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Culture Documents
2014
TRIAL HSC EXAMINATION
Mathematics Extension 2
General Instructions Total Marks – 100
Reading Time – 5 minutes Section I Pages 2–6
Working Time – 3 hours 10 Marks
Write using black or blue pen Attempt Questions 1–10
Board approved calculators may be used Allow about 15 minutes for this section.
A table of standard integrals is provided at
the back of this page Section II Pages 7–13
NAME: TEACHER
NUMBER:
QUESTION MARK
1 – 10 /10
11 /15
12 /15
13 /15
14 /15
15 /15
16 /15
TOTAL /100
Section I
10 marks
Attempt Questions 1–10
Allow about 15 minutes for this section
zz
(A) Im z
2
zz
(B) Im z
2
zz
(C) Im z
2i
zz
(D) Im z
2i
x2 y2
2 What is the eccentricity of the hyperbola 1?
25 11
6
(A)
5
14
(B)
5
6
(C)
11
5
(D)
6
3 If f x sin x dx f x cos x 3 x 2 cos x dx , which of the following could be f (x)?
(A) 3x2
(B) x3
(C) –x3
(D) –3x2
– 2 –
3x 11
Which of the following is expressed in partial fractions?
x 3 x 1
4
1 4
(A)
x 3 x 1
5 2
(B)
x 3 x 1
5 2
(C)
x 3 x 1
1 4
(D)
x 3 x 1
(A) f x 4 2e x
(B) f x 4 2e x
(C) f x 2 2e x
(D) f x 2 2e x
(A) x3 – 3x2 – 8x – 16 = 0
(B) x3 – 3x2 + 9x – 16 = 0
(C) x3 – 3x2 – 8x – 1 = 0
(D) x3 – x2 + 9x – 1 = 0
– 3 –
7 The shaded region, bounded by the curves y = x2, y 90 x 2 and the y-axis is rotated
about the y-axis.
What is the correct expression for the volume of the solid of revolution
using the method of cylindrical shells?
3
(A) V 2 x
90 x 2 x 2 dx
0
3
(B) V 2
90 x 2 x 2 dx
0
9
(C) V 2
90 y 2 y 2 dy
0
9
(D)
V 2 y y 2 90 y 2 dy
0
– 4 –
8 The diagram shows the graph of y = f (x).
(B)
(C)
(D)
– 5 –
9 Which of the following defines the locus of the complex number z sketched in the diagram
below?
z i
(A) arg
z 1 2i
zi
(D) arg
z 1 2i
x2 y2
10 If the eccentricity of the hyperbola 1 is e, what are the equations of the directrices
a 2 b2
x2 y2
of the ellipse 1?
a 2 b2 b2
(A) x e2 a 2 b2
(B) x e a 2 b2
a 2 b2
(C) x
e2
a 2 b2
(D) x
e
– 6 –
Section II
90 marks
Attempt Questions 11–16
Allow about 2 hours and 45 minutes for this section
Answer each question in a NEW writing booklet. Extra pages are available
In Questions 11–16, your responses should include relevant mathematical reasoning and/or
calculations.
Find
dx
(a) . 1
1 9x 2
(b) Find x log e x dx . 2
x 3 5x 2 x 2 x a bx c
2 .
x x 1
2
2
x2 x 1
x 3 5x 2 x 2
(ii) Find dx .
2
x2 x2 1
2 cos x
(d) Evaluate dx . 3
0 4 2sin 2 x
(e) Solve the equation w2 + 6w + 34 = 0, giving your answers in the form p + qi, 2
where p and q are integers.
– 7 –
Question 12 (15 Marks) Start a NEW Writing Booklet
Find the area of the Δ PQR, giving your answer in the form k 3 ,
where k is an integer.
(c) The diagram below shows the graph of y f x which has a horizontal asymptote
at y 1 . It also has intercepts at (0, 1) and (–1, 0).
1
y = 1
(ii) y tan 1 f x 2
– 8 –
Question 13 (15 Marks) Start a NEW Writing Booklet
e x e x
(a) (i) If T (x) x x , by considering lim T x , or otherwise, 1
e e x
1 1 x
(ii) Show that T 1 (x) log e . 2
2 1 x
d 1
(iii) Hence, or otherwise, show that T 1 (x) . 2
dx 1 x 2
2
3m
4 T 1
x dx log e n
0 2
where m and n are positive integers.
(b) The diagram below shows a circle with center O and a diameter RS. 2
A chord, PQ, intersects RS at T which is a point within the circle.
Prove that RT 2 TS 2 PT 2 TQ 2 .
– 9 –
Question 14 (15 Marks) Start a NEW Writing Booklet
4 tan 4 tan 3
tan 4
1 6 tan 2 tan 4
(ii) Hence, explain why t tan is a root of the equation 1
16
t4 + 4t3 – 6t2 – 4t + 1 = 0
3 5 7
(iii) Hence show that tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 28 3
16 16 16 16
(b) In the diagram below, the shaded region is bounded by the lines 3
8
x = –4, x = –2, y = 8, the x-axis and by the curve y .
x2
1
Let I n x x 2 1 dx for n 0
n
(c)
0
– 10 –
Question 15 (15 Marks) Start a NEW Writing Booklet
1
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, prove x 2 2, for all real x, x 0. 2
x2
Also, state for what value(s) of x there is equality.
c c
(b) In the diagram below, the points P cp, and Q cq, with c, p > 0, lie
p q
on different branches of the hyperbola, H, with equation xy = c2.
