American Government

Guided Reading and
Review Workbook
Needham, Massachusetts
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Glenview, Illinois
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,
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ISBN 0-13-067959-3
21 22 23 24 V011 14 13 12 11
TA B L E O F CONTENTS
Student Success Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Unit 1 Foundations of American Government

Chapter 1 Principles of Government Chapter 3 The Constitution
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter 2 Origins of American Government Chapter 4 Federalism
Section 1 ...................................... 20 Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Section 2 ...................................... 21 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Section 3 ...................................... 22 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Section 4 ...................................... 23
Section 5 ...................................... 24
Unit 2 Political Behavior: Government by the People

Chapter 5 Political Parties Chapter 7 The Electoral Process
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Chapter 8 Mass Media and Public Opinion

Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter 6 Voters and Voter Behavior Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Chapter 9 Interest Groups
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Unit 3 The Legislative Branch

© Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10 Congress Chapter 12 Congress in Action

Section 1 ...................................... 49 Section 1 ...................................... 58
Section 2 ...................................... 50 Section 2 ...................................... 59
Section 3 ...................................... 51 Section 3 ...................................... 60
Section 4 ...................................... 52 Section 4 ...................................... 61
Chapter 11 Powers of Congress
Section 1 ...................................... 53
Section 2 ...................................... 54
Section 3 ...................................... 55
Section 4 ...................................... 56
Section 5 ...................................... 57
Unit 4 The Executive Branch
Chapter 13 The Presidency Chapter 16 Financing Government
Section 1 ...................................... 62 Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Section 2 ...................................... 63 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Section 3 ...................................... 64 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Section 4 ...................................... 65 Chapter 17 Foreign Policy and
Section 5 ...................................... 66 National Defense
Chapter 14 The Presidency in Action Section 1 ...................................... 79
Section 1 ...................................... 67 Section 2 ...................................... 80
Section 2 ...................................... 68 Section 3 ...................................... 81
Section 3 ...................................... 69 Section 4 ...................................... 82
Section 4 ...................................... 70
Chapter 15 Government at Work:
The Bureaucracy
Section 1 ...................................... 71
Section 2 ...................................... 72
Section 3 ...................................... 73
Section 4 ...................................... 74
Section 5 ...................................... 75
Unit 5 The Judicial Branch

Chapter 18 The Federal Court System Chapter 20 Civil Liberties: Protecting
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Individual Rights
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Section 1 ...................................... 91
Section 2 ...................................... 92
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Section 3 ...................................... 93
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Section 4 ...................................... 94
Chapter 19 Civil Liberties: First
Chapter 21 Civil Rights: Equal Justice
Amendment Freedoms Under Law
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Section 1 ...................................... 95
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Section 2 ...................................... 96
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Section 3 ...................................... 97
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Section 4 ...................................... 98

Unit 6 Comparative Political and Economic Systems
Chapter 22 Comparative Political Systems Chapter 23 Comparative Economic Systems
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Unit 7 Participating in Texas State and Local Government

Chapter 24 Governing the State of Texas Chapter 25 Texas Local Government
Section 1 ..................................... 107 and Finance
Section 2 ..................................... 108 Section 1 ..................................... 112
Section 3 ..................................... 109 Section 2 ..................................... 113
Section 4 ..................................... 110 Section 3 ..................................... 114
Section 5 ..................................... 111 Section 4 ..................................... 115
Success in social studies comes from doing three things well—
reading, testing, and writing. The following pages present
strategies to help you read for meaning, understand test
questions, and write well.
Reading for Meaning

Do you have trouble remembering what you read? Here
are some tips from experts that will improve your ability to
recall and understand what you read:
BEFORE YOU READ

Preview the text to identify important information.
Like watching the coming attractions at a movie theater, previewing the text
helps you know what to expect. Study the questions and strategies below to
learn how to preview what you read.
Ask yourself these questions: Use these strategies to find the

answers:
• What is the text about? Read the headings, subheadings, and captions.
Study the photos, maps, tables, or graphs.
• What do I already know about the topic? Read the questions at the end of the text to see if
you can answer any of them.
• What is the purpose of the text? Turn the headings into who, what, when, where,
why, or how questions. This will help you decide
if the text compares things, tells a chain of
events, or explains causes and effects.
STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 5

AS YOU READ
Organize information in a way that helps you see meaningful
connections or relationships.
Taking notes as you read will improve your understanding. Use graphic
organizers like the ones below to record the information you read.
Study these descriptions and examples to learn how to create each type
of organizer.
Sequencing
A flowchart helps you see how one event led to Farm machinery is developed.
another. It can also display the steps in a process.
Use a flowchart if the text— Fewer farmworkers needed.
• tells about a chain of events.
• explains a method of doing something.
Urban industries need workers.
TIP! List the events or steps in order.

Farmworkers move to cities for work.
Cities grow and prosper.
Comparing and Contrasting

A Venn diagram displays similarities and
differences.
Use a Venn diagram if the text—
• compares and contrasts two individuals,
groups, places, things, or events. HUTU SHARED TUTSI
• from West Africa CULTURE • from Ethiopia
TIP! Label the outside section of each circle and • servants • mainly • aristocrats
Roman
list differences. Catholic
Label the shared section and list similarities.
6 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK

AS YOU READ
(continued)
Categorizing Information
A chart organizes information in categories.
COUNTRY FORM OF ECONOMY
Use a chart if the text— GOVERNMENT
• lists similar facts about several places or things. Cuba communist command
• presents characteristics of different groups. dictatorship economy
Puerto Rico democracy free enterprise

TIP! Write an appropriate heading for each column in system
the chart to identify its category.
Identifying Main Ideas and Details

A concept web helps you understand
relationships among ideas. rivers
transportation
Use a concept web if the text—
• provides examples to support a industry Uses BODIES Types lakes
main idea. OF WATER
• links several ideas to a main topic.
recreation oceans
TIP! Write the main idea in the largest circle.
Write details in smaller circles and
draw lines to show relationships.

Organizing Information
An outline provides an overview, or a kind of
blueprint for reading. I. Differences Between the North and the South
A. Views on slavery
Use an outline to organize ideas—
1. Northern abolitionists
• according to their importance.
2. Southern slave owners
• according to the order in which they are presented. B. Economies
1. Northern manufacturing
TIP! Use Roman numerals for main ideas, capital 2. Southern agriculture
letters for secondary ideas, and Arabic numerals
for supporting details.
Identifying Cause and Effect

A cause-and-effect diagram shows the relationship
between what happened (effect) and the reason
Desire for Advances in Rebirth of
why it happened (cause). trade navigation learning
Use a cause-and-effect chart if the text—
• lists one or more causes for an event.
EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS
• lists one or more results of an event.
TIP! Label causes and effects. Draw arrows to Exchange Destruction of Europeans
indicate how ideas are related. of goods Native American set up
and ideas cultures colonies
AFTER YOU READ

Test yourself to find out what you learned from reading the text.
Go back to the questions you asked yourself before you read the text. You
should be able to give more complete answers to these questions:
• What is the text about?
• What is the purpose of the text?
You should also be able to make connections between the new information
you learned from the text and what you already knew about the topic.
Study your graphic organizer. Use this information as the answers. Make up a
meaningful question about each piece of information.

Taking Tests
Do you panic at the thought of taking a standardized test?
Here are some tips that most test developers recommend to
help you achieve good scores.
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Read each part of a multiple-choice question to make sure you

understand what is being asked.
Many tests are made up of multiple-choice questions. Some multiple-choice

items are direct questions. They are complete sentences followed by possible
answers, called distractors.
Direct Question What is a narrow strip of land that has water on both
sides and joins two larger bodies of land called?
A a bay
The distractors list the B an isthmus
possible answers. C a lake
D an island
TIP! Try each distractor as an You can rule out A and C because they are bodies of
answer to your question. Rule water, not land. You can rule out D because an island
out the ones that don’t work. is completely surrounded by water.
Other multiple-choice questions are incomplete sentences that you are to

finish. They are followed by possible answers.
The stem tells you what the A narrow strip of land that has water on both sides
question is looking for and joins two larger bodies of land is called
A a bay
Distractors B an isthmus
C a lake
D an island
TIP! Turn the stem into a direct

question, using who, what, What is a narrow strip of land that has water on both
when, where, or why. sides and joins two larger bodies of land called?

WHAT’S BEING TESTED?
Identify the type of question you are being asked.
Social studies tests often ask questions that involve reading comprehension.
Other questions may require you to gather or interpret information from a
map, graph, or chart. The following strategies will help you answer different
kinds of questions.
Reading Comprehension Questions

What to do: How to do it:
1. Determine the content and organization Read the title. Skim the selection. Look
of the selection. for key words that indicate time, cause-
and-effect, or comparison.
2. Analyze the questions. Look for key words in the stem:

Do they ask you to recall facts? According to the selection . . .
The selection states that . . .
Do they ask you to make judgments? The main idea of the selection is . . .
The author would likely agree that . . .
3. Read the selection. Read quickly. Keep the questions in mind.
4. Answer the questions. Try out each distractor and choose

the best answer. Refer back to the
selection if necessary.
Example:
A Region of Diversity The Khmer empire was
one of many kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Unlike Why were most kingdoms in Southeast
the Khmer empire, however, the other kingdoms Asia small?
were small because Southeast Asia’s mountains A disease killed many people
kept people protected and apart. People had little B lack of food
contact with those who lived outside their own C climate was too hot
valley. D mountains kept people apart
TIP! The key word because tells why the king-

doms were small.
(The correct answer is D.)

WHAT’S BEING TESTED?
(continued)
Map Questions
1. Determine what kind of information is Read the map title. It will indicate the purpose of
presented on the map. the map.
Study the map key. It will explain the symbols used
on the map.
Look at the scale. It will help you calculate distance
between places on the map.
2. Read the question. Determine which
component on the map will help you Look for key words in the stem.
find the answer. About how far . . . [use the scale]
What crops were grown in . . . [use the map key]
3. Look at the map and answer the ques-

Do not read the distractors yet.
tion in your own words.
4. Choose the best answer. Decide which distractor agrees with the answer
you determined from the map.
Eastern Europe: Language Groups
In which of these coun-

tries are Thraco-Illyrian
languages spoken?
A Romania
B Albania
C Hungary
D Lithuania
TIP! Read the labels and

the key to understand
the map.
(The correct answer is B.)

Graph Questions
Read the graph title. It indicates what the graph
1. Determine the purpose of the graph.
represents.
2. Determine what information on the Read the labels on the graph or on the key. They
graph will help you find the answer. tell the units of measurement used by the graph.
Decide which distractor agrees with the answer

3. Choose the best answer. you determined from the graph.
Example
Religious Persuasion in France A Circle graph shows the relationship of parts

to the whole in terms of percentages.
Jewish
Buddhist 1%
1% After Roman Catholics, the next largest
Protestant religious population in France is
2% A Buddhist C Jewish
Muslim B Protestant D Muslim
8% Roman
Catholic 88%
TIP! Compare the percentages listed in the labels.
(The correct answer is D.)
Immigration to the U.S., 1940–1990 A line graph shows a pattern or change over
1,200,000 time by the direction of the line.
Number of Immigrants
1,000,000
800,000
Between 1980 and 1990, immigration to the U.S.
600,000
from the Americas
A decreased a little C stayed about the same
400,000
B increased greatly D increased a little
200,000
0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
TIP! Compare the vertical distance between the two
Year correct points on the line graph.
Asia Americas Europe (The correct answer is B.)
Annual Oil Production in Southwest Asia A bar graph compares differences in quantity
20 by showing bars of different lengths.
Billions of Barrels
15 Saudi Arabia produces about how many more

billion of barrels of oil a year than Iran?
10
A 5 million C 15 million
5 B 10 million D 20 million
0
Iran Iraq Kuwait Saudi United TIP! Compare the heights of the bars to find the
Arabia Arab difference.
Country Emirates
(The correct answer is B.)

Writing for Social Studies
When you face a writing assignment, do you think, “How
will I ever get through this?” Here are some tips to guide
you through any writing project from start to finish.
THE WRITING PROCESS
Follow each step of the writing process to communicate effectively.
Step 1. Prewrite
• Establish the purpose. • Determine the audience.
• Define the topic. • Gather details.
Step 2. Draft
• Organize information logically in an outline • State main ideas clearly.
or graphic organizer. • Include relevant details to support your ideas.
• Write an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Step 3. Revise
• Edit for clarity of ideas and elaboration.
Step 4. Proofread
• Correct any errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
Step 5. Publish and Present
• Copy text neatly by hand, or use a typewriter • Illustrate as needed.

or word processor. • Create a cover, if appropriate.

TYPES OF WRITING FOR SOCIAL STUDIES
Identify the purpose for your writing.
Each type of writing assignment has a specific purpose, and each purpose needs a
different plan for development. The following descriptions and examples will help
you identify the three purposes for social studies writing. The lists of steps will
help you plan your writing.
Writing to Inform
Purpose: to present facts or ideas TIP! Look for these key terms in the assignment:
explain, describe, report, narrate
Example
During the 1960s, research indicated the dangers How to get started:
of the insecticide DDT. It killed insects but also • Determine the topic you will write about.
had long-term effects. When birds and fish ate • Write a topic sentence that tells the main idea.
poisoned insects, DDT built up in their fatty tissue. • List all the ideas you can think of that are
The poison also showed up in human beings who
related to the topic.
ate birds and fish contaminated by DDT.
• Arrange the ideas in logical order.
Writing to Persuade
Purpose: to influence someone TIP! Look for these key terms in the assignment:
convince, argue, request
Example
Teaching computer skills in the classroom uses How to get started:
time that could be spent teaching students how to • Make sure you understand the problem or
think for themselves or how to interact with others. issue clearly.
Students who can reason well, express themselves • Determine your position.
clearly, and get along with other people will be
• List evidence to support your arguments.
better prepared for life than those who can use
a computer. • Predict opposing views.
• List evidence you can use to overcome the
opposing arguments.
Writing to Provide Historical Interpretations

Purpose: to present the perspective of someone TIP! Look for these key terms in the assignment: go
in a different era back in time, create, suppose that, if you were
Example How to get started:
The crossing took a week, but the steamship voyage • Study the events or issues of the time period
was hard. We were cramped in steerage with hun- you will write about.
dreds of others. At last we saw the huge statue of • Consider how these events or issues might
the lady with the torch. In the reception center, my
have affected different people at the time.
mother held my hand while the doctor examined
me. Then, my father showed our papers to the • Choose a person whose views you would like
official, and we collected our bags. I was scared as to present.
we headed off to find a home in our new country. • Identify the thoughts and feelings this person
might have experienced.

RESEARCH FOR WRITING
Follow each step of the writing process to communicate effectively.
After you have identified the purpose for your writing, you may need to do
research. The following steps will help you plan, gather, organize, and present
information.
Step 1. Ask Questions

Ask yourself questions to help guide your research. What do I already know about the topic?
What do I want to find out about the topic?
Step 2. Acquire Information

Locate and use appropriate sources of information Library
about the topic. Internet search
Interviews
Take notes. Follow accepted format for listing sources.
Step 3. Analyze Information

Evaluate the information you find. Is it relevant to the topic?
Is it up-to-date?
Is it accurate?
Is the writer an authority on the topic?
Is there any bias?
Step 4. Use Information

Answer your research questions with the Do I have all the information I need?
information you have found. (You may find that
you need to do more research.)
Organize your information into the main points Arrange ideas in outline form or in a graphic
you want to make. Identify supporting details. organizer.
Step 5. Communicate What You’ve Learned

Review the purpose for your writing and choose Purpose Presentation
an appropriate way to present the information. inform formal paper, documentary,
multimedia
persuade essay, letter to the editor, speech
interpret journal, newspaper account, drama
Draft and revise your writing, and then evaluate it. Use a rubric for self-evaluation.

EVALUATING YOUR WRITING
Use the following rubric to help you evaluate your writing.
Excellent Good Acceptable Unacceptable
Purpose Achieves Informs, Reader cannot Lacks purpose

purpose—to persuades, or easily tell if the
inform, per- provides purpose is to
suade, or pro- historical inform, per-
vide historical interpretation suade, or pro-
interpretation— reasonably well vide historical
very well interpretation
Organization Develops ideas Presents ideas Reader has Lacks

in a very clear in a reasonably difficulty fol- organization
and logical way well-organized lowing the
way organization
Elaboration Explains all Explains most Includes some Lacks support-

ideas with facts ideas with facts supporting facts ing details
and details and details and details
Use of Uses excellent Uses good Includes some Includes many

Language vocabulary and vocabulary and errors in errors in
sentence sentence grammar, grammar,
structure with structure with punctuation, punctuation,
no errors in very few errors and spelling and spelling
spelling, in spelling,
grammar, or grammar, or
punctuation punctuation

CHAPTER
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Government and the State 1
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, fill in the answers to the following questions.
1. What are the four characteristics of a state?
population
a. __________________________________________________________________
territory
b. __________________________________________________________________
sovereignty
c. __________________________________________________________________
government
d. __________________________________________________________________
2. What are the four theories of the origins of a state?
force theory
a. __________________________________________________________________
evolutionary theory
b. __________________________________________________________________
divine right theory
c. __________________________________________________________________
social contract theory
d. __________________________________________________________________
3. What are six purposes of the American system of government?
form a more perfect union
a. __________________________________________________________________
establish justice
b. __________________________________________________________________
insure domestic tranquility
c. __________________________________________________________________
provide for the common defense
d. __________________________________________________________________
promote the general welfare
e. __________________________________________________________________
secure the blessings of liberty
f. __________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms

Define the following terms. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
4. government the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies
5. public policy something the government decides to do about a certain issue
6. legislative power the power to make laws
7. executive power the power to enforce and administer laws
8. judicial power the power to interpret laws and settle disputes
9. constitution a body of fundamental laws that sets out the principles, structures, and processes of government
10. dictatorship government in which those who rule are not responsible to the will of the people
11. democracy government in which power rests with the people
12. state a body of people living in a defined area which has a government and the power to make and enforce laws
without the consent of a higher authority
13. sovereign having supreme and absolute power
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 1 17

CHAPTER
1 Forms of Government
A. As You Read
Use the chart below to compare the democratic form of government to the dictatorship form of
government.
Democracy Dictatorship
Sovereign power 1. the people 2. the dictator or oligarch
is held by:
Those who rule are 3. the people 4. themselves

responsible to:
Power is gained by: 5. elections 6. force

Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each
blank.
Column I Column II
h
_____ 7. a government in which a single person holds a. unitary government
unlimited power b. federal government
d
_____ 8. a government in which the executive and legislative c. confederation
branches are separate and coequal d. presidential government
e. parliamentary
b
_____ 9. a government in which power is divided between a
government
central government and other local governments
f. division of powers

g
_____ 10. a government in which a small, usually self-appointed, g. oligarchy
group has the power to rule h. autocracy
a
_____ 11. a government in which all power belongs to a central
agency
c
_____ 12. an alliance of independent states
f
_____ 13. structuring a government so that power is shared by a
central and several local governments
e
_____ 14. a government in which members of the executive branch
are also members of the legislative branch and are subject
to the legislature’s direct control
18 Chapter 1 Guided Reading and Review

CHAPTER
Basic Concepts of Democracy 1
A. As You Read
On the chart below, write the five basic concepts of democracy and write a sentence describing each.
1. 2.
fundamental worth of the equality of all persons: Everyone is
individual: Each individual is entitled to equal opportunity and
a distinct, important being. equality under the law.
The Basic Concepts

of Democracy
3. 4.
majority rule and minority rights:
Democracy expects that the necessity of compromise:
majority will be right more often Compromise is the process needed
than it will be wrong, but its rule is to achieve majority agreement.
still restrained by minority rights.
5.
individual freedom: Individuals

are as free as the welfare of all

individuals can allow.

Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Possible answers below
6. Explain the significance of the term compromise as it relates to problem-solving in a
democratic society. In a democratic society, people must blend, adjust, and reconcile competing views to find
the solution most acceptable to the largest number.
7. What are the four factors underlying the free enterprise system? private ownership, individual
initiative, profit, and competition
8. How does the law of supply and demand operate? When supplies become plentiful, demand and prices
tend to drop; when supplies become scarce, demand and prices tend to rise.
9. What is a mixed economy? A mixed economy combines private enterprise with government regulation and
participation.

CHAPTER
2 Our Political Beginnings
A. As You Read
As you read the section, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
See answers below
Basic Concepts of Government
1. What is ordered government?
2. What is limited government?
3. What is representative government?
Landmark English Documents

4. How did the Magna Carta affect English government?
5. How did the Petition of Right affect English government?
6. How did the English Bill of Rights affect English government?
Government in the Colonies

7. How were royal colonies governed?
8. How were proprietary colonies governed?
9. How were charter colonies governed?

Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II.
Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I Column II
d
_____ 10. written grant of authority from the king to a. limited government
establish a colony b. representative government
a
_____ 11. government that is not all-powerful c. Magna Carta

e
_____ 12. consisting of two houses, as in a legislature d. charter
b
_____ 13. government that serves the will of the people e. bicameral
_____
c 14. document written in 1215 limiting the power f. unicameral
of the English monarchy
Possible answers to questions 1–9

1. Ordered government is the orderly regulation of people’s relationships with one another.
2. Limited government is the idea that government is not all-powerful.
3. Representative government is the idea that government serves the will of the people.
4. The Magna Carta introduced trial by jury and due process of law, and limited the king’s power.
5. The Petition of Right stipulated that political critics could not be imprisoned or punished without a jury trial, martial
law could not be imposed during peacetime, troops could not be quartered without homeowners’ consent, and taxes
could not be levied without the consent of Parliament.
6. The English Bill of Rights elevated the Parliament in English government by requiring its permission to maintain a
standing army in peacetime, to suspend or execute laws, and to levy money for the use of the Crown. The bill also
guaranteed fair trials, freedom from excessive bail, and freedom from cruel and unusual punishment.
7. Royal colonies were subject to the direct control of the crown through a governor and a bicameral legislature.
8. Proprietary colonies were owned by private citizens who appointed governors aided by legislatures; these colonies were
still subject to English law.
9. Charter colonies were self-governing under the terms of original charters granted by the monarch; these colonies
elected their own bicameral legislatures and governors, who served with approval of the king.

