 CHEMICAL COORDINATION & INTEGRATION

IN ANIMALS

LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. D 42. B 43. B 44. B 45. D

46. D 47. A 48. A 49. C

5. B 6. B 7. C 8. D

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
9. A 10. D 11. A 12. D

ACROSS:
13. A 14. C 15. C 16. B
2. IODINE,

17. B 18. C 19. A 20. B 4. TESTIS,

21. A 22. B 23. C 24. C 6. INSULIN,

7. PINEAL,
LEVEL - 2

8. OESTROGEN,

DOWN:

25. B 26. B 27. C 28. B 1. ADRENAL,

29. B 30. C 31. B 32. C 3. PANCREAS,

5. THYROXINE.
33. D 34. C 35. B 36. D

37. C 38. A 39. B 40. B

41. A

3 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
AIMS 1
CHEMICAL COORDINATION & INTEGRATION IN ANIMALS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. In animals, control and coordination is
performed by neural system and endocrine
system jointly. As the nerve fibres do not
innervate all cells of the body, the
endocrine system is required to coordinate
the functions.
2. Endocrine glands are ductless glands.
They release their secretion directly into
blood which is then transported to specific
target organs to initiate a particular
metabolic change. The endocrine glands
secrete chemicals called hormones.
3. The endocrine glands and hormone
producing tissues/cells are located in
different parts of the body. Gastrointestinal
tract, kidney, liver and heart also produce
small quantity of hormones to control and
coordinate the function of respective
organs.
4. Hypothalamus contains several groups
of neurosecretory cells called nuclei which
produce hormones. Hormones released by
Hypothalamus regulate the synthesis and
secretion of pituitary hormones. The
hormones released from hypothalamus
reaches the anterior pituitary through
portal circulatory system and regulate its
function.
The posterior pituitary is under direct
control of hypothalamus.
5. Pituitary Gland is located in sella
tursica, a bony cavity. It is attached to the
hypothalamus by a stalk.
i) Excess secretion of Growth Hormone
causes over growth of the body leading to
gigantism and low secretion causes stunted
growth called dwarfism.
ii) Prolactin stimulates growth of
mammary gland and production of milk.
iii) TSH stimulates production and release
of thyroid hormone.
iv) LH and FSH stimulate activity of the
gonads. In male, LH stimulates synthesis
and secretion of androgen hormone from
testis. In female, LH induces ovulation of
fully mature ovum from ovary.
v) Oxytocin helps in contraction of uterus
during child birth and milk ejection from
mammary glands.
vi) Vasopressin stimulates absorption of
water and electrolyte in kidney.
vii) MSH acts on the melanocytes and
regulates skin pigmentation.
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VIII- BIOLOGY
6. The pineal Gland- located on dorsal side
of forebrain and release melatonin hormone
that helps to regulate diurnal rhythm of
body like sleeps wake cycle and body
temperature.
7. Thyroid Gland- composed of two lobes
on either side of trachea connected by
isthmus.
8. Parathyroid Gland– located on the back
side of thyroid gland, secretes peptide
hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH).
PTH regulates the calcium ion
concentration in the blood. It also helps in
reabsorption of calcium from renal tubules
and digestive tracts.
9. Thymus– located on the dorsal side of
heart and the aorta. This gland releases
peptide hormone thymosins that help in
differentiation of T-Lymphocytes for cell-
mediated immunity. It also promotes
production of antibodies to provide humeral
immunity.
10. Adrenal Gland – located on anterior
part of each kidney, composed of two types
of tissues central adrenal medulla and
outside adrenal cortex. Adrenal medulla
secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline
hormone commonly called as
catecholamines. These hormones are also
called as emergency hormone. These
hormones increase alertness, pupilary
dilation, sweating, heart beat, rate of
respiration, glycogenolysis.
The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids
and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids
stimulate gluconeogenesis.
Mineralocorticoids regulate water and
electrolyte contents of the body.
11. Pancreas - acts as mixed gland.
Endocrine pancreas consists of “Islets of
Langerhans” which contain a-cells and ß-
cells. The a-cells secrete hormone glucagon
and ß-cells secrete insulin. Both hormones
are involved in maintenance of blood sugar
levels.Glucagon is a peptide hormone that
stimulates glycogenolysis resulting in
increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia).
Insulin is a peptide hormone that play
major role in regulation of glucose
homeostasis. It triggers rapid movement of
glucose from blood to hepatocytes and
adipocytes resulting in decreased blood
glucose levels (hypoglycemia).
VIII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE BIODIVERSITY & CONSERVATION
VIII - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

5 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

34. A 35. B 36. B

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B

37. C 38. D
5. D 6. A 7. D 8. B

KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS

9. A 10. C 11. C 12. A
1. Biodiversity: Occurrence of
innumerable number of different types of
organisms and the whole range of their
13. D 14. B 15. D 16. D
varieties (biotypes) adapted to different
climates, environments and areas.

17. A 18. D 19. A 20. C 2. Wildlife sanctuary, national park and

bio-sphere reserve are names given to the
areas meant for conservation and
21. C 22. C preservation of forest and wild animals.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living
LEVEL - 2 organisms in a specific area.
Plants and animals of a particular area are
known as the flora and fauna of that area.
3. Endemic species are found only in a
particular area.
23. A 24. D 25. D 26. C
4. Endangered species are those which are
facing the danger of extinction.
5. Red Data Book contains a record of
27. B 28. B 29. D 30. A
endangered species.
6. Migration is the phenomenon of
movement of a species from its own habitat
31. D 32. B 33. B
to some other habitat for a particular time
period every year for a specific purpose like
breeding.

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 5

BIODIVERSITY & CONSERVATION
7.We should save, reuse and recycle paper
to save trees, energy and water.
Reforestation is the restocking of destroyed
forests by planting new trees.
8. Flora: Different types of plants belonging
to an area. Example: Silver ferns, sal, teak,
mango, etc.
9. Fauna: All animals found in an area.
Example: dog, frog, insects, bull, jackal, etc.
10. Endemic Species: Species of plants
and animals found exclusively in a
particular area. These are not naturally
found anywhere else.
11. Extinct Species: Species of plants and
animals which have already been lost.
Example: Dodo, Indian cheetah, Pink-
headed duck, etc.
12. Threatened Species: Species that is
liable to become extinct if it is not allowed
to realise its full biotic potential by removed
the caused of threat.
13. Type of Threatened Species:
(i) Endangered Species: A species of
animal or plant that is seriously at risk of
extinction. Example: Indian rhinoceros,
Asiatic lion, Asiatic wild ass, etc
(ii) Vulnerable Species: A vulnerable
species is a species of animals or plants
which are likely to become endangered
unless something changes. Example:
Chinkara deer and black buck, golden
langur, etc
(iii) Rare Species: Species whose
population are originally small and
scattered in the world.
14. National Parks: Protective areas
reserved exclusively for the betterment of
the wildlife. These are established at the
approval of legislature.
6 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VIII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Example: Hazaribagh National Park in
Jharkhand, Desert National Park in
Rajasthan, etc.
15. Sanctuaries: Hunting prohibited areas
set up by government are known as
sanctuaries. These are only for the
protection of wild animals. Example:
Jaldapara in Madarihat (West Bengal),
Keoladeo Ghana in Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
16. Migration: The regular, periodic, two
way movements of birds and some animals
from their place of residence to some other
place along well defined routes. It is linked
to seasonal factors, breeding, shortage of
foods, etc. The Bharatpur bird sanctuary
is known for the migratory birds.
17. LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
(i) Genetic diversity;
(ii) Species diversity;
(iii) Ecosystem diversity.
Genetic Diversity - Refers to the variation
of genes within species. Groups of
individual organisms having certain
similarities in their physical characteristics
are called species.
Species Diversity - This refers to the variety
of species. It relates to the number of
species in a defined area.
Ecosystem Diversity - The broad
differences between ecosystem types and
the diversity of habitats and ecological
processes occurring within each ecosystem
type constitute the ecosystem diversity.
The ‘boundaries’ of communities
(associations of species) and ecosystems
are not very rigidly defined.
VIII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE SENSORY SYSTEMS
VIII - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