The tangent to H at P and the tangent to H at Q are parallel.
2c x
(i) Show that the equation of the tangent at P is y . 2
p p2
(ii) Show that p = –q. 1
(iii) Show that the perpendicular distance from P to the tangent through Q 2
4cp
is given by .
p4 1
(iv) Using part (a), or otherwise, find the coordinates of the points P and Q 3
when the perpendicular distance from P to the tangent through Q is a
maximum.
(c) (i) Using part (a), or otherwise, prove for positive numbers x, y and z that 2
x y y z z x 8xyz .
(ii) By using part (i) above, or otherwise, if a, b and c are the sides 2
of a triangle, prove that
abc a b c b c a c a b .
– 11 –
Question 16 (15 Marks) Start a NEW Writing Booklet
(a) The horizontal base of an igloo is the major segment of an ellipse, as shown in
Figure I below, with semi-major and semi-minor axes of 2 m and 1 m respectively.
In Figure 1, PQ is the base of a typical vertical cross section in the shape of a
parabolic arc, shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1 Figure 2
The height of this parabola is determined by another parabola whose base is AB,
as shown in Figure 3.
The maximum height of the interior is to be 2 metres as shown, and the internal
dimensions are indicated on the diagram.
The entrance to the igloo is formed by slicing the structure vertically at right angles
to the major axis of the ellipse 3 metres from the centre and removing the material
from this point outwards to the end of the major axis as shown in the diagram.
z
Parabolic
cross-section
2
bounding
parabola
h P
1
doorway
A B
2 0 x 2 x
1
Q
Figure 3
– 12 –
Question 16 (continued)
(a) (i) Find the equation of the ellipse that bounds the floor of the interior 1
of the igloo.
(iii) Use Simpson’s rule, or otherwise, to find the area of the indicated 3
cross-section of height h and show that the volume of air in the igloo
is given by
3
1
3
V 4 x2
2
dx
3
2
(iv) Using x = 2sin, or otherwise, calculate the volume of air in the igloo. 4
(c)
Let z a cos i 2a sin , where a is a real number and 0 2 . 3
End of paper
– 13 –
BLANK PAGE
– 14 –
BLANK PAGE
– 15 –
– 16 –
NORTH SYDNEY GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL
2014
TRIAL HSC EXAMINATION
Mathematics Extension 2
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
x2 y2
2 What is the eccentricity of the hyperbola − = 1?
25 11
6
(A)
5
14
(B)
5
6
(C)
11
5
(D)
6
⌠ ⌠
3 If ⎮ f ( x ) sin x dx = − f ( x ) cos x + ⎮ 3x 2 cos x dx , which of the following could be f (x)?
⌡ ⌡
2
(A) 3x
(B) x3
(C) –x3
(D) cosx
3x + 11
4 Which of the following is expressed in partial fractions?
( x − 3)( x + 1)
1 4
(A) − −
x − 3 x +1
5 2
(B) −
x − 3 x +1
5 2
(C) +
x − 3 x +1
1 4
(D) − +
x − 3 x +1
–
2 –
The graph below is that of y = ⎡⎣ f ( x )⎤⎦ .
2
5
The line y = 4 is a horizontal asymptote.
Let y = x2
x3 + x2 − x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x3 − x = 4 − x2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
∴ x x2 − 1 = 4 − x2 ⇒ x2 x2 − 1 = 4 − x2
( )
∴ y ( y − 1) = ( 4 − y ) ⇒ y y 2 − 2 y + 1 = 16 − 8y + y 2
2 2
∴ y 3 − 2 y 2 + y = 16 − 8y + y 2
∴ y 3 − 3y 2 + 9 y − 16 = 0
( ) ( ) − ( x ) − 4 = 0 ⇒ x( x ) + x − ( x ) − 4 = 0
3 2
∴ x + x
∴ x ( x − 1) = 4 − x ⇒ ⎡ x ( x − 1) ⎤ = ( 4 − x )
2 2
⎣ ⎦
( )
∴ x x 2 − 2x + 1 = 16 − 8x + x 2
∴ x 3 − 2x 2 + x = 16 − 8x + x 2
∴ x 3 − 3x 2 + 9x − 16 = 0
–
3 –
7 The shaded region, bounded by the curves y = x2, y = 90 − x 2 and the y-axis is rotated
about the y-axis.
(x, y)
9
2πrh
h
r
Δx
Δx 3
What is the correct expression for the volume using the method of cylindrical shells?