CHAPTER
The Coming of Independence 2
A. As You Read
The dates on the chart below indicate important developments and events related to American
independence. As you read Section 2, fill in the chart by writing a brief description of the signifi-
cance of each date listed.
Year/Date Description of Event

1. 1643 New England Confederation is formed.
William Penn attempts, but fails, to organize colonies to cooperate in trade, defense,
2. 1696 and criminal matters.
3. 1754 Albany Plan of Union is proposed.
4. 1765 Stamp Act is passed and Stamp Act Congress is convened.
5. 1770, March 5 Boston Massacre
6. 1772 Committees of Correspondence are first organized.
7. 1773, December 16 Boston Tea Party
8. 1774, Spring Parliament passes the Intolerable Acts.
9. 1774, September 5 First Continental Congress convenes.
10. 1775, April 19 Revolution begins at Lexington and Concord.
11. 1775, May 10 Second Continental Congress convenes.
12. 1776, June 7 Richard Henry Lee proposes U.S. independence.
13. 1776, July 2 Congress passes Lee’s independence resolution.

14. 1776, July 4 Declaration of Independence is adopted.
15. 1781, March 1 Articles of Confederation go into effect.

Define the following key terms.
representatives
16. delegates__________________________________________________________________________
the joining of several groups for a common purpose

17. confederation _____________________________________________________________________
recall
18. repeal ____________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
2 The Critical Period
A. As You Read
As you read Section 3, answer the questions below on a separate piece of paper or in the space
provided.
The Articles of Confederation

1. Describe the structure of the government set up by the Articles of Confederation.
Congress was unicameral and was the only branch of government. Congressional committees would handle executive and
judiciary functions. Congress would choose the president of the legislature (not the same as the President of the U.S.)
Fill in the chart below with the 10 powers granted to Congress under the Articles.
Congressional Powers Under the Articles of Confederation

make war and peace
2.____________________________________ establish post offices
7.____________________________________
send and receive ambassadors
3.____________________________________ build navy
8.____________________________________
make treaties
4.____________________________________ raise army by asking States for troops
9.____________________________________
borrow money
5.____________________________________ 10. fix uniform standards of weights and measures
__________________________________
set up monetary system
6.____________________________________ 11. settle disputes among States
__________________________________
treat citizens equally; give full faith and credit to acts,

12. What obligations did States have to one another? records, and judicial proceedings; surrender fugitives;
permit open trade and travel; submit disputes to Congress for settlement
13. What obligations did States have to citizens?
to protect life and property; to promote the general welfare of people
14. What powers did Congress not have?
the power to tax, the power to regulate trade between the States, and the power to exercise its own laws
The Critical Period, the 1780s

15. What government action took place in response to Shays’ Rebellion?
The Massachusetts legislature passed laws that eased the burden of debtors.
A Need for Stronger Government

16. What was the goal of the Constitutional Convention?
to revise the Articles of Confederation to better suit the needs of the U.S.

formal approval
17. ratification ________________________________________________________________________
chief of an organization or group

18. presiding officer ___________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
Creating the Constitution 2
A. As You Read
The chart below outlines the initial plans for a constitution and the “bundle of compromises” that
resulted from the various plans. As you read Section 4, complete the chart by filling in the boxes
provided.
Plan Type of States

Provisions
or Compromise That Benefited
three separate branches, bicameral
legislature, representation based on
1. population or wealth of State, lower 2. large States and wealthy
Virginia Plan house popularly elected, upper house States
chosen by States, veto power over
State laws, Congress chooses executive
and judiciary, veto power of executive
and judiciary over Congress
unicameral legislature, States equally

3. represented, limited power to tax and 4. small States
regulate trade, more than one executive
New Jersey Plan chosen by legislature, State governors
could remove executive, judiciary
appointed by executive
Connecticut 5. bicameral Congress with membership in 6. all States

House based on population and in
Compromise Senate based on equal numbers for
each State
In northern States both taxes and

Three-Fifths 7. representation were based on
population; Southerners could add
8. southern States for
population count, northern
three-fifths of the enslaved toward States for taxation
Compromise representation, but they also had to
count them toward taxes owed to the
National Government.
Commerce and 9. Congress was forbidden to tax exports 10. southern States
Slave Trade and to pass laws against slave trade
for at least 20 years.
Compromise
11. Name a group whose interests seem to have been ignored, or even harmed, by the
enslaved African Americans
compromises that created the Constitution. ____________________________________

On a separate sheet of paper, use the key term below in a sentence
that shows the meaning of the term.
12. Framers Sentences should indicate that Framers were delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, and authors of
the Constitution.

CHAPTER
2 Ratifying the Constitution
A. As You Read
As you read the section, fill in the following outline by writing supporting details in the form of
answers to questions 1–5.
The Fight for Ratification

1. What were the positions of each side toward ratification?
Federalists favored ratification of the Constitution.
a. Federalists: __________________________________________
Anti-Federalists opposed its ratification.
b. Anti-Federalists: ______________________________________
2. What were the five issues involved in the ratification debate?

the weakness of the National Government under the Articles
of Confederation versus the strength of the one proposed by the Constitution
a. ______________________________________
the ratification process itself
b. ______________________________________
absence of mention of God in the Constitution
c. ______________________________________
denial to States of the right to print money
d. ______________________________________
lack of a bill of rights
e. ______________________________________
3. On what two States did the success or failure of ratification depend?

Virginia
____________________________ New York
and ________________________
Inaugurating the Government

New York City
4. Where was the first national capital located? ____________________________

5. Who became the new nation’s first President and Vice President?
George Washington
a. President: _________________________________________
John Adams
b. Vice President: ______________________________________

Identify the following people as either a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist. On the spaces provided,
write an A for Anti-Federalist or an F for Federalist.
6. James Madison F
_____
7. Patrick Henry A
_____
F
8. Alexander Hamilton _____

CHAPTER
The Six Basic Principles 3
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, fill in a description of each of the six basic principles of the Constitution,
shown in the chart below.
Principle Description
Popular Sovereignty 1. government by the consent of the governed
Limited Government 2. Government is not all-powerful; it may do only what people empower it to do.
Separation of Powers 3. distribution of power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches
Checks and Balances 4. Each branch is subject to a number of constitutional checks, or restraints,
by the other branches.
Judicial Review 5. The Court has the power to determine the constitutionality of government actions.
Federalism 6. division of power among a central government and several regional governments

Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.
7. The idea that government and its officers are always subject to— never above—the law is
rule of law
described as the ________________________________.
constitutionalism
8. The principle of ________________________________ expresses the concept that
government must be conducted according to constitutional principles.
9. Judicial review is the power to declare a government action that violates some provision of
unconstitutional
the Constitution to be ________________________________.
Preamble
10. The ________________ is the brief introduction that begins the Constitution.

CHAPTER
3 Formal Amendment
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, answer the following questions.
Formal Amendment Process

1. What are the two steps involved in the first method of amending the Constitution?
Proposed by Congress by a two-thirds vote in both houses.
a. __________________________________________________________________
Ratified by three-fourths of the State legislatures.
b. __________________________________________________________________
2. What are the two steps involved in the second method of amending the Constitution?
Proposed by Congress by a two-thirds vote in both houses.
a. __________________________________________________________________
Ratified by special conventions in three-fourths of the States.
b. __________________________________________________________________
3. What are the two steps involved in the third method of amending the Constitution?
Proposed at a national convention when requested by two-thirds of the State legislatures.
a. __________________________________________________________________
Ratified by three-fourths of the State legislatures.
b. __________________________________________________________________
4. What are the two steps involved in the fourth method of amending the Constitution?
Proposed at a national convention.
a. __________________________________________________________________
Ratified by special conventions held in three-fourths of the States.
b. __________________________________________________________________
The 27 Amendments
5. What is the Bill of Rights? the first ten amendments, setting out constitutional guarantees of
__________________________________________________
freedom of expression and belief, of freedom and security of the person, and of fair and equal treatment
before the law

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and
6. Which amendments were results of the Civil War? ______________________________
Fifteenth Amendments
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Use each key term below in a sentence that reflects the meaning of the term. Possible sentences below
The Constitution can only be changed by amendments.
7. amendment ________________________________________________________________
A formal amendment results in a written change to the Constitution.
8. formal amendment __________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
Informal Procedures 3
As You Read
As you read Section 3, complete the chart below by writing a brief definition of each method of
constitutional change shown, and by giving an example of each.
Basic Legislation Executive Action

passage of laws
1. Definition: ______________ using the President’s
3. Definition: _______________
that refine or define the Constitution
____________________________ power to act independently of Congress
____________________________
establishing court
2. Example: ________________ expanding President’s
4. Example: ________________
war powers; making pacts with foreign
system
_______________ leaders_______________
without consent of the Senate
Constitutional
Change
Court Decisions Party Practices

using court cases
5. Definition: ______________ 9. Definition: ______________
using practices
of political parties to change
to interpret the Constitution
____________________________ ______________________________
political processes
Marbury v. Madison
6. Example: _______________ nominating
10. Example: _______________
presidential candidates at
and judicial review
_______________ national conventions
______________
Custom
7. Definition: _______________
upholding long-held
customs as constitutional necessity
_____________________________
making executive
8. Example: _________________
department heads the
President’s Cabinet
_______________

a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states
11. treaty ____________________________________________________________
a pact made by the President directly with the head of a foreign state, skirting the
12. executive agreement ______________________________________________________________
need for Senate approval
the Senate’s rejection of a presidential appointment when that appointment is opposed
13. senatorial courtesy ________________________________________________________________
by a majority party senator from the State in which the appointee would serve

CHAPTER
4 Federalism: The Division of Power
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, write N in the first box provided if the power given belongs ONLY to the
National Government, S if it belongs ONLY to the States, or B if it belongs to both. In the second
box, write whether any power belonging to the National Government is an example of an
expressed, implied, or inherent power.
National (N),
Power State (S), or Expressed, Implied, or Inherent
Both(B)
1. collect taxes B expressed
2. build an interstate highway system N implied
3. regulate immigration N inherent
4. license doctors S
5. make treaties N expressed
6. maintain armed forces N expressed
7. declare war N expressed
8. deport alien N inherent
9. prohibit racial discrimination

N implied
in access to restaurants
10. set up public school systems S
11. punish crimes B implied

12. coin money N expressed
13. regulate the sale of liquor S
14. regulate interstate commerce N expressed

15. A system of government in which powers are divided between a central government and
federalism
several regional governments is called ________________________________.
reserved
16. The ________________________________ powers are those set aside for the States.
division of powers
17. The ________________________________ between the National Government and the
States was spelled out in the Bill of Rights.

CHAPTER
The National Government and the 50 States 4
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, answer the following questions on the lines provided.
The Nation’s Obligations to the States

representative government
1. A republican form of government is ______________________________.
2. Three obligations the Constitution places on the National Government for the benefit of the
to protect against invasion and domestic violence
States are: a. ________________________________________________
to guarantee every State a representative government
b. ________________________________________________
to recognize the boundaries and physical existence of each State
c. ________________________________________________
Admitting New States

3. A congressional act directing a territory that wants to become a State to frame a proposed State
an enabling act
constitution is called ___________________________________________.
an act of admission
4. A congressional law that agrees to grant statehood is _____________________________
________________________________________________.
Cooperative Federalism
5. The general term for federal money or resources granted to States or local governments is
grants-in-aid programs
___________________________.
6. An example of a way that States aid the National Government is ___________________ Answers should refer to state and
________________________________________________________.
local election officials conducting national elections; state courts supervising naturalization process; and local police
cooperating with the F.B.I.

Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II.

Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I Column II
b
_____ 7. federal money granted to a State for a specific purpose a. revenue sharing
d
_____ 8. federal money given to States or other local governments
b. categorical grant
with fewer-than-usual strings attached
a
_____ 9. federal aid program in place from 1972–1987 in which c. project grant
Congress gave a share of federal tax revenue to the States d. block grant
c
_____ 10. federal money given to private agencies, States, or local
governments that apply for it

CHAPTER
4 Interstate Relations
A. As You Read
The chart below will help you organize information on interstate relations. As you read Section 3,
write the answer for each question in the spaces provided.
Interstate Relations
1. Interstate Compacts Why might States feel the need to form compacts with other States?
to achieve together what one State might have difficulty doing alone
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Full Faith and Credit What are three areas in which States give full faith and credit to
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings
citizens of other States? _______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
the legal process by which a fugitive from justice in one State is

3. Extradition What is extradition? _______________________________________________
returned to that State from another
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Privileges and Immunities What is an example of a reasonable discrimination a State

A State may charge a nonresident higher fees for
may exercise against a citizen of another State? ___________________________________
fishing or hunting licenses or to attend a State university.
____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Define the following terms in the space provided.
an agreement made between two or more States

5. interstate compact _________________________________________________________
A State must respect and recognize the validity of records,
documents, and civil court decisions in other States.
6. Full Faith and Credit Clause ________________________________________________
No State can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own residents
and people who live in other States.
7. Privileges and Immunities Clause_____________________________________________

CHAPTER
Parties and What They Do 5
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, write the correct answers in the blanks provided on the chart below.
Functions of Political Parties

Function Description Explanation
nominating
1. ________________ selecting candidates The activity that sets political
parties apart from other political
groups
Informing and Inform people and activate their Parties share this function with
activating supporters interests in public affairs. media
2. _____________________ and
interest
3. __________________ groups.
Bonding agent Tries to choose candidates who After candidates are elected, the
qualified
are 4. _____________________ party prods them to do well or
and of good character. election
suffer in the next 5. ____________
Governing legislative
Helps 6. ___________________ Most appointments to executive
and executive branches work branch are made on basis of
together. partisanship
7. _________________, or
allegiance to a political party.
watchdog
8. ________________ out of power
Party that is 9. ______________ The loyal opposition urges votes to
___________________________ “throw the rascals out”

10. __________________________
criticizes the party that controls _____________________________
the government.

political parties can be defined as groups of persons who join together because they want
11. All _____________
to gain control of the government through winning elections.
partisanship
12. Allegiance to a political party is known as _____________________.
parties
13. In the United States, the major ______________ are the Democrats and the Republicans.
party in power
14. The party that controls the executive branch is known as the _____________________.

CHAPTER
5 The Two-Party System
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, fill in the blanks below explaining how each factor contributes to the
stability of the two-party system in the United States. Possible answers below
The Republic began with two parties: Federalists and Anti-Federalists.

1. Historical Basis: __________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Once established, the two-party system continues because of tradition and a reluctance to
2. Tradition: ______________________________________________________________________
support minor parties.
________________________________________________________________________________
Single-member districts discourage voters from “wasting” votes on minor party

3. Electoral System: ________________________________________________________________
candidates. Election laws are designed to discourage minor parties.
________________________________________________________________________________
Because Americans agree on fundamental issues, the conditions that could produce
4. Ideological Consensus: ____________________________________________________________
several strong rival parties do not exist.
________________________________________________________________________________

Define the following terms.
one of the less widely supported parties in the United States

5. minor party______________________________________________________________________
6. two-party system political system in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning office
________________________________________________________________
7. single-member district election district in which only one candidate is elected to each office on the ballot
____________________________________________________________
the largest number of votes cast for an office (contrasted with majority, which is more than half of all
8. plurality votes cast)
________________________________________________________________________

9. pluralistic society a________________________________________________________________
society that consists of several distinct cultures and groups
a general agreement on fundamental matters among various groups

10. consensus ______________________________________________________________________
a system with several major parties and many smaller parties

11. multiparty ______________________________________________________________________
under dictatorship, a system in which only one party is allowed; or in another sense, an area
12. one-party system in which one party dominates regional politics
________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
The Two-Party System in American History 5
A. As You Read
On a separate sheet of paper, draw a chart like the one shown. Fill in the chart as you read Section 3.
Period of Supporters Leaders

Dominance (if any)
Federalists 1. strong before 1800 2. the rich and well-born 3. Hamilton
Jeffersonian 4. 1800–1820s 5. common people 6. Jefferson, Madison

Republicans
Jacksonian 7. 1820s–1830s 8. small farmers, debtors, 9. Andrew Jackson

Democrats slaveowners, pioneers
Whigs 10. 1830s–1850s, never 11. bankers, merchants, 12. Clay, Webster, Harrison,
dominant industrialists, planters Taylor
Republicans 13. 1860–1932 14. business and financial 15. Lincoln, Taft,
interests, labor, farmers, T. Roosevelt, McKinley,
African Americans Frémont
Post-Civil War 16. never dominant outside 17. the South 18. Bryan, Wilson
Democrats the South
the South, small

New Deal 19. 1932–1968 20. farmers, organized labor, 21. FDR, Truman, Kennedy,
Democrats big-city political organi- Johnson
zations, minorities
On a separate sheet of paper, describe the major issues for each of the following periods.
22. Era of the Democrats, 1800–1860 conflict over public lands, Second Bank of the United States, high
tariffs, slavery
23. Era of the Republicans, 1860–1932 Civil War, Reconstruction, Great Depression
24. Return of the Democrats, 1932–1968 Great Depression, New Deal, World War II, Kennedy assassination

On a separate sheet of paper define the following terms.
25. incumbent the person currently holding office
26. faction groups that dissent
27. electorate the people eligible to vote
28. sectionalism devotion to the interests of a particular region

CHAPTER
5 The Minor Parties
A. As You Read
As you read Section 4, define and give examples of the four types of minor parties on the
chart below. Possible answers below
Definition Examples
Ideological Parties 1. those based on a particular set of beliefs 2. any of the following: Communist party,
and having a comprehensive view of social, Socialist party, Socialist Labor party,
economic, and political matters Socialist Workers party, Libertarian party
Single-Issue Parties 3. parties that focus on a single public 4. any of the following: American (“Know-
policy issue Nothing”) party, Free Soil party, Right-
to-Life party
Economic Protest 5. parties that protest economic hard times, 6. Greenback party, Populist party
Parties blaming perceived enemies and proclaiming
disgust with the major parties
any of the following: Progressive “Bull
Splinter Parties 7. parties that split away from one of the 8. Moose” party, Progressive party (1924),
major parties Progressive party (1948), American
Independent party, “Dixiecrat” party
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

9. What tends to happen to single-issue parties? They fade away, or their policies are adopted by one of
the major parties
10. Which type of minor party has been most successful in winning votes? splinter parties
11. Which type of minor party has been the longest lived? ideological parties
12. What useful functions have minor parties performed in American history? They have drawn
attention to problems ignored by the major parties, and they have played “spoiler roles” in close elections.

Decide whether each of the following theoretical parties is an example of an ideological party, a

single-issue party, an economic protest party, or a splinter party. Write the correct term in the blank
provided.
single-issue party 13.
______________ The “Free Choice” party is formed by people intent on legalizing the use of
marijuana for medical purposes.
splinter party
______________ 14. A group of Democrats, dissatisfied with the party’s moderate nominee,
decides to form a new “People’s Rights” party to back their more liberal
leader, Henry J. Smith.
economic protest
party
______________ 15. A group of angry Midwestern farmers and laborers forms the “Working
People’s” party, calling for higher tariffs, higher farm subsidies, and
congressional term limitations.
ideological party 16.
______________ The “Socialist Justice” party calls for a complete overhaul of the American
political, economic, and legal systems.
single-issue party 17.
______________ The “Equity” party works for an end to affirmative action programs.

CHAPTER
Party Organization 5
A. As You Read
As you read Section 5, complete the chart below by supplying the missing information in the
blanks provided.
National Party Machinery
Mechanism Term or when it Role

takes place
every fourth year, the
National Convention 1. ________________ nominates candidates for President and Vice
2. ______________________________________
summer before
________________
presidential election President; adopts party rules and platform
______________________________________
National Committee between conventions

3. ________________ mainly prepares for the next national convention
4. ______________________________________
________________ ______________________________________
for a four-year term

National Chairperson 5. ________________ leads national committee, directs party headquarters,
6. ______________________________________
________________ works to strengthen the party
______________________________________
Congressional two years, during a

7. ________________ works to reelect incumbents and to unseat the other
8. ______________________________________
Campaign term of Congress
________________ party’s incumbents in each house
______________________________________
federalism
9. Two factors that contribute to the decentralization of parties are _____________________
nominating powers
and ________________________________________.
10. The party out of power operates at a disadvantage because it has no leader comparable to
the President
_____________________________.
11. In recent years, there has been a sharp rise in the number of voters who identify themselves
independents
as __________________________.