6 SENSORY SYSTEMS

LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C
46. B 47. D 48. A 49. B

5. D 6. B 7. C 8. A
50. D 51. A 52. C

9. C 10. A 11. C 12. A CROSSWORD PUZZLE

13. A 14. B 15. A 16. D ACROSS:

2. RODS,
17. B 18. B 19. C 20. D

5. KERATIN,
21. D 22. D 23. D 24. B

7. FOVEA,
25.SKIN 26. C 27. A 28. C

8. IRIS,
29. D 30. B 31. D 32. B
9. RECEPTORS,
33. B 34. B 35. A 36. C
DOWN:
37. A
1. COCHLEA,
LEVEL - 2
3. PUPIL,

4. MELANIN,

6. CONES.
38. B 39. A 40. C 41. D

42. D 43. D 44. D 45. A

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

SENSORY SYSTEMS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Eye: Eyes are organ of the sight
approximately 2.5cm in diameter. It is
composed of three layers. They are: sclera,
choroid and retina. It consists of two types
of muscles called irish and ciliary muscles.
Irish helps to regulate the amount of light
entering the eyeball whereas ciliary
muscles helps to focus light at the retina
by contraction and relaxation of the
ligaments attached to the ciliary muscles.
2. Ear: Ears are the organ of hearing which
is supplied by eight cranial nerves. The ears
consist of external ear and tympanic
membranes, middle ear and internal ear.
The external ear consists of auricle or
pinnae and external auditory canal or
meatus .When the pinnae receive the
sound waves; it directs it to the auditory
canal. These sound waves now reach to the
middle ear it vibrates the ear drum. Then
through the movement of ear ossicles, the
sound reaches to the cochlea where the
waves set fluid into motion. This stimulates
the auditory nerve and impulse is carried
to the brain. Then the brain interprets and
recognizes the sound. In this way, we are
able to hear the sound.
3. Nose: Nose is used for smell. The
olfactory nerves present at the nose helps
in the sensation of smell. Hair present in
the nose helps to prevent foreign object
essntering the nose. It also acts as part of
the body’s respiratory system.
4. Tongue : Tongue has a sensation of
taste. It is a muscular organ covered by
muscular epithelium situated in the oral
cavity .It helps in mastication, swallowing
and the speech. There are four kinds of
taste. They are as follows: Sweet Sour Salty
Bitter
5. Skin: are composed of two layers:
epidermis and dermis. Complete
replacement of epidermis takes place in
40 days.the colour of the skin is affected
by melanin, level of oxygenation,
haemoglobin and bipigment in the blood
and the dermis has sensory nerves ending
that give sense of the touch, pressure, pain
and change of the temperature. The
receptors in the skin help to detect
hotness, coldness, pain, touch etc. When
there is some sensation in the skin, the
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VIII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
receptor carries the sensation to the brain
in the form of impulses and the brain
stimulates the impulses as pain, heat etc.
and sends it back to the receptor and we
can feel pain, heat etc.
Exteroreceptors : Receive stimulation
directly from external environment. These
may be of following type
i) Photoreceptor : Sensitive to light (Eye)
ii) Thigmoreceptor : Sensitive to touch.
iii) Tectoreceptor : Sensitive to touch.
iv) Tangoreceptor : Sensitive to touch
pressure.
v) Phonoreceptor : Sensitive to sound
(Ear).
vi) Olfactoreceptor : Sensitive for smell
(Nose).
vii) Gustoreceptor : Sensitive to taste
(Tongue).
viii) Thermoreceptor : Sensitive to
temperature.
ix) Calo receptor : Sensitive to heat.
x) Frigido receptor : Sensitive to cold.
xi) Galvano receptor : Sensitive to electric
current.
xii) Rheoreceptor : Sensitive to water or
air current.
xiii) Geo receptor : Sensitive to gravity.
xiv) Telero receptor : Sensitive to distance.
(Receptors of vision, hearing and smell
receive stimuli from a distance hence called
teleroreceptor).
2) Proprioceptors : Proprioceptors are
located in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons
etc. It is from these receptors that we know
the position of our arm or leg without
having to look at it.
3) Intero receptor : These are present in
internal organ. Ex. receptor for hunger,
thirst, pain and balancing.
Lacrimal gland or Tear gland : It lies in
the upper outer part of the orbit and
secretes a slightly saline, watery fluid that
contains a bacteriolytic enzyme named
lysozyme. This secretion moistens the
surface of the eyeball. The excess of this
secretion passes through nasolacrimal
duct. It is modified sweat gland.
Binocular vision : Man has binocular
vision in which both the eyes are focussed
on the same object but from slightly
different angles.
VIII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
VIII - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

7 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

LEVEL - 1 CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:

6. PORIFERA,
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B
8. ARTHROPODA,
5. D 6. A 7. B 8. A
9. REPTILIA,
9. B 10. C 11. A 12. B
10. CNIDARIANS,
13. A 14. C 15. B 16. A
11. ECHINODERMS,
17. B 18. C 19. B 20. C
12. ANNELIDS,
21. B
13. PLATYHELMINTHES,

LEVEL - 2
DOWN:

