* Five laws of len six sigma

0: The law of market- customer CTQ issues must be addressed first

1: the law of flexibility- velocity of any proces is directly proportional to
flexibiliity of the process
2: the law of focus - 20% of activities in a process cause 80% of the delay
3: the law of velocity - velocity of any proces is inversely proportional to the
amount of work in progress
4: the law of veriety - Veriety of the service of produc offering generally adds
more non added costs and WIO then either poor tquality (low sigma level) or slow
speed process problems

* Inprovement project life cycle

1 Project identification - CTC, CTB, VOC, CTP
2 Project Categorization - Six sigma, lean star, OIP
3 Project Registration -
4 Project Execution
5 Project validation an closure -
6 OPEX Dashboard Update - Validated savings amount and the closed project count is
sent to the opex council by PE&T to be displayed on opex dashboard
7 Certification rewards & recognition

* Understand the process

Kano analysis
CTQ
SIPOC
PRocess MAP
VSM
Introuction to QFD - Quality function deployement or house of quality

* Data types
- Continuous Data
- Discrete Data

Describe sets of continuous data

1. Measure of cetral Tendency - Mean meadian Mode

2. Measure of Dispersion- range Variance SD - Indicates on an average how much each
value is away the mean
3. Shape - Histogram

Sampling - Random Sampling - Each unit has the same probability to be selected
Stratified sampling - Stratify the data into differet groups. Select the sample
among each stratified group.
Systematic Sampling - Used in continuous process situations. Freq of sampling is
chosen that is nth hur so many samples will be drawn
Rational sub grouping - Used in continuous process situations.

Sample size calculation : continuous data

Sample size :
Sample size calculation : Discrete data

* Probability - Statistical Distribution

Con dist - Normal dist - The normal dist has the following characterstics
- smooth and continuous
- Bell shaped and symmetrical
- both tails are do not touch the x-axis
- The total area under the dist curve is eqyal to 1
- The mean mode and midian have the same value

Doscrete Dist - Binamial Dist - If the data is binary then probabilities are
estimated using binamial distBinary data (0 or 1) Yes or nofollows the binomial
dist
Poisson Dist - If the dat ais count then prob are estimated using poisson dist.
Poisson dist is used when it is desited to detemine the prob of the no. of
oxxurences on a per unit basis. Typically applications are in quaity control
settings where it is desired to measure defects per unit.

* Process capability - A capable process with two spec limits, the USL and LSL.
Using one spec limit is called bilateral or two sided.
b) A cpable process with only the lowe or upper specifications are used. using one
spec linit is called unilateral or onw sided

* Process capability indices : the Pp index

Pp = Tolerance / 6 SD
Where tolarance = USL - LSL

Interpretation Pp

Pp > 1 The process is quite capable

Pp = 1 Just capable
Pp < 1 Incapable

* * Process capability indices : the Ppk index

Ppk is measure of process performance capability. The process performace index Ppk
is given by:-

The recommended value of Ppk is 1.33

Thus Ppk = Pp means the process is centered
Ppk is always less thean or equal to Pp

* Sigma level calculations

Sigma multiple of the process is = Z = (3*Ppk)

* Capability analysis : conti data - Capab analysis procudes a process capability

report when data follows a normal distribution.
* Unit , Defect, Oppertunity, Defective
Specification - The customer or client requirement (SLA) on the process or unit

* DPU = Defects / Unit

DPO = Defects / Units* no. of oppertunities
DPMO = Defects / Units * No. of oppertunities per unit

* Takt time- Determines how fast a proces needs to run meet customer demand. It is
about having a rate of processing that meets the customer demand
Takt time = Net available woeking time per day / customer demand per day
Establish baselines - Metrics
- Process cylcle efficiency. It is also called process ration or value added
ration.
PCE = Value added time / total lead time

* 7 QC tools

* Multi Vari Analysis

- Used to compare and understand the individual and combined effect of many factors
(Xs) on one response variable (Y). Limited to use upto four variables(Xs)

* Types of activities in a process - VA/NVA/NNVA

* Types of waste

* Time value analysis map -

* Brain storming

* FMEA

* Fish Bone

* Test of Hypotheses

Use in different Application

Analyze Phase - To determine if the identified causes are real.

Improve Phase - To erify the dignificance of the solutions identified
Control Phase - to validate if significant changes occur in control phase as
compared to define/measure phase

* ANOVA - ANOVA is an analysis of the variation present in a nexperiment.

- One Way ANOVA : Signle factor ANOVA - One wasy analysis of variance is a way to
test the equality of three or more mean at one time by using variances.
Objective : To test the effect of cause X on the CTQ Y
Usage : When cause X is caegorical (Grouped)

CTQ is continuous Data

- Two way ANOVA - To stydty he effect of two factors on process output or response.

* Correlation and regression :- Correlartion is the technique to identify the

relation between two variables. Correlation explains about the direction of the
movement.
Objective : to test the relationsip of cause X on the CTQ Y

Positive Correlation - Y increases as X increases & vice versa

Negetive Correlation - Y Decreases as X increases & vice versa
No correlation
- MEasure of correlation - Coefficient of Correlation
Perfect Negetive Correlation = -1
Perfect Positive correlation = +1
No correlation = 0

- Degree of correlation - r = +.9, 90% positive correlation

r = -.85, 85% negetive correlation

* Regression - Identify the exact form of the relationship. Regression also explain
about the degree of the movement in one variable with respect to movement in
another.
Regression of Y on Xs are expressed using transfer function Y = f(x)
Model output in terms of input or process variables

* SCAMPER Techniue - SCAMPER is an idea generation and snthesis technique developed

by Michael Michalko.
S - Substitute - Substituting part of your prodect/process for something else.
C - Combine - Combine two or more aspect of the process so as to reduce the turn
around time, value enhancement of the product.
A - Adapt - Adapting a best practice from different processes within organization
or from benchmark industries
M - Modify/Distort - Think about changing part or all of the current situation or
to distort it in an unsual way.
P - Put to other purpose -
E - Eliminate -
R - Reverse/Re-arrange - Think of what you would do if part of your product
/process worked in reverse or done in a differtent order.

* Conjount Analysis - A marketing research technique used t odetermine the

desirable features of a product or service.

* Poke Yoke or Mistake Proofing