On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms.
12. ward unit into which a city is divided for electing city council members
13. precinct the smallest unit of election administration
14. split-ticket voting voting for candidates of different parties at the same election

CHAPTER
6 The Right to Vote
A. As You Read
The chart below illustrates the expansion of suffrage. As you read Section 1, fill in the boxes provided
by describing the portion of the American population that was qualified to vote at the time given.
1. white male property owners; about 1/15 of white males

____________________________________
the Constitution 1789
almost all adult white males

2. ______________________________________________
dropped religious & property qualifications 1850
all adult males, including African Americans (but this was not enforced)
3. ______________________________________________________
15th Amendment 1870
all adult men and women (but African Americans largely disenfranchised)
4. ________________________________________________________________
19th Amendment 1920
all adult men and women, including African Americans

5. ________________________________________________________________________
Civil Rights Movement 1960s
all men and women over 18

6. ________________________________________________________________________________
26th Amendment 1971
Write the correct term in the blank provided.

to vote
During the last two hundred years, Americans have broadened the right (7.) ______________ by

religious
eliminating barriers based on (8.) _______________ property
belief, (9.) _______________ ownership,
tax
(10.) _______________ sex
payment, race, and (11.) _______________. At the same time, the
Federal
(12.) ______________ Government has assumed a greater role in deciding who can vote and how
elections should be run.

blank. You may use two terms to answer one question.
Column II
Column I
a. electorate
b, c 13. the right to vote
_____
b. franchise
a
_____ 14. the potential voting population
c. suffrage

CHAPTER
Voter Qualifications 6
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, answer the following questions in the space provided.
yes
1. According to the Constitution, can aliens vote? ______________________________________
2. Do any State governments today allow aliens to vote? no
________________________________
3. What are the two reasons that States adopted residency requirements?
to prevent the importing of enough people to fix the outcome of an election
a. ______________________________________________________________________________
to ensure that voters have time to inform themselves about candidates and issues
b. ______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the longest period of residence that any State today requires before permitting new
residents to vote? 50 days
________________________________________________________________
5. What is the oldest minimum age a State can set for voters? 18
____________________________
6. What kinds of information are voters usually asked to give when they register to vote? ____
name, age, place of birth, present address, length of residence
________________________________________________________________________________
7. a. Why do some people argue that voter registration ought to be abolished? Some
______________
say it is a bar
to voter turnout among the poor and less educated.
b. Why do others believe registration is important? __________________________________
Some argue that it is a necessary defense against fraud.
________________________________________________________________________________
8. What were the three provisions of the Motor Voter Law? registration during driver’s license
______________________________
application or renewal; registration by mail; registration forms available at many government offices
________________________________________________________________________________
9. Why were literacy tests abolished? They were used to discriminate against people based on their race.
__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. In what region of the country was the poll tax once used? Why was it abolished? __________
in the South; because it was used to discourage African Americans from voting
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
11. What groups of persons are widely barred from voting? people in mental hospitals, those who are
________________________________
legally found to be mentally incompetent, and those convicted of serious crimes
________________________________________________________________________________

Literacy
12. ______________________________ is the ability to read or write.
poll tax
13. A __________________________ was a sum of money that had to be paid by the voter at the
time he or she cast a ballot.
Registration
14. _____________________________ is a procedure for voter identification.
purge
15. Election officials are regularly supposed to ____________ poll books
their ____________________ of the
names of those who no longer meet voting requirements.
transients
16. Most States prohibit _________________, people who live there for a short time, from being
considered legal residents.

CHAPTER
6 Suffrage and Civil Rights
A. As You Read
As you read Section 3, complete the paragraphs below by writing the correct answers in the blanks
provided.
THE 15TH AMENDMENT was ratified in THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 forbade
1870
(1.) ___________. It states that no citizen can discriminatory (10.) registration or literacy
______________
be denied suffrage on the basis of requirements. It relied heavily on the use of
race
(2.) ___________, color, or previous court
the (11.) ________________ system to
servitude
condition of (3.) ___________. Although this overcome racial discrimination.
amendment was intended to enfranchise Its shortcomings became clear when Martin
African American men, in fact it was not
(4.) ______________ King, Jr.
Luther (12.) ___________ organized a voter
enforced for almost 100 years. registration drive in the city of (13.)
Selma, Alabama
_____________________. Efforts to register
African-American voters were met with
violent opposition.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 set up the
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and gave the
(5.) _______________________
attorney general the right to seek federal THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 attacked
court orders
(6.) ______________ to prevent actions that poll
the use of the (14.) ______________ tax and
interfered with the voting rights of qualified literacy
(15.) ______________ tests. It authorized the
citizens. voting examiners in any
appointment of (16.) ______________
State or county in which less than (17.)
half
___________ of the electorate had been reg-
voted
istered or (18.) _____________ in the 1964
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960 provided for
voting referees
the appointment of federal (7.) ___________ elections. In 1975 the law was extended to
_____________. Their duty was to make sure cover States and counties in which more
five
than (19.) ___________ percent of the adult
that qualified citizens were allowed to (8.)
register
______________ vote
and (9.) ______________ in population belongs to the following groups:
(language minorities): Hispanics, Native
(20.) _________________________________

federal elections.
Americans, Asian Americans, Alaskan natives
______________________________________

Write the correct definition for each of the following terms on a separate sheet of paper and tell
why they were important.
21. gerrymandering drawing lines of electoral districts that limit the voting strength of a particular group or party
22. injunction court order that either compels or restrains an act by an individual
23. preclearance approval given before an action is taken

CHAPTER
Voter Behavior 6
A. As You Read
As you read the section, fill in the answers to the questions below. Possible answers below
1. What type of election years have the highest voter turnout? presidential election years
______________________________
2. What is “ballot fatigue”? Voters lose their patience and/or knowledge as they work their way down a ballot.
__________________________________________________________
3. What is the largest group of “cannot-voters”? resident aliens
________________________________________
4. Why do some nonvoters deliberately choose to not vote? They
________________________________
think that their votes will not have an
effect on government.
______________________________________________________
The news media predicts election winners when the polls in the East and Midwest
5. What is “time-zone fallout”? ______________________________________________________
close, resulting in lower voter turnout in the West where the polls are still open.
6. What is the chief reason that most nonvoters do not vote? lack of interest
______________________________
______________________________________________________
7. How do each of these factors affect the likelihood of whether people do or do not vote?
a. level of income: People with higher incomes are more likely to vote than people with lower incomes.
________________________________________________________________
b. occupation: People with higher status occupations are more likely to vote.
____________________________________________________________________
c. education: Better-educated people are more likely to vote than those with less education.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
d. age: People under 35 are less likely to vote than older people.
__________________________________________________________________________
e. gender: Women are more likely to vote than men.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
People with a strong party identification are more likely to vote than people with a weak
f. party identification: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
party identification.
Fill in the characteristics in the chart below to compare some factors that influence whether people
are more likely to vote Democrat or Republican.
Democrat Republican
Income/Occupation 8. lower status, lower income 9. higher status, higher income
Education 10. less educated 11. more educated

Gender/Age 12. women/younger 13. men/older
Religion 14. Catholics, Jews 15. Protestants
Ethnicity 16. African American, other nonwhites, 17. Whites, Cuban Latinos
Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans
Geography 18. many southern states and big cities 19. Maine, Vermont, Kansas, Nebraska,
North Dakota, South Dakota; suburbs

Answers can be found on the following
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. Student Edition pages:
20. off-year election 23. gender gap 26. split-ticket voting
p. 164 p. 169 p. 171
21. political efficacy 24. party identification 27. independents
p. 166 p. 171 p. 171
22. political socialization 25. straight-ticket voting
p. 168 p. 171

CHAPTER
7 The Nominating Process
A. As You Read
Complete the chart below as you read Section 1. For each nominating method, write when it came
into use and the procedure for nominating candidates.
Nominating Method How it Works

Self-Announcement 1. candidate (or a friend) announces intention to run for office
Caucus 2. like-minded influential people (later, Congress members of the same party)
gather to decide whom they will support in an election
Convention 3. elected delegates select their party’s nominees
Direct Primary 4. party members vote for candidates for their party
Closed Primary 5. only declared party members vote for candidates for their party
Open Primary 6. qualified voters, independent or of either party, vote for a party’s candidates
Petition 7. eligible voters sign petitions in support of a particular candidate

It narrows
8. Why is the nominating process particularly important in a two-party system? voters’ choices

9. What are some popular criticisms of the primary process? Lack of anonymity, “bedsheet” ballots,
expense, restriction to one party
Read the statements below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write
F. Then rewrite the statement on a separate sheet of paper to make it true.
T
_____ 10. Nomination means the naming of candidates who will seek office.
F
_____ 11. During the early national period, major-party presidential candidates were nominated
by State legislatures.
F
_____ 12. In a blanket primary, voters can nominate a Democratic and a Republican candidate
for each office.
F
_____ 13. In States that require nominees to win a plurality of the popular vote, runoff primaries
are sometimes needed.
T
_____ 14. In a nonpartisan election, candidates are not identified by party.

CHAPTER
Elections 7
A. As You Read
1. Write a brief paragraph summarizing the information given under the heading “The
Administration of Elections.” See answer below
Complete the chart below as you read Section 2. For each method of voting given, write its major
features and any advantages or disadvantages of the methods.
Method of Voting Features Advantages/Disadvantages

Some thought this was the only
Voice Voting 2. Voters state their votes aloud. 3. “manly” way to vote, but with the
expansion of suffrage, it led to
corrupt practices.
Voters themselves and later, Corruption and intimidation were
Early Paper Ballots 4. political parties, printed their own 5. still problems because different
ballots. color ballots revealed how each
person voted.
printed at public expense, lists
Australian Ballot 6. names of all candidates, given out 7. greatly reduced corruption and
only at the polls, marked in secret intimidation
encourages voters to make

Office–Group Ballot 8. Names of candidates are grouped 9. separate judgments for each
by office in random order. office
Party–Column Ballot 10. lists each party’s candidates in a 11. It is an advantage for candidates
because it encourages voters to
column under the party’s name vote a straight-party ticket.
Voters receive a ballot in the mail, It is cost effective and raises

Vote by Mail 12. make their selections, and mail 13. voter turnout, but some critics
the ballot to the precinct. worry about fraud and pressure
on voters to vote a certain way.
Supporters say it is efficient and
Online Voting 14. Voters cast their ballots on the 15. promotes voter turnout;
Internet. opponents worry about fraud and

technical problems.

16. absentee voting voting by mail by those unable to go to the polling place
17. coattail effect occurs when a strong candidate at the top of the ticket helps attract voters to other
candidates on the party’s ticket
18. precinct a voting district, usually limited in size to an area where there are no more than 500 to 1,000 qualified voters
19. polling place the location within each precinct where voters go to cast their ballots
20. ballot the device by which voters cast their votes
Possible answer to question #1
1. Answers will vary. The following points should be mentioned: Our complex election laws and procedures are aimed at
ensuring that elections will be free, honest, and accurate. Most election law is left to the States, but the Federal
Government imposes some restrictions, requiring the use of the secret ballot, regulating campaign finance, etc. Most
States hold elections for State office at the same time as the general elections. In most States, the disabled, members
of the armed forces, and those who will be away on election day can vote by way of absentee ballot. In some States, voters
can cast ballots several days before the election.
CHAPTER
7 Money and Elections
A. As You Read Possible answers below

Fill in the spaces below to organize information about money and the election process. Under each
main idea, write three supporting details from Section 3.
Main Idea A: Candidates spend a great deal of money on political campaigns.

1. The presidential election eats up by far the largest share of campaign dollars.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. The costs of congressional campaigns keep growing.
____________________________________________________________________________
Television accounts for the largest share of spending, with other money spent on radio, managers and consultants,
3. newspaper advertisements, office rent, polls, mass mailings, travel, and many other things.
____________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea B: Private donors come in many different shapes and sizes.
4. Small contributors give money to candidates they believe in.
____________________________________________________________________________
5. Wealthy persons and families make large contributions in order to buy influence.
____________________________________________________________________________
6. candidates themselves, their families, and friends
____________________________________________________________________________
7. nonparty groups, such as PACs and temporary fund-raising groups
____________________________________________________________________________
8. temporary organizations formed for the specific campaign
____________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea C: Laws that the Federal Election Commission (FEC) enforces cover four areas.
9. the timely disclosure of campaign finance data
____________________________________________________________________________
limits on campaign contributions
10. ____________________________________________________________________________
limits on campaign expenditures
11. ____________________________________________________________________________

public funding for parts of the presidential election process
12. ____________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea D: There are three major loopholes in campaign finance laws.
Soft money contributions can easily be filtered into presidential and congressional campaigns.
13. ____________________________________________________________________________
An independent group or person can spend money on a campaign not connected to a party. These groups use
the money in efforts against candidates.
14. ____________________________________________________________________________
Campaign money can be spent on issue ads that plug a candidate’s viewpoint without mentioning the
candidate’s name.
15. ____________________________________________________________________________
16. the political arms of special interest

B. Reviewing Key Terms groups that have a major stake in public
policy 17. a grant, usually from the
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. government 18. contributions that
bypass campaign spending laws because
16. political action committee 18. soft money they are donated to State and local
party organizations, not to candidates
17. subsidy 19. hard money 19. campaign money that is subject to
FEC regulation

CHAPTER
The Formation of Public Opinion 8
A. As You Read
Complete the chart below as you read Section 1. For each source of information given, write the
type of information that is communicated.
Factors that Shape Public Opinion

Sources Types of Information Communicated
The Family 1. basic attitudes toward authority; rules of behavior, property, neighbors, and people
of other racial and religious groups
The Schools 2. good citizenship skills and attitudes, specific knowledge about politics, and informal
learning about people with different backgrounds
The Mass Media 3. information about politics and public policy, and a platform for opinion leaders
Peer Groups 4. reinforcement of one’s existing opinions
Opinion Leaders 5. information from which people can draw ideas and convictions about politics and
public policy
Historic Events 6. information on issues arising out of or related to the events

Write the answers to questions 7 and 8 on a separate sheet of paper.

7. What does it mean to say that “many publics exists exist in the United States?”
Each public is made up of a group of people who hold the same view on a particular issue.
8. Why are family and school particularly important in shaping people’s political views?
They influence people when they are most impressionable—in childhood. All other political opinions are built from the base
created in childhood.
9. public affairs 12. peer group 9. events and issues that concern the public at large
10. the attitudes held by a significant number of people on matters
10. public opinion 13. opinion leader of government and politics
11. the means of communication that reach a wide audience
11. mass media 12. a group of people with whom one regularly associates
13. any person who, for any reason, has an unusually strong
influence on the views of others

CHAPTER
8 Measuring Public Opinion
A. As You Read
Complete the chart below as you read Section 2. Describe how each measure gauges public opinion
and how accurate a measure it is. Possible answers below
Measure How and How Well?
Elections 1. Elections are frequently interpreted as voters’ acceptance or rejection of a party
platform. In fact, voting is affected by many factors and gives only a broad
indication of public opinion.
Interest Groups 2. Interest groups pressure government officials to shape public policy in specific ways.
It is difficult to tell how many citizens support such groups and how strongly they
hold these views.
Media 3. Media are often said to “mirror” public opinion. In fact they are not accurate mirrors
because they may reflect only a vocal minority.
Personal Contracts 4. Political leaders try to gauge public opinion by addressing groups, reading mail and
telegrams, visiting home districts, and so on. But it is difficult to “read” public
opinion from such contacts.
Polls 5. Polls, especially those based on scientific polling techniques, are the best measure
of public opinion. They collect information about public opinion by asking people
questions.
List the five steps of the polling process. Give a brief description of each.
6. Step 1 Define the universe. Figure out which group should be polled.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. Step 2 Construct a sample. Random samples are drawn based on the law of probability, since in some cases, it is
__________________________________________________________________________

impossible to poll every person in a selected group.
__________________________________________________________________________
8. Step 3 Prepare valid questions. Questions should be phrased carefully. Avoid using loaded questions and
__________________________________________________________________________
questions that are worded in a way that can shape answers.
__________________________________________________________________________
9. Step 4 Conduct interviews. Whether a poll is conducted face-to-face or by mail or phone, pollsters must use
__________________________________________________________________________
proper interviewing techniques to avoid invalid results.
__________________________________________________________________________
10. Step 5 Report the poll’s findings. Computers and other electronic hardware help pollsters tabulate and
__________________________________________________________________________
interpret results.
__________________________________________________________________________
On a separate sheet of paper, use each term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term.
Answers can be found on the following Student Edition pages:
11. mandate 15. sample
p. 216 p. 218
12. interest group 16. random sample
p. 216 p. 218
13. public opinion poll 17. quota sample
p. 217 p. 219
14. straw vote
p. 217

CHAPTER
The Mass Media 8
A. As You Read
Complete the chart below as you read Section 3. List the media in order of their degree of influence
on public opinion and give examples of each. Possible answers below
Medium Examples
1. Television CBS, NBC, ABC, CNN, PBS, Fox Network
2. Newspapers New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, Wall Street
Journal, Christian Science Monitor, USA Today
3. Radio NBC, CBS, Mutual Broadcasting System, NPR
4. Magazines Time, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report, the Nation, the New Republic, the
National Review
Write the answers to questions 5–7 on the blanks provided.

5. How do the mass media help to shape the public agenda? They
_________have
_________the
______power
___________to
_____get
_______the
_______public
___________to
_____________
focus on a certain issue.
______________________________________________________
6. How has television influenced each of the following?
a. the power of political parties Television has made candidates less dependent on traditional party
______________________________________________________
organizations by allowing them to appeal directly to the public.
______________________________________________________
b. political campaigns It has made political campaigns more image conscious and less focused on complex
______________________________________________________________
policy debates.
______________________________________________________
7. What factors limit the influence of the mass media? Most people do not follow public events closely.
____________________________________
Those who do select sources of information that reflect
______________________________________________________ and support views they already hold.

8. medium a________________________________________________________________________
means of communication
9. public agenda issues that politicians and citizens agree need to be addressed
________________________________________________________
10. sound bite short, sharply focused news report that lasts 30–45 seconds
______________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
9 The Nature of Interest Groups
A. As You Read
Use the information in Section 1 to fill in the following supporting facts under each main idea.
Main Idea A: Interest groups differ from political parties in several ways. Possible answers below
1. Interest groups do not nominate candidates.
________________________________________________________________________________
Interest groups want to influence or control government policies while political parties want to control
2. government itself.
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Interest groups concentrate on one issue while political parties are interested in many issues of public concern.
________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea B: Interest groups have historically been regarded with suspicion.
the danger of uncontrolled “factions” that might pursue goals that
4. James Madison warned against conflict with the rights and interests of the community
____________________________________________________.
a balance of power so that no
5. Madison hoped to moderate the power of interest groups through ______________________
faction would become dominant
________________________________________________________________________________.
Main Idea C: Interest groups fulfill many functions in American society.

6. Interest groups help stimulate interest in public affairs.
________________________________________________________________________________
7. Interest groups represent their members on the basis of shared attitudes rather than shared geography.
________________________________________________________________________________
8. Interest groups provide specialized information to government agencies.
________________________________________________________________________________
9. Interest groups are vehicles for political participation.
________________________________________________________________________________
10. Interest groups provide additional checks and balances to the system.
________________________________________________________________________________
11. Interest groups compete with one another in the public arena.
________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea D: Interest groups also pose a number of problems for the United States.

12. Some interest groups have an influence far out of proportion to their membership.
________________________________________________________________________________
13. It
________________________________________________________________________________
is difficult to tell how many people an interest group truly represents.
14. Many interest groups do not really represent the views of all the people for whom they claim to speak.
________________________________________________________________________________
15. Some groups use unfair or illegal tactics that, if widely adopted, would undermine the political system.
________________________________________________________________________________

Define the terms listed below in the spaces provided.
An interest group is an organization whose members are linked by a common opinion. The group
16. interest group tries to persuade public officials to respond to the shared attitude of the members.
____________________________________________________________________
17. public policy all the goals the government sets and the actions it takes to reach those goals
____________________________________________________________________
issues that concern the people at large
18. public affairs ____________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
Types of Interest Groups 9
A. As You Read
1. On a separate sheet of paper, write four sentences summarizing the information given about
interest groups under the heading “An American Tradition.” Answers will vary
As you read Section 2, complete the chart below by filling in the type of interest group or examples
of the type of interest group. Possible answers below
Type of Interest Group Examples

Business Groups 2. NAM, Chamber of Commerce, United States Brewers’ Association
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Labor Groups 3. AFL-CIO, Fraternal Order of Police, International Longshore and

_____________________________________________________
Warehouse Union
_____________________________________________________
agricultural groups
4. _____________________ National Grange, American Farm Bureau,
National Farmers Union
Professional Groups 5. American Medical Association, American Bar Association, National

_____________________________________________________
Education Association
_____________________________________________________
groups that promote causes

6. _____________________ ACLU, Sierra Club, National Women’s Political Caucus
Organizations That Promote

7. _____________________ American Legion, Older Americans, Inc., NAACP
the Welfare of Certain Groups
religious organizations
8. _____________________ National Council of Churches, American Jewish Congress,
National Catholic Welfare Council
Public- Interest Groups 9. League of Women Voters, Common Cause, Public Citizen, Inc.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Match the groups in Column I with the interest group type in Column II.
Column I Column II
c
_____ 10. a group that pushes for public policies that benefit a. trade association
most or all people in the country, regardless of whether
b. labor union
they belong to or support the group
a c. public-interest group
_____ 11. an interest group for a segment of the business community
b
_____ 12. an organization of workers who work in the same type
of job or who work in the same industry

CHAPTER
9 Interest Groups at Work
A. As You Read Answers will vary for 1–9. Possible answers are listed below.
As you read Section 3, write three supporting details for each of the main ideas given.
Main Idea A: Interest groups try to influence public opinion.

1. Interest groups supply the public with information to support their interests.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Interest groups try to build positive reputations in society.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Interest groups work to persuade the public to adopt their views on policy issues.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea B: Interest groups help and make use of political parties.
4. Interest groups try to secure the support of one or both parties.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Much campaign funding comes from interest groups.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
6. Single-interest groups often campaign hard against candidates who oppose their stand on an issue.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea C: Lobbying involves many functions.