1. FISHES,

22. B 23. B 24. D 25. D 2. MAMMALS,

26. D 27. C 28. B 29. D 3. NEMATODES,

30. B 31. C 32. C 33. B 4. PROTOCHORDATES,

5. MOLLUSCS,
LEVEL - 3
7. AMPHIBIANS.

34. D 35. D 36. D 37. D

38. C 39. C 40. D

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Biological classification is the scientific
procedure of arranging organisms into
groups and subgroups on the basis of their
similarities and dissimilarities and placing
the group in a hierarchy of categories.
2. Artificial system of classification– Only
one or two morphological characters for
grouping of organism is used. Flowering
and non-flowering plants, enaima and
anaima. Aristotle classification.
3. Natural system of classification– Takes
into consideration comparable study of a
number of characters so as to bring out
natural similarities and dissimilarities and
hence natural relationships among the
organisms. Bentham and Hooker
classification, etc.
4. Phylogenetic System of Classification–
Based on the evolutionary relationship of
organisms. In this system organism are
classified on the basis of their evolution on
earth from primitive to highly evolved.
Engler and Prantl classification and
Hutchinson classification, etc.
In two kingdom system of classification
organisms are grouped on the basis of
presence and absence of cell wall as
proposed by Linnaeus( father of taxonomy).
5. Three kingdom systems- Haeckel
separated unicellular animals, algae and
fungi on the basis of lack of tissue
differentiation and new kingdom Protista
was introduced.
6. Five kingdom systems- R.H.Whittaker
divided all the organism into five kingdom
in order to develop phylogenetic
classification.
a) Monera– The kingdom includes all
prokaryotes- mycoplasma, bacteria,
actinomycetes and cyanobacteria.
Mycoplasma – they are the simplest free
living prokaryotes. They are also known as
PPLO (Pleuropneumonia like organism).
They lack cell wall and can survive without
oxygen. They cause disease in plants and
animals.
b) Protista– Kingdom Protista includes
Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Eugleoids,
slime mould and Protozoans.
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VIII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Some Dinoflagellates like Gymnodinium
and Gonyaulax grow in large number in
the sea and make the water look red and
cause the so called “red tide”.
Slime Moulds - They are saprophytic
protists and feeds on decaying twigs and
leaves. Example- Physarum, Fuligo.
Protozoans - All protozoans are
heterotrophs and live as predators or
parasites. They are considered as primitive
relatives of animals.
c) Kingdom Fungi– They are
achlorophyllous, heterotrophic, spore
forming, non-vesicular eukaryotic
organisms. Cell wall is made up of chitin
or fungal cellulose.
i) Phycomycetes– They are found in
aquatic habitat and on decaying wood in
moist and damp places. The mycelium is
aseptate and coenocytic. Example- Mucus,
Rhizopus, Albugo etc.
ii) Ascomycetes (The sac fungi) -
They are saprophytic, decomposers,
parasitic or coprophilous (growing on
dung).
Mycelium and branched and septate and
asexual spores are conidia. Example-
Neurospora, Asperigillus, Claviceps etc.
iii) Basidiomycetes (The club fungi)
The mycelium is branched and septate.
Vegetative reproduction is by
fragmentation. Asexual spores are not
found. Sexual reproduction is by two
vegetative or somatic cells forming
basidium. Example- Agaricus, Ustilago,
Puccinia.
iv) Deuteromycetes (The fungi imperfect)
- Only vegetative and asexual phase is
known. Mycelium is septate and branched.
Some members are saprophytes or parsites.
Example- Alternaria, Trichoderma,
Colletotrichu.
d) Kingdom Plantae - Eukaryotic,
chlorophyll bearing organism. It includes
Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
e) Kingdom Animalia - Heterotrophic,
eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular
and cell wall is absent in the cell.
Mode of nutrition is holozoic and reserve
food is glycogen or fats.
Five kingdom system of classification do not
includes Virus, Viroids and Lichens.
VIII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
VIII - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

8 HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASES

LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 39. D 40. B 41. B 42. D

5. D 6. C 7. B 8. A 43. B

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
9. C 10. A 11. C 12. B
ACROSS:

13. D 14. A 15. A 16. A 4. TREES,

5. FERNS,
17. A 18. D 19. A 20. B

7. HERBS,
21. B 22. A
8. AMPHIBIANS,

LEVEL - 2 10. SPONGES,

DOWN:

1. MOLLUSCS,

23. A 24. D 25. A 26. A

2. BRYOPHYTES,

3. HELMINTHES,
27. A 28. C 29. B 30. D

6. SHRUBS,
31. D 32. C 33. D 34. A

35. A 36. B 37. D 38. A

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. The state of complete physical, mental
and social well beings is called health.
Health simply does not simply means
disease free condition or physical fitness.
Health is affected by-
a. Genetic disorders – the defect which
child inherits from it parents.
b. Infection from microbes or other
organisms.
c. Life style- includes food and water we
take, exercise and rest.
2. Disease – Diseases can be broadly
grouped into infectious and non-infectious.
a) Infectious disease -Diseases which are
easily transmitted from one person to
another, are called infectious diseases e.g
AIDS, common cold, malaria, tuberculosis
etc.
b) Non-infectious disease – Diseases
which cannot transmitted from one person
to another, are called non- infectious
diseases e.g cancer, hypertension, diabetes
etc.
3. Common Diseases in Humans:
The disease causing microorganisms like
bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoa,
helminthes are called pathogen.
The pathogen can enter the body by various
means and multiply and interfere with
normal vital activities resulting in
morphological and functional damage.
Cholera - Vibrio comma (Vibrio cholerae)
Pneumonia - Diplococcus pneumoniae
Typhoid - Salmonella typhi
Tetanus - Clostridium tetani
Diphtheria - Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Whooping cough - Bordetella pertussis
Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Plague - Pasteurella pestis
Leprosy - Mycobacterium leprae
Syphilis - Treponema pallidium
Gonorrhoea - Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Diarrhoeal Diseases - Escherichia coli,
Shigella dysenteriae, Campylobacter,
Salmonella
Anthrax - Bacillus anthracis
4. Cong enita l Dis ease s: Thes e are
anatomical or physiological abnormalities
present from birth. They may be caused
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
VIII-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
by
(i) a single gene mutation (alkaptonuria,
phenylketonuria, albinism, sickle-cell
anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness);
(ii) chromosomal aberrations (Down’s
syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s
syndrome);
(iii) environmental factors (cleft palate,
harelip). Unlike the gene-and chromosome-
induced congenital defects,
environmentally caused abnormalities are
not transmitted to the children.
Acquired Diseases: These diseases develop
after birth. They are further of two types:
communicable and non-communicable.
Communicable (Infectious) Diseases:
These diseases are caused by viruses,
rickettsias, bacteria, fungi, protozoans and
worms.
No ncom municable (Noninfec tiou s)
Diseases: These diseases remain confined
to the person who develops them and do
not spread to others. The non-
communicable diseases are of four kinds –
a) Organic or Degenerative Diseases: These
diseases are due to malfunctioning of some
of the important organs, e.g, heart diseases,
epilepsy. Heart diseases result from the
abnormal working of some part of this vital
organ. Epilepsy may result from abnormal
pressure on regions of the brain.
b) Deficiency Diseases : These diseases are
produced by deficiency of nutrients,
minerals, vitamins, and hormones, e.g.,
kwashiorkor, beriberi, goitre, diabetes are
just a few from a long list.
c) Allergies: These diseases are caused
when the body, which has become
hypersensitive to certain foreign substance,
comes in contact with that substance. Hay
fever is an allergic disease.
d) Cancer: This is caused by a uncontrolled
growth of certain tissues in the body.
Immunity – The ability of the body to protect
against all types of foreign bodies like
bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. which
enter the body.
The science dealing with the various
phenomena of immunity, induced sensitivity
and allergy is called immunology.
9. INSECTS.
ADVANCED FOUNDATION - BIOLOGY KEY AND SOLUTIONS