3
⌠
(A) V = 2π ⎮ x
⎮ ( 90 − x 2 − x 2 dx )
⌡0
3
⌠
(B) V = 2π ⎮
⎮ ( )
90 − x 2 − x 2 dx
⌡0
9
⌠
(C) V = 2π ⎮
⎮ ( )
90 − y 2 − y 2 dy
⌡0
9
⌠
(D) (
V = 2π ⎮ y y 2 − 90 − y 2 dy
⎮ )
⌡0
h = 90 − x 2 − x 2
r=x
ΔV ! 2π rhΔx
&
(
= 2π x 90 − x 2 − x 2 Δx )
–
4 –
8 The graph below is that of y = f (x).
(B)
(C)
(D)
–
5 –
9 Which of the following defines the locus of the complex number z sketched in the diagram
below?
⎛ z −i ⎞
(A) arg ⎜ ⎟ =π
⎝ z − 1 − 2i ⎠
⎛ z+i ⎞
(D) arg ⎜ =π
⎝ z − 1− 2i ⎟⎠
x2 y2
10 If the eccentricity of the hyperbola − = 1 is e, what are the equations of the directrices
a 2 b2
x2 y2
of the ellipse + = 1?
a 2 + b2 b2
Let E be the eccentricity of the ellipse.
(A) x = ±e 2 a 2 + b 2
(B) x = ±e a 2 + b 2
a 2 + b2
(C) x=±
e2
a 2 + b2
(D) x=±
e
–
6 –
Section II
Question 11
⌠ dx
(a) Find ⎮ 1
⌡ 1+ 9x 2
1⌠ ALTERNATIVE:
⌠ dx dx
⎮ = ⎮
⌡ 1+ 9x 2
9⌡ 1
9
+ x2
1⌠ dx
= ⎮
()
2
9⌡ 1
+ x2
3
1 1 −1 ⎛ x ⎞
= × tan ⎜ 1 ⎟ + C ⎡⎣standard integral ⎤⎦
9 13 ⎝ 3⎠
1
= tan −1 ( 3x ) + C
3
⌠
(b) Find ⎮ x log e x dx 2
⌡
⌠ ⌠ ⎛2 3⎞
⎮ x log e x dx = ⎮ ln x d ⎜ x 2 ⎟
⌡ ⌡ ⎝3 ⎠
2 32 ⌠ 2
3
= x ln x − ⎮ x 2 d ln x
3 ⌡ 3
2 32 ⌠ 2
3
1
= x ln x − ⎮ x 2 × dx
3 ⌡ 3 x
2 32 ⌠ 2
1
= x ln x − ⎮ x 2 dx
3 ⌡ 3
2 3 3
= x 2 ln x − 94 x 2 + C
3
2 3
= x 2 ( 3ln x − 2 ) + C
9
( )
∴ x 3 + 5x 2 + x + 2 ≡ ( x + a ) x 2 + 1 + x 2 ( bx + c )
Let x = 0: 2 = a(1) + 0
∴a=2
1+b=1 (comparing coefficients of x3)
∴b=0
a+c=5 (comparing coefficients of x2)
∴c=3
∴ a = 2, b = 0, c = 3
–
7 –
Question 11 (continued)
⌠ x 3 + 5x 2 + x + 2
(c) (ii) Find ⎮ dx 2
⌡ x2 x2 + 1 ( )
⌠ x 3 + 5x 2 + x + 2 ⌠ ⎛ x+2 3 ⎞
⎮ dx = ⎮ ⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟ dx
⌡ (
x x +1
2 2
)⌡ ⎝ x x + 1⎠
⌠ ⎛ 3 ⎞
= ⎮ ⎜ x −1 + 2x −2 + 2 ⎟ dx
⌡ ⎝ x + 1⎠
2
= ln x − + 3tan −1 x + C
x
⌠2 cos x
(d) Evaluate ⎮ dx 3
⌡0 4 + 2sin 2 x
π
x = 0, u = 0 and x = ,u =1
2
π
1
⌠2 cos x ⌠ du
⎮ dx = ⎮
⌡0 4 + 2sin x
2
⌡0 4 + 2u 2
1
⌠ du
=⎮
⎮
⌡0 2 2 + u
2
( )
1
1 ⌠ du
= ⎮
2 ⌡0 2 + u 2
( )
1
1 ⎡
= ln u + 2 + u 2 ⎤
2 ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦0
=
1⎡
2 ⎢⎣
(
ln 1+ 3 − ln 2 ⎤⎥
⎦ )
1 ⎛ 1+ 3 ⎞
= ln ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
–
8 –
Question 11 (continued)
(e) Solve the equation w2 + 6w + 34 = 0, giving your answers in the form p + qi, 2
where p and q are integers.
∴ w2 + 6w + 9 = –25
∴ (w + 3)2 = (5i)2
∴ w + 3 = ± 5i
∴ w = – 3 ± 5i
z = i(1 + i)(2 + i)
= i(2 + 3i +i2)
= i(1 + 3i)
= –3 + i
∴–3 + i + m(–3 – i) = ni
∴–3 –3m + i(1 – m) = ni
∴–3 –3m = 0 and 1 – m = n (Equating real and imaginary parts)
∴ m = –1 and n = 1 – (–1) = 2
∴ m = –1, n = 2
–
9 –
Question 12
(–6, 5)
4
4 P
(–2, 1)
–1
–
10 –
Question 12 (continued)
Find the area of the Δ PQR, giving your answer in the form k 3 ,
where k is an integer.