7. Lobbying is more than just working to influence legislation before it is passed.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

8. Lobbyists work to influence how strictly a law is enforced.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
9. Lobbyists also try to influence how laws are interpreted by the courts.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

On a separate sheet of paper, define each key term below and use it in a sentence.
10. propaganda a technique of persuasion aimed at influencing individual or group behavior
11. single-interest group organization that concentrates on one issue
12. lobbying all of the methods by which group pressures are brought to bear on all aspects of the public-
policy-making process
13. grass roots related to the people, the average voter

CHAPTER
The National Legislature 10
A. As You Read
The main points of Section 1 are supplied for you below in the form of questions. As you read the
section, fill in the answers to the questions.
Two Houses of Congress

The British
1. What is the historical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? __________
Parliament and most colonial legislatures were bicameral.
__________________________________________________________________________
Bicameralism
2. What is a practical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? ____________
settled the conflict between the Virginia and New Jersey plans of 1787 and reflected American federalism.
__________________________________________________________________________
Bicameralism
3. What is a theoretical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? __________
allows each house to act as a check and balance on the other.
__________________________________________________________________________
Terms and Sessions

4. What is a term of Congress? the length of time elected officials serve after being elected
________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. What is a session of Congress? the regular period of time during which Congress performs
______________________________________________
legislative work
__________________________________________________________________________
two
6. How many sessions are there in a term of Congress? ____________________________

to suspend a session until the next session

7. adjourn ____________________________________________________________________
a meeting of Congress called by the President to deal with some pressing issue
8. special session ______________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
10 The House of Representatives
A. As You Read
Using information from this section, complete the chart below, which shows data related to the
House of Representatives.
Characteristics
Description
of House
1. Size 435 seats
2. Terms two years
3. Date of election Tuesday following first Monday in November of each even-numbered year
Characteristics
Qualifications
of Its Members
4. Age at least 25 years
5. Length of citizenship at least seven years
6. Residence inhabitant of State from which chosen

Define the following terms
Gerrymandering is drawing congressional districts to the advantage of the party in power.

7. gerrymandering ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Reapportionment is redistributing the seats in the House of Representatives in keeping with
the latest census.
8. reapportionment ________________________________________________________
An off-year election is an election for Congress in a year without a presidential election.

9. off-year election ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
The Senate 10
A. As You Read
Using information from this section, compare data about the Senate with data about the House by
filling in the blanks in the chart below.
The Congress
Characteristic House Senate
Size 435 100
1. _______________________
Term Length 2 years 6 years

2. _______________________
Date of Elections Tuesday following first Tuesday following first Monday

3. _______________________
Monday in November of in November of each even-
_______________________
each even-numbered year numbered year
_______________________
Qualifications
Age At least 25 years at least 30 years
4. _______________________
Length of Citizenship At least 7 years at least 9 years

5. _______________________
Residence Inhabitant of the State inhabitant of State from which

6. _______________________
chosen
How Chosen
Originally By voters in district by State legislatures
7. _______________________
Today By voters in district by voters in the State

8. _______________________

continuous body
9. The Senate is a _______________, that is, all of its seats are never up for election
at the same time.
Constituencies
10. _______________ are the people and interests the senators represent.

CHAPTER
10 The Members of Congress
A. As You Read
As you read Section 4, answer the questions below on the roles played by members of Congress
and the compensation and privileges of the job.
Roles Played by a Member of Congress

makes laws
1. Legislator: What does a legislator do? ________________________________________________
2. Committee member: What do members do as part of a congressional committee? __________
evaluate bills, perform oversight function

__________________________________________________________________________________
decides issues on merit alone,

3. Trustee: How does a member of Congress act as a trustee? ______________________________
regardless of the views of constituents or other groups

__________________________________________________________________________________
acts as the constituents’ agents,

4. Delegate: How does a member of Congress act as a delegate? ____________________________
regardless of personal beliefs

__________________________________________________________________________________
votes in line with wishes of party

5. Partisan: How does a member of Congress act as a partisan? ____________________________
platform and leaders

__________________________________________________________________________________
combines roles of trustee, delegate,

6. Politico: How does a member of Congress act as a politico? ______________________________
and partisan and acts as a “practical” politician

__________________________________________________________________________________
Compensation and Privileges

7. Salary: What is the current salary of a member of Congress? $141,300
____________________________
8. Nonsalary compensation: What are some fringe benefits for members of Congress? __________
tax deductions, travel allowances, low-cost health insurance, pension plan, money for offices and staffs, franking privilege
__________________________________________________________________________________
Members of Congress
9. Privileges: To what does the phrase “cloak of legislative immunity” refer? __________________
are immune from arrest for misdemeanors during congressional sessions and may not be sued for libel.
__________________________________________________________________________________

the people of a legislator’s State or district
10. constituency _____________________________________________________________________
congressional duty to see that the agencies in the executive branch are working effectively
11. oversight function ________________________________________________________________
and according to legal policies

CHAPTER
The Scope of Congressional Powers 11
A. As You Read
Compare the concepts of strict and liberal constructionism by completing the chart below.
Construction of the Constitution

Strict Liberal
Definition narrow, literal interpretation of the

1. _________________________ broad interpretation of the
2. _________________________
Constitution Constitution
Major proponent Jefferson

3. _________________________ Hamilton
4. _________________________
Attitude toward 5. use only when necessary to carry out

_________________________ use often and energetically
6. _________________________
implied powers expressed powers
Attitude toward should be restrained and limited,

7. _________________________ 8. should be strong and allowed to grow
_________________________
national power except for defense
Attitude toward should remain strong and keep

9. _________________________ should be restrained
10. ________________________
State power most power

11. The Constitution gives powers to the Congress in three ways:

expressed
a. through the _________________________, or clearly stated, powers,
implied
b. through the _________________________, powers (powers deducted from
the clearly stated powers),
inherent
c. through the _________________________powers, those possessed by all
sovereign states.

CHAPTER
11 The Expressed Powers of Money and Commerce
A. As You Read
Complete the chart below showing the major powers granted to Congress by the Constitution in
the areas of money and commerce.
Congress’s Constitutional Powers of Money and Commerce

Power Allows Congress to...
Taxation lay and collect taxes to pay debts and provide for common defense and
1. ________________________________________________________
general welfare
________________________________________________________
Borrowing borrow money to finance projects

2. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Commerce regulate interstate and foreign trade

3. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Currency coin money and regulate its value

4. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Bankruptcy establish uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies

5. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________


charge levied by government on persons or property to meet government needs
6. tax __________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
tax paid by one party and passed on to another
7. indirect tax ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
spending more than is taken in and borrowing to make up the difference
8. deficit financing ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
all the money government borrowed over the years that is not yet repaid
9. public debt ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
money that must be accepted in payment of a debt
10. legal tender ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
the legal proceeding in which the court distributes people’s assets among their creditors
11. bankruptcy ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
Other Expressed Powers 11
A. As You Read
Fill in the supporting points in the outline below in the form of answers to the questions.
Foreign Relations Powers

1. Which parts of the National Government share the power in the field of foreign affairs? ______
Congress and the President
__________________________________________________________________________________
the President
2. Which part is primarily responsible for conducting foreign relations? ______________________
The States have no role because they are
3. What is the role of the States in foreign affairs and why? _________________________________
not sovereign powers.
__________________________________________________________________________________
War Powers
Congress
4. Who has the power to declare war? ___________________________________________________
Congress has the power to restrict use of U.S.
5. What did the War Powers Resolution of 1973 state? _____________________________________
forces in combat areas that are not in a state of war.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Other Expressed Powers

the postal power
6. What power gives Congress the right to make laws regulating mailing? _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the role of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in fulfilling an expressed
It maintains the standard of weights and measures.
power? ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Judicial Powers
8. The Constitution specifically mentions the following four kinds of federal crimes:
counterfeiting
a. __________________________________
piracy and felonies on the high seas
b. __________________________________
offenses against law of nations
c. __________________________________
treason
d. __________________________________
9. Which part of the National Government has the expressed power of creating and providing for
Congress
the organization of federal courts?_____________________________________________________

Naturalization
10. _________________________ is the process of making non-citizens into citizens.
copyright
11. A _______________________ protects the right of an author over original writings.
patent
12. A _______________________ protects an inventor’s rights to inventions.
Eminent domain
13. _________________________ is the right of a government to take private property for public use.

CHAPTER
11 The Implied Powers
A. As You Read
Complete the following time line by inserting the correct events described in Section 4 in the spaces
indicated. Then answer the questions that follow.
1. 1790 3. 1816 5. 1819

Hamilton recommended Congress created The Supreme Court ruled
Congress establish a
______________________ a second national bank
______________________ the Constitution need not expressly
______________________
national bank
______________________ ______________________ empower Congress to create a bank,
______________________
______________________ ______________________ supporting implied powers
______________________
2. 1791 4. 1818
Congress set up first Maryland placed a tax on
national bank
______________________ all notes issued by banks doing
______________________
______________________ business in the State but not
______________________
______________________ chartered by the State legislature
______________________

6. Explain why the Necessary and Proper Clause has often been called the Elastic Clause.
______________________________________________________________________
The clause has been used to stretch the meaning of the Constitution to meet the needs of the
______________________________________________________________________
American people.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
7. Why does Congress have the power to appropriate funds for various purposes? ________
______________________________________________________________________
The Necessary and Proper clause allows for implied powers.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
The Nonlegislative Powers 11
A. As You Read
On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions as you read Section 5.
Possible answers below
Constitutional Amendments
1. What are two ways Congress may propose an amendment to the Constitution?
2. What are some current issues that many Americans have thought worthy of
constitutional amendment? 1. by two-thirds vote in each house or by calling a national convention at the
request of two-thirds of the State legislatures
2. prayer in public schools, abortion, school busing, requiring a balanced
Electoral Duties budget, prohibiting flag burning, term limits
3. What electoral duty does the House have? 3. If the electoral college cannot choose a President by
majority vote, the House must choose.
4. What electoral duty does the Senate have? 4. If the electoral college cannot choose a Vice President
by majority vote, the Senate must choose.
Impeachment
5. What role does the House have in the impeachment process? 5. It has the sole power to vote
articles of impeachment.
6. What role does the Senate have in the impeachment process? 6. It has the sole power to try the
defendant based on the charges
contained in the articles of
Executive Powers impeachment passed by the House.
7. What are the two executive powers possessed by the Senate?
8. What is “senatorial courtesy”? 7. The Senate must confirm major appointments of the President and
confirm treaties entered into by the President.
8. The Senate will turn down a presidential appointment of a federal
Investigatory Powers officer to serve in a particular State if the appointment is opposed
by a senator of the President’s party who is from the State involved.
9. What is the usual forum for congressional investigations? 9. congressional committees and
subcommittees
10. What are some reasons for congressional investigations? 10. gather information, oversee
operations of executive agencies,
expose questionable activities by public
officials, and promote the interests of
B. Reviewing Key Terms some members of Congress
Complete the sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.
try an impeached President,

11. It is the Senate, not the House, which has sole power to _______________
Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States.
censure
12. Congress may _____________________ someone by issuing a formal condemnation of the
individual’s actions.

CHAPTER
12 Congress Organizes
A. As You Read
Complete the graphic organizer below showing the organization of the House of Representatives
and the Senate. Fill in the presiding officers that are missing from the organizer and code each box,
using the key provided, to indicate whether each officer is a party officer, an official presiding offi-
cer, or both.
House
Presiding Officer and Party Leader
Speaker of the House

1. ____________________________________________________________
Party Officers
Majority Floor Leader

2. _________________________ Minority Floor Leader
3. _________________________
Majority Whip
4. _________________________ Minority Whip
5. _________________________
Senate
Presiding Officers
President of the Senate

6. _________________________ President Pro Tempore
7. _________________________
Party Officers

Majority Floor Leader
8. _________________________ Minority Floor Leader
9. _________________________
Majority Whip
10. _________________________ Minority Whip
11. _________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms 12. He or she presides and maintains order, recognizes speakers,
interprets rules, refers bills to committees, puts questions to a
Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. vote, decides the outcome of most votes,
names members to all committees, and
12. What are the functions of the Speaker of the House? signs all bills and resolutions.
13. The president of the Senate is the pre-
13. What are the functions of the president of the Senate? siding officer of the Senate and recognizes
speakers, puts ques-
14. What are the functions of the floor leaders and their whips in both houses? tions to a vote, and
may only vote to break a tie. The Vice President fills this post. 14. The leaders devise legislative strategies, carry out
decisions of party caucuses, and steer floor action. By virtue of his or her majority position, the majority leader plans
the order of business on the floor. The whips assist the leaders by advising them and organizing votes on each issue.
CHAPTER
Committees in Congress 12
A. As You Read
Complete the graphic organizer below by answering the questions about congressional committees.
Standing Committees Select Committees
1. What is a standing committee? ________

a permanent 4. What is a select committee?____________
a temporary
group of either the House or Senate to consider bills
____________________________________
in specific subjects ____________________________________
panel set up for some specific purpose
2. What are the committees’ functions? Select
5. What does a select committee do? ______
Standing committees investigate, evaluate, and sift committees investigate some current matter for
____________________________________
through proposed bills. ____________________________________
possible new laws or for special issues.
3. Give 3 examples of such committees. 6. Give 2 examples of a select committee
Possible answers: House Ways and Means; Senate House Select Committee to
from 1987.__________________________
____________________________________
Finance; House National Security. See chart on Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran;
____________________________________
____________________________________
Student Edition p. 330 for a list of other possible Senate Select Committee on Secret Military
____________________________________
____________________________________
answers. Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition
____________________________________
Types of Congressional Committees
Joint Committees Conference Committees
a committee
7. What is a joint committee? ____________ 10. What is a conference committee? ______
composed of members from both houses

____________________________________ A conference committee is temporary and composed
____________________________________
8. What does a joint committee do? investi-
______ of members of both houses.
____________________________________
gates and issues reports; deals with issues common
____________________________________
to both houses; some have routine duties ____________________________________
9. Give 3 examples of a joint committee. 11. What does a conference committee do?
Joint Economic Committee, Joint Committee
____________________________________ irons out differences between similar bills in the
____________________________________
on Printing, Joint Committee on the Library
____________________________________ House and Senate and produces compromise bills
____________________________________
of Congress
____________________________________ ____________________________________

Answer the question below on a separate sheet of paper.
12. How does the House Rules Committee act as a “traffic cop” in the lower house? It manages
the flow of bills for action by the full House and grants rules, or schedules for consideration, to bills as they emerge
from committees.

CHAPTER
12 How a Bill Becomes a Law: The House
A. As You Read
Fill in the information below by writing the answers in the blanks provided.
the executive branch, pressure groups, and private citizens.
1. Most bills are introduced in Congress by ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
a proposed law.
2. A bill is __________________________________________________________________________
a matter that concerns either house alone.
3. A resolution deals with ____________________________________________________________
it has the force of law.
4. A joint resolution is like a bill because ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
matters in which both houses must act jointly without the force of law.
5. A concurrent resolution deals with __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
numbers and names the bill and enters it into the House Journal and
6. At a first reading of a bill, the clerk __________________________________________________
the Congressional Record.
__________________________________________________________________________________
report it favorably; refuse to report it;
7. Five courses of action a committee may take on a bill are:________________________________
report it in amended form; report it unfavorably; or report a substitute bill written by the committee.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
voice votes, standing votes, teller votes, and roll-call votes.
8. Four types of votes in the House are: ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
it is placed on the Senate president’s desk.
9. After a bill has been passed and signed by the Speaker, __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

10. rider a provision that is attached to a measure that is likely to pass
__________________________________________________________________________
the portion of the full membership that must be present in order to do business
11. quorum ________________________________________________________________________
matters in which the Senate and the House must act jointly
12. concurrent resolution______________________________________________________________
a move that forces a committee to present a bill for consideration to the House
13. discharge petition ________________________________________________________________
all the members of the House sitting as one large committee
14. Committee of the Whole __________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
The Bill in the Senate 12
A. As You Read
Fill in the blanks on the flowchart below that outlines the movements of a bill through the Senate.
1. Bill 2. Bill Majority Floor

3.__________ 4. Senators
introduced, referred to Leader
____________ may use the
given number committee
___________. calls bill to filibuster
____________
and title, read debate on to prevent a
two
_____times. floor. vote on a bill.
5. The Senate 6. If the 7. The 8. The bill is 9. The Con

votes on the House passes conference sent to the stitution gi
bill; if it a different committee President
___________. the Preside
passes the bill version of the works out a four
__________
goes to the bill, aconfer- compromise
____________ options.
House
___________. ence committee
____________ version of the
is formed. bill.

cloture
10. The Senate is reluctant to use ___________________ to limit debate.
filibuster
11. In practice, just the threat of a _______________, an attempt to “talk a bill to death,”
can result in the Senate’s failure to consider certain bills.
12. By not acting on a bill sent by Congress within 10 days of adjourning, the President
pocket veto
performs a ________________ .
veto
13. The President may _______________ a bill sent to him by Congress by refusing to sign it.

CHAPTER
13 The President’s Job Description
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, fill in a brief description for each of the roles of the President given below.
Formal Qualifications for President
1. Age at least 35
2. Citizenship must have been born a U.S. citizen
3. U. S. residence must have lived in United States at least 14 years
Term and Compensation
4. Maximum term length maximum 10 years (2 full terms plus no more than 2 years)
5. Annual salary $400,000
6. Annual expenses $50,000

Match the descriptions in Column 1 with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each
blank.
Column I Column II

b
_____ 7. chief of state a. proposes laws to Congress
h
_____ 8. chief executive b. ceremonial head of government
d
_____ 9. chief administrator c. represents the American people
e
_____ 10. chief diplomat d. heads the federal bureaucracy
g
_____ 11. commander in chief e. determines foreign policy
a
_____ 12. chief legislator f. leads his or her political party
f
_____ 13. chief of party g. commands the armed forces
c
_____ 14. chief citizen h. sees that the nation’s laws are carried out

CHAPTER
Presidential Succession and the Vice Presidency 13
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, use the chart below to write the correct order of succession to the presidency.
The Order of Succession to the Presidency
1. Vice President
______________________________________________
2. Speaker of the House

______________________________________________
3. president pro tempore of the Senate

______________________________________________
4. secretary of state
______________________________________________
5. secretary of the treasury

______________________________________________
Answer the following questions in the blanks provided. Possible answers below
6. How does the Constitution provide for situations in which the President is disabled? The
________
Twenty-
fifth Amendment states that the Vice President may temporarily assume duties of the presidency if the President
so requests or if the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet inform Congress that such a move is necessary.
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. What duties are given to the Vice President by the Constitution? __________________________
The Vice President’s constitutional duties are to preside over the Senate and to help decide presidential disability.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Vice Presidents are usually chosen to “balance the ticket,”
8. How are Vice Presidents usually selected? ______________________________________________
thus improving the presidential candidate’s chances of winning the election.
__________________________________________________________________________________
The Twenty-fifth Amendment states that the
9. How can a vacancy in the vice presidency be filled?______________________________________
President nominates a new Vice President and that nomination must be confirmed by a majority vote of both houses.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Write the definition of each term in the blank provided.
the order in which lesser officials take over the duties of the presidency in case
10. presidential succession ____________________________________________________________
those above them die, resign, or are removed from office
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
presidential candidate chooses a running mate who can strengthen his or her chance of
11. balance the ticket__________________________________________________________________
being elected by virtue of ideological, geographic, racial, ethnic, gender, or other characteristics
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
13 Presidential Selection: The Framers’ Plan
A. As You Read
As you read Section 3, answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What were three methods of presidential election discussed by the Framers? ____________
election by Congress, popular vote, and electoral college

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How did the Framers arrange for the electors to choose the President and Vice President?
They would meet in their States, each casting votes for two different presidential candidates. The person who won
the largest number of votes would be President; the runner-up, Vice President.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Why did the Framers choose this method of electing the President? What kind of person did
Framers did not want either congressional or popular election of the President.
They expected electors to be respectable, well-informed citizens.
they envision as an elector? ______________________________________________________
Parties nominated not only

4. How did the rise of political parties affect the electoral college? ______________________
presidential and vice-presidential candidates, but also candidates for the electoral college. It was understood
that these electors would not be free agents but were pledged to vote for their parties’ ticket.
______________________________________________________________________________
The election of 1800

5. How did the election of 1800 lead to passage of the 12th Amendment? ________________
ended in a tie between the two candidates of the Democratic-Republican party, Jefferson and Burr. Though the
party clearly meant for Jefferson to be President, the election went through 36 ballots in the House before he was
______________________________________________________________________________
elected. The Twelfth Amendment ensured that this would never happen again by requiring electors to designate
which vote was cast for President and which for Vice President.

Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. Possible answers below
Today, presidential electors are pledged to vote for their parties’ candidates.
6. presidential electors ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
The Framers designed the electoral college in order to ensure that the President would be
7. electoral college ________________________________________________________________
elected by knowledgeable people.
______________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
Presidential Nominations 13
A. As You Read
Complete the outline below by filling in the blanks to complete the sentences.
The Role of Conventions

congressional caucus
1. From 1800 to 1824, presidential candidates were chosen by ____________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
national convention
2. In 1832, that system was replaced by the ____________________________________________.
3. Today, the Democratic and Republican parties allot each State a number of party delegates
its past voter support for party candidates
based on the State’s electoral vote and ______________________________________________.
4. The procedure for selecting delegates in a primary is governed by State laws and/or ________
party rules
________________________________________________________________________________.
Presidential Primaries
choose delegates to the national
conventions
5. A State’s presidential primary may either be a process to ________________________ or to
express preferences for presidential candidates
indicate ____________________________.
proportional representation
6. Winner-take-all primaries have nearly disappeared in favor of __________________________.
caucuses
7. The few States that do not hold primaries choose delegates in ________________________ and
conventions
________________________________________________________________________________.
The National Convention

platform
8. The _________________________ is the statement of a party’s basic principles.
keynote address
9. The _________________________ is the speech that is usually given on the first day of a
convention.
Who Is Nominated?
incumbent
10. An ____________________________ President who wants to run again is usually nominated.
11. The greatest number of people who have been nominated for President have previously served
State governors
as __________________________.

a popular vote to either (a) elect some or all of a State’s delegates to a national
12. presidential primary ______________________________________________________________
party convention and/or (b) express a preference among the various contenders for a party’s nomination
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
allowing a State’s delegates to cast votes in proportion to his or her share
13. proportional representation ________________________________________________________
of the State’s primary vote
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
13 The Election
A. As You Read
Using information from Section 5, complete the chart below, which shows different plans for
electing the President.
Actual or Proposed System How it Works Flaws

Voters in each State vote for The winner of the national popular
Electoral College 1. electors for a party’s presidential 2. vote may not win the electoral vote;
and vice presidential candidates, electors may break their pledges
and each State’s votes are to vote for the candidates; if there
awarded on a winner-take-all basis. is no majority, the House decides.
Two electors are chosen from each
District Plan 3. State at large and cast votes in 4. The winner of the popular vote may
accordance with statewide popular not win the electoral vote.
vote. All other delegates are
elected separately from State’s
congressional districts.
Proportional Plan 5. Candidates would receive the same 6. The election may not produce a
percentage of a State’s electoral clear winner, and third parties
vote as he or she receives in the would gain power.
State’s popular vote.
Direct Popular Election 7. The electoral college would be 8. It requires a Constitutional

amendment, would weaken
scrapped and the President and
Vice President would be elected by federalism, small States would
direct popular vote. oppose it, and it might not
produce a clear winner.
Electoral votes allotted State by
National Bonus Plan 9. State, on winner-take-all basis; 10. This plan is not well known or
national pool of 102 electoral votes understood.
awarded to winner of popular vote.
In a tie, run-off between two top con-
tenders in popular vote.
11. In which three elections of the past has the winner of the popular vote failed to win the
1824
electoral vote for the presidency? _______________ 1876
_______________ 1888
_______________

Define the following key term.
the mass of people who actually cast votes
12. electorate ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
The Growth of Presidential Power 14
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, complete the sentences below.
Article II
Executive Article
1. Article II is known as the _________________________________ because it establishes
the presidency.
2. Article II establishes the following presidential powers:
a. command the armed forces
_____________________________________________________
b. make treaties
_____________________________________________________
c. approve or veto acts of Congress
_____________________________________________________
d. send and receive diplomatic representatives
_____________________________________________________
e. grant pardons and reprieves
_____________________________________________________
f. see that the laws are faithfully executed
_____________________________________________________
3. Beginning at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, there has been a struggle between those
strong presidency
who want a ________________________ weak presidency (in either order)
and those who want a __________________________.
Why Presidential Power Has Grown

strong presidency
4. Throughout American history, those who want a _______________________________
have usually prevailed.
5. One reason for the growth of presidential power has been the nation’s increasingly
social and economic life
complex ____________________________________________________.
decisive action in times of national emergency
6. The frequent need for ___________________________________________________ has
also strengthened presidential power.
Congress
7. Even ___________________ has strengthened the presidency by passing laws that added
to the activities of the executive branch.
The Presidential View

stewardship
8. Some strong, effective Presidents have stated the _______________________ theory,
which takes a broad view of their powers.
9. Critics of strong presidential power compare the President to an emperor, calling a
imperial presidency
strong presidency a(n) _____________________________________.

Define the following key term on the lines provided.
10. mass media means of communicating with people, such as the press, radio, television, and the Internet
____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
14 The President’s Executive Powers
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, use the chart below to indicate whether the power is implied or expressed
and to describe each executive power shown.
The Executive Powers of the President

Function Implied or Gives the President Power to…
Expressed?
Executing the Law 1. expressed 2. uphold and carry out all federal laws, with some
discretion in interpreting and enforcing them
The Ordinance Power 3. implied 4. direct the administration of the executive branch;
issue orders and delegate responsibility within
the bureaucracy
The Appointment 5. expressed 6. appoint some officials on his own authority and
Power appoint other officials with the Senate’s approval
remove any person he or she has appointed, except

The Removal Power 7. implied 8. for federal judges; Congress may set limits on his
or her power to remove the heads of independent
agencies that are not purely executive agencies


Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution stipulates that the President must take the oath of
9. oath of office _____________________________________________________________________
office on the day he takes office.

________________________________________________________________________________
A President’s executive order does not need Senate approval, but has the force of law.
10. executive order ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
Diplomatic and Military Powers 14
A. As You Read
As you read Section 3, complete the outline by filling in the blanks.
The Power to Make Treaties

two or more sovereign states
1. A treaty is a formal agreement between ______________________________________________.
Senate
2. After the President negotiates a treaty, the __________________ must approve it by a
two-thirds vote.
___________
joint resolution
3. Presidents Tyler and McKinley encouraged Congress to pass a __________________ to
annex territory after the approval of a treaty had been defeated in the Senate.
Executive Agreements
a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state, or a subordinate
4. An executive agreement is __________________________________________________________.
5. One difference between an executive agreement and a treaty is that an executive agreement
Senate consent
does not require __________________________________________________________________.
The Power of Recognition

6. By exercising the power of recognition, the President acknowledges the
legal existence
______________________ of another country and its government.
guarantee
7. Prompt recognition of a country or its government may ______________ its existence.
8. Displeasure with another country’s conduct may be shown by the President’s asking for
recall of that country’s ambassador or other diplomat
__________________________________________.
9. The most serious diplomatic rebuke one nation may give another is the _____________
withdrawal of recognition
__________________________________________.
Commander in Chief
unlimited
10. The President’s powers as commander in chief are almost ______________________________.
a congressional declaration of war
11. Presidents have used the armed forces in combat abroad without ________________________.
12. A President’s power as commander in chief is greatest during __________________________.
wartime
13. Congress passed the War Powers Resolution in 1973 to limit the President’s war-making
the war in Vietnam
powers in response to ____________________________________________________________.
14. The constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution remains in dispute
__________________________.

Define the following term.
an unwelcome person; when referring to a diplomat, it means a person who is
15. persona non grata unwelcome in the country to which he or she has been posted
______________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
14 Legislative and Judicial Powers
A. As You Read
As you read Section 4, complete the outline on legislative powers by writing the correct words or
phrases in the blanks.
1. Using his message power, the President regularly sends these three major messages to Congress:
the State of the Union message
a. _____________________________________________________________
b. the President’s budget message
_____________________________________________________________
the annual Economic Report
c. _____________________________________________________________
2. The President’s four options in dealing with a measure passed by Congress are:
sign the bill into law
a. _____________________________________________________________
b. veto the bill
_____________________________________________________________
not sign it, allowing it to become law
c. _____________________________________________________________
pocket veto, not sign a bill at the end of a congressional session, which does not allow
d. it to become law
_____________________________________________________________
3. Throughout history Presidents have requested the veto power to include the
line-item veto
__________________ that would allow them to cancel specific dollar amounts in spending.
special session
4. Article II, Section 3 allows the President to call Congress into ____________________________.
prorogue (adjourn)
5. No President has yet used the power to ______________________________________ Congress.

Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter
in each blank.

Column I Column II
c
_____ 6. a general pardon offered to a group of lawbreakers a. commutation
b
_____ 7. mercy or leniency given in cases involving federal offenses b. clemency
d
_____ 8. a postponement of the execution of a sentence imposed c. amnesty
by a court d. reprieve
a
_____ 9. a reduction in the severity of a sentence or fine imposed e. pardon
by a court
e
_____ 10. legal forgiveness of a crime

CHAPTER
The Federal Bureaucracy 15
A. As You Read
Fill in the outline below by answering the questions in the spaces provided.
What Is a Bureaucracy?
1. Name the three main characteristics of a bureaucracy and explain why each is important.
hierarchical authority: Makes it clear who has the power to make decisions, thus reducing conflicts
a. over authority.
____________________________________________________________________________
job specialization: Because each person has a specific job, the work is conducted more efficiently by people
b. who have gained highly specialized skills.
____________________________________________________________________________
c. formalized rules: Decisions are based on rules and standards and not by any individual’s likes or dislikes.
____________________________________________________________________________
Major Elements of the Federal Bureaucracy
The Constitution
2. How does the Constitution make reference to a federal bureaucracy? ________________
makes the President the chief administrator of the Federal Government and gives him the power to require heads
_______________________________________________________________________
of executive departments to assist in the administration of government.
3. Which two departments does the Constitution anticipate?
a. _________________________________
department for foreign affairs b. _________________________________
department for the military
The Name Game

Define the following titles of executive branch units and give one example of each unit. You may
use section content and the chart on Student Edition page 417.
refers to agencies of Cabinet rank; possible answers: Department of State, Department of Defense
4. department ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
can refer to any governmental body or to a major unit headed by a single administrator of near-
5. agency ________________________________________________________________________
Cabinet status; possible answers: Environmental Protection Agency, Central Intelligence Agency
________________________________________________________________________________
like agency, refers to a major unit headed by a single administrator of near-Cabinet status;
6. administration __________________________________________________________________
possible answers: Social Security Administration, Small Business Administration
________________________________________________________________________________
7. commission ______________________________________________________________
used for agencies charged that regulate business activities and for agencies that investigate,
revise, and report; possible answers: Federal Communications Commission, Civil Rights Commission
________________________________________________________________________________
title given to agencies that conduct business-like activities; possible answers:

8. corporation/authority ____________________________________________________________
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Tennessee Valley Authority
________________________________________________________________________________
Staff and Line Agencies

Define the following terms and give an example of each.
agencies that support the President and other administrators by offering advice and assistance;
any agency that is part of Executive Office of the President
9. staff agency ______________________________________________________________________
agencies that perform the task for which the agency exists; Environmental Protection Agency
10. line agency ______________________________________________________________________

On a separate sheet of paper, use each key term in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term.
11. bureaucrat 12. administration
11. A person who works for a bureaucracy and who has defined duties and responsibilities is known
as a bureaucrat.
12. The government’s many administrators and agencies comprise the administration, without which
policies would not be executed.

CHAPTER
15 The Executive Office of the President
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, use the chart below to organize information about the Executive Office of
the President (EOP). Describe the major function of each agency in the Executive Office shown in
boxes 1–11. Possible answers below
Executive Office Agencies Function

acts as the “nerve center” of the executive branch; houses
1. White House Executive Office key executive personnel
advises President in domestic, foreign, and military

2. National Security Council matters relating to national security
prepares federal budget that the President submits to
Congress; reports on functioning of all executive agencies;
3. Office of Management and Budget checks agency stands on legislative matters
prepares a drug-control strategy and coordinates

4. Office of National Drug Control Policy federal agencies that fight drugs
provides information and advice to the President on

5. Council of Economic Advisers nation’s economy
6. Office of Policy Development advises the President on domestic affairs

helps the President with environmental policy matters
7. Council of Environmental Equality and helps the President prepare the “state of the
environment” report
8. Office of the Vice President aids the Vice President in his duties
9. Office of the U.S. Trade Representatives advises the President in foreign trade matters

advises the President on all scientific matters that
10. Office of Science and Technology apply to national policies and programs
11. Office of Administration provides Executive Office agencies with support services

Define each of the following terms in the space provided.
a detailed estimate of the nation’s income and spending for the coming fiscal year
12. federal budget __________________________________________________________________
a 12-month period used for record-keeping, budgets, and other financial management purposes;
the Federal Government’s fiscal year is October 1–September 30
13. fiscal year ______________________________________________________________________
any matters within the United States’ borders
14. domestic affairs __________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
The Executive Departments 15
A. As You Read
As you read Section 3, fill in the answers to the questions below.
Cabinet departments
1. What is another name for the executive departments? ________________________________
2. What is the title for the heads of most executive departments? secretary
________________________
attorney general
3. What is the title for the head of the Department of Justice? ____________________________
to serve as
4. What are the two main duties of the heads of the executive departments? ________________
advisors to the President and to serve as heads of their own departments
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
15
5. How many executive departments are there today? __________________________________
6. About what percentage of employees of executive departments are career people, not political
80%
appointees? ____________________________________________________________________
7. About what percentage of employees of executive departments do not work in Washington,
90%
D.C.? __________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the role of the Cabinet? to serve as an informal advisory board to the President
__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
9. What is the process for appointing the heads of executive departments? ________________
the President appoints the heads and the Senate must confirm them
________________________________________________________________________________
It is the product of custom and usage.
10. What is the basis for the existence of the Cabinet? ____________________________________
in 1933
11. When was the first woman appointed to the Cabinet? ________________________________
12. What President appointed the greatest number of women and minority members to the
Clinton
Cabinet? ______________________________________________________________________

Define the following term in the space provided.
An executive department is a department of Cabinet rank.
13. executive department ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
15 Independent Agencies
A. As You Read
As you read Section 4, fill in the chart below describing the functions of the three types of indepen-
dent agencies, and giving at least two examples of each type of agency.
Independent Agencies
Type of Agency Functions Examples
Independent Executive 1. function much like Cabinet departments, 2. Possible examples: General Services
Agencies but without Cabinet status Administration, NASA, Federal
Election Commission
Possible examples: Federal Reserve

Independent Regulatory 3. regulate important parts of the 4. System, Federal Communications
Commissions nation’s economy Commission, Nuclear Regulatory
Commission
Government 5. carry out government’s business-like 6. U.S. Postal Service, FDIC, TVA
Corporations activities

Complete each sentence by writing the correct term or phrase in the blank provided.
7. The term independent agencies means that the agencies are not part of ____________________
Cabinet departments
__________________________________________________________________________________.
quasi-legislative
8. Independent regulatory commissions are ______________________ bodies, which means they

have the power to make rules and regulations.
deciding disputes in those fields in

9. They also have quasi-judicial powers, which they exercise by ____________________________
which Congress has given them policing authority.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________.

CHAPTER
The Civil Service 15
A. As You Read
As you read Section 5, answer the questions below about changes in the manner of choosing
federal employees.
1. How did the first Presidents choose federal officials? The first Presidents chose federal officials on
__________________________________
the basis of who was best qualified for the job, but favored those who shared their political views or belonged to the
same party.
______________________________________________________________________
Jackson fired thousands of officeholders and handed out
2. How did Jackson choose federal officials? ____________________________________________
their jobs to his own friends and supporters. Jackson believed that any person of normal intelligence was qualified to
hold any government post, so he paid no attention to choosing the best person for a job.
______________________________________________________________________
3. What government action began civil service reform and how did it work? ________________
With the passage of the Pendleton Act, the civil service system of merit hiring began to replace the spoils system.
Classified employees were hired by the Civil Service Commission on the basis of competitive examinations.
______________________________________________________________________
4. What two agencies run and oversee the civil service system today? Describe the functions of
The Office of Personnel Management recruits, hires, and trains federal employees. The Merit System
each. ____________________________________________________________________________
Protection Board polices the merit system and hears appeals from federal workers who have complaints about
______________________________________________________________________
personnel actions.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. How has the Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993 relaxed restrictions placed by
In addition to allowing federal employees to vote, the 1993 act allows them to help
the Hatch Act of 1939? ____________________________________________________________
register new voters, contribute money to parties and candidates, participate in campaigns, and hold office in a
______________________________________________________________________
political party.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

If I had known that this company used the spoils system and hired friends and supporters and
6. spoils system ____________________________________________________________________
not necessarily those most qualified for the position, I might never have applied.
________________________________________________________________________________
Andrew Jackson’s patronage practices rewarded friends and supporters with government jobs
7. patronage ______________________________________________________________________
rather than those most qualified.
________________________________________________________________________________
After taking the civil service examination, I am hoping that I will be placed on the Office of Personnel
8. register__________________________________________________________________________
Management’s register of people who have passed.
________________________________________________________________________________
The bipartisan committee had an equal number of Democrats and Republicans.
9. bipartisan ______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
I am trying to decide whether to take the civil service exam and apply for a job in the government.
10. civil service ______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
16 Taxes
A. As You Read
Write the answers to the questions below in the blanks provided.
The Power to Tax

1. What are the expressed constitutional limitations to the power to tax?
a. Taxes may be levied only for public purposes.
______________________________________________________________________________
Export taxes are prohibited.
b. ______________________________________________________________________________
Direct taxes must be equally apportioned among the States according to their populations.
c. ______________________________________________________________________________
Indirect taxes, such as duties and imposts, must be levied at the same rate throughout the country.
d. ______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the implied limitation on the power to tax State and local governments and how can
the Federal Government tax them?
a. The Federal Government may not tax State or local governments in the exercise of their governmental duties.
______________________________________________________________________________
The Federal Government may tax nongovernmental State and local activities, such as a tax on State-sold liquor.
b. ______________________________________________________________________________
Current Federal Taxes

3. What are the six types of revenue-raising taxes imposed by the Federal Government?
a. individual income tax
______________________________________________________________________________
corporation income tax
b. ______________________________________________________________________________
social insurance taxes (includes OASDI, Medicare, and unemployment compensation)
c. ______________________________________________________________________________
d. excise taxes
______________________________________________________________________________
estate and gift taxes
e. ______________________________________________________________________________
customs duties
f. ______________________________________________________________________________
Taxing for Nonrevenue Purposes

4. For what reason other than to raise revenue does Congress levy taxes and how is this power
limited?
Congress levies taxes to regulate activities deemed harmful to the public.
a. ______________________________________________________________________________
b. This power is limited by the Constitution and by the Supreme Court.
______________________________________________________________________________

Progressive taxes are
5. What is the difference between a progressive tax and a regressive tax? ____________________
levied according to level of income while regressive taxes are levied at a flat rate.
________________________________________________________________________________
Place a check mark next to each phrase that correctly pairs a type of tax with an example of that tax.
!
❒ 6. payroll tax; Medicare !10. regressive tax; Medicare
❒
!
❒ 7. excise tax; federal tax on !11. estate tax; tax on inheritance
❒
imported peanuts ❒ 12. tax return; income tax form
! 8. progressive tax; income tax
❒ ❒ 13. gift tax; tax on gifts
❒ 9. custom duty; tax on tobacco products worth more than $1,000

CHAPTER
Nontax Revenues and Borrowing 16
A. As You Read
Answer the following questions as you read Section 2. Possible answers below
Nontax Revenues
1. What are sources of interest that the government collects as nontax revenue? ______________
loans made by some federal agencies, canal tolls, fees for passports, copyrights, patents and trademarks
______________________________________________________________________
the profit made by the U.S. Mint; they can make money for more than its face value
2. What is seigniorage? ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. What government corporation generates nontax revenue for the government? ______________
United States Postal Service
______________________________________________________________________
Borrowing
4. For what three reasons does the government often borrow money? ____________________
It borrows money to meet
________________________________________________________________
costs of crises, to finance large projects, and to pay for deficit financing.
________________________________________________________________
The treasury issues securities to
5. Explain the process by which the government borrows money. __________________________
investors. These securities often take the form of treasury bills and the government promises to repay them with
____________________________________________________________
interest on a certain date.
____________________________________________________________
The Public Debt

6. What has been the trend of the public debt over the past 20 years? The public debt has
______________________
increased tremendously.
____________________________________________________________

7. interest a fee for borrowing money; generally a percentage of the amount borrowed
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
the yearly shortfall between income and spending; when spending is higher than income
8. deficit __________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
9. surplus the yearly excess between income and spending; when income is higher than spending the public debt
________________________________________________________________________
is reduced
________________________________________________________________________________
10. public debt the government’s total outstanding indebtedness, including all of the money borrowed and not
____________________________________________________________________
yet repaid plus the accrued interest
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
16 Spending and the Budget
A. As You Read
Complete the chart below by filling in the missing information in the blanks provided.
Federal Spending
Type of Spending Meaning Examples
Controllable 1. Congress and the President decide how

___________________________ 2. a. military equipment
_______________________
Spending much will be spent on a specific item in
___________________________ b. aid to education
_______________________
the budget.
___________________________ c. environmental protection
_______________________
Uncontrollable 3. spending that Congress and the

___________________________ 4. a. Social Security benefits
_______________________
Spending President have no power to change
___________________________ b. food stamps
_______________________
___________________________ c. Medicare
_______________________
As you read the section, fill in the answers to the questions below.
the President
5. Who initiates the spending process? ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
It serves as a plan for the execution
6. How does the federal budget serve as a political statement? ____________________________
of public policy.
________________________________________________________________________________
7. According to the chart on page 460, in what three categories has the government spent the
Social Security Administration, Department of the Treasury, Department of
most money since 1997? __________________________________________________________
Health and Human Services
________________________________________________________________________________

8. Where does the budget-making process begin? It begins with each federal agency submitting its
______________________________________
spending plans to the OMB.
________________________________________________________________________________
Congress reviews the budget with the
9. How does Congress become involved in the process? __________________________________
Congressional Budget Office, and congressional committees study it, hold hearings, change it, and prepare
appropriations bills.
________________________________________________________________________________
10. What happens if the 13 appropriations measures are not passed by the beginning of the fiscal
Congress passes a continuing resolution to allow emergency spending.
year? __________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Explain the meaning of the following term and give some examples.
any benefit that federal law says must be paid to all those who meet the eligibility requirements;
11. entitlement ______________________________________________________________________
possible examples: OASDI, Medicare, Medicaid
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
Foreign Affairs and National Security 17
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, answer the questions below in the space provided.
1. What major change took place in the United States’ relationship with the rest of the world
after World War II? These relationships shifted from isolationism to internationalism.
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is foreign policy? Foreign policy involves all of a country’s relationships—diplomatic, military,
____________________________________________________________
commercial, and other—with other countries.
________________________________________________________________________________
The State Department advises the President and
3. What is the main function of the State Department?____________________________________
formulates and conducts U.S. foreign policy.
________________________________________________________________________________
4. What does the Foreign Service do? The Foreign Service represents the United States abroad.
__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
The Framers of the Constitution believed that military power
5. Why is the military under civilian control?____________________________________________
could threaten a free government if the military were not under civilian control.
________________________________________________________________________________
the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs; army
6. Who are the chief military aides to the secretary of defense? ____________________________
chief of staff; chief of naval operations; Commandant of the Marine Corps; and air force chief of staff
________________________________________________________________________________
7. What are the three military departments? the Army, Navy, and Air Force
____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

blank.
Column I Column II
d
_____ 8. refusal to become involved in the world’s affairs a. diplomatic immunity
e
_____ 9. events that take place in one’s own country b. right of legation
b c. ambassador
_____ 10. the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives
d. isolationism
a
_____ 11. freedom of a nation’s ambassadors from the laws
e. domestic affairs
of the country to which they are accredited
f. foreign affairs
f
_____ 12. a nation’s relationship with other countries
c
_____ 13. the President’s representative to another nation

CHAPTER
17 Other Foreign and Defense Agencies
A. As You Read
Use the following chart to organize information from this section. If an acronym is used, write out
the full name of the agency on the blank provided. Then answer the questions below the chart on a
separate sheet of paper.
Organization Function
CIA to coordinate all information-gathering activities in the Federal

2. ______________________________________________
1. Central Intelligence Agency Government, analyze and evaluate the data it receives, and report
______________________________________________
the data to the President
______________________________________________
INS to deal with people who come to the United States to live and/or
4. ______________________________________________
Immigration and Naturalization
3. Service work, grant political asylum when appropriate, and naturalize
______________________________________________
new citizens
______________________________________________
NASA plans and carries out the nation’s space programs toward both
6. ______________________________________________
National Aeronautics and Space
5. Administration military and peaceful ends
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Selective Service System administers the military draft for men between 18 and 26, which
7. ______________________________________________
exists only on a standby basis today
______________________________________________

It may not conduct activities within
8. What limit has Congress imposed on the operations of the CIA? the United States.
9. Briefly describe the history of military conscription in the United States. Colonies and States often
required militia service; conscription was used in the Civil War; a national draft was first used in 1917, and was revived
during the Korean and Vietnam wars.

draft
10. When they reach the age of 18, all men must register for the ______________________, or
compulsory military service.
espionage
11. CIA operations include ______________________, or spying.
12. People suffering persecution in their own countries may come to the United States for
political asylum
______________________, or safe haven.