AIMS
BIOLOGY
IIT-JEE, NEET & OLYMPIADS
ADVANCED FOUNDATION

IX CLASS
KEY
&
SOLUTIONS

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

KEY AND SOLUTIONS ADVANCED FOUNDATION - BIOLOGY

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY

IX- BIOLOGY ORGANISATION IN LIVINGBEINGS
IX - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

1 ORGANISATION IN LIVING BEINGS

LEVEL - 1

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C 48. D 49. D 50. D 51. C

5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. D

9. C 10. A 11. C 12. D 56. B 57. B 58. B 59. C

13. C 14. A 15. C 16. B 60. C 61. C 62. D 63. D

17. A 18. C 19. B 20. B 64. B 65. C 66. A

21. A 22. D 23. A 24. C C ROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:
25. D 26. C 27. C 28. A
5. CHLORENCHYMA,

29. A 30. C 31. A 32. B 6. PHLOEM,

33. A 34. C 35. A 36. B 7. VASCULAR,

LEVEL - 2 DOWN:

1. COLLENCHYMA,

2. PARENCHYMA,

37. D 38. D 39. B 40. S 3. MERISTEMS,

4. XYLEM
41. P 42. Q 43. R,T

LEVEL - 3

33OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
AIMS
ORGANISATION IN LIVINGBEINGS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. In multicellular organism a group of
similar cells along with intercellular
substances perform a specific function.
Such organization is called tissue.
2. Epithelial Tissue: This tissue provides
covering or lining for some part of the body.
Cells are compactly packed without
intercellular space.
3. Simple epithelium is composed of single
layer of cells and function as lining of body
cavities, ducts and tubes.
4. The compound epithelium consists of
two or more than two layers of cells and
has protective function.
5. The squamous epithelium is made up of
single layer of flattened cells with irregular
boundaries. They are present in lining of
blood vessels, air sacs of lungs.
6. Cuboidal epithelium is made up of single
layered cube-like cells and found in ducts
of glands and tubular part of nephron of
kidney for absorption and secretion.
7. Columnar epitheliums are made up of
tall and slender cells. The nuclei are located
at the base. Free surface may have
microvilli found in lining of stomach and
intestine. The ciliated one are called as
ciliated epithelium.
8. Columnar and cuboidal epithelium
specialized for secretion are known as
glandular epithelium, which may be
unicellular as in goblet cells of alimentary
canal or multicellular as in salivary gland.
9. Main function of compound epithelium
tissue is to provide protection against
chemical and mechanical stress. They cover
the dry surface of skin, moist surface of
buccal cavity, etc.
10. Connective Tissues: They are most
abundant and widely distributed tissues
which link and support the other tissues.
All connective tissues except blood cells,
secrete fibres of structural protein called
collagen or elastin to provide elasticity and
flexibility.
11. Loose Connective Tissues contain cells
and fibres loosely arranged in semi-fluid
ground substance. It includes areolar
tissue and adipose tissue.
12. Dense connective Tissue contains fibres
IX- BIOLOGY
and fibroblast compactly packed. The
orientation of fibres may be regular or
irregular pattern.
13. Cartilage, bones and blood are
specialized connective tissue.
14. Blood is fluid connective tissue
containing plasma, red blood cells, white
blood cells and platelets. It helps in
transportation of various substances
between organs.
15. Muscle Tissue :
Each muscle is made up of long cylindrical
fibres arranged parallel to each other.
Fibres are composed of fine fibrils called
myofibrils. Muscle fibres contract and relax
in response to stimulation.
a. Sketal muscles - They are also known
as striated, voluntary muscles.
Multinucleated with light and dark bands.
They are attached with bones. They are
fibrous and un-branched, cylindrical in
shape.
b. Smooth muscles - They are known as
unstriated or involuntary muscles. They are
uninucleate without bands. They are
present in vessels, oesophagus. They are
fibrous and un-branched, spindle shaped.
c. Cardiac muscles - They are known as
heart muscles and involuntary in nature.
Uninucleate with faint light and dark
bands. They are present in wall of heart.
They are fibrous and branched, cylindrical
in shape.
Neural Tissue - The unit of neural system
is neuron. Neuroglial cell protects and
supports the neuron. When neuron get
stimulated, electrical impulses are
generated that travel along the plasma
membrane (axon).
- The tissues organize to form organs which
in turn associate to form organ system in
multicellular organisms.
Integumentary system - Forms the
external body covering, and protects deeper
tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D,
and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Lymphatic/Immunesystm - Picks up fluid
leaked from blood cells and returns it to
the blood.
AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
IX- BIOLOGY BIOMOLECULES
IX - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