2
120°
O
1
Area Δ POQ = × 2 × 2 × sin120° = 3
2
∴ Area Δ PQR = 3 × 3 = 3 3
–
11 –
Question 12 (continued)
(c) The diagram below shows the graph of y = f (x) which has a horizontal asymptote
at y = −1
The point of inflexion near the y-axis was not used in the marking scheme.
1
(i) y= 2
f (x )
As f (–1 ) = 0, then x = –1 is a vertical asymptote.
As x → −∞, f ( x ) → −1+ and so 1
→ ( −1) .
−
f ( x)
Similarly, x → ∞, f ( x ) → ∞ and so 1 → 0+ .
f ( x)
When f (x) = 1, the two graphs will intersect i.e. x = 0
–1
–1
–
12 –
Question 12 (continued)
–1
–1
–
13 –
Question 13
e x − e− x
(a) (i) If T (x) = , by considering lim T ( x ) , or otherwise, 1
e x + e− x x →∞
−1
show that the domain of T (x) is | x | < 1.
e x − e− x
T (x) = is an odd function.
e x + e− x
lim T ( x ) = 1 and lim T ( x) = −1 so the range of T(x) is | y | < 1.
x →∞ x →−∞
NB You do need that the graph is strictly increasing/decreasing though this was not
used in the marking scheme.
1 ⎛ 1+ x ⎞
(ii) Show that T −1 (x) = log e ⎜ . 2
2 ⎝ 1− x ⎟⎠
1
ex − x
e ⇒ y = e −1
2x
y=
1 e2 x + 1
ex + x
e
∴ ( e 2 x + 1) y = e 2 x − 1
∴ ye 2 x + y = e 2 x − 1
∴ y + 1 = e 2 x (1 − y )
y +1
∴ e2 x =
1− y
⎛ y +1⎞ 1 ⎛ y +1⎞
∴ 2 x = ln ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ x = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1− y ⎠ 2 ⎝ 1− y ⎠
1 ⎛ x +1⎞
∴ T −1 ( x ) = ln ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 1− x ⎠
d 1
(iii) Hence, or otherwise, show that ⎡⎣T −1 (x) ⎤⎦ = . 2
dx 1− x 2
1 ⎛ x + 1⎞
T −1 ( x ) = ln ⎜
2 ⎝ 1− x ⎟⎠
1
= ⎡ ln ( x + 1) − ln (1− x ) ⎤
2⎣ ⎦
d −1 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∴ T ( x) = ⎜ +
dx 2 ⎝ x + 1 1− x ⎟⎠
1⎛ 2 ⎞
= ⎜
2 ⎝ 1− x 2 ⎟⎠
1
=
1− x 2
–
14 –
Question 13 (continued)
⌠ 2
⎛ 3m ⎞
⎮ 4T −1
( x ) dx = log e⎜ n ⎟
⌡0 ⎝2 ⎠
where m and n are positive integers.
1
1
⌠ 2 ⌠2
⎮ 4T ( x ) dx = ⎮ T −1 ( x ) × d ( 4 x )
−1
⌡0 ⎮
⌡0
1
⌠2 1
= ⎡⎣ 4 xT ( x )⎤⎦ − ⎮ 4 xdT −1 ( x )
−1 2
⎮ 0
⌡0
1
4x
( ) − ⌠⎮
2
−1
= 2T 1
dx
2
⌡0 1 − x 2
1
2 −2 x
= ln 3 + 2⌠
⎮ dx
⌡0 1 − x 2
1
= ln 3 + 2 ⎡⎣ln 1 − x 2 ⎤⎦ 2
0
= ln 3 + 2 ln 43
= ln ⎡3 × ( ) ⎤⎦⎥
2
3
⎣⎢ 22
⎛ 33 ⎞
= ln ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
(b) The diagram below shows a circle with center O and a diameter RS. 2
A chord, PQ, intersects RS at T which is a point within the circle.
Prove that RT 2 + TS 2 ≥ PT 2 + TQ 2 .