CHAPTER
American Foreign Policy Overview 17
A. As You Read
Using information from Section 3, complete the graphic organizer below.
Key Events in American Foreign Policy
Dates Event Result
1823 Monroe Doctrine
1. ________________ The United States stays out of European affairs
________________ and warns others to stay out of the Americas.
Early 1900s Roosevelt Corollary to

2. ________________ United States polices Latin America
the Monroe Doctrine
1899
3.__________ Open Door in China 4. promoted equal trade access to China and preservation
________________________________________
of China’s independence
1917
5.__________ U.S. enters World Intention is “to make world safe for democracy.”
War I
1941 Japan bombs United 6. United States becomes involved in World War II
________________________________________
States naval base at ________________________________________
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii ________________________________________
After World Collective security 7. Led by the United States, nations form the United Nations
________________________________________
War II with the intention of acting together to protect peace.
________________________________________
1947 Truman Doctrine

8. ______________ United States supports nations that remain free of
Soviet control.
1948–1949 Berlin Blockade

9. ______________ After Soviets try to blockade West Berlin, the
United States mounts a massive airlift to provide
supplies to West Berlin.
1950–1953 Korean War

10. ______________ UN forces, largely American, defend South Korea
against Communist North Korea.
1962
11. ________ Cuban Missile Crisis 12. After Soviets built up military weapons in Cuba, the
______________________________________
United States orders naval blockade of Cuba.
1965–1973 Vietnam War
13. ______________ United States becomes increasingly involved in a
civil war in Vietnam.
1991
14. ________ Persian Gulf War
15. ______________ United States and allies deploy troops to force
Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait.
16. an agreement among the nations of the world to act together

B. Reviewing Key Terms against any nation that threatened world peace 17. the policy of
making America and its allies so militarily strong that their very
Define the following key terms on a separate sheet of paper. strength will discourage any attack 18. a
period of more than 40 years during which the
16. collective security 18. cold war 20. détente relations between two super-
powers were tense and hostile
17. deterrence 19. containment but no military action took place 19. anti-Communist
policy followed by the United States from the mid-1940s
through the 1980s 20. a policy in which tensions
among nations is relaxed
CHAPTER
17 Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances
A. As You Read
Use the chart below to organize the information presented in the textbook on security alliances.
Name of Pact or Members Agreement

Organization
NATO 1. United States, 2. mutual defense pact—an armed attack against one is
Canada, and 17 considered an attack against all
European Nations
Rio Pact 3. United States, 4. mutual defense pact and agreement to seek peaceful
Canada, 32 Latin settlements of all disputes among member nations
American nations
ANZUS 5. Australia, New 6. regional security alliance, ensure collective security in

Zealand, United Pacific region
States
Japanese Pact 7. Japan, United 8. in return for American protection, Japan agrees to allow
States the United States to maintain land, sea, and air forces in
Japan
Philippines Pact 9. Philippines, United 10. continuing American military presence in the Philippines to
States guarantee Philippine independence (now being revised)
Korean Pact 11. South Korea, United 12. United States agrees to aid South Korea in the event of
States an invasion
On a separate sheet of paper, describe the duties of each of the United Nations organizations listed
below.
13. General Assembly of Justice 13. debates issues, makes recommendations to Security Council and other

bodies, elects officials, proposes amendments to charter, shares power to
14. Security Council admit, expel, and suspend members 14. responsible for keeping the peace;
15. Economic and Social Council can adopt measures ranging from recommendations to economic and military
sanctions 15. carries out the UN’s many economic, cultural, educational,
16. International Court of Justice health, and related programs 16. decides cases voluntarily brought to it
17. civil service, administrative chores; also, secretary-general has power to
17. Secretariat bring matters before the Security Council

foreign aid
18. Of all the regions that receive American _______________, Asia has received the greatest
economic assistance.
regional security alliance
19. The Rio Pact is an example of a _______________.
UN Security Council
20. The nonpermanent members of the __________________ are elected to two-year terms by the
General Assembly.

CHAPTER
The National Judiciary 18
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, answer the questions below.
1. What did Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution create? Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution
__________________________
created the national judiciary.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are constitutional courts? Constitutional courts, sometimes called regular courts, are federal
__________________________________________________
courts that Congress formed under Article III. They exercise broad judicial powers.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are special courts? Special courts, sometimes called legislative courts, were created to hear cases
________________________________________________________
arising under the expressed powers given to Congress in Article I. They hear a much narrower range of cases than
the constitutional courts.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Under what circumstances may federal courts hear a case? Federal courts may hear a case if it
__________________________
deals with constitutional issues or matters on U.S. waters or the high seas or if the parties in the case are U.S.
officers, one of the 50 States, a foreign government, or a citizen of another State.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the procedure for the selection of federal judges? The President appoints federal judges
____________________________
and the Senate confirms them.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the primary function of federal judges? to hear and decide cases
____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. How long are the terms of judges of constitutional courts? life
__________________________
8. How long are the terms of judges in special courts? 8–15 years, depending on the specific court
________________________________

Write the definition of each term in the left column in the box in the right column.
Term Definition
exclusive jurisdiction 9. cases that can be heard only in federal courts
concurrent jurisdiction 10. cases that can be heard either in federal or in State courts
plaintiff 11. the party that files a lawsuit
defendant 12. the party that must defend against a complaint in a lawsuit
original jurisdiction 13. the court in which a case is first heard
appellate jurisdiction 14. a court that hears a case on appeal from a lower court

CHAPTER
18 The Inferior Courts
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below to help you organize information about each type of
federal court shown.
Court Number of Number of Types of Cases

Courts Judges
1. District Court a. 94 b. 632 c. civil and criminal cases
involving federal law
2. Courts of Appeals a. 12 b. 179 c. appeals only from federal

courts and regulatory
agencies
3. Supreme Court a. 1 b. 9 c. appeals from State and fed-
eral courts and a few types of
cases with original jurisdiction
4. Court of International a. 1 b. 9 c. civil cases relating to
Trade trade and tariffs
5. Court of Appeals a. 1 b. 12 c. appeals in federal cases

for the Federal from across the country
Circuit
Answer the following questions. Possible answers below

6. On what basis is the United States divided into judicial districts? Each State forms at least one
________________________
federal judicial district, no matter what its size or population. States with larger populations are further divided.
__________________________________________________________________________________
There are also district courts in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.
__________________________________________________________________________________

7. When and why were the courts of appeals created? They were created in 1891 in order to relieve the
____________________________________
Supreme Court of much of the burden of hearing appeals because the High Court’s docket had become overwhelming.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

a case in which a defendant is tried for committing some action that has been declared by law to
8. criminal case______________________________________________________________________
be a crime
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. civil case a________________________________________________________________________
case involving a noncriminal matter, such as a dispute over terms of a contract or claims of patent
infringement
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. docket list of cases to be heard
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
The Supreme Court 18
A. As You Read
Complete each sentence by finishing it in the blank provided.
the power to decide if an act is constitutional
1. The term “judicial review” means ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
the Supreme Court
2. In the United States, the court of last resort in questions of federal law is__________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
3. The first case in which the court used its power of judicial review was Marbury v. Madison
____________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
a State
4. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases involving ______________________ or
ambassadors and other public ministers
those affecting ___________________________________________________________________.
four
5. A case is accepted if at least _________________ Court justices agree to place it on the docket.
briefs
6. When the Supreme Court accepts a case, it receives written documents called _____________
oral arguments
and hears _______________________________________________________________________.
the first Monday in October
7. The opening day of each Supreme Court term is ______________________________________.

Complete each sentence in Column I by writing the letter of the
correct term from Column II in the blank.
Column I Column II
d
_____ 8. A justice who agrees with the Opinion of the Court
a. writ of certiorari
may nonetheless decide to write a ___.
e
_____ 9. If the Chief Justice agrees with the Opinion of the b. certificate
Court, he or she decides who will write the ___. c. dissenting opinion
a
_____ 10. When the Supreme Court accepts a case for review,
d. concurring opinion
it issues a ___.
c
_____ 11. Justices who disagree with an Opinion of the Court e. majority opinion
may register their views by writing a ___.
b
_____ 12. If an inferior court wants guidance from the Supreme
Court on a particular question of law, it may issue a ___.

CHAPTER
18 The Special Courts
A. As You Read
As you read Section 4, fill in the chart below to organize information about each special court
shown.
Court Number of Term of Types of Cases

Judges Judges
hears cases in which there are
1. United States Court claims against the govern-
ment of the United States
of Federal Claims a. 16 b. 15 years c. from all over the country
hear cases like those heard in
local State courts throughout
2. Territorial Courts a. b. c. the United States
3. Court of Appeals for hears appeals of serious

the Armed Forces a. 5 b. 15 years c. court-martial convictions
hears appeals from the
decisions of the Board of
4. Court of Appeals for a. 7 b. 15 years c. Veterans Appeals in the
Department of Veterans
Veterans Claims Affairs
5. United States a. 19 b. 15 years c. hears civil cases involving

Tax Court disputes over tax laws


6. redress satisfaction of a claim
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. court-martial a______________________________________________________________________
court consisting of military officers who try cases of violation of military law by members of the
armed services
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. civilian tribunal a____________________________________________________________________

court operating as part of the judicial branch, entirely separate from the military establishment
__________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
The Unalienable Rights 19
A. As You Read
Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the appropriate words or phrases from the sec-
tion content.
protect individual rights
The Framers believed that the primary purpose of government was to (1.)___________________.
They stated this belief both in the (2.) Declaration of Independence and the (3.) ___________________.
___________________ Constitution
people wanted a guarantee
The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution because (4.) ___________________. of individual rights
limited government
This document fit well with the principle of (5.) ___________________, which states that
governments have only those powers which the people have granted to them. But even in a democ-
racy, individual rights are not unlimited. Each individual’s rights are limited by
the rights of others
(6.) ___________________. Often, the rights of individuals conflict and, when this occurs,
the courts
(7.) ___________________ may be called upon to decide which rights take precedence. For the most
citizens
part, the protections of the Bill of Rights are extended to (8.) ___________________ as well as
aliens
(9.) ___________________, but there are some rights that may be denied to
aliens
(10.) ___________________.
Answer the following question in the space provided. Possible answer below
11. How has the Supreme Court ensured that States do not deny basic rights to the people?
The Court has engaged in the process of incorporation. Through decisions in various court cases dating as far
________________________________________________________________________________
back as 1925, the Court has incorporated most Bill of Rights protections into the Due Process Clause, which
________________________________________________________________________________
essentially prevents States from depriving people of their basic rights.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

blank.
Column I Column II
c
_____ 12. the positive acts of government that seek to make a. Bill of Rights
the guarantees of the Constitution a reality for b. civil liberties
all people c. civil rights
d
_____ 13. foreign-born resident; noncitizen d. alien
f
_____ 14. inclusion of the essential Bill of Rights into the e. Due Process Clause
Due Process Clause f. process of incorporation
a
_____ 15. the first 10 amendments to the Constitution,
which guarantee certain personal freedoms to all people
e
_____ 16. part of the Constitution that prevents States from
denying people their basic rights
b
_____ 17. protections against government

CHAPTER
19 Freedom of Religion
A. As You Read
On a separate sheet of paper, write the decisions for each of the cases listed below. The cases on the
left involved an interpretation of the Establishment Clause and the cases on the right involved an
interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause. Answers can be found on the following Student Edition pages:
Establishment Clause Free Exercise Clause

1. Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 1925 12. Reynolds v. United States, 1879
2. Everson v. Board of Education, 1947 13. McGowan v. Maryland, 1961
3. Zorach v. Clauson, 1952 14. Welsh v. United States, 1970
4. Engel v. Vitale, 1962 15. Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery
5. Abington School District v. Protective Association, 1988
Schempp, 1963 16. Cantwell v. Connecticut, 1940
6. Wallace v. Jaffree, 1985 17. Sherbert v. Verner, 1963
7. Santa Fe Independent School District v. 18. West Virginia Board of Education
Doe, 2000 v. Barnette, 1943
8. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 1971 1. p. 538 10. p. 542
2. p. 538 11. p. 542
9. Lynch v. Donnelly, 1984 3. p. 538 12. p. 543
4. p. 539 13. p. 543
10. County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 1989 5. p. 539 14. p. 543
6. p. 539 15. p. 543
11. Marsh v. Chambers, 1983 7. p. 539 16. p. 543
8. p. 540 17. p. 544
9. p. 542 18. p. 544

19. Establishment Clause the part of the First Amendment that separates church and government
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
guarantees people the right to have whatever religious belief they choose
20. Free Exercise Clause ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
21. parochial church-related
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
Freedom of Speech and Press 19
A. As You Read
Use the chart to organize information about important Supreme Court rulings in cases involving
freedom of speech and press.
Case Date Ruling

Schenck v. United States 1919
1. ____________ upheld conviction of Schenck for obstructing the
2. __________________________________
war effort by sending out leaflets urging
__________________________________
drafted men to resist the draft
__________________________________
ruled that obscenity is material that (1) excites

Miller v. California 1973 lust according to an average person’s standards;
3.__________________________________
(2) deals with a form of sexual conduct specifically
__________________________________
covered in an anti-obscenity law; and (3) has no
__________________________________
literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
New York Times v. United States 1971

4. ____________ upheld the “heavy presumption” of the unconsti-
5.__________________________________
tutionality of prior restraint by allowing the New
__________________________________
York Times to publish the Pentagon Papers
__________________________________
Branzburg v. Hayes
6. ________________________________________________________________ 1972
7. ____________ held that reporters must respond to
relevant questions in a valid grand
jury investigation or a criminal trial
Burstyn v. Wilson 1952 held that expression through motion pictures

8. ________________________________________________________
is protected by the First and Fourteenth
____________________________
amendments
____________________________
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC

9. ______________________________ 1940 held that television is protected by
the First Amendment, but its protection is
very limited
Thornhill v. Alabama
10. ______________________________ 1940 struck down a law that made
picketing a place of business a crime
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting 1999

11. __________ struck down a federal law that barred casinos
12.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Association v. United States from advertising on radio or television
__________________________________
__________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Answers can be found on the following

On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. Student Edition pages:
13. libel 16. seditious speech 19. symbolic speech
p. 546 p. 547 p. 551
14. slander 17. prior restraint 20. picketing
p. 547 p. 549 p. 551
15. sedition 18. shield law
p. 547 p. 550

CHAPTER
19 Freedom of Assembly and Petition
A. As You Read
The following paragraphs summarize Section 4. As you read the section, fill in the blanks with the
missing words or phrases.
First
The (1.) _________________ Amendment guarantees the right of people to (2.) _________________, assemble
redress of grievances The (4.) _________________
peaceably and to petition government for (3.) _________________. Fourteenth
Amendment extends this protection to actions by State and local governments. However, the Court
has allowed government to place reasonable limits on these rights in the form of
time-place-manner regulations. For example, parades cannot be held near a courthouse when
(5.) _________________
intended to influence the
court is in session if they are (6.) _________________.
Court’s proceedings But government regulation of the right of
fairly administered
assembly must be precisely drawn and (7.) _________________. In addition, while government can
time, place, or manner
regulate assembly on the basis of (8.) _________________, it cannot regulate on the basis of
what is said
(9.) _________________. the demonstrators want
to influence the public
Most demonstrations take place in public places because (10.) _________________. How-
ever, the Court has held that it is permissible for the government to require demonstrators to give
advance notice
(11.) _________________ permits
and acquire (12.) _________________ before demonstrating in public
places.
In the case of Gregory v. Chicago, 1969, the Court held that demonstrators cannot be
acted peacefully
charged with disorderly conduct as long as they (13.) _________________, even if their actions lead
disorder
to (14.) _________________.
In more recent years, cases have focused on demonstrations at (15.) _________________. abortion clinics
The Court has held that local ordinances can require a buffer zone to avoid blocking access to
them.
private property
Demonstrations on (16.) _________________, such as shopping malls, are viewed differ-
ently by the Court. The Court has ruled that State supreme courts may interpret State constitutions
reasonable exercise of
in such a way as to allow (17.) _________________.
the right of petition on
private property

Define the following key terms in the space provided.
18. assemble to gather in groups
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
19. content neutral not related to what is said
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
20. guarantee of association the right to associate with others to promote causes
__________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
Due Process Law 20
A. As You Read
Use the chart below to organize information about the legitimate uses of the States’ police power.
Uses of the Police Power
States’ Duty to Protect: Examples
Health 1. laws to combat pollution, regulation of liquor and tobacco,

____________________________________________
mandatory vaccinations
____________________________________________
2. safety
__________________________ seat-belt laws, drunk driving laws, laws against
__________________________ concealed weapons
Morals 3. laws against gambling, prostitution, obscenity

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
4. general welfare
__________________________ compulsory education laws, regulation of public
__________________________ utilities, assist medically needy

Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. Then, describe a court case involving each.
See possible answers below
5. procedural due process
6. substantive due process
7. right of privacy
In the space provided, use each key term in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term.
8. police power The State uses its police power to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and
____________________________________________________________________
general welfare.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. search warrant Courts order search warrants to give police the authority to search a suspect’s house.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Answers to questions 5–7
5. The government must act fairly and in accordance with established principles in the way it takes action. In the case of
Rochin v. California, 1952, the Supreme Court found that Los Angeles deputies violated procedural due process by illegally
entering a suspect’s home, trying to force him to spit out pills, and pumping the victim’s stomach to recover the pills.
6. The laws under which the government acts must be fair. In the case of Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 1925, the Supreme
Court declared unconstitutional an Oregon law requiring children ages 8–16 to attend public schools. The substance of the
law violated due process. 7. “the right to be free, except in very limited circumstances, from unwanted governmental
intrusions into one’s privacy;” answers will vary as students can choose from several cases including Roe v. Wade, Webster
v. Reproductive Health Services, and Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
CHAPTER
20 Freedom and Security of the Person
A. As You Read
As you read the section, fill in the chart below. Write the provisions of each amendment in the first
column. In the second column, give an example of a Supreme Court ruling that was based on the
provisions of each amendment.
Amendment Provisions Examples

13th 1. Slavery and involuntary servitude are banned 2. Possible answer: In Jones v. Mayer, 1968,
in the United States. Congress has the the Court ruled that Congress has the
power to abolish “the badges and incidents power to secure the right for African
of slavery.” American men to hold the same property
that a white man can hold.
2nd 3. The people have the right to keep and bear 4. In United States v. Miller, 1939, the Court
arms in order to provide for a well ruled that certain types of weapons could
regulated militia. not be shipped across State lines without
the payment of a tax and the registration
of the weapons.
3rd 5. forbids the quartering of soldiers in

private homes in peace or war searches
and seizures Not Applicable
4th 6. People may not be subjected to 7. Possible answer: In Florida v. J.L., 2000,
unreasonable searches and seizures; a the Court ruled that two police officers
search warrant must be obtained with violated the Fourth Amendment when they
probable cause. searched a man based on an anonymous,
unsubstantiated tip.


blank.
Column I Column II
e
_____ 8. forced labor a. exclusionary rule
d b. writ of assistance
_____ 9. a reasonable suspicion of a crime
c. discrimination
c
_____ 10. bias; unfairness d. probable cause
a
_____ 11. illegally seized evidence cannot be used against the e. involuntary servitude
person from whom it was seized
b
_____ 12. a blanket search warrant

CHAPTER
Rights of the Accused 20
A. As You Read
Copy the chart below onto a separate sheet of paper and then fill in the blanks to organize infor-
mation about the legal terms introduced in this section.
Legal Term Definition Purpose
a court order to bring a prisoner
writ of habeas corpus 1. before a court and show cause why 2. to prevent unjust imprisonment
he or she should not be released
legislative act that inflicts banned to preserve individual freedom
bill of attainder 3. punishment without a court trial 4. and the separation of powers
5. ex post facto law criminal law that applies to 6. banned to prevent the government
an act committed before its from trying to punish people for
actions that were not crimes at the
passage time they were committed
indictment 7. formal complaint laid before a grand prevents overzealous

jury by a prosecutor prosecutors from recklessly
charging people with crimes
8. presentment formal accusation brought by allows grand jury to act when

a grand jury on its own a prosecutor has some interest
motion in not prosecuting
trying a person twice for the same banned to protect citizens after being
double jeopardy 9. crime 10. acquitted of a crime
bench trial 11. trial in which the judge alone hears the defendant always has the
the case, rather than a jury right to a jury trial, but that
may be waived if the
defendant is fully aware of
his or her rights
12. Miranda Rule 13. rule based on the Court decision of to prevent the police from
Miranda v. Arizona, stating that coercing confessions or self-

suspects must be told of their
rights before being questioned by incriminating testimony from
police uninformed suspects

14. What four criteria are used to determine if a trial delay is unconstitutional?
15. What is a petit jury?
16. What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964?
17. What does the 5th Amendment ban? Answers to questions 14–17
14. the length of the delay, the reasons for it,
whether the delay harmed the defendant, and
B. Reviewing Key Terms whether the defendant asked for a prompt trial
15. A petit jury is a trial jury.
Define the following term on a separate sheet of paper. 16. The Court ruled that Escobedo was denied his
right to counsel and therefore should be freed.
18. grand jury 17. self-incrimination
a formal device by which a person can be accused of a serious crime

CHAPTER
20 Punishment
A. As You Read
Each of the statements under the main heading in the outline below is incorrect. Rewrite each on a
separate sheet of paper to make it correct. Possible answers below
Bail and Preventive Detention

1. Every person accused of a crime must be allowed to set his or her own bail. Every person accused
of a crime is not automatically granted bail; bail is set by the court.
2. The Supreme Court rejected preventive detention in Stack v. Boyle, 1951. The Court upheld
preventive detention in United States v. Salerno, 1987.
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
3. The 6th Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and the 13th Amendment
extends that prohibition to the States. The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and the
Fourteenth Amendment extends that prohibition to the States.
4. The Supreme Court has ruled that death by firing squad is cruel and unusual.
The Supreme Court has ruled that death by firing squad is not cruel or unusual.
Capital Punishment
5. Thirty States have capital punishment laws. Thirty-eight States have capital punishment laws.
6. A State can impose the death penalty only for crimes resulting in excessive cruelty to the victim.
A State can impose the death penalty only for crimes resulting in the death of the victim.
Treason
7. Treason is the only crime specifically defined in the Constitution because the Framers knew
that its meaning would be lost with time. Treason is the only crime specifically defined in the Constitution
because the Framers knew that this charge is often used by tyrants to silence their opponents.
8. A person can be convicted of treason if there is one eyewitness to the treasonous act.
A person can be convicted of treason if there are two eyewitnesses to the treasonous act or there is a confession in
open court.

blank.