2 BIOMOLECULES
LEVEL - 1
LEVEL - 3

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A

25. D 26. A 27. B 28. C

5. D 6. C 7. C 8. C
29. B 30. B 31. D 32. D

9. C 10. A 11. B 12. B

33. C 34. C 35. C

13. C 14. B 15. B 16. B

17. B 18. C 19. A 20. B

21. D

LEVEL - 2

22. D 23. D 24. B

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

BIOMOLECULES
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Chemicals or molecules present in the
living organism are known as biomolecules.
Biomolecules are divided into two types-
inorganic and organic.
2. Inorganic biomolecules includes
minerals, gases and water and organic
biomolecules includes carbohydrates, fats,
proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, etc.
3. Different biomolecules can be classified
as aldehyde, ketones and aromatic
compounds as chemical forms.
4. The amino acids, nucleotides and fatty
acids can be classified as biochemical
forms. Except lipids, macromolecules are
formed by polymerization of sub-units
called monomers.
5. Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bond
formed by dehydration between COOH
group of one amino acids and NH3 group
of next with the removal of H2O.
6. In nucleic acids, the phosphate
molecules links 3’ C of sugar of one
nucleoside to the 5’ C of sugar of next
nucleosides releasing two water molecules
to form 3’-5’ phosphodiester bond.
7. In polysaccharides, the mono-
saccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds
formed by dehydration between two carbon
atoms of two adjacent monosaccharides.
8. Nucleic Acid: Nucleic acids are
polynucleotides. A nucleic acid has three
chemically distinct components-
heterocyclic compound ( nitrogenous base),
polysaccharides ( ribose/ deoxy-ribose
sugar) and phosphate or phosphoric acid.
9. Biomolecules are constantly being
changed into some other biomolecules and
also made from other biomolecules. This
breaking and making is through chemical
process called metabolism.
10. In living organism, all the metabolic
reactions are enzyme catalyzed. Catalysts
are those substances that alter the rate of
reaction. The protein with catalytic power
is called enzyme.
11. Enzymes are commonly proteinaceous
substances which are capable of catalysing
chemical reactions of biological origin
without themselves undergoing any
change. They are commonly called as
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
IX- BIOLOGY
biocatalysts.
12. Carbohydrates: Polyhydroxy aldehydes
or polyhydroxyketones or compounds on
hydrolysis give carbohydrates.
Classification of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
(a) Simplest carbohydrates
(b) It cannot be hydrolysed into simpler
compounds
(c) Examples – Glucose, mannose
Oligosaccharides
(a) Carbohydrates which gives 2 to 10
monosaccharide units on hydrolysis
(b) Examples – Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
Polysaccharides
(a) Carbohydrates which on hydrolysis give
large number of monosaccharide units.
(b) Examples – Cellulose, starch
13. Proteins: Proteins are the polymers of
-amino acids and they are connected to
each other by peptide bond or peptide
linkage. A polypeptide with more than
hundred amino acid residues, having
molecular mass higher than 10,000u is
called a protein.
Peptide linkage: Peptide linkage is an
amide linkage formed by condensation
reaction between –COOH group of one
amino acid and –NH2 group of another
amino acid.
Fibrous proteins - When the polypeptide
chains run parallel and are held together
by hydrogen and disulphide bonds.
Examples: keratin (present in hair, wool,
silk) and myosin (present in muscles), etc.
Usually insoluble in water.
Globular proteins - This structure results
when the chains of polypeptides coil
around to give a spherical shape.
Examples: Insulin and albumins . These
are usually water soluble proteins
14. Nucleic acids (or polynucletides):
Long chain polymers ofnucleotides.
Nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester
linkage between 5’ and 3’ C atoms of a
pentose sugar.
15. Vitamins: Vitamins are organic
compounds required in the diet in small
amounts to perform specific biological
functions for normal maintenance of
optimum growth and health of the
organism.
IX- BIOLOGY CELL DIVISION & CELL CYCLE
IX - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

3 CELL DIVISION & CELL CYCLE

LEVEL - 1
LEVEL - 3

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C
35. D 36. A 37. B 38. A

5. B 6. C 7. A 8. D
39. A 40. C 41. C 42. C

9. D 10. B 11. C 12. C 43. B

13. B 14. C 15. D 16. C

17. D 18. C 19. D 20. A

21. C 22. A 23. A 24. C

LEVEL - 2

25. D 26. B 27. A 28. D

29. B 30. A 31. B 32. C

33. D 34. E

4 OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
AIMS 1
CELL DIVISION & CELL CYCLE
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. The sequence of events by which a cell
duplicates its genome, synthesizes the
other constituents of cells and eventually
divides into two daughter cells is called cell
cycle.
2. DNA synthesis occurs in one specific
stage of cell division but distribution of
chromosome in cells occurs in complex
series of events during cell division.
Phases of Cell cycle :
i) Interphase– it is the phase between two
successive M phases. Interphase lasts for
95% of a cell cycle. This phase is called as
resting phase but during this period the
cells prepare itself for nuclear division by
cell growth.
ii) M Phase– when the actual cell division
or mitosis occurs. It starts with karyokinesis
(nuclear division) or duplication of
chromosome and end with cytokinesis or
division of cell matrix (cytoplasm
division).The interphase is divided into
three further phases:
iii) G 1 phase represents the interval
between mitosis and initiation of DNA
replication. Cell is continuously active and
grows in size.
iv) During synthesis phase, replication or
synthesis of DNA takes place and amount
of DNA get doubles per cell.
iv) During G2 phase protein is synthesized
in preparation for mitosis.
v) Mitosis cell division is also known as
equational division because the numbers
of chromosome remain same in parental
and progeny cells.
3. Prophase is the first phase of mitosis
followed by G2 phase.
4. Metaphase starts with complete
disappearance of nuclear membrane. The
most suitable stage for study of morphology
of chromosomes.
5. Anaphase - Splitting of each
chromosome at centromere into two sister
chromatids. Two chromatids start moving
towards opposite poles.
6. Telophase - Chromosomes reach at
opposite poles and loose its identity as
discrete unit. Nuclear membrane
reassembles around the chromosome
clusters.
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
IX- BIOLOGY
7. Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm
of a cell after karyokinesis (division of
chromosome) into two daughter cells. In
animal cells, appearance of furrows in
plasma membrane that deepens gradually
and joins to divide cytoplasm into two parts.
8. MEIOSIS- The cell division that reduces
the number of chromosome into half and
results in the production of haploid
daughter cells is called meiosis. It helps in
production of haploid phase in the life cycle
of sexually reproducing organism.
9. During Leptotene, the chromosome
becomes distinct and visible under
microscope. Compaction of chromosome
continues throughout the leptotene phase.
10. During Zygotene stage, chromosomes
start pairing together (synapsis). The paired
chromosomes are called homologous
chromosome. Synaptonemal complex
formed by a pair of homologous
chromosome is called bivalent or a tetrad.
11. During Pachytene stage, crossing over
between non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosome occurs for
exchange of genetic materials. The crossing
over is enzyme –mediated process which
involves enzyme recombinase.
12. Diplotene is recognized by dissolution
of synaptonemal complex and tendency to
separation of bivalent except at the site of
crossing over. This forms an X like structure
called chiasmata.
13. Diakenesis is marked by
terminalisation of chiasmata.
14. In metap hase I the bivalent
chromosome align at equatorial plate and
microtubules from the opposite poles of the
spindle get attached to the pair of
homologous chromosomes.
15. Anaphase I – homologous chromosome
separate but sister chromatids remain
attached at centromere.
16. During Telophase I, nuclear membrane
and nucleolus reappears and cytokinesis
follows. This is called as diad of the cells.
The stage between two meiotic divisions is
called interkinesis and it is short lived that
follows Prophase II.
IX- BIOLOGY DIVERSITY IN ANIMAL KINGDOM
IX - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