RS = RT + TS and PQ = PT + TQ
From (1): RT 2 + TS 2 ≥ PT 2 + TQ 2
–
15 –
Question 13 (continued)
–
16 –
Question 14
4 tan θ − 4 tan 3 θ
tan 4θ = – (1)
1− 6 tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ
( )
4
By de Moivre’s Theorem cosθ + isin θ = cos 4θ + isin 4θ
Let c = cosθ , s = sin θ and t = tan θ
(cosθ + isinθ ) = c 4 + 4c3 ( is ) + 6c 2 ( is ) + 4c ( is ) + ( is )
4 2 3 4
= c 4 + 4ic3s − 6c 2 s 2 − 4ics3 + s 4
(
= c 4 − 6c 2 s 2 + s 4 + i 4c3s − 4cs3 )
Equating real and imaginary parts: cos 4θ = c 4 − 6c 2 s 2 + s 4 and sin 4θ = 4c3s − 4cs3
sin 4θ
tan 4θ =
cos 4θ
4c 3 s − 4cs 3
= 4 ⎡⎣ ÷ c 4 ⎤⎦
c − 6c s + s
2 2 4
4t − 4t 3
= 4
t − 6t 2 + t 4
4 tan θ − 4 tan 3 θ
=
1 − 6 tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ
ALTERNATIVE:
tan 4θ = tan ( 2 × 2θ )
2 tan 2θ
=
1− tan 2 2θ
⎛ 2 tan θ ⎞
2⎜
⎝ 1− tan 2 θ ⎟⎠
= 2
⎛ 2 tan θ ⎞
1− ⎜
⎝ 1− tan 2 θ ⎟⎠
=
( )
4 tan θ 1− tan 2 θ
4 tan θ − 4 tan 3 θ
=
1− 2 tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ − 4 tan 2 θ
4 tan θ − 4 tan 3 θ
=
1− 6 tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ
–
17 –
π
(ii) Hence, explain why t = tan is a root of the equation 1
16
t4 + 4t3 – 6t2 – 4t + 1 = 0
π
Substitute θ = into equation (1) above
16
π π
⎛ π⎞ 4 tan − 4 tan 3
tan ⎜ 4 × ⎟ = 16 16
⎝ 16 ⎠ π π
1− 6 tan 2 + tan 4
16 16
π π
π 4 tan − 4 tan 3
∴ tan = 16 16
4 π π
1− 6 tan 2 + tan 4
16 16
4t − 4t 3
⎡ π⎤
∴1 = ⎢ Let t = tan ⎥
1− 6t + t
2 4
⎣ 16 ⎦
∴1− 6t 2 + t 4 = 4t − 4t 3
∴t 4 + 4t 3 − 6t 2 − 4t + 1 = 0
ALTERNATIVE:
Consider t 4 + 4t 3 − 6t 2 − 4t + 1 = 0
∴1− 6t 2 + t 4 = 4t − 4t 3
4t − 4t 3
∴ =1
1− 6t 2 + t 4
Let t = tanθ
4 tan θ − 4 tan 3 θ
∴ =1
1− 6 tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ
∴ tan 4θ = 1
π
∴4θ = + nπ , n ∈¢
4
π nπ
∴θ = +
16 4
π
For n = 0, θ =
16
π
∴t = tan is a root of t 4 + 4t 3 − 6t 2 − 4t + 1 = 0
16
–
18 –
Question 14 (continued)
π 3π 5π 7π
(a) (iii) Hence show that tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 = 28 3
16 16 16 16
9π 7π 13π 3π
NB tan = − tan and tan = − tan
16 16 16 16
π 3π 5π 7π
∴ α , β , γ , δ = tan , − tan , tan , − tan
16 16 16 16
∑ α = (∑ α ) − 2∑ αβ
2
2
= ( −4 ) − 2 ( −6 )
2
= 16 + 12 = 28
π 3π 5π 7π
∴ tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 = 28
16 16 16 16
ALTERNATIVE
P ( t ) = t 4 + 4t 3 − 6t 2 − 4t + 1
( t)=( t) ( t ) − 6( t ) ( t ) +1
4 3 2
∴P +4 −4
π 3π 5π 7π
t 4 + 4t 3 − 6t 2 − 4t + 1 = 0 has roots α , β , γ , δ = tan , − tan , tan , − tan .
16 16 16 16
( t ) + 4 ( t ) − 6 ( t ) − 4 ( t ) +1 = 0 has roots α , β , γ
4 3 2
∴ 2 2 2
, δ 2 .
∴( t ) + 4 ( t ) − 6 ( t ) − 4 ( t ) +1 = 0
4 3 2
∴ t 2 + 4t t − 6t − 4 t + 1 = 0
∴ t 2 − 6t + 1 = 4 t − 4t t
∴ ( t 2 − 6t + 1) = ⎡⎣ 4 t (1 − t )⎤⎦
2 2
∴ ( t 2 − 6t ) + 2 ( t 2 − 6t ) + 1 = 16t (1 − 2t + t 2 )
2
–
19 –
Question 14 (continued)
(b) In the diagram below, the shaded region is bounded by the lines 3
8
x = –4, x = –2, y = 8, the x-axis and by the curve y = − .
x+2
Method 1: Shells
(x, y)
r
h
For –3 ≤ x ≤ –2: Annular cylinder with inner radius 5 and outer radius 6; height 8
(
∴ Volume = π 62 − 52 × 8 = 88π cu)
For –4 ≤ x ≤ –3: ΔV ! 2π rhΔx
&
⎛ 8 ⎞
∴ ΔV ! 2π ( 3− x ) ⎜ − Δx
& ⎝ x + 2 ⎟⎠
−3
⌠ ⎛ 8 ⎞
V = ⎮ 2π ( 3− x ) ⎜ − dx
⌡−4 ⎝ x + 2 ⎟⎠
−3
x−3
= 16π ⌠
⎮ dx
⌡−4 x + 2
−3
x+2−5
= 16π ⌠
⎮ dx
⌡−4 x + 2
−3
⌠ ⎛ 5 ⎞
= 16π ⎮ ⎜ 1− dx
⌡−4 ⎝ x + 2 ⎟⎠
−3
= 16π ⎡⎣ x − 5ln x + 2 ⎤⎦
−4
–
20 –
Question 14 (continued)
For 0 ≤ y ≤ 4 :
(
The volume of the annular cylinder or “pipe” created by the rotation is 4 × π 7 2 − 52 )
i.e. 96π cu.
For 4 ≤ y ≤ 8 :
The area of the annulus formed by the rotation of PQ is given by
Area = π ( radius of outer edge of annulus ) − ( radius of inner edge of annulus )
2 2
= π ⎡⎢( 3− x ) − 52 ⎤⎥
2
⎣ ⎦
(
= π 9 − 6x + x 2 − 25 )
= π (x 2
− 6x − 16 )
8 8
Now y = − ⇒ x+2=−
x+2 y
8 64 32
∴x = − − 2 ⇒ x2 = 2 + + 4
y y y
⎛ 64 32 48 ⎞
Area = π ⎜ 2 + + 4 + + 12 − 16⎟
⎝y y y ⎠
⎛ 64 80 ⎞
=π⎜ 2 + ⎟
⎝y y⎠
⎛ 4 5⎞
= 16π ⎜ 2 + ⎟ sq. units
⎝y y⎠
8
⌠ ⎛ 4 5⎞
So required volume is V = 16π ⎮ ⎜ 2 + ⎟ dy + 96π
⌡4 ⎝ y y⎠
8
∴V = 16π ⎡⎣ −4 y −1 + 5ln y ⎤⎦ + 96π
4
= 16π {( − 1
2 }
+ 5ln8) − ( −1+ 5ln 4 ) + 96π
= 16π ( − 12 + 5ln8 + 1− 5ln 4 ) + 96π
⎛ 85 1 ⎞
= 16π ⎜ ln 5 + 2 ⎟ + 96π
⎝ 4 ⎠
= 16π ( ln32 + 12 + 6 )
= π (104 + 16ln32 ) cu
–
21 –
Question 14 (continued)
1
⌠
Let I n = ⎮ x ( x 2 − 1) dx for n ≥ 0
n
(c)
⎮
⌡0
⌡0
1
⌠
( ) ( )
1
⎡
= 2 x x −1
1 2 2
n
⎤ − 12 x 2 d x 2 − 1
n
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦0 ⎮⌡0
1
⌠
= −⎮ 12 x 2 ⎡ 2nx x 2 − 1 ( ) ⎤ dx
n−1
⌡0 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
1
⌠
= −n⎮ x ⎡ x 2 x 2 − 1 ( ) ⎤ dx
n−1
⌡0 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
{( }
1
⌠
) ( )
n−1
= −n⎮ x ⎡⎣ x 2 − 1 + 1⎤⎦ x 2 − 1 dx
⌡0
1
⌠
(
= −n⎮ x ⎡ x 2 − 1 + x 2 − 1 ) ( ) ⎤ dx
n n−1
⌡0 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
= −nI n − nI n−1
∴ I n = −nI n − nI n−1
∴ ( n + 1) I n = −nI n−1
n
∴ In = − I
n + 1 n−1
(ii) Hence find I 3 2
3 3⎛2 ⎞ 3 ⎛ 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ 1
I 3 = − I 2 = − ⎜ I1 ⎟ = − ⎜ ⎜ I 0 ⎟ ⎟ = − I 0
4 4⎝3 ⎠ 4 ⎝ 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ 4
1
⌠ ⌠
1 1
⎡1 2 ⎤ 1
I 0 = ⎮ x ( x − 1) dx = ⎮ x dx = ⎢ x ⎥ =
2 0
⎮ ⌡0 ⎣ 2 ⎦0 2
⌡0
1 1 1
I 3 = − × = −
4 2 8
–
22 –
Question 15
( )
2
x− y ≥0
∴ x + y − 2 xy ≥ 0
∴ x + y ≥ 2 xy
1
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, prove x 2 + ≥ 2 , for all real x, x ≠ 0. 2
x2
Also, state for what value(s) of x there is equality.
1 1
In (i), replace x with x2 and y with (NB x2, ≥ 0)
x2 x2
1 1
∴ x2 + 2
≥ 2 x2 × 2
x x
=2
Equality is when x = ±1
⎛ c⎞ ⎛ c⎞
(b) In the diagram below, the points P ⎜ cp, ⎟ and Q ⎜ cq, ⎟ with c, p > 0, lie
⎝ p⎠ ⎝ q⎠
on different branches of the hyperbola, H, with equation xy = c2.
The tangent to H at P and the tangent to H at Q are parallel.
2c x
(i) Show that the equation of the tangent at P is y = − . 2
p p2
c dx dy c
At P, x = cp and y = and so = c, =− 2
p dp dp p
dy dy dp
∴ = ⋅
dx dp dx
1
=− 2
p
c 1
Equation of tangent at P is y − = − 2 ( x − cp )
p p
2c x
∴y = − as required
p p2
(ii) Show that p = –q. 1
1
The gradient of the tangent at P is − 2 from part (i).
p
1
So, the gradient of the tangent at Q is − 2 .
q
1 1
Since the gradients are equal: − 2 = − 2 .
p q
∴ q2 = p2
∴ ( q − p )( q + p ) = 0
∴ q = p or q = –p
Since P and Q are distinct points, q ≠ p and so q = –p as required.
–
23 –
Question 15 (continued)
(b) (iii) Show that the perpendicular distance from P to the tangent through Q 2
4cp
is given by
p4 + 1
2c x
The equation of the tangent through Q is y = − 2 ⇒ x + q 2 y − 2cq = 0
q q
cp + q 2 ( cp ) − 2cq
d=
(q )
2 2
+1
cp + p 2 ( cp ) + 2cp
= [ p = −q ]
p4 + 1
4cp
=
p4 + 1
4cp
= [ c, p > 0 ]
p4 + 1
(iv) Using (a), or otherwise, find the coordinates of the points P and Q when the 3
perpendicular distance from P to the tangent through Q is a maximum.
Method 1: “Hence”
4cp
Let D =
p4 + 1
4c
=
1
p2 +
p2
⎡ 2 1 1 1⎤
⎢ p + p2 ≥ 2 ⇒ ≤ ⎥
1 2
⎢ p2 + 2 ⎥
4c ⎢ p ⎥
≤ ⎢ ⎥
2 1 1
⎢ ≤ ⎥
⎢ 2 1 2 ⎥
⎢ p + p2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
= 2 2c
( ) 2( )
⎡ p 4 + 1 2 ×1 − p × 1 p 4 + 1 − 2 × 4 p3 ⎤
1 1
dD
= 4c ⎢ ⎥
dp ⎢ p4 + 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( ) ⎣( )
⎡ p4 + 1 − 2 ⎡ p4 + 1 − 2 p4 ⎤ ⎤
1
= 4c ⎢ ⎦⎥
⎢ p +1
4 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 − p4 ⎤
= 4c ⎢ ⎥
⎢ p 4 + 1 ( p 4 + 1) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
4c (1 − p 4 )
=
p 4 + 1 ( p 4 + 1)
dD
Maximum occurs when =0
dp
∴4c − 4cp 4 = 0
p4 = 1
p = ±1 ⎡⎣ p ∈! ⎤⎦
p =1 ⎡⎣ p > 0 ⎤⎦
∴ a maximum when p = 1.
–
25 –
Question 15 (continued)
(c) (i) Using (a), or otherwise, prove for positive numbers x, y and z that 2
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) ≥ 8xyz
From (a), ( x + y ) ≥ 2 xy
∴ ( y + z ) ≥ 2 yz
( z + x) ≥ 2 xz
∴ ( x + y ) ( y + z ) ( z + x ) ≥ 2 xy × 2 yz × 2 zx
= 8 x2 y2z2
= 8xyz ⎡⎣ x, y, z > 0 ⎤⎦
(ii) By using part (i) above, or otherwise, if a, b and c are the sides 2
of a triangle, prove that
abc ≥ ( a + b − c ) ( b + c − a ) ( c + a − b) .
NB a + b − c = x + y + y + z − ( z + x ) = 2 y > 0
Similarly, b + c − a = 2 z > 0 and c + a − b = 2 x > 0 .
ALTERNATIVE
Now x + y = = c + a – b + a + b – c = 2a.
Similarly, y + z = 2b and z + x = 2c.
–
26 –
Question 16
(a)
z
Parabolic
cross-section
2
bounding
parabola
h (–yx, 0)
−1
doorway
−2 0 x 2 x
1
(yx, 0)
(i) Find the equation of the ellipse that bounds the floor of the interior 1
of the igloo.
a = 2 and b = 1
x2
∴ + y2 = 1
4
–
27 –
Question 16 (continued)
(a) (iii) Using Simpson’s rule, or otherwise, to find the area of the indicated 3
cross-section of height h, show that the volume of air in the igloo is given by
3
1⌠
( )
3
V = ⎮ 4 − x 2 dx
2
3⎮
⌡−2
Simpson’s rule gives the exact value of the area of a parabola
Using 3 function values:
y z w (weight) zw
–yx 0 1 0
0 h 4 4h
yx 0 1 0
Σ zw = 4h
x2
yx = 1−
4
1
1
(
= 4 − x2
2
) 2
yx
Area of cross-sectional slice =
3
( 4h)
1
4 1
= × 4 − x2
3 2
( ) 2
×
1
2
(4 − x2 )
3
1
(
= 4− x
3
2 2
)
3
1
(
∴ ΔV ! 4 − x 2
& 3 ) 2
Δx
3
1⌠
( )
3
∴V = ⎮ 4 − x 2
2
dx
3⎮
⌡−2
There are alternative solutions, but you need to know Simpson’s Rule and how it
works!
–
28 –
Question 16 (continued)
(a) (iii) Using x = 2sinθ, or otherwise, calculate the volume of air in the igloo. 4
3
1⌠
( )
3
V = ⎮ 4 − x2
2
dx
3⎮
⌡−2
x = 2sin θ ⇒ dx = 2cosθ dθ
π π
x = −2, θ = − ; x = 3, θ =
2 3
3 3
( 4 − x ) = ( 4 − 4sin θ )
2 2 2 2
3
= 8 (1− sin θ ) 2 2
3
= 8 ( cos θ ) 2 2
= 8cos3 θ
π
3
1⌠ 1⌠ 3
3
V = ⎮ 4 − x2
3 ⌡−2
( ) 2
dx = ⎮ 8cos3 θ × 2cosθ dθ
3 ⌡− π
2
π π
1⌠ 4⌠
( )
3 3 2
= ⎮ 16cos 4 θ dθ = ⎮ 2cos 2 θ dθ
3 ⌡− π 3 ⌡− π
2 2
π π
4⌠ 4⌠ 3
= ⎮ (1+ cos 2θ ) dθ ( )
3 2
= ⎮ 1+ 2cos 2θ + cos 2 2θ dθ
3 ⌡− π 3 ⌡− π
2 2
π π
4⌠ ⎛ 3
1+ cos 4θ ⎞ 4⌠ 3 ⎛ 3 1 ⎞
= ⎮ ⎜ 1+ 2cos 2θ + ⎟⎠ dθ = ⎮ ⎜ + 2cos 2θ + cos 4θ ⎟ dθ
3 ⌡− π ⎝ 2 3 ⌡− π ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
2 2
π
4 ⎡3 1 ⎤ 4 ⎡⎛ 3 π 2π 1 4π ⎞ 3 ⎛ π ⎞ ⎤
3
= ⎢ θ + sin 2θ + sin 4θ ⎥ = ⎢⎜ × + sin + sin ⎟ − × ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥
3 ⎣2 8 ⎦ − π 3 ⎣⎝ 2 3 3 8 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠⎦
2
4 ⎡⎛ π 3 3 ⎞ 3π ⎤ 7 5π
= ⎢⎜ + − ⎟ + ⎥= +
3 ⎢⎝ 2 2 16 ⎠ 4 ⎥ 4 3 3
⎣ ⎦
! 6.24635
&
7 5π
V= +
4 3 3
! 6.24635
&
–
29 –
Question 16 (continued)
Test n = 1: LHS = U1 = 12
RHS = 2 × 31 + 3 × 21 = 12
∴ true for n = 1
Test n = 2: LHS = U2 = 30
RHS = 2 × 32 + 3 × 22 = 30
∴ true for n = 1
LHS = U k
= 5U k−1 − 6U k−2
( ) (
= 5 2 × 3k−1 + 3× 2 k−1 − 6 2 × 3k−2 + 3× 2 k−2 )
= 10 × 3k−1 + 15 × 2 k−1 − 12 × 3k−2 − 18 × 2 k−2
= 10 × 3k−1 − 12 × 3k−2 + 15 × 2 k−1 − 18 × 2 k−2
= 10 × 3k−1 − 4 × 3k−1 + 15 × 2 k−1 − 9 × 2 k−1
= 6 × 3k−1 + 6 × 2 k−1
= 2 × 3k + 3× 2 k
= RHS
–
30 –
(c) Let z = ( a + cosθ ) + i ( 2a + sin θ ) , where a is a real number and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π. 3
= ( a + cos θ ) + ( 2a + sin θ )
2 2 2
z
= a 2 + 2a cos θ + cos 2 θ + 4a 2 + 4a sin θ + sin 2 θ
= 5a 2 + 1 + 2a cos θ + 4a sin θ
= 5a 2 + 1 + 2 5a cos (θ + ε ) for some ε ∈ °
2
As z ≤ 2 then z ≤ 4.
∴5a 2 + 1+ 2 5acos (θ + ε ) ≤ 4
∴2 5acos (θ + ε ) ≤ 3− 5a 2
NB 2 5acos θ + ε ≤ 2 5 a ( )
∴2 5 a ≤ 3− 5a 2
Now a2 = | a |2
2
∴2 5 a ≤ 3− 5 a
2
∴5 a + 2 5 a − 3 ≤ 0
∴ ( 5 a −1 )( 5 a +3 ≤0 )
3 1
∴− ≤ a ≤
5 5
1
But a ≥ 0 and so 0 ≤ a ≤
5
1
∴ a ≤
5
–
31 –
ALTERNATIVE Solution
z = ( a + cos θ ) + i ( 2a + sin θ )
= ( a + 2ai ) + ( cos θ + i sin θ )
–
32 –
By the triangle inequality, z ≤ ω1 + ω2 .
ω1+ω2
ω1
ω2
ω1
ω2
End of solutions
– 33 –