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(a) Flexural failure (b) Flexural-shear (c) shear failure with masonry
Stiffness
Strength (Capacity)
Ductility
-if increments or first derivatives of actions and deformations are used, the
ensuing stiffness is the tangent value
-If total actions and deformations are used, the ensuing stiffness is the
secant value
-Structural walls are much stiffer in their strong axis than columns
-MRF more flexible than braced frames, structural walls are stiffer than all
types of frames, frames with rigid connections exhibit higher stiffness than
that of semi-rigid connections
(iii) Member (rotation) ductility ( μθ ) quantifies plastic rotations that can take
place in structural components such as beams and columns.
- This type of ductility is often also used for connections between structural
members.
Failure modes that should be avoided are those involving sudden failure
(e.g. brittle or buckling modes) and those involving total collapse due to
failure of vertical load carrying members.
(i) Difference between actual and design material strengths, including strain
hardening;
(ii) Effect of confinement in RC, masonry and composite members;
(iii) Minimum reinforcement and member sizes exceeding design requirements;
(iv) Conservatism of the design procedures, e.g. utilizing the elastic period to obtain
the design forces and ductility requirements;
(v) Effect of structural elements not considered in predicting the lateral load
capacity (e.g. actual slab width contribution to beams, degree of interaction of
shear connectors in composite systems);
(vi) Load factors and multiple load cases adopted in seismic design including
accidental torsion;
(vii) Serviceability limit state provisions;
(viii) Structural redundancy;
(ix) Participation of non- structural elements in the earthquake response of
structures.
Dr. Mohammad Al Amin Siddique CE, BUET 69
Response of Structures
- The more damping the structure has, the less response the structure
experiences when it is subjected to excitations such as earthquake motions.
-Unlike the mass and stiffness of a structure, damping does not relate to a
unique physical process but rather to a number of possible processes.
Supply:
-the action or deformation capacity of a component or an assembly of
components when subjected to earthquake ground motion
-represents the response of the structure to the demand
-continuously vary as the structural characteristics change during
inelastic
-also varies with the characteristics of the input motion
Dr. Mohammad Al Amin Siddique CE, BUET 77
Response of Structures
Effects on Load path:
-Earthquake-resistant structures should be provided with lateral and vertical
seismic force–resisting systems capable of transmitting inertial forces from the
location of masses throughout the structure to the foundations
LoadDr.path in building
Mohammad structures
Al Amin Siddique CE, BUET 79
Response of a SDOF System
Fig. Models for a single degree of freedom (SDOF): (a) spring-mass-dashpot system;
and (b) idealized single frame
Assumptions:
1. Mass of the columns<< slab, concentrated on slab level
2. Beam/slab infinitely rigid, entire deformation is due to col. flexural deformation
Under the influence of lateral loads, a SDOF system shown in (a) is analog
for the response of portal frame (b)
The parameters of discrete model are related to the physical system (portal frame)
as:
mass M is the total mass of the beam & slab and serve as the storage for kinetic
energy
spring of stiffness K represents the combined stiffness of two columns for lateral
deformations and store the internal strain energy due to column deformations
dashpot with damping coefficient C represents the energy dissipation due to
various sources
the excitation force P(t) is the lateral force applied on the portal frame
Dr. Mohammad Al Amin Siddique CE, BUET 82
Response of SDOF System
FI + FD + FS = P(t)
•The constant angle φ is called the phase constant (or phase angle) acting
along with the amplitude A which can be determined uniquely by the initial
displacement and initial velocity of the particle
•The function x is periodic and repeats itself when ωnt increases by 2π rad
•The period T of the motion is the time it takes for the particle to complete
one full cycle
Dr. Mohammad Al Amin Siddique CE, BUET 94
Free Vibration Response of SDOF System
T = The time required for the undamped system to complete one cycle of free
vibration is the natural period of vibration of the system
• It represents
the number of oscillations
that a particle makes per
unit time
The unit of frequency (f) is cycles/s or hertz (Hz). The angular frequency is:
If ζ = 1, the system
returns to its
equilibrium position
without oscillating