4 DIVERSITY IN ANIMAL KINGDOM

LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 43. B 44. C 45. B 46. C

5. A 6. B 7. A 8. A 47. B 48. D 49. B 50. A

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
9. D 10. B 11. D 12. A

ACROSS:
13. D 14. D 15. B 16. B
2. HYDRA,

17. D 18. D 19. C 20. A

6. AMPHIBIANS,

21. C 22. D 23. D 24. B 8. BIRDS,

9. MOLLUSCS,
LEVEL - 2

10. SPONGES,

DOWN:
25. D 26. D 27. A 28. A
1. MAMMALS,

29. C 30. C 31. A 32. C 3. REPTILES,

33. A 34. A 35. A 36. A 4. FISHES,

5. ANNELIDA,
37. A 38. B 39. A 40. D
7. PROTOZOA.
41. A 42. C

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

DIVERSITY IN ANIMAL KINGDOM
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Millions of species of animals have been
described and it becomes more necessary
to classify them to assign a systematic
position.
2. Animals are classified on the basis of
arrangement of cells, body symmetry,
nature of coelom, pattern of digestive,
circulatory and reproductive system.
3. The animals in which cells are arranged
in two embryonic layer, external ectoderm
and internal endoderm are called
diploblastic. Eg. Porifera and Cnidaria.
4. The animals in which developing embryo
has a third germinal layer, mesoderm
besides ectoderm and endoderm are called
triploblastic. Eg. Platyhelminthes,
Chordates.
5. The body cavity which is lined by
mesoderm is called coelom. Animals
possessing coelom are called coelomate
(Annelida, Chordates, Mollusca). In some
animals cavity is not lined by mesoderm
but scattered as pouches in between
ectoderm and endoderm, are called
pseudo-coelomates (Aschelminthes). The
animals in which body cavity is absent are
called acoelomate (Platyhelminthes).
6. In some animals, body is externally and
internally divided into segments with serial
repetition as in earthworm, called
metameric segmentation.
7. Porifera - These are commonly known
as sponges. Mostly marine, asymmetrical
and have cellular level of organization. They
have water transport or canal system. Water
enters through minute pores, Ostia into
central cavity Spongocoel, from where it
goes out through Osculum. Example–
Sycon, Spongilla.
8. Cnidarians - are aquatic, mostly marine,
sessile, free swimming, radially
symmetrical animals. They exhibit tissue
level of organization, diploblastic, coelomate
with single opening. Example: Hydra,
Adamsia. Medusa is free swimming,
umbrella like having gonads like Aurelia
and Jelly fish.
9. Platyhelminthes - Dorso-ventrally
flattened body, bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic, acoelomate with organs levels
of organization. Example- Taenia, Planaria,
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
IX- BIOLOGY
Fasciola.
Hooks and sucker are present in parasitic
forms. Flame cells help in osmoregulation
and excretion.
10. Aschelminthes - They may be free-
living, aquatic, terrestrial or parasitic in
plants or animals. These are Bilaterally
symmetrical, triploblastic, pseudo
coelomate. Example- Ascaris (round worm),
Wucheriria(filarial worm), Ancyclostoma.
11. Annelida - Aquatic or terrestrial,
bilaterally symmetrical, segmented with
organ system level of organization.
Aquatic Annelids like Nereis possesses
lateral appendages parapodia, for
swimming. Nephridia help in
osmoregulation and excretion. Example-
Pheretima (earthworm), Hirunidaria (Blood
sucking leech).
12. Arthropoda - Largest phylum of
animals which includes insects. They have
organ system of organization. They are
triploblastic, coelomate, bilaterally
symmetrical with chitinous exoskeleton.
Examples - Apis (honey bee), Bombyx (silk
worm), Anopheles, Ades, Culex (mosquito),
Limulus (king crab).
13. Mollusca - Terrestrial or aquatic, organ
level of organization, bilaterally
symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate.
Body divided into head, muscular foot and
visceral hump. Unsegmented and covered
with calcareous shell. Example- Pila,
Octopus.
14. Echinodermata - Endoskeleton of
calcareous ossicles, marine with organ
system of organization. These are
Triploblastic, coelomate, presence of water
vascular system help in locomotion, capture
of food and respiration.
Example- Asterias (Star fish), Cucumaria
(Sea cucumber), Antedon (Sea lily).
15. Hemichordata - Worm-like marine
animals with organ system of organization,
bilaterally sy mmetrical, triploblastic and
coelomate animals. Body is cylindrical,
composed of anterior proboscis, a collar and
a long trunk.
Example- Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus.
16. Chordates - Presence of notochord, have
dorsal hollow nerve chord and paired
pharyngeal gill slits.
IX-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
IX - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

5 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

1. A 2. D 3. B 4. D 39. D 40. C 41. D 42. D

5. D 6. A 7. A 8. D 43. C 44. B 45. A 46. D

47. C 48. C 49. B 50. C

9. A 10. B 11. C 12. B

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
13. C 14. C 15. C 16. D
ACROSS:

17. A 18. D 19. C 20. C

2. CHLOROPLAST,

21. B 22. D 23. A 24. D 4. HILL,

5. PRODUCERS,
25. D 26. C 27. A 28. B

7. GRANA,
29. C 30. A
DOWN:

LEVEL - 2
1. CHLOROPHYLL,

3. STROMA,

31. B 32. A 33. D 34. C 6. CALVIN,

35. B 36. A 37. E 38. D

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 7

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Photosynthesis is a physico-chemical
process by which green plants use light
energy to drive the synthesis of organic
compounds. It is an enzyme regulated
anabolic process.
2. Joseph Priestley in 1770, on the basis
of his experiments showed the essential
role of air in growth of green plants.
3. Julius Von Sachs in 1854 shows that
green part in plants produces glucose
which is stored as starch. Starch is the first
visible product of photosynthesis.
4. T.W.Engelmann (1843-1909) used
prism to split light into its components and
then illuminated Cladophora (an algae)
placed in a suspension of aerobic bacteria.
5. Cornelius Van Neil (1897-1985) on the
basis of studies with purple and green
sulphur bacteria showed that
photosynthesis is a light dependent
reaction in which hydrogen from an
oxidisable compound reduces to form
sugar.
6. Chloroplasts are green plastids which
function as the site of photosynthesis in
eukaryotic photoautotrophs. Inside the
leaves, chloroplast is generally present in
mesophyll cells along their walls.
7. Pigments - Chlorophyll - a ( bright or
Blue green); Chlorophyll - b ( Yellow green);
Xanthophyll (Yellow); Carotenoids (Yellow
or yellow orange)
8. Maximum absorption by chlorophyll - a
occurs in blue and red regions having
higher rate of photosynthesis. So,
chlorophyll - a is the chief pigment.
9. Light reaction(photochemical phase)
includes: Light absorption, Water splitting
(Photolysis of water ), Oxygen release,
Formation of high energy chemical
intermediates (ATP and NADPH).
10. The pigments in photosystem I and
photosystem II absorbs the lights of
different wavelength. Single chlorophyll a
molecule makes the reaction centre. In PS
I reaction centre has highest peak at
700nm, hence called P 700 . And PS II
reaction centre has highest peak at 680
nm, so called P680.
8 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
IX-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
11. Calvin cycle can be described under
three stages: carboxylation, reduction and
regeneration.
Carboxylation - It is the fixation of into 3-
phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).
Carboxylation of RuBP occurs in presence
of enzyme RuBP carboxylase (RuBisCO)
which results in the formation of two
molecules of 3-PGA.
Reduction - It is series of reaction that
leads to formation of glucose. Two
molecules of ATP and two molecules of
NADPH are required for reduction of one
molecules of . Six turn of this cycle are
required for removal of one molecule of
Glucose molecules from pathway.
Regeneration - It is the generation of RuBP
molecules for the continuation of cycle.
This process require one molecules of ATP.
12. Factors affecting photosynthesis
Light- as light intensity increases, the rate
of photosynthesis also increases until light
saturation point.
Carbon dioxide concentration– with
increase in concentration of rate of
photosynthesis increase till the
compensation point.
Temperature- it does not influence the rate
of photosynthesis directly but at higher
temperature enzyme activity is inhibited
due to denaturation of enzymes which affect
the dark reaction.
Water– due to increase in amount of water,
rate of photosynthesis does not increase
proportionally as after saturation no more
water is required during photosynthesis.
13. Blackman’s Law of Limiting Factors
states: If a chemical process is affected by
more than one factor, then its rate will be
determined by the factor which is nearest
to its minimal value: it is the factor which
directly affects the process if its quantity is
changed.
14. Photorespiration - It is a the light
dependent process of oxygenation of RuBP
and release of carbon dioxide by
photosynthetic organs of plants.
Photorespiration decreases the rate of
photosynthesis when oxygen concentration
is increased from 2-3% to 21%.
Presence of light and higher concentration
of Oxygen results in the binding of RuBisCO
enzyme with O2 to form.
IX-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE NERVOUS COORDINATION
IX - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