Column II
Column I
a. bail
d
_____ 9. levying war against the United States or giving aid b. preventive detention
and comfort to its enemies c. capital punishment
b
_____ 10. holding the accused without bail when there is reason d. treason
to believe the accused will commit serious crimes
before trial
a
_____ 11. money an accused person must deposit with the court
to guarantee an appearance at trial
c
_____ 12. the death penalty

CHAPTER
Diversity and Discrimination in American Society 21
A. As You Read
As you read the section, summarize the information given on each group below in the space provided.
African Americans Native Americans Hispanic Americans

____________________
1. African Americans constitute 2. ____________________
In the 1600s, more than half ____________________
3. Hispanic Americans make up
the largest minority group in of the Native American population the second largest minority group
______________________
the United States. Africans ____________________
died from disease and at the hands ________________________
in the country. There are four main
originally came to the country of those pushing for westward groups of Hispanic Americans—
______________________
in 1619 as slaves; slavery was ____________________
expansion. Today, many Native ________________________
Mexican Americans, Puerto
not abolished until 1865. Many Americans live on reservations Ricans, Cuban Americans, and
______________________
of the gains in equality in the ____________________
and some are impoverished as a ________________________
Central and South Americans.
U.S. have been made by and for result of past discrimination.
______________________
African Americans. ____________________ ________________________
______________________ ____________________ ________________________
Asian Americans Women

4. ____________________
Asian Americans suffered 5. ____________________
Despite the large numbers of
discrimination at several points women living in the United States,
________________________
in U.S. history. Asian American ________________________
women are underrepresented in
miners suffered through violent government and in higher level
________________________
attacks in the late 1800s and ________________________
business positions. Woman
Asian Americans on the West suffrage, the Equal Pay Act, and
________________________
Coast were forced into war ________________________
the Civil Rights Act have improved
relocation camps during World women’s position in society.
________________________
War II. ________________________
________________________ ________________________

Place a check mark next to each of the following pairs that correctly matches a term from this
chapter with its definition.
! 6. reservation—land set aside by the government for Native-American use
❑
! 7. heterogeneous—made up of several ingredients
❑
❑ 8. assimilation—agreement
❑ 9. refugee—person who comes to the United States for religious reasons
❑ 10. immigrant—new citizen

CHAPTER
21 Equality Before the Law
A. As You Read
Complete the outline by supplying the missing words or phrases in the blanks.
Equal Protection Clause

discriminate
1. Reasonable Classification—The government is allowed to ______________________, or draw
unreasonably
distinctions, between groups, but it may not do so ______________________.
2. The Rational Basis Test—The rational basis test asks: Does the classification in question
proper governmental purpose
bear a reasonable relationship to the achievement of some ______________________
______________________?
fundamental rights
3. The Strict Scrutiny Test—In cases dealing with “______________________,” such as the right
suspect classifications
to vote, or “______________________,” such as those based on race or sex, the Supreme Court
imposes the strict scrutiny test, which requires that the State prove that some
compelling governmental interest
“______________________________________________” justifies the distinctions it has drawn.
Segregation in America
4. The Separate-but-Equal Doctrine—In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld racial segregation by
saying that segregated facilities for African Americans were lawful as long as the separate
equal to those for whites
facilities were ______________________.
5. Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, 1954—In 1954 the Court reversed itself, ruling that
unconstitutional
segregation was ______________________ and must be ended.
6. De Jure and De Facto Segregation—Attention turned toward schools that practiced

de facto segregation
______________________, often brought about by housing patterns.
Classification by Sex

sex-based
7. Until 20 years ago, the Court has upheld ______________________ classifications.
8. Today, sex is a “suspect classification,” and is allowed only in cases where the law is intended
governmental
to serve an “important ______________________ objective.”

Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper.
9. segregation 12. integration the process of bringing a group into
the separation of one group from another equal membership in society
10. Jim Crow law law that separates one group 13. de jure segregation
from another based on race segregation by law
11. separate-but-equal doctrine 14. de facto segregation
Developed by the Supreme Court, it held that segregation in fact, even if no law requires it
segregation was acceptable as long as facilities
for each race were equal.

CHAPTER
Federal Civil Rights Laws 21
A. As You Read
Use the time line to organize information on the legislation and Supreme Court cases dealing with
civil rights. Fill in the appropriate act or case for each date indicated on the time line in the space
provided. Then explain the significance of each event. Possible answers below
Federal Civil Rights Laws
2. 4. 7., 8. 9.
1960 1968 1979 1989 1995 2000
1964 1970 1978 1980 1987 1990 1996

1. 3. 5. 6. 10.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations and requires
that federal funds be cut off from any program that discriminates on the grounds of race, color, religion, national
1. origin, sex, or physical disability.
________________________________________________________________________________
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 forbids anyone to refuse to sell or rent a dwelling to any person on grounds of race,
2. color, religion, national origin, sex, disability, or to a family with children.
________________________________________________________________________________
In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution does not allow
3. race to be used as the only factor in the making of affirmative action decisions.
________________________________________________________________________________
In United Steelworkers v. Weber, 1979, the Court upheld quotas that were put in place to correct “longstanding and
4. flagrant” past discrimination.
________________________________________________________________________________
Fullilove v. Klutznick, 1980, upheld use of quotas to correct blatant and longstanding bias in the construction
5. industry.
________________________________________________________________________________
The Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County, 1987, ruling allowed preferential treatment on the
6. basis of sex.
________________________________________________________________________________
Richmond v. Croson, 1989, rejected use of quotas in the city of Richmond, Virginia, on the basis that the city had
7. not proved that the quotas they used in the construction industry were justified by past discrimination.
________________________________________________________________________________
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 1989, placed the burden of proof on the employee rather than employer to show
8. that discrimination exists.

________________________________________________________________________________
Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 1995, departed from previous Court rulings by making it more difficult for the
9. Federal Government to use affirmative action programs.
________________________________________________________________________________
California passed Proposition 209, forbidding affirmative action in State and local agencies. Although a federal
10. district court found it unconstitutional, the decision was overturned by the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme
________________________________________________________________________________
Court refused to hear an appeal.

11. affirmative action positive steps to remedy the effects of past discrimination
12. quota rule requiring certain numbers of jobs or promotions to be set aside for certain groups
13. reverse discrimination discrimination against the majority in favor of the minority

CHAPTER
21 American Citizenship
A. As You Read
Use the information from Section 4 to complete the chart below. Possible answers below
Changes in U.S. Immigration Policy

Date Policy Features
Independence– Open frontier no attempt to regulate immigration
1.__________________________________________________________
1880s
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
2. __________________________________________________________ severely limited immigration
from Asia
1921–1929 Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924, set quotas favoring northern and western
3.______________________________
Europeans, generally prohibited Asian and
and the National Origins Act of 1929 African immigration
______________________________
1952
4. __________________________________________________ Immigration and Nationality Act
5. ______________________________ modified quotas to cover all
______________________________ countries outside Western Hemisphere
1965 Immigration Act of 1965 allowed 270,000 immigrants to enter United
6.______________________________
States without regard to race, nationality,
or country of origin; gave preference to
______________________________
families of U.S. citizens and legal aliens
1990
7. __________________________________________________ Immigration Act of 1990 increased annual number of immigrants;
8.______________________________
preference to families of U.S. citizens, legal
aliens, and skilled workers
______________________________
Answer the following question on a separate sheet of paper.

9. Write a paragraph summarizing the information provided under the heading “Undocumented Aliens.”
Answers will vary.

Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I Column II
e
_____ 10. citizen of a foreign state living in this country a. citizen
d b. jus soli
_____ 11. legal process by which a person becomes a citizen
of a country at some time after birth c. jus sanguinis
d. naturalization
a
_____ 12. one who owes allegiance to the state and is entitled to
e. alien
its protection
f. expatriation
f
_____ 13. legal process by which citizenship is lost g. denaturalization
g
_____ 14. involuntary loss of citizenship by someone not born here, h. deportation
usually because of fraud
h
_____ 15. legally requiring an alien to leave the United States
b
_____ 16. the law of the soil; where one is born
c
_____ 17. the law of the blood; to whom one is born

CHAPTER
Great Britain 22
A. As You Read
The chart below compares the governments of the United States and Great Britain. As you read
Section 1, complete the chart by filling in the information that describes the government of Great
Britain for each category shown.
A Comparison of the Governments of the United States and Great Britain

United States Great Britain
Constitution Written 1. written and unwritten
Monarch None 2. limited by constitution; head of state
Government Powers Separated 3. unitary executive, legislative,

and judiciary
Legislative Body Bicameral Congress (Senate; 4. bicameral Parliament (House of Lords,

House of Commons), with most power in
House of Representatives) House of Commons
Executive President (head of state and head 5. prime minister; head of government
of government)
Elections Regularly scheduled 6. no fixed date, but must occur every

5 years or if government falls; members
(representatives, 2 years; senators, of Parliament popularly elected
6 years; President, 4 years)
Parties 2 major parties (Republican and 7. 2 major parties (Conservatives and

Labour), also Liberal party

Democratic)
National and Local Separate federal and State 8. unitary, all power belongs to
central government, except for some
Government governments self-government in Scotland, Wales,
and Northern Ireland
Judiciary Independent Supreme Court 9. House of Lords serves as the final

court of appeals. Scotland and Ireland
have separate systems.
10. a government in which the head of state is a hereditary ruler

B. Reviewing Key Terms 11. a special election held to choose a new MP if the current one dies
or resigns
Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 12. of a temporary alliance of parties for the purpose
forming a government
10. monarchy 12. coalition 14. shadow cabinet
11. by-election 13. minister 15. devolution
13. British cabinet member
14. members of the opposition party who are potential cabinet members and
are appointed to watch one particular member of the cabinet in power
15. delegation of authority from the central government to regional governments
CHAPTER
22 Japan
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What type of government did Japan have until the 1850s–1860s? Japan had a feudal system with an
emperor (mikado), military dictator (shogun), noble families (daimyo), and warriors (samurai).
2. What was Japan’s objective after it encountered Western powers? Japan worked to become a modern
state, and tried to conquer East Asia in the process.
3. What event caused a dramatic change in Japanese politics from 1945 to 1952? The Japanese
were defeated in World War II by the U.S., who forced the Japanese to accept a new, democratic constitution.
4. What form of government did Americans force the Japanese to accept?
Americans forced the Japanese to accept a democratic system.
5. What unique feature did the new constitution have? The Japanese renounced their sovereign power to
make war.
6. What is the House of Councillors and what kind of power does it have? The House of Councillors
is the upper house of Japan’s parliament; it has little power and tends to be deliberative and advisory.
7. What is the House of Representatives and what kind of power does it have? The House of Repre-
sentatives is the lower house of Japan’s parliament; it can make laws, treaties, raise funds, and spend money.
8. What is political consensus and what role does it play in Japanese politics? Consensus is broad
agreement on issues and is a valued Japanese tradition, based on the people’s wish to avoid personal confrontation.
9. What causes the prime minister and the cabinet to maintain agreement on most issues?
The prime minister and cabinet believe in collective responsibility for their acts.
10. What is the bureaucracy and what role does it play in Japanese government? The bureaucracy is
the Japanese civil service which wields great power and serves as day-to-day administrators of government.
11. Which party dominated Japanese politics during most of the period after World War II?
the Liberal Democratic party (LDP)
12. How are Japanese courts like the courts of the United States? They are independent of the other
branches of government and have various levels, from local courts to the Supreme Court.

Complete each sentence in Column I by writing the letter of the correct term from Column II
in the blank.

Column I Column II
b
_____ 13. For political purposes, Japan has been divided into a. National Diet
47 districts called ___. b. prefectures
e
_____ 14. The prime minister has the power to dissolve the c. multiseat district
House of Representatives, a step called ___, which leads
to immediate elections. d. consensus
a
_____ 15. The ___ is the name of the Japanese parliament. e. dissolution
c
_____ 16. An area that has more than one representative is known as a ___.
d
_____ 17. The Japanese value ___, or broad agreement on political issues.

CHAPTER
Mexico 22
A. As You Read
As you read Section 3, complete the chart below comparing the government of Mexico to that of
the United States. Then answer the question that follows on a separate sheet of paper.
Mexico United States

Early History Gained independence from Gained independence from
1. Spain
________________________ England
Three Branches of 2. executive, headed by president

________________________ Executive, Legislative,
Government 3. legislature, bicameral
________________________ Judicial
4. judiciary
________________________
Presidential Term one

May serve 5. ______________ May serve two four-year terms
six
6. ____________-year term(s)
Congress Senate
Bicameral: 7. ______________ Bicameral: Senate and House
Chamber of Deputies
and 8. ____________________ of Representatives
Court System 9. independent systems of state and

________________________ Independent system of State
federal courts
________________________ and federal courts
Political Parties 10. Institutional Revolutionary Party

______________________ Two major parties: Democratic
11. Democratic Revolutionary Party
______________________ and Republican
12. National Action Party (PAN)
______________________
13. What major change took place with the election of President Vicente Fox in 2000?
For the first time since 1929, Mexicans elected a president who is not a member of the PRI;
President Fox is a member of PAN.

nationalization
14. Since 1938 the ____________________ of the oil industry has served as a symbol of Mexican
independence from foreign domination.
mestizo
15. Mexico has a ____________________ culture, made up of both Spanish and Native American
elements.
NAFTA (North American
Free Trade Agreement)
16. The free-trade agreement known as ____________________ removes trade restrictions among
the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

CHAPTER
22 Russia
A. As You Read
The incomplete chronological chart below outlines some of the dramatic events of Russian and
Soviet political history. As you read Section 4, fill in the missing event.
Major Russian Political Events

Year Event
1721 1. Russian empire established by Peter the Great
1905 2. Russo–Japanese War brings heavy losses, and czarist rule begins to collapse
1917 3. Russian Revolution; Lenin and Communist party come to power; Soviet Union replaces
Russian empire
1924 4. Lenin dies, Stalin comes to power
1950s–1990s 5. Soviet Union becomes superpower, engages United States in a cold war, and controls
all of Eastern Europe
1985 6. Gorbachev comes to power and begins reforms in Soviet Union
1991 7. Soviet Union ceases to exist
1993 8. new Russian constitution drafted
1999 9. Vladimir Putin elected president of Russia

10. What is the structure of Russia’s legislature? Russia’s legislature has two houses: the Council of the
Federation is the upper house, the State Duma is the lower house. Both are popularly elected.
11. What kinds of local governments are there in the Russian Federation?

Russia has 49 oblasts, or provinces, 6 territories, 21 republics, and 10 autonomous areas.

purification of political enemies, often by brutal means such as execution, jail, and exile
12. purge __________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
elected councils at factories, farms, cities, regions, and national level
13. soviet __________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
restructuring of Soviet economy and politics
14. perestroika ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
openness; tolerance of dissent and freedom of expression
15. glasnost ________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
China 22
A. As You Read
Using information from Section 5, complete the chart below, which shows the organization of the
Chinese Communist party.
Unit Role
National Party Congress meets every 5 years to elect a Central Committee
1. ________________________________________________
______________________________________________
Central Committee
2.________________________ elects the Politburo
Politburo makes Communist party policy (and therefore government policy)

3. ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Politburo
4.________________________ makes day-to-day decisions for the party (and therefore
the government)
On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions as you read Section 5.
5. When did China’s present form of government begin and who was its leader?
It began in 1949, led by Mao Zedong.
6. How have China’s constitutions been different from the constitutions of the United States and
most other countries? Most countries’ constitutions are meant to be fundamental law; China’s constitution
is not fundamental law, but reflects current government policies.
7. What organization effectively controls China’s government?

the Chinese Communist party (CCP)
8. What are the two main parts of China’s national government?
the National People’s Congress and the State Council
9. What is the structure of China’s judicial system?
The nation’s Supreme People’s Court supervises all the courts, both civil and criminal.
10. How is Hong Kong governed?
It is a special administrative region of China with its own governor and provisional legislature.

Cultural Revolution
11. In 1966, during the _______________________________, the Red Guards attacked teachers,
intellectuals, and others who did not have sufficient revolutionary enthusiasm.
autonomous
12. China includes five_____________________________, or independent, regions.

CHAPTER
23 Capitalism
A. As You Read
On a separate sheet of paper, copy and complete the chart by writing answers to the questions in
the space provided.
1. What are the four factors of 2. What are four characteristics of a

production? free enterprise system?
land
a. ______________________________ private ownership
a. ______________________________
labor
b. __________________________________ individual initiative
b. __________________________________
management
c. ______________________________ profit
c. ______________________________
capital
d. __________________________________ competition
d. __________________________________
Capitalism
3. Describe the laws of supply and demand. 4. What are three kinds of businesses
demand low, price low; demand high, price high; and what are their advantages and
____________________________________
disadvantages?
supply plentiful, price low, supply low, price high
____________________________________ sole proprietorship; quick decisions, but
a. personal liability
____________________________________
____________________________________ partnerships; more resources, but partnership
b. ends if partner leaves or dies
____________________________________
____________________________________

c. corporation; large resources, but double taxation
____________________________________

Answer the following questions in the space provided. Possible answers below
Capitalists are those who privately
5. What is the difference between a capitalist and an entrepreneur? ________________________
own productive property and do all those things necessary to make a profit from their property; entrepreneurs are
________________________________________________________________________________
capitalists who tend to be risk takers and who take greater initiative in starting or expanding a business.
________________________________________________________________________________
The government should play a very limited, hands-off role in society. Its
6. Describe the laissez-faire theory. ____________________________________________________
activity should be limited to foreign relations and defense, the maintenance of police and courts, and the few other
________________________________________________________________________________
functions private enterprisers cannot perform for profit. In the economy, government should only function to
________________________________________________________________________________
protect free competition and the laws of supply and demand.

CHAPTER
Socialism 23
A. As You Read
The main points of Section 2 are supplied in the outline below. As you read the section, fill in the
supporting points in the form of answers to the questions. Possible answers below
Socialism
an economic and political philosophy designed to achieve equitable distribution of wealth
1. What is socialism? ________________________________________________________________
through government ownership of the means of production
________________________________________________________________________________
The Industrial Revolution

the dramatic change of the economies of many nations as they
changed from predominantly agricultural to mainly industrial; the
2. What was the Industrial Revolution? ________________________________________________
Industrial Revolution occurred in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century and elsewhere during the nineteenth century
________________________________________________________________________________
the leading critic of the effects of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism; the
3. Who was Karl Marx? ____________________________________________________________
inventor of communism
________________________________________________________________________________
He criticized it as abusive of the masses and doomed to failure.
4. What did Marx think of capitalism? ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Both systems urged government ownership
5. How were socialism and communism alike and different? ______________________________
of the means of production and wanted to redistribute wealth. Socialists advocated
________________________________________________________________________________ peaceful evolution to socialism;
communists believed a bloody revolution was inevitable as history approached Marx’s communist era.
Characteristics of Socialist Economies
a state takeover of privately owned industry
6. What is nationalization? __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
by guaranteeing all public services and welfare for the
7. How did socialists hope to help the masses? __________________________________________
neediest through the equitable distribution of wealth
________________________________________________________________________________
to pay for public services and welfare
8. Why is taxation high in socialist countries? __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
governments that direct their economies along desired paths
9. Describe the term “command economy.” ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Socialism in Developing Countries

Such countries have little or no industry and feel
10. What attracts developing countries to socialism? ______________________________________
the need to take drastic steps to industrialize.
________________________________________________________________________________
Pros and Cons

(a) too much bureaucracy, (b) economies too complex
11. What are three major criticisms of socialism? ________________________________________
for central planners, (c) deprives people of freedom to make economic decisions
________________________________________________________________________________

12. proletariat 14. welfare state 16. centrally planned economy
the workers an economy where the decision
13. bourgeoisie 15. market economy making is more centralized
the capitalists a capitalist economy
14. a country that provides extensive social
services at little or no cost to the user
CHAPTER
23 Communism
A. As You Read
The chart below lists four concepts Marx analyzed as they related to capitalism. As you read
Section 3, complete the chart by explaining Marx’s view of each concept.
Marx’s Views on Capitalism

View of history 1. story of class struggle; classes competing for the control of labor
and productive property
Value theory 2. value of a commodity is set by the amount of labor that went into it
Nature of the state 3. state and government are tools by which capitalists maintain power
Dictatorship of the proletariat 4. transitional phase in which authoritarian state would represent the
interest of the masses
List the four main characteristics of communist economies.

5. Communist party holds decision-making power
______________________________________________
6. bureaucrats plan for the development of the economy
______________________________________________
7. collectivization of the means of production
______________________________________________
8. industrial enterprises, transportation, and other parts of the economy are state-owned
______________________________________________

collectivist ideology where the state owns land and other productive property
9. communism ______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
agency that ran Stalin’s centralized planning
10. Gosplan ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
returning nationalized enterprises to private ownership
11. privatization ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
China’s five-year plan of 1958 aimed at modernizing quickly
12. Great Leap Forward ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
collective farms brought together into a larger unit
13. commune ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
The Texas State Constitution 24
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, write the answers to the questions in the space provided.
List the five main categories by which all State constitutions can be described.
1. basic principles
________________________________________________________________________________
2. protections of civil rights

________________________________________________________________________________
3. structure of State government

________________________________________________________________________________
4. powers of the branches of State government

________________________________________________________________________________
5. process of constitutional change

________________________________________________________________________________
Fill in the chart to explain the amendment process for State constitutions.
Amendments can be proposed by: Amendments can be ratified by:

6. constitutional
_____________________convention
_________________________________ 9. vote
_______of
____the
_____people
______________________________________
7. legislature
______________________________________________________
8. voters
______________________________________________________
10. Explain the difference between statutory law and fundamental law. Statutory laws are laws
______________________
passed by the legislature. Fundamental laws are laws of basic and lasting importance.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Explain each of the following key terms in the space provided.
11. popular sovereignty The people are the sole source of the government’s power.
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Powers given to the government are limited.
12. limited government ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. initiative process by which voters sign a petition favoring a proposal
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
24 The Texas State Legislature
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, write the answers to the questions on the lines provided.
1. What formal qualifications does the State of Texas set out for membership in the State
legislature? age, citizenship, residence
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the usual term for Texas State legislators? two or four years
____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are eight of the most important legislative powers of the Texas State legislature? ______
tax, spend, borrow, police, establish courts, define crimes and provide for their punishment, regulate commercial
________________________________________________________________________________
activities, maintain public schools
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Name three nonlegislative functions of the Texas State legislature._executive:
__________________approve
______________governor’s
___________________________
appointments; judicial: impeachment; constituent: constitution-making and amending
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. How does the committee system in the Texas State legislature work? _Laws
_____________are
________referred
____________________to
______________________________
committees for recommendation to full houses, similar to Congress.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
a wide variety of public and private sources
6. From where do a large number of bills originate? ______________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Define the following terms on the lines provided.
7. constituent power constitution-making power
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
8. police power State’s power to protect and promote public health, safety, morals, and welfare
____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
9. referendum process by which a legislature sends bills to the electorate for approval
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
The Governor and State Administration 24
A. As You Read
As you read Section 3, complete the chart with information about the governor’s powers.
Executive Powers
appoint and remove key
assistants
1._____________________________
supervise staffs of executive branch
2._______________________________
prepare and submit a biennial budget
3._______________________________
serve as commander in chief of
State National Guard
4.________________________
Powers of
The Governor
Legislative Powers Judicial Powers

pardon
8._____________________________
recommend legislation
5._______________________________
commute
9._______________________________
call special sessions of legislature
6.________________________________
reprieve
10.______________________________
veto bills
7.__________________________
parole
11._______________________

reprieve
12. The governor has the power to _______________, or postpone, the execution of a sentence.
pardon
13. The governor has the power to _______________, or release a person from the legal conse-
quences of a crime.
parole
14. The governor has the power to _______________, or release a prisoner short of the completion
of the term of his or her sentence.
commutation
15. The governor has the power of _______________, or reducing a sentence.

CHAPTER
24 In the Courtroom
A. As You Read
The main points of Section 4 are supplied in the outline. As you read the section, fill in the
supporting details in the form of answers to the questions. Possible answers below
Kinds of Law Applied in State Courts

1. What is constitutional law? the body of law based on the United States and State constitutions and
________________________________________________________
judicial interpretations of them
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is statutory law? the body of law based on statutes enacted by legislative bodies
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is administrative law? rules, orders, and regulations issued by executive branches of government
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is common law? the unwritten, judge-made law that has developed over the centuries
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is equity? the body of law that provides remedies for wrongs before they occur
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Criminal and Civil Law

6. What are the two kinds of crimes? felonies (serious crimes) and misdemeanors (lesser offenses)
__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is civil law? disputes between individuals and between individuals and governments
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
The Jury System

8. What is the function of a grand jury? The grand jury determines whether the facts of a case warrant
________________________________________________

bringing a criminal case to trial.
________________________________________________________________________________
9. What is an information? An information is a formal charge filed by the prosecutor without the
__________________________________________________________
involvement of a grand jury; it is used for most minor offenses in Texas.
________________________________________________________________________________
10. How are members of a petit jury chosen? They are selected from lists of registered voters and
____________________________________________
licensed drivers.
________________________________________________________________________________

Answer the following question on a separate sheet of paper.
11. What is a precedent and what part do precedents play in common law?
Following precedent is abiding by earlier court decisions as they have been handed down over the years by judges in
England and the United States. Precedents create a body of law known as common law.

CHAPTER
The Courts and Their Judges 24
A. As You Read
The chart below shows the various types of State and local courts. Next to the name of each type of
State and local court, briefly describe the kind of cases heard by that court. Possible answers below
State and Local Courts

Justice of the Peace 1. usually hears only misdemeanor cases
Municipal Court 2. hears criminal cases in which the fines are under $2,000; traffic
violations make up the majority of their workload
Juvenile Court 3. hears only cases involving young people under 18 years of age
General Trial Court 4. hears most of the more important civil and criminal cases; exercises
original jurisdiction
Intermediate Appellate Court 5. reviews cases decided in lower courts
State Supreme Court 6. the State’s highest appellate court in civil cases
Court of Criminal Appeals 7. the State’s highest appellate court in criminal cases

Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term Possible answers below
8. warrant A warrant is a court order authorizing an official action.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
A preliminary hearing is the first step in a major criminal prosecution.
9. preliminary hearing ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. appellate jurisdiction Courts that exercise appellate jurisdiction are reviewing cases that have already been
______________________________________________________________
heard in another court.
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
25 Texas Counties and Special Districts
A. As You Read
The outline below lists the main points of Section 1. As you read the section, fill in the supporting
details by answering the questions on a separate sheet of paper. See answers below
The Counties
1. What are some statistics about the extremes of county sizes and populations in the U.S.?
2. What powers does the Commissioners Court have?
3. What are some of the titles of elected county officials in Texas and what do they do?
4. What obstacles exist for Texas county government in urban areas?
Special Districts
5. Why are special districts created?
6. Why are special disctricts useful?
School Districts
7. What are the responsibilities of ISD boards?
Towns and Townships

8. What is unique about the New England town?
9. How do townships in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania differ from those in Ohio and
westward?

10. In most of the United States, including Texas, the main unit of local government is the
county
_______________.
special district
11. A(n) _______________ is an independent unit of local government set up to handle a specific
problem or task.
12. In the Middle Atlantic States and Midwest, counties are usually divided into subunits known
townships
as _______________, which share the duties of local government.
1. San Bernardino County, CA, covers 20,064 square miles; Kalawao County, Hawaii, 13 square miles; more than 9 million people
live in Los Angeles County, CA, but only 67 people live in Loving County, Texas. 2. The Commissioners Court sets policy and
directs the administration of the county. Its most important responsibilities are establishing a county budget and setting tax
rates. 3. sheriff, keeps jail and furnishes police protection; clerk, registers and records documents, mortgages, etc.; assessor,
appraises property and collects taxes; treasurer, keeps county funds; district attorney, chief county lawyer 4. The basic
structure and organization of the county governments are the same regardless of the population, and the complexities of urban
issues are difficult to deal with within the existing structure. 5. Special districts are created to perform one or more related
governmental functions at the local level. 6. They fill a need that existing governmental units do not because these units do
not have the necessary legal authority or financial base. 7. hiring and firing teachers, constructing new schools, buying school
supplies, setting district school tax rates, and selecting a superintendent of schools 8. has been the major unit of local
government for hundreds of years; its meetings are examples of direct democracy 9. NY, NJ, PA: formed where people settled,
so they are not uniform in shape; Ohio and westward: more uniform in shape because they were drawn in federal public land
surveys.
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review CHAPTER
Cities and Metropolitan Areas in Texas
and the Nation
25
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below with information about the three forms of
city government. Possible answers below
Forms of City Government Description

Mayor Council Form 1. elected mayor, executive branch; elected council,
legislative branch
Strong mayor 2. Mayor heads the administration with power to hire

and fire and to prepare a budget; takes lead in
making policy.
Weak mayor 3. Executive duties are shared with other elected officials;
appointment powers are shared or taken over by council.
Commission Form 4. 5 to 9 popularly elected department heads, one of
which is chosen by commission as mayor
Council Manager Form 5. strong elected council, weak elected mayor, hired
administrator
6. What is the practice of zoning and why is it important to city planning? Zoning is the practice of
__________________
dividing a city into a number of districts, or zones, and regulating the uses to which property in each of them may
________________________________________________________________________________
be put. It is important to ensure the orderly growth of a city.
________________________________________________________________________________
Suburbs began to grow in the years after World War II
7. Briefly describe the reasons for suburban growth.______________________________________
as people felt the need for more room, cheaper land, less pollution and noise, and greater privacy.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

a city’s basic law, or constitution
8. charter __________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a city and the areas that surround it
9. metropolitan area ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
25 Providing Important Services
A. As You Read
As you read Section 3, complete the chart by writing examples of each of the State-provided
services shown. Possible answers below
State Services Example
Education
Higher education 1. establish and run universities
Primary and secondary education 2. fund schools; set quality guidelines; establish curricula;
screen quality of materials; establish minimum length of
school year
Public Welfare
Health 3. operate hospitals; fund health programs; immunize children;
work with Federal Government administering programs
Welfare 4. provide aid to families with dependent children
Public Safety 5. provide State police protection; operate centralized offices as

well as jails and prisons
Highways 6. build and maintain roads; ensure vehicle safety; license drivers
Other Services 7. set aside public lands for conservation and recreation;
regulate businesses; protect consumers

Fill in the missing terms to complete the following sentences.
entitlement
8. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is a(n) _______________ program,
meaning that anyone meeting eligibility requirements can receive benefits.
welfare
9. States help out citizens through _______________, or cash assistance for the poor.
Medicaid
10. Low income families can get medical insurance through __________________.

CHAPTER
Financing State and Local Government 25
A. As You Read
As you read Section 4, complete the diagram by writing the various sources of State and local
revenues in the space provided. Possible answers below
corporate
3. ________ property
4. ________
income tax
__________ tax
__________
individual
2. ________ __________ __________ inheritance
5. ________
income tax
__________ tax
__________
__________ __________
sales tax
1. ________ estate tax
6. ________
__________ __________
__________ __________
State and Local Revenues

borrowing
12.________ franchise
7. ________
__________ tax
__________
__________ __________
business
11.________ licenses
8. ________
enterprises
__________ __________
__________ tolls
__________
10.________ amusement
9. ________
__________ taxes
__________
__________ __________

Read each statement below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write F.
T
_____ 13. A sales tax is one that is placed on the sale of commodities such as gasoline and
cigarettes.
F
_____ 14. The assessed value of taxable property is always determined on a fair and equal basis.
T
_____ 15. Inheritance and estate taxes are also known as “death taxes” because they are levied
after a person dies.
F
_____ 16. The sales tax is probably the most difficult tax for a State to collect.
F
_____ 17. Taxes that are geared according to a person’s ability to pay are called regressive taxes.
T
_____ 18. Generally, taxes placed on the annual income of individuals and corporations are
progressive.

CHAPTER
25 Providing Important Services
A. As You Read
As you read Section 3, complete the chart by writing examples of each of the State-provided
services shown. Possible answers below
State Services Example
Education
Higher education 1. establish and run universities
Primary and secondary education 2. fund schools; set quality guidelines; establish curricula;
screen quality of materials; establish minimum length of
school year
Public Welfare
Health 3. operate hospitals; fund health programs; immunize children;
work with Federal Government administering programs
Welfare 4. provide aid to families with dependent children
Public Safety 5. provide State police protection; operate centralized offices as

well as jails and prisons
Highways 6. build and maintain roads; ensure vehicle safety; license drivers
Other Services 7. set aside public lands for conservation and recreation;
regulate businesses; protect consumers

Fill in the missing terms to complete the following sentences.
entitlement
8. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is a(n) _______________ program,
meaning that anyone meeting eligibility requirements can receive benefits.
welfare
9. States help out citizens through _______________, or cash assistance for the poor.
Medicaid
10. Low income families can get medical insurance through __________________.

CHAPTER
The Courts and Their Judges 24
A. As You Read
The chart below shows the various types of State and local courts. Next to the name of each type of
State and local court, briefly describe the kind of cases heard by that court. Possible answers below
State and Local Courts

Justice of the Peace 1. usually hears only misdemeanor cases
Municipal Court 2. hears criminal cases in which the fines are under $2,000; traffic
violations make up the majority of their workload
Juvenile Court 3. hears only cases involving young people under 18 years of age
General Trial Court 4. hears most of the more important civil and criminal cases; exercises
original jurisdiction
Intermediate Appellate Court 5. reviews cases decided in lower courts
State Supreme Court 6. the State’s highest appellate court in civil cases
Court of Criminal Appeals 7. the State’s highest appellate court in criminal cases

Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term Possible answers below
8. warrant A warrant is a court order authorizing an official action.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
A preliminary hearing is the first step in a major criminal prosecution.
9. preliminary hearing ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. appellate jurisdiction Courts that exercise appellate jurisdiction are reviewing cases that have already been
______________________________________________________________
heard in another court.
________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
25 Texas Counties and Special Districts
A. As You Read
The outline below lists the main points of Section 1. As you read the section, fill in the supporting
details by answering the questions on a separate sheet of paper. See answers below
The Counties
1. What are some statistics about the extremes of county sizes and populations in the U.S.?
2. What powers does the Commissioners Court have?
3. What are some of the titles of elected county officials in Texas and what do they do?
4. What obstacles exist for Texas county government in urban areas?
Special Districts
5. Why are special districts created?
6. Why are special disctricts useful?
School Districts
7. What are the responsibilities of ISD boards?
Towns and Townships

8. What is unique about the New England town?
9. How do townships in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania differ from those in Ohio and
westward?

10. In most of the United States, including Texas, the main unit of local government is the
county
_______________.
special district
11. A(n) _______________ is an independent unit of local government set up to handle a specific
problem or task.
12. In the Middle Atlantic States and Midwest, counties are usually divided into subunits known
townships
as _______________, which share the duties of local government.
1. San Bernardino County, CA, covers 20,064 square miles; Kalawao County, Hawaii, 13 square miles; more than 9 million people
live in Los Angeles County, CA, but only 67 people live in Loving County, Texas. 2. The Commissioners Court sets policy and
directs the administration of the county. Its most important responsibilities are establishing a county budget and setting tax
rates. 3. sheriff, keeps jail and furnishes police protection; clerk, registers and records documents, mortgages, etc.; assessor,
appraises property and collects taxes; treasurer, keeps county funds; district attorney, chief county lawyer 4. The basic
structure and organization of the county governments are the same regardless of the population, and the complexities of urban
issues are difficult to deal with within the existing structure. 5. Special districts are created to perform one or more related
governmental functions at the local level. 6. They fill a need that existing governmental units do not because these units do
not have the necessary legal authority or financial base. 7. hiring and firing teachers, constructing new schools, buying school
supplies, setting district school tax rates, and selecting a superintendent of schools 8. has been the major unit of local
government for hundreds of years; its meetings are examples of direct democracy 9. NY, NJ, PA: formed where people settled,
so they are not uniform in shape; Ohio and westward: more uniform in shape because they were drawn in federal public land
surveys.
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review CHAPTER
Cities and Metropolitan Areas in Texas
and the Nation
25
A. As You Read
As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below with information about the three forms of
city government. Possible answers below
Forms of City Government Description

Mayor Council Form 1. elected mayor, executive branch; elected council,
legislative branch
Strong mayor 2. Mayor heads the administration with power to hire

and fire and to prepare a budget; takes lead in
making policy.
Weak mayor 3. Executive duties are shared with other elected officials;
appointment powers are shared or taken over by council.
Commission Form 4. 5 to 9 popularly elected department heads, one of
which is chosen by commission as mayor
Council Manager Form 5. strong elected council, weak elected mayor, hired
administrator
6. What is the practice of zoning and why is it important to city planning? Zoning is the practice of
__________________
dividing a city into a number of districts, or zones, and regulating the uses to which property in each of them may
________________________________________________________________________________
be put. It is important to ensure the orderly growth of a city.
________________________________________________________________________________
Suburbs began to grow in the years after World War II
7. Briefly describe the reasons for suburban growth.______________________________________
as people felt the need for more room, cheaper land, less pollution and noise, and greater privacy.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

a city’s basic law, or constitution
8. charter __________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a city and the areas that surround it
9. metropolitan area ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER
Financing State and Local Government 25
A. As You Read
As you read Section 4, complete the diagram by writing the various sources of State and local
revenues in the space provided. Possible answers below
corporate
3. ________ property
4. ________
income tax
__________ tax
__________
individual
2. ________ __________ __________ inheritance
5. ________
income tax
__________ tax
__________
__________ __________
sales tax
1. ________ estate tax
6. ________
__________ __________
__________ __________
State and Local Revenues

borrowing
12.________ franchise
7. ________
__________ tax
__________
__________ __________
business
11.________ licenses
8. ________
enterprises
__________ __________
__________ tolls
__________
10.________ amusement
9. ________
__________ taxes
__________
__________ __________

Read each statement below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write F.
T
_____ 13. A sales tax is one that is placed on the sale of commodities such as gasoline and
cigarettes.
F
_____ 14. The assessed value of taxable property is always determined on a fair and equal basis.
T
_____ 15. Inheritance and estate taxes are also known as “death taxes” because they are levied
after a person dies.
F
_____ 16. The sales tax is probably the most difficult tax for a State to collect.
F
_____ 17. Taxes that are geared according to a person’s ability to pay are called regressive taxes.
T
_____ 18. Generally, taxes placed on the annual income of individuals and corporations are
progressive.

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Guided Reading and

Unit 1 Foundations of American Government

Unit 2 Political Behavior: Government by the People

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Chapter 8 Mass Media and Public Opinion

Unit 3 The Legislative Branch

Chapter 10 Congress Chapter 12 Congress in Action

Unit 5 The Judicial Branch

© Pearson Education, Inc.

Unit 7 Participating in Texas State and Local Government

Reading for Meaning

BEFORE YOU READ

Ask yourself these questions: Use these strategies to find the

STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 5

TIP! List the events or steps in order.

Cities grow and prosper.

Comparing and Contrasting

6 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK

Puerto Rico democracy free enterprise

Identifying Main Ideas and Details

STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 7

Identifying Cause and Effect

AFTER YOU READ

8 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK

Read each part of a multiple-choice question to make sure you

Many tests are made up of multiple-choice questions. Some multiple-choice

Other multiple-choice questions are incomplete sentences that you are to

TIP! Turn the stem into a direct

STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 9

Reading Comprehension Questions

2. Analyze the questions. Look for key words in the stem:

3. Read the selection. Read quickly. Keep the questions in mind.

4. Answer the questions. Try out each distractor and choose

TIP! The key word because tells why the king-

10 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK

3. Look at the map and answer the ques-

In which of these coun-

TIP! Read the labels and

STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 11

Decide which distractor agrees with the answer

Religious Persuasion in France A Circle graph shows the relationship of parts

15 Saudi Arabia produces about how many more

12 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK

THE WRITING PROCESS

Follow each step of the writing process to communicate effectively.

• Edit for clarity of ideas and elaboration.

Step 5. Publish and Present

• Copy text neatly by hand, or use a typewriter • Illustrate as needed.

STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 13

Writing to Provide Historical Interpretations

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Step 1. Ask Questions

Step 2. Acquire Information

Take notes. Follow accepted format for listing sources.

Step 3. Analyze Information

Step 4. Use Information

Step 5. Communicate What You’ve Learned

STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 15

Excellent Good Acceptable Unacceptable

Purpose Achieves Informs, Reader cannot Lacks purpose

Organization Develops ideas Presents ideas Reader has Lacks

Elaboration Explains all Explains most Includes some Lacks support-

Use of Uses excellent Uses good Includes some Includes many

16 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK

B. Reviewing Key Terms