6 NERVOUS COORDINATION

LEVEL - 1 LEVEL - 3

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. A 41. B 42. B 43. C 44. B

5. A 6. D 7. D 8. B 45. D 46. D 47. B 48. D

9. C 10. B 11. A 12. A 49. B

13. A 14. C 15. B 16. C

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:
17. A 18. C 19. D 20. D
3. OPTIC,

21. D 22. B 23. A 24. B

4. VAGUS,

25. C 5. AUDITORY,
LEVEL - 2
DOWN:

1. OLFACTORY,

26. C 27. A 28. A 29. C

2. FACIAL.

30. A 31. A 32. B 33. B

KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1.Coordination - It is the process through
34. A 35. D 36. E 37. D which two or more organs interact and
complement the function of each other.
2. Neural system - It provides an organized
38. E 39. C 40. B network of point to point connection for
quick coordination. The endocrine system

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

NERVOUS COORDINATION
provides chemical integration through
hormones.
3. Neural system of animals is composed
of specialized cells called neuron, which
can detect, receive and transmit different
kinds of stimuli. In hydra neural system is
composed of network of neuron. In insects
it consists of brain and a number of ganglia.
Vertebrates have highly developed neural
system.
4. Central nervous system (CNS) includes
brain and spinal cord. It is the site for
information processing and control.
5. Peripheral nervous system includes all
nerves associated with CNS.
There are two types of nerve fibres-
Afferent fibres- transmit impulses from
tissue/organ to CNS.
Efferent fibres- transmit regulatory
impulses from CNS to concerned
peripheral organs.
6. Somatic neural systems relay impulses
from CNS to skeletal muscles.
7. Autonomic neural system transmits
impulses from CNS to involuntary system
and smooth muscles.
8. Neuron - Structural and Functional Unit
of Neural System, Neuron is made up of
three major parts- cell body, dendrite and
axon.
9. Based on number of axon and dendrites
neuron are of three types-
Multipolar– one axon and two or more
dendrite found in cerebral cortex.
Bipolar– one axon and one dendrite found
in retina of eyes.
Unipolar– cell body with only one axon
found in embryonic stage.
10. There are two types of axon-
Myelinated– fibres are enveloped with
Schwann cells to form myelin sheath
around the axon. The gap between two
myelin sheaths is called nodes of Ranvier.
Found in spinal and cranial nerves.
Unmyelinated- fibre is enclosed by
Schwann cells that do not form myelin
sheath around the axon. Found in
autonomous and somatic neural system.
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
IX-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
11. There are two types of synapse-
Electrical synapse- the membrane of pre
and post synaptic neuron is very close to
each other and current flow directly from
one neuron to another.
Chemical synapse- pre and post synaptic
neuron is separated by fluid filled space
called synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are
involved in transmission of impulses.
12. Central Neural System –Brain is the
central information processing organ of our
body and act as command and control
centre.
13. Brain can be divided 3 parts- forebrain,
midbrain and hindbrain.
Forebrain– consists of cerebrum, thalamus
and hypothalamus.
Cerebrum is divided into left and right
cerebral hemispheres which are covered by
cerebral cortex (grey matter).
14. Thalamus– cerebrum wraps around a
structure called thalamus. It is a major
coordinating centre for sensory and motor
signaling.
15. Hypothalamus controls the urge for
eating, drinking and body temperature.
They also release hypothalamic hormones.
Limbic system is involved in controlling
sexual behavior and expression of
emotional reactions.
16. Midbrain is located between
hypothalamus and pons of hindbrain.
Dorsal portion consists of four round lobes
called corpora quadrigemina. They are
involved in relay of impulses back and forth
between cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and
medulla.
17. Hind brain consists of pons, medulla
oblongata and cerebellum.
18. Reflex action is a spontaneous
autonomic mechanical response to a
stimulus without the will of the organism.
It is controlled by spinal cord. The afferent
neuron receives the signal from sensory
organs and transmits the impulse to CNS.
The efferent neuron carries the impulse
from CNS to effector. Ex- knee-jerk reflex.
The path followed by reflex action is called
reflex arc.
IX-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
IX - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

7 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

LEVEL - 1 41. D 42. A 43. A 44. A

45. C 46. A

1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B CROSSWORD PUZZLE

5. A 6. A 7. B 8. C ACROSS:

4. INSECT,
9. B 10. C 11. D 12. B
5. WATER,
13. C 14. A 15. A 16. C
6. WIND,
17. C 18. B 19. B 20. B
7. PROTOGYNY,

21. C 22. C 23. B 24. C DOWN:

25. A 26. C 27. A 28. D 1. PROTANDRY,

2. BIRDS,
LEVEL - 2
3. BATS.

KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS

1. Reproduction ensures continuity of
29. A 30. D 31. A 32. C species generation after generations as the
older individuals undergo senescence and
die. Flowering plants shows sexual mode
33. C 34. E 35. A 36. B of reproduction and bears complex
reproductive units as male and female
reproductive units along with accessary
structures.
LEVEL - 3 2. Flower is a modified stem which
functions as a reproductive organ and
produces ova and/or pollen. A typical
angiospermic flower consists of four whorls
of floral appendages attached on the
receptacle: calyx, corolla, androecium (male
37. B 38. C 39. B 40. C
reproductive organ consisting of stamens)
and gynoecium (composed of ovary, style
and stigma) .
AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
3. In flowers, male (androecium) and
female (gynoecium) differentiate and
develops in which male and female
gametes are produced.
4. Stamen consists of long and slender
stalk called filament and generally bilobed
anthers. Each lobe contains two theca
(dithecious).
- The anther is four-sided structure
consisting of four microsporangia, two in
each lobes.
- Microsporangia develop further and
become pollen sacs which contain pollen
grains.
5. Microsporogenesis- The process of the
formation and differentiation of
microspores (pollen grains) from
microspore mother cells (MMC) by
reductional division is called
microsporogenesis.
The cells of sporogenous tissues undergo
meiotic division to form microspore tetrad.
As the anther mature and dehydrate, the
microspore dissociate and develops into
pollen grains. Pollen grain represents the
male gametophytes.
6. Gynoecium may consists of single pistil
(monocarpellary) or more than one pistil
(polycarpellary) which may be fused
(syncarpous) or free (apocarpous).
e.g Multicarpellary and syncarpous pistil-
Papaver; Multicarpellary and apocarpous
pistil- Michelia
7. Each pistil has three parts the stigma,
style and ovary. Inside the ovary is ovarian
cavity (locule). The placenta is located
inside the ovarian cavity. Megasporangia
(ovules) arise from placenta.
8. Ovule differentiates a single megaspore
mother cell (MMC) in the micropylar region
of nucellus. MMC undergoes meiotic
division that results into the production of
four megaspores.
9. The nucleus of functional megaspore
divides mitotically to form two nuclei which
move to opposite poles to form 2-nucleate
embryo sac. Two more sequential mitotic
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
IX-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
division results into 8-nucleate embryo sac.
Six of the eight nuclei surrounded by cell
wall and remaining two nuclei (polar nuclei)
are situated below the egg apparatus. Three
cells are grouped at micropylar end to
constitute egg apparatus and three cells
at chalazal end forms antipodal cells. At
maturity ,embryosac is 8-nucleate and 7
celled.
10. Autogamy– transfer of pollen grain
from anther to stigma of same flower.
11. Cleistogamous – flower which do not
open. e.g Viola (common pansy), Oxalis,
and Commelina.
12. Geitonogamy – transfer of pollen
grains from anther to stigma of different
flower of same plant.
13. Xenogamy– transfer of pollen grain
from anther to stigma of different plant’s
flower of same species.
14. Wind Pollination :
pollen grains :– light, non- sticky, winged
anther :- well exposed
stigma :- large and feathery
flower :- one ovule, arranged as
inflorescence. Ex : corn cob, cotton, date
palm
15. Insect Pollination
– Flowers : large, colourful, fragrant, rich
in nectar
– Pollen grains : sticky
– Stigma : sticky
16. Post fertilisation events include
endosperm and embryo development,
maturation of ovules into seeds and ovary
into fruits.
Endosperm– the primary endosperm cell
divides many time to forms triploid
endosperm tissue having reserve food
materials. Non-albuminous- endosperm eg.
pea, groundnut; Albuminous - e.g wheat,
maize, castor.
IX-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
IX - BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

8 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

LEVEL - 1 41. B 42. E 43. A 44. C,F

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS:
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D
1. DENITRIFICATION,
5. B 6. B 7. C 8. B
4. HUMIFICATION,
9. A 10. D 11. D 12. B
6. NITRITIFICATION,
13. C 14. C 15. A 16. C
7. COMBUSTION,

17. A 18. A 19. D 20. A

DOWN:

LEVEL - 2 2. AMMONIFICATION,

3. WEATHERING,

5. WATERCYCLE.
21. C 22. B 23. A 24. C

25. C 26. C 27. D 28. B

29. B 30. C 31. B 32. B

LEVEL - 3

33. B 34. D 35. A 36. C

37. D 38. C 39. B 40. D,G

AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY 1

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
1. Biogeochemical cycles in the movement
of nutrients and other elements between
living and non-living beings. Carbon and
Nitrogen in the environment just keep
moving around living and non-living
beings. The matter on Earth is conserved
and is either Biotic or Abiotic. The biotic
part is called the Biosphere and the
nutrients we need for living is –
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,
Phosphorus and Sulphur.
2. Biogeochemical = Biological Chemical
+ Geological Process
3. The Water Cycle : With the sun’s heat
and the process of evaporation, the water
from ocean becomes vapour and forms
cloud. There’s another process called
Evapotranspiration (i.e. vapour produced
from leaves) which aids this process. Again
due to condensation and precipitation, in
the form of rain, the water comes back to
the Earth surface and runs off to the
ocean.
4. The Carbon Cycle - Plants, both land,
and aquatic plants, gets carbon through
photosynthesis, whereas the animals get
carbon through the diet it eats, that is by
eating plants. Hence the carbon goes back
to the environment by an animal’s cellular
respiration. This produces huge carbon
content in the form of carbon dioxide as
well. This carbon is again stored in the
form of fossil fuel (coal & oil) and can be
extracted again for various commercial and
non-commercial use. When factories use
this fuel, with the process of combustion,
the carbon is again released back in the
atmosphere.
5. The Nitrogen Cycle -
Most of the nitrogen in the atmosphere is
present in the form of Nitrogen gas (i.e. a
Nitrogen molecule). To get it into the living
systems, the process of Nitrogen Fixation
is required. The bacteria present in the
roots of plants convert this Nitrogen gas
into a usable compound called Ammonia.
Ammonia sometimes is also supplied to
plants in the form of fertilizers. Now plants
and animals assimilate this ammonia and
use it. Once these plants and animals are
dead, bacteria and fungi break this
2 AIMS OLYMPIAD ACADEMY
IX-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Nitrogen into ammonium. There are other
sets of bacteria which again breakdowns
this Nitrite and Nitrate. These form of
Nitrogens leaches into the land and water.
Bacteria with the help of Denitrification
returns the nitrogen to the environment
so that this whole cycle can occur again.
6. The Oxygen Cycle - This biogeochemical
cycle moves between the atmosphere, the
living matter and the biosphere. Oxygen is
a very abundant element on our Earth. It
is found in the elemental form in the
Atmosphere to the extent of 21% . The
oxygen in the air is inhaled by the living
organisms. When they excrete, it
decomposes and breaks down into water
and oxygen. Plants again use this water,
along with other fresh water as well, to do
the process of photosynthesis.
7. The Phosphorous Cycle - The rocks
where phosphorous being uplifted, with
Weathering erosion, the phosphorous is
moved into the water supply. With the
assimilation, the producers and consumers
get it. When they die, by decomposition,
excretion, and decay, it returns to the
environment or ocean where it eventually
settles down in sediments. Which means
it never goes into the atmosphere and
becomes phosphate rocks which are
uplifted again and this cycle takes a long
time to.
8. The Sulphur Cycle - This cycle moves
from the oceans. The sulphur is converted
by bacteria into Dimethyl Sulphide which
eventually becomes Sulphur Oxide or
Sulphur Dioxide. Volcanoes also release a
Hydrogen Sulphide in an enormous
amount which becomes Sulphur Dioxide.
Factories and industries also contribute to
the atmosphere by producing sulphur
gases.
9. The Rock Cycle - Rocks are the most
common material on Earth. Some rocks are
made up of only one mineral where some
are made up of two or more types of
minerals. Rocks are constantly being
formed, worn down and formed again. This
is known as Rock Cycle.
Igneous Rock
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks