Professional Documents
Culture Documents
komunistebs miadgnen,
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan komunisti ar vyofilvar.
ebraelebs miadgnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan ebraeli ar vyofilvar.
profkavSirebs miadgnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan profkavSireli ar vyofilvar,
kaTolikeebze gadavidnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan kaTolike ar vyofilvar.
Semdeg me momadgnen...
da aRaravin iyo darCenili,
rom xma amoeRo...
martin niimioleri
pastori, germaniis
evangelur- luTeruli eklesia
solidaroba
#1(34)
saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcvelis Jurnali
23
4
mosazrebebi ar asaxavs gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis an gaeros
ganviTarebis programis Tvalsazriss
patriotizmi
nino beqiSvili
misamarTi: Tbilisi, maCablis 11,
tel.: 92 24 81
Targmani
www.ombudsman.ge
14 patriotizmi da kosmopolitizmi
marta nusbaumi, hilari patnemi, imanuil valerstaini,
saqarTvelos maikl uolceri, Carlz teilori
saxalxo
damcveli
interviu
gaeros
38 ra dagvrCa sabWoTa warsulidan?
interviu daviT afrasiZesTan
ganviTarebis
programa nino beqiSvili
44
bi z. andronikaSvili, g. maisuraZe) pirve-
lad rusul enaze Jurnal `Íîâîå Ëèòåðà-
òóðíîå îáîçðåíèå~-Si, (#83, 2007) gamoqvey- ideologia: erovnuli da sxva
nda, xolo pirveli qarTuli Targmani da-
ibeWda Jurnal `STabeWdilebaSi~ #1, 2008.
gia nodia
samarTali
69 mSvidobiani Sekrebis
Tavisufleba
Tea wulukiani
sekularizmi
76 religiisa da politikis
urTierTobis axali formebi
giorgi cxadaia
TOLERANCE
81 qristianoba pluralistur
samyaroSi
69
mitropoliti giorgi xodri
92 evrosabWos saparlamento
asambleas rekomendacia:
saxelmwifo, religia, sekularoba
da adamianis uflebebi
kaxaber kurtaniZe
orientiri
proaqcia
106 Summary
100
#1(34) mrgvali magida
nino beqiSvili
qarTul sinamdvles Tu
CavuRrmavdebiT da istorias
gadavxedavT, Cven gvaqvs
ramdenime sayuradRebo
teqsti da axla or maTgans
gavixseneb. 1887 wels ilia
WavWavaZis cnobili saaxal-
wlo statia daibeWda _ ra
giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT?!
sadac ilia cdilobda aexsna,
Tu ra tipis saqmianoba iyo
qarTvelebisTvis yvelaze
saWiro im momentisaTvis,
mecxramete saukunis 80-iani
wlebisaTvis. ilia WavWavaZe,
gadaxedavs ra mTel ganvlil
istorias, ambobs, rom mTavr-
deba omi TofiTa da xmliT
da iwyeba omi ofliTa da
SromiT. es Zalian mniSvnelo-
vani gamyofia. ilia ambobs,
simon janaSia
rom Zalian cota iyo Cvens
istoriaSi dro, roca qarT- uaryofdes kosmopolitizms nikebis komentarebs Sevada-
vels ar sWirdeboda omi da da kosmopoliti _ naciona- rebT, did gansxvavebas davi-
brZola, imitom, rom momxdu- lizms. vaJa ambobs, rom pat- naxavT. me mxolod ori teqsti
ri yovelTvis TofiT da riotizmi emociebisa da grZno- gavixsene, cxadia, maSin bevri
xmliT modioda da Cvenc mzad bebis saqmea (samwuxarod, ram iwereboda am Temaze, maT
unda vyofiliyaviT. axla ki aqedan dRemde ara varT gamo- Soris qalebmac Seqmnes ara-
is momenti dadga, roca qar- suli), xolo kosmopolitizmi Cveulebrivi teqstebi. gavix-
Tvelebi codniTa da SromiT _ gonebisa da keTilgoniere- senebdi erT diskusias, sadac
unda SeviaraRdeT da qveyanas bisa. is xsnis, ratom gaCnda kato miqelaZec monawileob-
ase vemsaxuroTo. statiis kosmopolitizmis idea, gaCnda da, romelic Tavisi ideebiT
saTauric ra giTxraT, riT imitom, rom Tavidan agveci- feministi iyo. is upirispir-
gagaxaroT?! iqedan gamodis, lebina iseTi ubedureba, ro- deboda mamakacebis Tvalsaz-
rom qarTvelebis umetesoba goricaa omi da erebs Soris riss imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebs
ver acnobierebs, rom xmlis dapirispireba. es ori teqsti magaliTad unda daesaxaT
dro wavida da codnis dro Zalian mniSvnelovania da Zveli dedebi da Cadri Camo-
dadga. SedarebiT ufro maTi xelaxali gaazreba ar efarebinaT, da ambobs: dRevan-
gvian, 1905 welsaa dawerili awyenda arc Cvens xelisuf- delma qalebma TavianT Svilebs
vaJa-fSavelas cnobili weri- lebas da arc sazogadoebas. xmlebi ki ar unda miawodon,
li patriotizmi da kosmopo- vfiqrob, im patriotuli aramed _ wigni, danarCeni
litizmi, romelic gagrZe- banakebis liderebs, romlebic, msoflios nawili rom gavxdeT,
lebaa ilias ZiriTadi ideisa Cemi azriT, dRes paTologi- xmali ki ara, wigni gvWirdebao.
da suliskveTebisa. im dros uri ideebiTa da idealebiT
social-demokratiuli ideebi aiaraReben axalgazrdebs, ar kaxaber kurtaniZe: patrio-
Zalian popularulia da awyendaT waekiTxaT iliasa da tizmis Teologiur definici-
patriotizmis kontrversiad vaJas es statiebi da daenaxaT as SemogTavazebT. berZnulad
Cndeba internacionalizmis is ZiriTadi marcvali, risi patre mamas niSnavs, patria
idea. maSin Zalian bevri ada- gaazreba Cvens epoqaSic auci- _ mamuls. mamuli ilia Wav-
miani gadaeSva internaciona- lebelia _ ra arCevanis winaSe WavaZem, saxelmwifos cnebis
lizmSi swored nacionalizmis vdgavarT? Tu am teqstebs nacvlad Semoitana. mamulia
uaryofis gziT. vaJa-fSavelas mixeil saakaSvilis bolodro- is adgili, sadac monaTesave
azriT, nacionalisti ar unda indel gamosvlebs anda Cinov- xalxi cxovrobs. am cnebis
baa, maSin, cxadia, CemTvisac luri mamuli Caenacvla, sul maSi. es viRacisTvis sasaciloa
misaRebia. dRes es cnobiereba sxva datvirTva SeiZina am cne- da mouxerxebeli, viRacisTvis
Zalianaa aRreuli, yvela Ta- bam. es me-19 saukunis naciona- _ sasiamovno. da amis daZaleba,
viseburad xsnis mas, me imasac lizms axasiaTebda da Zalian modi, yvelani patriotebi viyoT
ver getyviT, rom erTi da ar miyvars es nacionalizmi, da qveyana yazarmad vaqcioTo,
imave jgufis warmomadgenlebi imitom, rom man ori msoflio cota miuRebelia CemTvis.
erTnairad ganmartaven am omi moitana. am ideis impor-
cnebas. vgulisxmob xelisuf- tiori saqarTveloSi swored
lebas, isinic sxvadasxvanai- ilia WavWavaZea. robespierma ramdenadaa Tanamedro-
rad saubroben patriotizmze, Tavi moWra mefes, da Tqva: ve cxovrebaSi patrio-
amitom albaT jer sazogado- Tavi movWraT mefes, raTa tizmi saxelisuflebo
eba unda SeTanxmdes, ras vgu- icocxlos mamulmao, Cven ar elitis ideologiad
lisxmobT am sityvis miRma. movWeriT mefes Tavi, magram qceuli? arsebobs mo-
gamoCnda mefe, romelmac sazreba, rom xelisuf-
SoTa gagarini: patriotizmi, TviTon moiWra Tavi, raTa lebis mier SemoTava-
rogorc Cans, sakmaod bundo- ecocxla mamuls. ilias de- zebuli patriotizmi
vani cnebaa, Svidi adamiani metre Tavdadebuls vgulis- eklesiis proeqtis
vsxedvarT da ver mivediT xmob. ra definiciamdec ar sapirispirod Seiqmna,
konsensusamde, ra aris pat- unda mivideT, patriotizmi romelic ara eTnona-
riotizmi. sityvebi drois gulisxmobs raRacis siyvaruls. cionalizms, aramed
ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelobas ra vuyoT im adamianebs, rom- qarTvelobisa da
icvlis. magaliTad, premo- lebsac ara aqvT amgvari siyva- marTlmadideblobis
dernul sivrceSi patrioti ruli? vaswavloT? siyvarulis identobis mtkicebazea
kninobiTi mimarTvac ki iyo swavleba erTma scada, ieso agebuli. ra cvlile-
miwaTmoqmedTa mimarT. miwaT- erqva, da mere yvelaze kacT- bebi moxda 2003 wlis
moqmedi ar icavda samSoblos, moZule raRacebi moxda misi Semdeg?
obivateli iyo, miwas CiCqnida swavlebis praqtikaSi danerg-
da amiT Wamda purs, ar iyo vis mcdelobisas. piradad ninia kakabaZe: yvelas kargad
mebrZoli. modernul sivrceSi, CemTvis, patriotizmi fetiSia, gvaxsovs, rom sabWoTa kavSi-
roca sakralur mefes sakra- rogorc seqsi ragbistis for- ris dangrevis Semdeg, zviad
gamsaxurdias dros, agorda
yvelaze didi patriotuli
nacionalizmis talRa, rome-
lic Sovinizmis da faSizmis
elementebsac ki Seicavda. naci-
onalizmis orwlianma kulmi-
nacim SevardaZis dros
daRmasvla daiwyo. vfiqrob,
qarTveli eris bunebaSi yalbi
patriotizmi yovelTvis iyo,
romelic dRes muStebis gulze
braguniT, paTetikuri teqs-
tebiT, leqsebiT gamoixateba
da postsabWoTa saqarTvelos
sazogadoebriv cxovrebas
mudmivad Tan sdevs. 2003 wlis
Semdeg, axalma xelisuflebam
axleburi saxelmwifos
Camoyalibeba gadawyvita, rac
swori nabiji iyo, radgan aq
marTlac, Zalian bevri ramea
Sesacvleli. samwuxarod,
ninia kakabaZe
xelisuflebam, miuxedavad
imisa, rom kursi deklarire- eri naTesavebidan, eTnosidan simon janaSia: nacionalizmze
bulad mainc aiRo dasavle- swored ramdenime adamianis roca vsaubrobT, unda dava-
Tisken, zedmeti apelireba Zalisxmevis Sedegad iqmneba. zustoT, ras vgulisxmobT,
moaxdina swored nacionaliz- misi Tvalsazrisi optimizmis radgan nacionalizmi nacizmis
msa da patriotizmze, rac safuZvels iZleva. saWiroa gagebiT da nacionalizmi eris
isev da isev yalbi paTetikis ramdenime adamiani, romelic mSeneblobis gagebiT sxvadas-
doneze darCa. kulminacia am Caatarebs am gulwrfelobis xvaa. me mgonia, rom dRevande-
patriotuli propagandisa, aqts, da Seqmnis ers. mec Zalian li xelisuflebis politika
romelic mimdinareobda 2003 mawuxebda es yalbi paTetika, swored evropuli tipis eris
wlidan 2008 wlis agvistomde, magram sxva alternativas, mSeneblobis mcdelobaa. ram-
iqneboda es patriotTa bana- garda dRevandeli xelisuf- denad mniSvnelovania es Ta-
kebi, patriotuli klipebi, lebisa, qarTul politikur namedroveobaSi, sxva sakiTxia,
patriotuli konkursebi Tu sivrceSi dRes ver vxedav. magram dRes Cven vcdilobT
sxvadasxva aqciebi, swored roca qaosur, TiTqmis agra- gavimeoroT is gza, romelic
agvistos omis dReebSi davi- rul sivrceSi modis lideri evropis saxelmwifoebma me-19
naxe TbilisSi. quCebSi dro- da surs reformebis gatareba, saukunis bolosa da me-20-is
SebiT davrbodiT, Tavze isev raTa qveyana demokratiis gza- damdegs gaiares. Tanamedrove
lentebi wavikariT _ es iyo ze daayenos, is iwyebs ucxo warmodgena eris Sesaxeb CvenSi
artistuli gamoxatuleba ideebis Semotanas, romlebic ubralod ar arsebobda, ara
samSoblos siyvarulisa da mosaxleobis did nawils ar imitom, rom genetikurad ar
amis iqiT Cveni Segneba ver esmis. rogorc wesi, reforme- viyaviT patriotebi, aramed
midis. vici, Zalian arapopu- bis gatarebis dros sakmaod imitom, rom Tanamedrove sagan-
larul rames vambob, magram didi uaryofiTi energia manaTleblo institutebi ver
es yvelaferi Zalian yalbi da grovdeba xolme da am dros Seiqmna da, meore mxriv, masme-
aragulwrfeli iyo. es Sedegia Cndebian adgilobrivi Samanebi, dia aRwerda saqarTvelos,
patriotizmis xuTwliani qa- romlebic iwyeben warsulis gai- rogorc mamuls, mamuli, feo-
dagebisa. Tumca, meore mxriv, dealurebas: ai, Cvens tradici- daluri mniSvnelobiT, aris
Zalian mixaria, rom Cven CeCen ebs ebrZvian, Cvens identobas is, rac memkvidreobiT gadmo-
kamikaZeebad ar viqeciT. ebrZvian da sxv. liders ra gecema da es ar aris Sen mier
darCenia? an Samans unda gada- mopovebuli ram. vfiqrob, rom
kaxaber kurtaniZe: mgonia, rom uaros, da maSin diqtatori 2003 wlis Semdeg aris mcdeloba
maSin adamianebi Zalian gul- xdeba imitom, rom arademokra- Seiqmnas Tanamedrove eri, da
wrfelebi iyvnen. adamianisT- tiul meTodebs iyenebs, an amisTvis patriotizmi erT-
vis mTavaria sakuTari iden- TviTon unda daiwyos am Sama- erTi instrumentia, romelmac
tobis birTvi ipovos. berZnuli nobanas TamaSi da TviTon gax- unda gaaerTianos adamianebi
filosofia (da es Semdeg des SamanTa Samani. vfiqrob, da fokusireba moaxdinos
qristianobamac gaiziara) rom mixeil saakaSvili swored momavlis miznebze. problema
swored imisken aris mimarTu- am dilemis winaSe dgas. mec is aris, rom, roca, erTi
li, rom gaigo ra ginda da vin bevri rame ar mesmis, magali- mxriv, warsulis gaidealeba
xar. roca Seicnob sakuTar Tad, patriotTa banakebi. sab- iwyeba da, meore mxriv, saku-
Tavs, swored amis Semdeg WoTa banakebis gulis guli, Tari Tavis viqtimizacia xdeba,
modis gulwrfeloba da is sabWoTa jari maqvs gavlili da Zlierdeba patriotizmis emo-
didi Sromis Sedegia. SeiZleba amitomac am yvelafris mimarT ciuri mxare, rac upirispirdeba
isini, vinc droSebiT xelSi alergiuli var. ras akeTebs racionalurs da aiZulebs
da signalebCarTuli manqane- saakaSvili? erTi mxriv, Samanis adamians an Seuvardes tanks,
biT darbodnen TbilisSi, rols asrulebs, meore mxriv, an Seqmnas tanki an tanks jo-
ubralod, uvicebi iyvnen, cdilobs gaagrZelos demokra- xebi urtyas. CvenTan rTulia
radganac maT ver Seicnes tiuli reformebi. es TamaSi ritorikis, politikisa da
Tavi Tvisi. ar gaswies Sroma, gardauvali iqneba nebismieri praqtikis gamijvna. ra Tqma
romlis Semdegac daafiqsi- xelisufalisTvis da im viTare- unda, politikaa patriotuli
rebdnen sakuTar da samSob- baSi, rac axla gvaqvs, mgonia, banaki, magram praqtikaa is, rom
los identobas. mamardaSvili rom saakaSvilma gamowvevebs patriotTa banakSi adamianebi
gavixsenoT. is ambobda, rom normalurad gaarTva Tavi. did dros uTmoben imis swav-
las, rogor gamoixexon kbilebi. mimarTavs, aseT dros Zalian cneba ki Zalian gansxvavdeba
SeiZleba ritorika, politika legitimuri SeiZleba iyos erTmaneTisgan. swored imitom,
da praqtika erTmaneTisgan mosazreba, rom amis sapiris- rom am idealebs pirdapir vaw-
Zalian Sors iyos. kaxas veTan- pirodaa Seqmnili xelisufle- vdiT da ar vaRvivebT maTSi
xmebi imaSi, rom arsebobs bis propaganda. magram vfiq- ideebze kamaTis survils, Cven
erTgvari TamaSi, romelsac rob, rom es mcdari warmodge- gvaqvs es realoba: xalxi ver
politikosebs amomrCeveli naa da sabolood uares Sede- akeTebs Tavisufal arCevans.
aiZulebs, roca amomrCevels gamde migviyvans. xelisflebis ar SeiZleba xalxs hqondes
patriotizmis ufro emociuri mier SemoTavazebuli patri- arCevani, roca Cven maT erT
gageba aqvs da politikoss otizmi ar aris imis alterna- partias vTavazobT. partiebsa
uWirs Tavisi mosazrebebi, tiva, rasac eklesia qadagebs. da partiul odeologiebs
romlebic gansxvavdeba xalxis Soris CvenTan ar arsebobs
mosazrebebisgan, xalxis mosaz- lela gafrinaSvili: vfiqrob, kamaTi da dikusia. xalxs ara
rebebad aqcios. aqve Cndeba rom eklesiasa da xelisuf- aqvs arCevani sxvadasxva ide-
Zveli dilema, romelic 90-ian lebas sruliad identuri ologiebs Soris. aq marto
wlebSi Zalian aqtualuri iyo proeqtebi aqvT, maT Soris gan- xelisufleba ar aris damnaSa-
_ jer demokratia Tu jer sxvavebas ver vxedav. eklesia ve. damnaSavea danarCeni poli-
saxelmwifo? principSi, dResac eubneba adamianebs, religiuri tikuri partiebic da sazoga-
imave dilemis winaSe dgas xe- kanonebi imisTvis arsebobs, doebac. Tumca, xelisuflebas
lisufleba, romelic fiqrobs, rom adamiani emsaxuros am ka- ideebis gavrcelebis,
rom dRes gacilebiT ufro nonebso, saxelmwifo ki eub- sazogadoebis ganaTlebis
didi safrTxeebi arsebobs. neba _ saxelmwifo, kanoni da ufro meti resursi aqvs.
amasTanave mas aqvs imis ambi- samarTalic imisTvis arsebobs,
ciac, rom situacia akontro- rom adamiani emsaxuros sa- giorgi melaZe: Cveni mTavari
los. sul martivi magaliTi: xelmwifoso da ara piriqiT. problema isicaa, rom cnebeb-
xelisufleba ar aZlevs mosax- hainih biolis fondSi 2004 ze ar varT SeTanxmebulni.
leobas partizanuli razmebis wels nika gvaramiam Zalian amitom yvela Tavisas lapara-
Seqmnis saSualebas an ar uwyobs gulwrfelad da daufiqreb- kobs. es ki gaugebrobebs
xels neonacisturi jgufebis lad Tqva mniSvnelovani ram: qmnis. roca Cven patriotTa
Seqmnas. cnobilia, rom, ruseTSi Cven xalxisTvis vmoqmedebT, banakebze vsaubrobT, darw-
amgvar jgufebs xels uwyoben. oRond xalxis gareSeo. Cemi munebuli var, yvelas raRac
azriT, es mTavari problemaa warmodgenebi gvidgas Tvalwin.
ninia kakabaZe: siko saubrob- da ara mxolod xelisuflebis, saqarTveloSi 10 wlamde bavS-
da imaze, rom SeiZleba rito- aramed Cvenic, sazogadoebis. vebis 60%-ma normalurad
rika erTi iyos da politika viRac inteleqtualia, viRac wera-kiTxva ar icis da mxolod
_ meore, magram ritorika, raRac elitis nawilia da Cvenc 26% ixexavs diliT kbilebs.
romelsac propagandis saxe aqvs, gvgonia, rom ufro meti viciT, lelas veTanxmebi, yvelani
ar rCeba ubralo sityvebad, vidre, vTqvaT, viRacam, xev- vcdilobT viRacas avuxsnaT,
romelic SeiZleba erT yurSi sureTSi an duSeTSi da unda rogor icxovros. mTavari isaa,
SeuSa da meoridan gamouSva. vukarnaxoT maT, vis miscen xma ratom ar SeiZleba politi-
Zalian xSirad imis argumentad, arCevnebSi da sxv. anu, demok- kosma amiT politikuri kapi-
Tu ratom xdeba patriotizmis ratia unda movaxvioT Tavze, tali akeTos. imitom, rom
aseTi formiT danergva, moh- nacvlad imisa, rom demokra- Cvenc ki, vinc vakritikebT
yavT is faqti, rom saqarTve- tiis moTxovnileba gavuCinoT. xelisuflebis politikas,
los xelisuflebas 2003 wlis xelisuflebasac da sazoga- xalxs imaves vTavazobT. ara-
Semdeg gauCnda janmrTeli doebis warmomadgenlebsac vin cdilobs gaigos ra sWir-
ambicia, saqarTvelos moqala- xalxis mimarT mkveTrad uar- deba xalxs, yvelani TviTon
qeebisTvis axali identoba yofiTi damokidebuleba aqvT, vigonebT am saWiroebebs. es
SeeTavazebina. dRes qveyanaSi fiqroben, rom xalxi bnelia, problema iqneba manam, sanam
realurad ori gavleniani rom ver miva swor gadawyve- yvelani ar viswavliT wignis
Zala arsebobs _ eklesia da tilebamde, amitom Cven unda kiTxvas da ar gavxdebiT mkiT-
xelisufleba. eklesia veqtors vukarnaxoT maT ara ideebi, xveli eri. aseT xalxs demok-
isev erTmorwune ruseTisken aramed _ idealebi. es ori ratiac aqvs da liberalizmic.
gebT, saidan movdivarT. me kargia Tu cudi. erTi kia, amerikaSicaa skautTa moZra-
mgonia, rom msgavsebasac da- rom, mgoni, aravis hqonia imis oba, magram iq aswavlian im
vinaxavT im epoqebsa da Cvens iluzia, rom demokratiul Cvevebs, rasac adamiani realu-
dros Soris. sazogadoebas aT weliwadSi rad gamoiyenebs, aq ki aswav-
avaSenebdiT. meorea, Tu demok- lian, rom lideri yovelT-
SoTa gagarini: TiTqos davaR- ratia miuRwevelia, xom SeiZ- vis marTalia da kidev raRac
wieT Tavi monstrs da gaveSu- leba am qveynis modernizeba. sisuleleebs. ase ver aRzrdi
reT dasavluri struqture- demokratia isaa, rac xalxs Tanamdrove evropel patriots,
bisken, rac komforts gviqad- unda, da, Tu xalxs ar unda romelic samoqalaqo sazoga-
da. magram uceb adamianebma demokratia, maSin ra vqnaT? doebisTvisaa Tavdadebuli.
dainaxes, rom evropa maT se- dRes ar arsebobs sazogado-
kularizmis principebs sTa- ebaSi konsensusi imis Sesaxeb, giorgi melaZe: am wuTisTvis
vazobs. ssrk-s dangrevis Sem- ra gvinda. TiTqos bevri par- Cven varT im safrTxis winaSe,
deg ki is ideologiuri tiaa, magram realurad varT rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifom
vakuumi, rac gaCnda, swored mravalpartiuli qveyana? ar iarsebos. me es safrTxe
samarxvo namcxvrebiT da mravalpartiuloba gulisx- realuri mgonia da is ruse-
religiuri fasT-fudebiT mobs grZel msoflmxedvelob- Tisgan modis. es imas ar niS-
amoavses. xelisufleba dilemis riv diapazons, sadac iqnebian navs, rom Cven ar viarsebebT
winaSe dgas _ Tan dasavluri anarqistebic da ultrame- _ cxadia, viqnebiT, magram ar
demokratiis Seqmna unda, ro- marjveneebic. dRes ra suraTi gveqneba saxelmwifo. Zalian
melic gmirebisgan da miTo- gvaqvs? leiboristi Salva sustia is meqanizmebi, rogorc
sisgan daclil sazogadoebas naTelaSvili, romelic wesiT gareT, aseve qveynis SigniT,
gulisxmobs, da, meore mxriv, memarcxene unda iyos, dgas romlebic am saxelmwifos
mosaxleobas ver imorCilebs, samebis sakaTedro taZarSi da SenarCunebas sWirdeba. sazo-
Tanac Samanebi gamoCndnen. ambobs, amirCieT prezidentad gadoebis sxvadasxva nawils
amitomac uwevs iniciaciebis da yvela Cems gadawyvetilebas am safrTxesTan mimarTebiT
gavla daviT aRmaSeneblis wminda sinods SevuTanxmebo. urTierTgansxvavebuli damo-
saflavze da a. S. sad damTav- rac Seexeba patriotTa bana- kidebuleba gvaqvs. omi ar
rdeba es yvelaferi, namdvi- kebs, Tu sxva miznebi aqvT, dasrulebula, omi procesia,
lad ar vici. arc ki vici, es relevanturi saxeli daarqvan. ager 40 kilometrSi dgas
tankebi. ras vkargavT? me
vfiqrob, saxelmwifo eris
sindisia da Cven am sindiss
davkargavT.
patriotizmi
da kosmopolitizmi
diskusia
patriotizmi da kosmopolitizmi
SekiTxvaze, Tu sadauria, diogenem upasuxa:
`msoflios moqalaqe var~.
diogene laerteli,
`diogene kinikosis cxovreba~.
marta nusbaumi
miwaTmflobel nikilis kos- uflebebs? Tu, rogorc me rogorc Cans, imas gulisxmobda,
mopolitur pozicias, misi mimaCnia, maT _ sakuTari eris rom misTvis mniSvneloba ar
axalgazrda colis bimalasa istoriis Seswavlisa da hqonda misi warmoSobis adgils
da misi megobris _ mgznebare amJamindeli mdgomareobis da adgilobrivi jgufis wev-
nacionalistis sandipis _ ganxilvis garda _ bevrad robas, rac esoden mniSvne-
TvalsazrisiT aseT mosawyensa meti unda icodnen danarCeni lovani iyo rigiTi berZenis-
da uxalisos, SeuZlia daZlios msoflios Sesaxeb: indoeTisa Tvis; igi ufro universaluri
msgavsi winaaRmdegobebi, da boliviis, nigeriisa da miswrafebebisa da interesebis
radgan mxolod es pozicia norvegiis, maTi istoriis, TvalsazrisiT axdenda TviT-
mogviwodebs upirveles problemebisa da miRwevebis gamorkvevas. misi saqmis gamg-
yovlisa saTnoebas mivsdioT. Sesaxeb? mxolod is unda icod- rZelebelma stoikosebma
da swored es SemiZlia vurCio nen, rom indoeTis moqalaqeebs ufro srulad gaSales kosmou
adamianebs _ viyoT saTnoni. maTi Tanaswori uflebebi polites-is (msoflios moqalaqis)
ai amaze vilaparakeb. aqvT, Tu maT indoeTSi Sim- saxe, gvaCvenes, rom sinamdvi-
Silisa da garemos dabinZu- leSi yoveli Cvengani or er-
politikasa da ganaTlebaSi rebis problemebis, agreTve TobaSi cxovrobs: adgilobriv
nacionalizmis momxreebi xSi- am problemebis globaluri erTobaSi, romelSic daviba-
rad midian xolme kosmopo- SimSilisa da globaluri deT, da adamianuri mosazre-
litizmTan mcire daTmobaze. ekologiis problemebTan kav- bebisa da miswrafebebis erTo-
maT SeuZliaT amtkicon, rom, Siris Taobazec unda icod- baSi, romelic `namdvilad
magaliTad, Tumca erebi ganaT- nen rame? da yvelaze mniSvne- diadi da saerToa, sadac
lebis sistemaSi da politi- lovani: ra unda vaswavloT erTi kuTxidan meores ki ar
kuri ganxilvebisas mTliano- maT: is, rom isini pirvel vawydebiT, aramed mzis meSve-
baSi zogad erovnul faseu- yovlisa SeerTebuli Statebis obiT vadgenT Cveni xalxis
lobebs unda eyrdnobodnen, moqalaqeebi arian, Tu is, rom sazRvrebs~ (seneka, `mocale-
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebe- upirveles yovlisa msoflios obis Sesaxeb~). da arsobrivad
bisadmi erTguleba ganaTlebis moqalaqeebi arian, da, miuxe- es erToba aris Cveni moralu-
nebismieri erovnuli sistemis davad imisa, rom maT SeerTe- ri valdebulebebis wyaro.
Semadgeneli nawili unda iyos, bul StatebSi mouwiaT cxov- ZiriTadi moraluri faseu-
da, rom aseTi erTguleba reba, sxva qveynebis moqalaqe- lobebis sakiTxebSi, iseTebisa,
raRacnairad xels Seuwyobs ebTan erTad unda gainawilon rogoric samarTlianobaa,
mravali eris SemWidroebas. msoflio? mokled Sevexebi aucilebelia `yvela adamiani
realobasTan mimarTebaSi es oTx mosazrebas ganaTlebis Cvens Tanamemamuled da
samarTlian mosazrebad Cans; meore, rogorc me vuwodeb, Tanamoqalaqed~ migvaCndes
da, ra Tqma unda, msoflioSi, kosmopolituri, koncefciis (plutarqe, `aleqsandres
sadac erebi mudmivad samar- sasargeblod rom metyveleben. bedisa da qvelobis Sesaxeb~).
Tlianobisa da urTierTpa- magram Tavdapirvelad isto- da Cveni yvela msjeloba,
tiviscemis safuZvelze urTi- riul gadaxvevas gavakeTeb, upirveles yovlisa, konkretul
erTqmedeben (amis imedi viqo- davakvirdebi kosmopolitiz- viTarebaSi zogadsakacobrio
nioT), aucilebelia aqcenti mis saTaveebs da gzadagza problemebs unda exebodes da
adamianis uflebebze gakeTdes. warmovaCen am saganmanaTleblo ara erovnul identurobasTan
proeqtis safuZvelSi arsebul dakavSirebul, e.i., danarCeneb-
magram sakmarisia ki es? sak- zogierT Cinebul ideas. Tan kavSiris armqone proble-
marisia, rom moswavleebma mebs. diogenem icoda, rom
icodnen, rom isini upirveles mowodeba, vifiqroT rogorc
yovlisa SeerTebuli Statebis II msoflios moqalaqeebma, gar-
moqalaqeebi arian, da, rom maT kveuli azriT iyo mowodeba,
pativi unda scen indoeTis, SekiTxvaze, Tu sadauria, davtovoT patriotizmisa da
boliviis, nigeriisa da norve- diogene kinikosi pasuxobda: martivi grZnobebis komforti,
giis moqalaqeTa ZiriTad `msoflios moqalaqe var~. igi, samarTlianobisa da saTnoebis
TvalsazrisiT SevxedoT Cveni stoikosebs, romlebic amtki- axalgazrda coli swored ami-
cxovrebis wess. dabadebis adgi- cebdnen, rom kargi moqalaqis tom uaryofs mas nacionalisti
li yovelTvis SemTxveviTia; aRzrda _ msoflios moqalaqis oratoris sandipis gamo, san-
nebismieri adamiani nebismier aRzrdaa, amis dasasabuTeblad dipisa, romelsac mogvianebiT
erSi SeiZleba daibados. aRiareb- sami mosazreba mohyavdaT. igi zedapirul adamianad
dnen ra amas, mis mimdevar sto- isini upirveles yovlisa amtki- miiCnevs, _ magram, amtkiceben
ikosebs miaCndaT, rom Cven ar cebdnen, rom adamianis raobisa stoikosebi, kosmopolitizmis
unda mivceT erovnul, klasob- da mTel msoflioSi misi gamov- idea myari da Rrmaa.
riv, eTnikur an genderul gan- linebebis Seswavla Zalian
sxvavebebs saSualeba iqcnen mniSvnelovania TviTSecnobis- stoikosebi aRniSnaven, rom
winaRobad Cvensa da sxva adami- Tvis: Cven ukeT gvesmis saku- msoflios moqalaqed qceva
anebs Soris. yvelaferSi zogad- Tari Tavis, rodesac Cveni sulac ar niSnavs, rom unda
sakacobrios unda vxedavdeT cxovrebis wess sxva gonieri uarvyoT adgilobrivi iden-
da upirveles yovlisa mis mTa- adamianebis cxovrebis wess tifikaciebi, romlebsac xSi-
var Tvisebebs _ gonsa da zneob- vadriT. rad SeswevT unari, seriozu-
riobas _ unda vcemdeT pativs. lad gaamdidron adamianis
garda amisa, maT, rogorc cxovreba. isini ar gvTavazo-
es ar niSnavda, rom stoikose- Tagors, miaCndaT, rom Cvens ben Tavi adgilobrivi mijaW-
bi politikuri organizaciis problemebs ukeT gadavWriT, vulobisgan ganTavisuflebu-
adgilobrivi da erovnuli Tu maT amgvarad ganvixilavT. lad miviCnioT; saubari ufro
formebis gauqmebas da msof- stoicizmSi arcerTi Tema ar imazea, rom adamiani koncen-
lio saxelmwifos Seqmnas uWer- aris ise gaSlili, rogorc truli wreebis rigiT aris
dnen mxars. idea gacilebiT jgufis politikur cxovre- garSemortymuli. pirveli
ufro radikaluri iyo: Cven baSi fraqciulobisa da adgi- wre Tavad adamians moicavs;
ara ubralod mmarTvelobis lobrivi mijaWvulobis mier Semdegi _ mis uaxloes naTesa-
formis, ara droebiTi xeli- motanili ziani. maTi mtkice- vebs; kidev erTi _ Soreul
suflebis, aramed yvela ada- biT, politikuri ganxilva naTesavebs, Semdeg mezoblebs
mianis mier warmoqmnili mora- mudmivad marcxs ganicdis an adgilobriv jgufs, Tvis-
luri erTobis erTgulni unda Tavisi `sacirko dasisa~ Tu tomT, Tanamemamuleebs, _ da
viyoT. ase rom, msoflios moqa- erisadmi fanatikuri mijaWvu- am jgufebs advilad SeiZleba
laqis idea kantis `mizanTa lobis gamo. mxolod samarT- daematos eTnikuri, enobrivi,
mefobis~ ideis pirvelsaxe da lianobisa da gonebis msoflio istoriuli, profesiuli,
wyaroa da STaagonebs da are- erTobasTan kavSiris SemTx- genderuli da seqsualuri
gulirebs ra moralur da po- vevaSi SegviZlia aviciloT identobebi. yvelaze didi
litikur qcevas, msgavs amoca- Tavidan es safrTxeebi. wre ki mTel kacobriobas
nebs asrulebs. Cvens qcevebSi moicavs. Cveni, rogorc msof-
mudam unda gamovxatavdeT da bolos, isini daJinebiT lios moqalaqeebis, amocana
yoveli adamianis gonebisa da usvamdnen xazs kosmoupolite-s isaa, rom `yvela es wre cent-
moraluri arCevanis Rirsebi- poziciis udidesi mniSvnelo- risken mivizidoT~ (ax. w. I-I I
sadmi pativiscemas. amave ideiT bas, radgan es pozicia saSu- saukuneebis filosofosi-sto-
aris ganmsWvaluli Tagoris alebas iZleva davinaxoT ada- ikosi hieroklosi), yvelas ise
romani, radgan kosmopoliti mianebSi mTavari, rac pativis- movepyroT, rogorc Tvisto-
miwaTmflobeli universaluri cemas da aRiarebas imsaxurebs, mebs, da a.S. sxva sityvebiT
moraluri normebis moxmobiT kerZod ki _ swrafva samarTli- rom vTqvaT, Cven ar unda
cdilobs SeaCeros nacionaliz- anobisa da saTnoebisken da ugulebelvyoT Cveni gansakuT-
misa da fraqciulobis talRa. azrovnebis unari. es aspeqti rebuli _ eTnikuri, genderu-
personaJ nikilis araerTi SeiZleba ar iyos ise Tvalsa- li an religiuri _ mijaWvu-
sityva Tavad Tagoris kosmo- Cino, rogorc adgilobrivi an lobebi da identifikaciebi.
polituri politikuri erovnuli tradiciebi da iden- Cven ar unda miviCnioT isini
Txzulebebidan aris aRebuli. toba _ da Tagoris romanSi zedapirulad, radgan isini
Cveni identurobis nawilia. vas, romelic kosmopolituri Tan dakavSirebiT urCevs, mo-
Cven SegviZlia, da movalenic ganaTlebis safuZvlad SeiZ- valeobebTan, romlebic mis-
varT, ganaTlebaSi maT gansa- leba davsaxoT: `ecade, yurad- gan iseTi Soreuli da Tavidan
kuTrebuli yuradReba mivaq- RebiT usmino sxvebs da SeZle- ucnauri civilizaciebis kul-
cioT. magram Cven unda vimu- bisdagvarad Caswvde Tanamo- turis gagebas moiTxovs, ro-
SaoT imisaTvis, rom yvela saubris suls~ (VI. 53)1. da saer- goricaa parTia da sarmatia.
adamiani vaqcioT dialogisa Todac, _ daaskvnis igi, _ `gul-
da TanagrZnobis erTobis dasmiT ikvlie da kargad awon- Cemi survilia, rom ganaTlebam
nawilad, Cveni politikuri dawone yvelaferi, vidre miiRos stoikosebis es kosmo-
ganxilvebi am urTierTdamo- sxvis naqmars gansjide an polituri pozicia. ra Tqma
kidebul erTobaSi vawarmooT Seafasebde~ (XI. 18)2. unda, SesaZlebelia amis boro-
da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba tad gamoyenebac, radgan Ziri-
da pativiscema gamoviCinoT samyaroze fiqrisas yvelafers Tadi modeli SesaZloa adami-
im wris mimarT, romelic sjobia warmovidginoT igi anTa cal-calke arsebobisa da
mTel kacobriobas moicavs. rogorc erTiani sxeuli, fuZemdebluri piradi Tavi-
adamianTa simravle ki _ ro- suflebebis fundamenturi
ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT es gorc misi saxsrebis simravle. mniSvnelobis uaryofisTvis
niSnavs, rom moswavles, maga- gadaaqcia ra berZnuli sityva gamoiyenon. stoikosebi mudam
liTad, SeerTebul StatebSi, `saxsari~ (melos) mxolod erTi rodi aqcevdnen sakmaris yu-
SeuZlia miiCnios, rom mas asos SecvliT sxva sityvad _ radRebas am faseulobebs da
garkveulwilad misi gansakuT- `[gayofili] sxeuli~ (meros), maT politikur mniSvnelobas;
rebuli siyvaruli gansazRv- avreliusi ambobs: `iseve, ro- am TvalsazrisiT maTi mosaz-
ravs _ siyvaruli Tavisi gorc calkeul asoTa erTob- reba yovelTvis ar gamodgeba
ojaxis, Tavisi religiuri lioba erT mTlian sxeuls demokratiuli ganxilvisa da
da/an eTnikuri da/an rasob- qmnis, erTmaneTisgan gancal- ganaTlebis SenebisaTvis. mag-
rivi erTobis an erTobebisad- kevebuli gonieri arsebanic ram, radgan idea, upirveles
mi da Tavisi qveynisadmic ki. erT mTlian arsad erTdebian, yovlisa, yvela adamiansa da
magram man aseve unda iswavlos radgan isini TanamSromlobisa erTobas Soris urTierTkav-
zogadsakacobrios danaxva da TanamoRvaweobisTvis arian Sirs Segvaxsenebs, mas funda-
yvelaferSi, rac ki mas cxov- Seqmnilni. es azri miT ufro menturi mniSvneloba aqvs. na-
rebaSi xvdeba, ar eSinodes im Rrmad aRibeWdeba Sens sulSi, Telia, rom kidev Zalian bev-
Tvisebebis, romlebic uCve- rac ufro xSirad Seagoneb ria saTqmeli am ideebis mraval
ulod eCveneba, da cdilob- Tavs: me var erTi aso mTelisa, doneze swavlebis programebSi
des miiRos kacobrioba yvela romelsac gonier arsTa er- SesaZlo CarTvis Taobaze.
misi `ucnaurobiT~. imisaTvis, Toblioba qmnis. xolo Tu Sen magram am konkretuli amocanis
rom saerTo miznebi, miswrafe- ityvi, `aso~ ki ara, mxolod ganxilvis nacvlad dRevande-
bebi da faseulobebi dainaxos, `nawili~ var mTelisa, amiT lobas davubrundebi da
man sakmarisad unda icodes imasac ityvi, rom jer kidev msoflios moqalaqeobis
gansxvavebebic da es saerTo ar SegiZlia suliT da guliT (da ara demokratiuli/
miznebic, raTa gaigos, Tu ram- giyvardes kacni, da rom jer erovnuli moqalaqeobis)
denad gansxvavebulad vlin- kidev ar ganiWebs sixarulsa da ganaTlebis ZiriTad miznad
deba isini uamrav kulturasa kmayofilebas keTilisyofa dasaxvis sasargeblod oTx
da istoriaSi. stoikosebi amt- maTTvis. radgan am SemTxvevaSi, mosazrebas moviyvan.
kiceben, rom ganaTlebis Ziri- keTilmyofelobas Sen uyureb
Tadi amocana gansxvavebulis rogorc sakuTar movaleobas
cocxlad warmodgenaa; amis- da ara rogorc Sensav sikeTes~
1
markus avreliusi. `fiqrebi~.
Tvis ki, Tavis mxriv, am gans- (VI I .13)3. mniSvnelovania gvax-
baCana bregvaZis Targmani.
xvavebulis kargad gacnobaa sovdes, rom igi, rogorc impe- Tb., 1972, gv. 166.
aucilebeli. markus avreli- ratori, sakuTar Tavs amas Ta- 2
iqve, gv. 265.
usi aseT rCevas gvaZlevs, rCe- vis yoveldRiur movaleobeb- 3
iqve, gv.. 172.
Cven eris SigniT multikul- torosa da emersonis naSro- niSnavda Turme. dRes santi-
turul pativiscemas vuryevT mebSi) zogjer usazRvro mar- niketanSi rom gavemgzavroT,
safuZvlebs. riCard rorTis tooba igrZnoba, TiTqos qalaqSi, romelic kalkuti-
patriotizms SeuZlia gaaer- Cveulebebisa da adgilobrivi dan matarebliT ramdenime
Tianos yvela amerikeli, mag- sazRvrebis moSlam sicocxles saaTis savalze mdebareobs,
ram patriotizmi Zalian axlos garkveuli siTbo da usafrT- qalaqSi, romelSic Tagorma
aris jingoizmTan, da, vSiSob, xoeba moaklo. rodesac ada- Tavisi kosmopolituri uni-
rom rorTis msjelobaSi ver miani im bavSviviT iwyebs cxov- versiteti viSvabharati (rac
vxedav winadadebebs, Tu ro- rebas, romelsac uyvars Tavi- `mTel msoflios~ niSnavs)
gor unda gavumklavdeT am si mSoblebi da endoba maT, daaarsa, tragediis gancda
aSkara safrTxes. mas uCndeba cduneba, imave xelaxla dagveufleba. msof-
logikis Sesabamisad moaxdi- lio universitetma indoeTSi
garda amisa, rorTisa da haknis nos moqalaqeobis rekonstru- ver moipova mosalodneli
Tanaxmad, zogadi erovnuli ireba, eris idealizebul gavlena da aRiareba, kosmo-
faseulobebis dacva pirovne- xatebaSi xedavs surogatul polituri Tanamegobroba
bis zogierTi ZiriTadi Tavi- mSobels, romelic mis magiv- santiniketani ki eTnocent-
seburebisadmi yuradRebis rad ifiqrebs. kosmopolitiz- ruli partikularizmisa da
mipyrobas moiTxovs, isini ki mi aseT navsayudels ar gvTa- induistur-fundamentalis-
aSkarad scdebian erovnul vazobs; is mxolod gonebasa turi nacionalizmis mebrZoli
sazRvrebs. da Tu ver SevZlebT da kacobriobisadmi siyvaruls Zalebis mxridan Tavdasxmebis-
vaswavloT bavSvebs, rogor gvTavazobs, romelic zogjer gan sul ufro Zneli dasacavia.
unda gadalaxon Tavis gonebasa naklebad naTeli gveCveneba, da mainc, Tagoris idealebis
da warmosaxvaSi aseTi sazRv- vidre mikuTvnebulobis sxva dasustebac ki, rac dRes saero
rebi, Cven usityvod vagrZno- wyaroebi. da Semwynarebeli induri sa-
binebT maT, rom imas ar veub- xelmwifos arsebobasac emuq-
nebiT, rasac vfiqrobT. Cven Tagoris romanSi msoflios reba, aZlevs adamians maTi
vambobT, rom mTel kacobri- moqalaqeobisken mowodeba Rirebulebis danaxvis saSu-
obas unda vceT pativi, sinam- marcxiT mTavrdeba, radgan alebas. qveynis gaRmerTebam
dvileSi ki vgulisxmobT, rom patriotizmi vnebiTa da mas marTlac saSineli ubedu-
amerikelebi gansakuTrebul ferebiT aris savse, kosmo- rebebi SeiZleba mouvlinos.
pativiscemas imsaxureben. da politizms ki uWirs gonebis optimizmis safuZvels tovebs
me vfiqrob, rom amerikelebi moxibvla. da mainc, rogorc amomrCevelTa amaswinandeli
isedac metismetad didxans Tagori gviCvenebs, kosmopo- reaqcia, rodesac maT ar
iqceodnen ase. litizmi Tavisi marcxiTac ki dauWires mxari induistur
aRwevs warmatebas. romanSi nacionalizms. kosmopolitu-
xom msoflios moqalaqis ri idealebis RirebulebaTa
IV aRzrdis istoriaa moTxro- aRiarebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba
bili, radgan tragikul ambavs Tagoris mier aRwerilis
msoflios moqalaqeebi arcTu daqvrivebuli bimala mogviT- msgavsi tragikuli dasasrulis
iSviaTad rCebian marto. xrobs. is xvdeba, Tumc ki Za- Tavidan acileba.
sinamdvileSi es, rogorc lian dagvianebiT, rom nikilis
diogenem Tqva, Taviseburi morali bevrad aRemateboda da radgan darwmunebuli var,
gandevnaa _ lokaluri WeS- sandipis cariel sityvier rom mTeli msoflios demok-
maritebebis komfortidan, ekvilibristikas, rom is, rac ratiuli saxelmwifoebis
patriotizmis Tbili budidan, mas sandipis vneba egona, ego- skolebsa da universitetebSi
sakuTari TaviTa da `Tavisia- centruli pativmoyvareoba SesaZlebelia Tagoris ideebis
nebiT~ siamayis yovlismomc- yofila, da rom nikilis gareg- warmatebiT ganxorcieleba
veli dramidan. markus avre- nuli auRelvebloba sinamd- da saxelmwifo politikis
liusis TxzulebebSi (agreTve vileSi misdami, rogorc SemuSavebisas maTi gamoyeneba,
misi amerikeli mimdevrebis _ adamianisadmi, did siyvaruls dasasrul moviyvan bednieri
finalis mqone kosmopolitur arc simdidres, arc didgva- cudi masSi, rodesac amas
istorias. is diogene laertels rovnebas: krateti misTvis hiparqia akeTebs; rodesac
aqvs monaTxrobi da kosmopo- yvelaferi iyo. igi mSoblebs Teodori begvavs Teodors,
liti filosofos-kinikose- TviTmkvlelobiTac ki aSinebda, amaSi araferia cudi, e.i.,
bis _ kratetisa da hiparqias Tu mas ar gaayolebdnen co- rodesac hiparqia begvavs
(erT-erTi gamorCeuli qali lad. mSoblebma maTi qaliSvi- Teodors, arc amaSi aris
filosofosis) _ siyvarulsa lis azris Sesacvlelad Tavad raime cudi. Teodorma vera-
da qorwinebas eZRvneba, da kratets uxmes _ man yvelafe- feri upasuxa da mxolod
riTac albaT imis Cveneba ri iRona, magram hiparqias mosasxami Semoaxia mas; magram
undoda, rom statusisa da darwmuneba ver SeZlo. maSin hiparqiam arc uxerxuloba
eris simboloebze uaris Tqma krateti dadga mis winaSe, gamoamJRavna da arc qaluri
zogjer gvexmareba warmatebas gaixada yvelaferi, rac ecva, simorcxve (6. 96-98).
mivaRwioT siyvarulSi. hipar- da uTxra: `ai Seni saqmro, ai
qia kargi ojaxidan iyo. misi misi qoneba, gadawyvite: ver me ar mimaCnia, rom kratetisa
ojaxi, iseve, rogorc berZnu- iqnebi Cems gverdiT, Tu ise- da hiparqias qorwineba (an
li ojaxebis umravlesoba, Tive ar gaxdebi, rogoric me Teodori-uRmerTo rogorc
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas var~. hiparqiam gaakeTa arCe- logikis maswavlebeli) misabaZ
aniWebda socialur statuss vani: iseve Caicva, rogorc kra- magaliTad unda movuyvanoT
da warmoSobas, eWvis TvaliT tets ecva, yvelgan Tan dahy- Cemi hipoTeturi kosmopoli-
uyurebda kosmopolit filo- veboda qmars, yvelas Tvalwin turi skolebis moswavleebs.
sofos kratets, mis ucnaur wveboda masTan, sxvebis magram es ambavi gviCvenebs,
azrebs msoflios moqalaqe- nasufraliT ikvebeboda. rom ar aris aucilebeli
obis Sesaxeb da statusisa da mosawyeni, uxaliso da usiy-
sazRvrebis arad Cagdebas. erTxel, lisimaqesTan nadimze, varulo iyos kosmopolitis
man TviT Teodori _ metsaxe- cxovreba, kosmopolitisa,
hiparqias Seuyvarda kratetis lad uRmerTo _ gaacamtvera romelic samarTals qveyanaze
azrebic da misi cxovrebis we- aseTi sofizmiT: Tu araferia maRla, universalur gonebas
sic. is Tavisi saqmroebis arc cudi raRacaSi, rasac Teo- ki erovnuli kuTvnilebis
silamazes aqcevda yuradRebas, dori akeTebs, maSin araferia simboloebze maRla ayenebs.
4
erTgulebas eTnikuri jgufisadmi (maSinac ki, rodesac is ar aris erovnuli)
me patriotizms mivakuTvneb, radgan marta nusbaumis argumentacia masac
exeba.
vifiqroT ara rogorc ameri- `adamianis patriotizmis rad gveubnebian xolme aseT
kelebze, frangebze, Savkani- gamovlenis mravalferovneba SemTxvevebSi. magram amgvari
anebze, Cikanosze5 an ebrae- _ erovnuli tradiciebi da fiqrisTvis aranairi safuZ-
lebze, aramed rogorc `msof- uamravi gansxvavebuli erToba veli ar arsebobs. sabWoTa
lios moqalaqeebze~. meore yovel erovnul tradiciaSi, kavSiri maSin, rodesac is jer
idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom romlebic cdiloben, sicoc- kidev arsebobda, `sruliad
Cven moraluri saxelmZRvane- xle SeunarCunon TavianT internacionalisturad (anu
los Zebnisas saerTod ar tradiciebs, axleburad gan- kosmopoliturad) iTvleboda.
gvWirdeba da arc unda mivmar- martaven ra maT mudmivad sinamdvileSi ki gamoiTqmebo-
ToT Cvens gansxvavebul cvalebad msoflioSi _ unda da imedi, rom odesme yvela
erovnul da eTnikur tradi- daigmos da ramdenadac moxer- qveyana `sabWoTa kavSiri~
ciebs; amis nacvlad Cven, xdeba ukugdebuli iqnes, gaxdeboda. da, ra Tqma unda,
`msoflios moqalaqeebma~, radgan patriotizms ucilob- is meomrulad aTeisturi iyo.
unda mivmarToT raRacas, lad mivyavarT Sovinizmisa da mainc ruseTis dRevandeli
rasac igi `universalur da Seuwynareblobisken, isini SefasebiT, stalinis borot-
gonebas~ uwodebs. ki, rogorc cnobilia, sxva moqmedebebis msxverplTa
adamianebis marginalizaciaSi, ricxvi 50 milion adamians
pirveli idea saocrad hgavs agreTve _ uares SemTxvevaSi aRwevs! SegvekamaTebian: `sab-
Teziss, romelic adre xSirad _ eTnikuri wmendisa da gama- WoTa kavSiris magaliTis
momismenia (oRond ar vici, nadgurebeli an dasamorCi- moyvana upatiosnobaa. is ar
moawers Tu ara mas marta lebeli omebis saSinelebebSi iyo namdvilad socialisturi,
nusbaumi xels): adamianis vlindeba~. gana es ar hgavs internacionalisturi da
religiurobis gamovlenis nusbaumis msjelobas kosmo- antireligiuri, radgan komu-
mravalferovneba _ yvela politizmis sargeblianobis nizmi Tavad iyo religia~ da
religiuri tradicia da mor- Sesaxeb? a.S. stalinma ki mainc moaxerxa
wmuneTa uamravi gansxvavebuli uamravi momxris povna ise,
erToba TiToeul maTganSi, aseTi msjeloba ama Tu im rom arc religiis6 da arc
romlebic cdiloben sicocx- saxiT _ mebrZol-aTeisturi nacionalizmis7 sababebs ar
le SeunarCunon TavianT tra- Tu mebrZol-kosmopolituri mimarTavda. SeuZliaT
diciebs, axleburad ganmarta- _ adamianebis agresiisa da gviTxran: `magram sabWoTa
ven ra maT mudmivad cvalebad sisastikis sababebs Tavad kavSiri ar iyo demokratiuli~.
msoflioSi _ unda daigmos agresiasa da sisastikeSi urevs. am gamoTqmis arsi albaT isaa,
da ramdenadac moxerxdeba `movspoT esa Tu is sababi da rom demokratiis arseboba
ukugdebuli iqnes, radgan naklebad sastik da agresiul gamoricxavs agresiis SesaZ-
religias uciloblad mivya- msoflios miviRebT~, _ xSi- leblobas nacionalisturi an
varT fundamentalizmisa da
Seuwynareblobisken (zogier- 5
Cikanos _ aSS-Si meqsikidan CasulTa STamomavlebi.
Ti saero moazrovne, ubralod, 6
miuxedavad imisa, rom es pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba marta nusbaumis statias,
aigivebs religias fundamen- radgan me ganvixilavdi religiis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs, romlebic
patriotizmis sawinaaRmdego mis mosazrebebs hgavs, aRvniSnav Semdegs: ze-
talizmsa da Seuwynareblo-
moT moyvanili argumenti, rom mxurvale mxardaWeris mqone nebismieri
basTan), isini ki, rogorc mrwamsi sinamdvileSi `religiuria~, ubralod, Caanacvlebs Teziss, rom
cnobilia, sxva tradiciebis religia pasuxs agebs adamianTa Seuwynareblobasa da Zaladobaze, TezisiT
marginalizaciaSi, agreTve _ amaT mimarT mxurvale mxardaWeris mqone mrwamsis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb.
Cemi azriT, romelic emTxveva uiliam jeimsis mosazrebas, gamoTqmuls
uares SemTxvevaSi _ religiu- `rwmenis nebaSi~, Cven gvWirdeba ara aseTi mrwamsisgan Tavisufali msoflio,
ri devnisa da `wminda omebis~ aramed msoflio, romelSic adamianebi aRiareben, rom maTi ufleba mxur-
saSinelebebSi vlindeba (rom vale mrwamsze ar aZlevs maT uflebas, Tavs moaxvion aseTi mrwamsi sxvebs.
7
stalini, ra Tqma unda, mimarTavda nacionalizms, magram es nacistebis Se-
davinaxoT, Tu ramdenad axlos
mosevis Semdeg moxda, amasTan, nacionalizms iyenebda ara wmendis gasa-
aris es marta nusbaumis Te- marTleblad, aramed rusebis TavdacviTi mobilizaciisTvis, rac yvelana-
zisTan, warmovidginoT ada- irad mosawonia! didi wmenda `socialisturi revoluciis~ da ara naciona-
lizmis dasacavad tardeboda.
miani, romelic gveubneba:
religiuri vnebebis gaRvivebis problema isaa, rom moraluri orive sfero mniSvnelovania
SemTxvevaSi.8 filosofosebi, rogorc wesi, da arcerTi maTgani ar aris
an `saTnoebis~ (raSic me `saTno ubralod subieqturi (es ar
magram SeiZleba gviTxran, rom, cxovrebis~ farTo sferoze niSnavs, rom Cven saTnoebisa da
Tu patriotizmi sxva adamia- gaurkvevel miniSnebas vgu- samarTlis sakiTxebSi subieq-
nebis marginalizaciis Ziri- lisxmob) momxreebi xdebian, turebi ar varT xolme). es
Tadi sababi xdeba (Tundac an `samarTlis~ (raSic `samar- imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom
Cven ar vomobdeT maT winaaR- Tlianobis~ farTo sferoze `saTno cxovrebis~ aranairi
mdeg), ratom ar unda moviSo- aranakleb gaurkvevel miniS- universaluri koncefcia ar
roT is Tavidan? ra aris masSi nebas vgulisxmob). maSinac ki, arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa,
aseTi kargi? da amas me marta rodesac isini aRiareben, rom rom samarTlianobis Sesaxeb
nusbaumis meore ideasTan, uni- arcerTi sfero _ arc keTili maqsimebi10 xSirad universalu-
versaluri gonebis ideasTan, cxovrebis sfero, arc samar- ria im azriT, rom isini gvxv-
mivyavar. Tlianobis (`valis~, `movale- deba yvelgan, sadac ki mimdi-
obis~ da a.S.) _ ar SeiZleba nareobs msjeloba moraluri
upirveles yovlisa, unda va- meoremde daviyvanoT, isini cxovrebis Sesaxeb (amisi maga-
RiaroT imis ucnauroba, rom ufro xSirad subieqturad liTia maqsimebi, romlebic
es idea mas daebada. sinamdvi- miiCneven sferos, romelsac wesad aqceven mkvlelobis, qur-
leSi es imdenad ar Seesabame- naklebad uWeren mxars (ro- dobis, gaupatiurebis, mruSo-
ba imas, rasac igi moraluri gori damokidebulebac hqonda bis an tyuilis akrZalvas da
cxovrebis Sesaxeb werda Tavis saTnoebis9 sferosadmi kants gvavaldebuleben viTanamS-
mraval SesaniSnav wignSi, rom meore `kritikaSi~ da rogorc romloT sxva adamianebTan,
me sagonebelSi magdebs is, Tu utilitaristebi ekidebian viyoT erTguli megobrebi da
rogor SeuZlia mas sjerodes nebismier saubars samarTlis a.S., Tumca, ra Tqma unda, da-
imisi, rac dawera; iqneb mas an samarTlianobis Sesaxeb, saSvebi gamonaklisi am wese-
rorTis gamo hqonda Zalian romelTa dayvana bednierebis bidan aris is, ris Taobazec
mwvave reaqcia. an sargeblianobis gamoTvlam- saerTo Tanxmoba ver miiRweva).
de ar aris SesaZlebeli). mag- ratom? upirveles yovlisa,
vfiqrob, rom universaluri ram _ da aq, darwmunebuli ra Tqma unda, imitom, rom ar
gonebis ideis momxreTa da var, marta nusbaumi da me arsebobs cxovrebis romelime
mowinaaRmdegeTa filosofi- erTnairad vfiqrobT _ Cveni erTi forma, romelic `saTnoa~.
uri diskusiebis maradiuli moraluri cxovrebisTvis Rrmad religiuri erTobis
cxovreba, STagonebuli bohe-
muri mxatvrebis cxovreba, er-
8
TvalsaCino magaliTia vietnamis omi, romlis drosac Cven vietnamSi, 17- Tobis Tavdadebul organiza-
milioniani mosaxleobis mqone qveyanaSi, ufro meti bombi CamovyareT, vidre
torTa jgufis cxovreba,
mTeli meore msoflio omis dros. Cven arasdros mivmarTavdiT amerikul
nacionalizms (da miT umetes religias) Cveni qmedebebis gasamarTleblad, kompiuteruli programistebis
vsaubrobdiT `demokratiaze~, `vietnamelTa komunizmisgan gadarCenaze~ SemoqmedebiTi jgufis cxov-
(amasTan, vwamlavdiT maT miwas da napalmiT vwvavdiT maT Svilebs!) da a.S.
reba da mravali sxva cxovreba
mtkiceba, TiTqos `demokratiebi ar omoben sxva demokratiebTan~, metisme-
tad popularulia, magram sruliad araswori. sinamdvileSi SeerTebuli erTmaneTTan sruliad SeuTav-
Statebis Careva CileSi (aliendes winaaRmdeg) da mogvianebiT kosta-rikaSi sebeli saxiT SeiZleba iyos
(rac, rogorc Cans, ukve aRaravis axsovs) demokratiuli reJimebis winaaR- saTno (ra Tqma unda, is saSine-
mdeg omis aqtebi iyo. zustad aseve inglisis, safrangeTisa da israelis SeW-
ras egvipteSi (suecis krizisi) araviTari Sexeba ar hqonda imasTan, iyo Tu
lic SeiZleba iyos). da, garda
ara naseris egvipte demokratiuli. sinamdvileSi naseri xalxis mier iyo amisa, imitom, rom saTno cxov-
arCeuli. sinamdvileSi demokratiebi Zlier demokratiebTan ar omoben. mag- reba TavisTavad ar aRmocen-
ram es ar niSnavs, rom demokratiis pirobebSic ki agresias da imperializms
deba racionaluri gamonaTe-
religiuri an `patriotuli~ sababebi sWirdeba.
9
Tumca, Cemi azriT, `msjelobis unaris kritikaSi~ kanti sruliad sxvanairad bidan, rogorc imis damtki-
ganixilavs saTnoebis sakiTxs. ceba, rom wris farTobi udris
10
`maqsimebs~ vwer imis saCveneblad, rom es gamonaklisis ar mqone wesebis radiusis kvadratisa da ricxv
sakiTxi ar aris. -s namravls, erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad rom mouvidaT or sruliad gansxvavebul yodi: `imitom, rom Cven yvela
TavSi Zvel berZen da Cinel ideas _ universaluri eTikis `msoflios moqalaqeebi~ varT~.
maTematikosebs. iseve, ro- (samarTlianobis universalu-
gorc ferweris, musikis an ri principebi) da cxovrebis morwmunes vetyodi: `imitom,
literaturis formaTa SemTx- universaluri wesis ideebs _ rom yvelani Seqmnilni varT
vevaSi, cxovrebis wesTa ganvi- da gviCveneben, rom sinamdvi- RvTis xatad~. mas, visac es ab-
TarebisTvisac eqsperimente- leSi nebismieri Sittlichkeit, ro- surdulad moeCveneboda,
bisa da inovaciebis aswleu- melic ar aris universaluri dikensis SesaniSnav SeniSvnas
lebia saWiro. magram cxovre- eTikis nawili, agebuli ro- movuyvandi skrujis Sesaxeb
bis aseTi konkretuli wesebis, gorc cxovrebis universaluri (`saSobao simRera~), romelic
im formebis, rasac hegeli wesi, ubralod, absurdulia moyvasSi xedavda `iseTive ada-
Sittlichkeit-s uwodebda, ararse- (Secdomis gacnobierebisTvis mianebs, rogoric TviTon aris,
bobisas samarTlianobis uni- warmovidginoT, ras vetyodiT romlebic CemTan erTad, saer-
versaluri principebi arse- im adamians, romelic amtkicebs, To gziT midian saflavisken~,
biTad carieli aRmoCndeba rom kargi musikis Sesafaseb- anda Sevaxsenebdi primo levis
xolme, iseve, rogorc kriti- lad ar aris saWiro winamor- gamonaTqvams imis Taobaze,
kuli gonebis ararsebobisas bedi musikaluri tradiciis rom mzera, romliTac mas
Sittlichkeit-is memkvidreobiTi gacnoba _ mxolod universa- sakoncentracio banakis bad-
formebi brma gajiqebad da luri gonebaa sakmarisi). ragma Sexeda, `ar iyo mzera,
avtoritetis brma erTgule- romliTac adamiani adamians
bad gadagvardeba. tradicia swored amitom, warmodgena, uyurebs~.12 imas, rom viRac
gonebis11 gareSe brmaa, goneba TiTqos universaluri goneba iseTive adamiania, `CemTan
tradiciis gareSe _ carieli. aris raRac, rac damoukide- erTad, saerTo gziT mimavali
belia yvela tradiciisgan, saflavisaken~, CemTvis mora-
marta nusbaums magaliTad imdenad gaumarTlebelia, luri mniSvneloba aqvs, `msof-
mohyavs `kosmopoliti~ filo- rom marta nusbaumis warmod- lios moqalaqes~ _ ara. da,
sofosebis wyvili, romlebic, gena kosmopolitizmze sabo- Cemi azriT, warmodgena, rom
rogorc igi uwodebs, univer- loo jamSi arcTu mimzidveli yvelani RvTis xatad varT
saluri gonebisadmi erTgu- meCveneba. iseve, rogorc Cemi Seqmnilni, an danarCeni ada-
lebis demonstrirebas sajaro Tanamedroveebis umravleso- mianebisadmi TanagrZnoba,
koitusis saSualebiT axdend- bam, me memkvidreobiT miviRe aseve mibrunebaa im potenci-
nen! magram misi magaliTi mi- an SeviZine erTze meti `iden- alisken, romelic WeSmaritad
sive Tezisis winaaRmdeg mow- toba~: me var amerikeli, universaluri da Rrmad
mobs, radgan aseTi qmedebis praqtikis mqone iudeveli, XX fesvgadgmulia tradiciebSi,
azrianoba Tu uazroba garSe- saukunis dasasrulis filo- romlebsac me mivekuTvnebi,
mo arsebul cxovrebis wesTan sofosi. magram ar yofila tradiciebSi, romelTa mem-
da mis faseulobebsa Tu am arcerTi SemTxveva, meTqvas, kvidreebic varT Cven. SesaZ-
faseulobebis ararsebobas- rom me `msoflios moqalaqe~ loa `msoflios moqalaqem~
Tan kavSirzea damokidebuli; var. magaliTad, CemTvis rom odesme SeiZinos aseTi mora-
ar SeiZleba ubralod gadaw- ekiTxaT, Tu ratom aris disk- luri mniSvneloba, marta
yvito, rom sisulelea gecvas riminacia usamarTlo, ar vit- nusbaumi ki axali moraluri
tansacmeli, an, rom sisulelea,
Tavs ikavebde sajaro koitu-
sisgan, radgan universaluri 11
magram me arcTu Zalian momwons termini `universaluri goneba~, da ara
goneba ar migviTiTebs cxov- imitom, rom adamianis azrovnebis unari universaluri ar aris _ ara, ra
rebis wesebze, romlebsac Tqma unda! _ aramed imitom, rom am cnebasTan tradiciulad asocirdeba
Segnebulad SegviZlia dav- aprioruloba da gamocdilebidan codnis miRebis pirobasTan Seusabamoba,
rac daJinebuli hqonda jon diuis; bolo SemTxvevaSi memkvidreobiT miRe-
cinoT. marta nusbaumis mier
buli tradiciebis kritikaa aucilebeli.
moyvanil magaliTSi filoso- 12
madlobas movaxseneb kerol daimonds, romelmac yuradReba mimaqcevina am
fosebi erTmaneTSi ureven gamonaTqvamebze.
arc patriotizmi,
arc kosmopolitizmi
imanuil valerstaini
magram pasuxi am egoistur aseve maT gasauqmeblad. auci- bul niSebs vikavebT, da, rom
patriotizmze TviTkmayofili lebelia bevrad ufro rTuli miukerZoebloba da globalu-
kosmopolitizmi ar unda iyos. pozicia, romlis gamoyeneba roba, erTi mxriv, da viwro
swori pasuxi im Zalebis mxar- sustTa jgufebis uflebaTa interesebis dacva, meore
daWera unda gaxdes, romlebic dasacavad politikur arenaze mxriv, urTierTsawinaaRmdego
mzad arian mospon arsebuli brZolis parametrebis Secvlis ki ara, erTmaneTTan rTulad
uTanasworoba da xeli Seuwyon drosac ki iqneba SesaZlebeli. SeTavsebuli poziciebia. zo-
ufro demokratiuli, egalita- gierTi SeTavseba sasurvelia,
ruli msoflios Seqmnas. `msof- rac Seexeba ganaTlebas, Cven sxvebi _ ara. zogi sasurvelia
lios moqalaqis~ pozicia metad is ki ar unda vicodeT, rom aq, magram ara iq, axla, da ara
orazrovania. is Tavisuflad msoflios moqalaqeebi varT, maSin. amis gagebiT Cven SevZ-
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc aramed is, rom uTanasworo lebT ukeT CavwvdeT Cvens
privilegiebis SesanarCuneblad, msoflioSi Cvens gansakuTre- socialur realobas.
mijaWvulobis sferoebi
maikl uolceri
laqeobis mis ideaze bevrad Seugneblad Cven moralurad gvTavazobs imisTvis, rom
sasargebloa _ swored imi- dakargulebi varT. Semdeg kosmopolitizmis aSkara
tom, rom is gviCvenebs ramde- Cven vavrcelebT moraluri safrTxeebs gavumklavdeT?
nad uazroa moiTxovo Cemgan Tanamemamuleobisa da saerTo
yvelaze Soreuli wrisadmi moqalaqeobis grZnobas adami- XX saukuneSi danaSaulebs
fundamenturi mijaWvuloba. anTa axal jgufebsa da sabo- sCadiodnen rogorc gaukuR-
Cemi mijaWvulobebi, iseve, lood mTel kacobriobaze. marTebuli patriotebi, ise
rogorc Cemi urTierTobebi, nusbaumTan kosmopoliti gaukuRmarTebuli kosmopo-
centrSi iwyeba. swored aqe- analogiiT muSaobs, viRacas litebi. da Tu faSizmi am
dan Cndeba Sualeduri mdgo- viRacad miiCnevs. eWvgareSea, ukuRmarTobebidan pirvels
mareobebis aRweris aucileb- mijaWvulobebi da valdebu- warmoadgens, maSin meores
loba, romelTa gavla saSua- lebebi gafarToebasTan warmoadgens komunizmi mis
lebas gvaZlevs gavigoT sxve- erTad sustdeba, magram leninistur da maoistur
bis faseuloba. da amis gake- gafarToeba kvlavac faseuli versiebSi. gana represiuli
Teba arc ise martivia; amis- rCeba da, Cemi azriT, swored komunizmi ganaTlebis univer-
Tvis Sida wreebis konkretuli, es aris `kosmopolituri salizaciis naSieri ar aris?
TanagrZnobiani, dainterese- ganaTlebis~ faseuloba. gana is, iseve, rogorc nusba-
buli, magram ara bolomde umi, antinacionalistur eTi-
angaJirebuli ganmartebaa veWvob, rom nusbaums raRac kas ar gvaswavlis (klasobri-
saWiro, Semdeg ki arc ise amaze meti surs da me cota vi sazRvrebi, `proletarebo
rTuli iqneba Sida wreebis makvirvebs misi kosmopoli- yvela qveynisa~ droebiTi da
aRmosaCenad yvelaze Soreu- turi mrwamsis Tavdajerebu- instrumentuli iyo)? parti-
li wris mozidva. aseTi da- loba. man swrafadve amoicno kularizmi, romelic gamo-
sawyisisTvis me wavikiTxavdi riCard rorTis patriotizm- ricxavs ufro farTo loia-
plutarqes striqons, romlis Si Sovinisturi potenciali lobas, waaxalisebs amoralur
citirebasac axdens nusbaumi: da SeSfoTebac gamoTqva, rom qcevas, magram aseve iqceva
`yvela adamiani Cvens Taname- igi arafers gvTavazobs, rac kosmopolitizmic, romelic
mamuled da Tanamoqalaqed~ saSualebas mogvcemda, gavm- ufro viwro loialobas uar-
unda migvaCndes. anu, Cven klavebodiT am `aSkara safr- yofs. erTic da meorec saxi-
viwyebT imis SegnebiT, Tu ras Txes~. xom ar unda gamoTqvan faToa; kamaTisTvis sxva ter-
niSnavs Tanamemamuleebisa da misma mkiTxvelebma SeSfoTe- minebia saWiro.
Tanamoqalaqeebis yola; amis ba imis gamo, rom igi arafers
ratom sWirdeba
demokratias patriotizmi
Carlz teilori
otebic. es universaluri so- leblobas niSnavs, sxva, ufro baumi am sakiTxis aseT ganxil-
lidarobisTvis gaxsnili pat- Caketilis winaaRmdeg. ar vici, vas, magram, Cemi azriT, es mo-
riotizmisTvis brZolis auci- daeTanxmeba Tu ara marta nus- menti metad mniSvnelovania.
pasuxi kritikosebs
marta nusbaumi
luri literaturuli land- kiplingis poeziaSi _ kiCia. zogierTi Cemi kritikosi mo-
Saftebic ki _ joisis dubli- oficialuri poetebis umrav- raluri ganviTarebis aRweras
ni an uolt uitmenis amerika lesobis nawarmoebTa umrav- gvTavazobs da amiT erTobis
_ warmosaxvis landSaftebia. lesoba _ kiCia. rogori tra- nacnobi gamocdilebisgan
gavixsenoT aseve, rom `ara gizmia `Tavisianebis~ gandi- saidumlos qmnis. es ase
Sav-TeTri~ poezia da proza debasa da zogadsakacobrios gamoiyureba: rodesac bavSvi
xSirad gvesaubreba gandevnis _ saerTo moTxovnilebebis, pataraa, igi mxolod Tavis
situaciasa da ucxoelebze _ warumateblobebisa da SiSebis mSoblebs icnobs, mxolod
filoqtetze, hamletze, leo- _ aRiarebis uaryofaSi? Tago- isini uyvars; garkveuli
pold blumze, moli blumze ris `saxli da msoflios~ Zi- drois Semdeg is Tavis sxva
_ adamianebze, romlebsac riTad idea isaa, rom sandipi naTesavebs gaicnobs da
ucxoelis statusis wyalobiT moCvenebiTad iyo ufro sain- isinic Seuyvardeba, Semdeg _
SeuZliaT Tqvan simarTle tereso. sqesTa Soris urTi- Tavis garemocvas an adgilob-
politikuri erTobis, misi erTobaSic da ritorikaSic riv jgufs, mere _ Tavis ers,
samarTlianobisa da usamarT- is ukiduresad banaluri iyo. da bolos, Tu aqamde saerTod
lobis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, miaRwevs, _ kacobriobas. mag-
Tu ra SeiZleba man moicvas es, ra Tqma unda, ar moiTxovs ram Cven didTan mxolod mci-
da ra _ ara. aseTi nawarmo- Cvengan imis uaryofas, rom res gavliT mivdivarT da swo-
ebebis _ da, arsebiTad, nebis- nebismieri adamianuri saz- red mciresTan dakavSirebul
mieri nawarmoebis, romelic runavi sxvadasxva sazogado- moralur grZnobebs eqneba
CvenTvis nacnobi viwro wris ebaSi gansxvavebulad vlinde- yvelaze didi Zala.
gareT myof adamianTa samya- ba, an rom mxatvruli nawar-
ros aRwers _ kiTxvisas, rode- moebis ukeT gasagebad auci- magram sxvagvari aRwerac SeiZ-
sac am ucnobebs uflebas vaZ- lebelia kavSiri istoriasTan, leba SemogTavazoT. yvela
levT, daipyron Cveni goneba sazogadoebasTan da cxovre- Cvili adamianad ibadeba. maT
da guli, Cven kacobriobisad- bis adgilobrivi wesis Tavi- erTnairad sWirdebaT sakvebi,
mi siyvaruls gamovxatavT. es seburebebTan, aRarafers daxmareba da sinaTle. Cvilebi
mosawyeni ar meCveneba. vambob literaturuli tra- erTnairad reagireben adami-
diciis codnaze. da es ar anis saxeze. ufrosis Rimili
uolter skotis saxelganTq- moiTxovs imis uaryofas, rom maT sapasuxo Rimils iwvevs
mul poemaSi arapatrioti emociebis, survilebisa da da arsebobs safuZveli imisa,
`yvela micvalebulze micva- azrebis Sinagani samyaro rom es aRiarebis Tandayolil
lebulia, visTvisac yvela simRe- sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi unarad miviCnioT. amave dros,
ra munji da mkvdaria~.23 poema gansxvavebulad esmiT, an rom sicocxlis pirvel TveebSi
gveubneba, rom WeSmariti realur cxovrebaSi yoveli Cvili axlos icnobs erT an
poezia Tavisi miswrafebebiT adamiani potenciur SesaZleb- ramdenime adamians, romlebsac
da TemebiT patriotulia. zo- lobaTa garkveuli nakrebis is sxvebisgan ganasxvavebs,
gierTi Cemi kritikosi, ro- konkretuli xorcSesxmaa. mere da mere ki maTgan sakuTa-
gorc Cans, skotis mimdevaria, magram Cven, miuxedavad aseTi ri Tavis gansxvavebas iwyebs.
me ki iseT adamianad vCanvar, gansxvavebebisa, SegviZlia am adamianebs aqvT kultura,
romlis cariel humanizms vaRiaroT erTmaneTi, Cven am amitom bavSvisa da maT urTi-
`usaxelos da uRiarebls gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad erTobas kulturuli speci-
waiRebs leTa~. magram me imas proeqtis Seqmnac ki SegviZlia. fika gansazRvravs; magram es
vambob, rom xelovnebis yvela ucnobi adamianebis gacnobi- urTierTobac ganpirobebulia
didi da STambeWdavi nawarmo- sas Cven moraluri warmosax- moTxovnilebebiT, romlebic
ebi uCveuloSi Cveulebrivis vis movaleobas vasrulebT, raRac azriT zogadia da zoga-
da CveulebrivSi uCveulos rasac realur cxovrebaSi dis ufro mogviano aRiarebis
amocnobaze mogviTxrobs, da Zalian xSirad gavurbivarT. safuZveli xdeba.
rom viwropatriotuli xe- Cven arasdros vxvdebiT `ada-
lovneba, piriqiT, xSirad mianis~ cariel abstraqcias. garkveul momentSi bavSvi
ubralo kiCi da kerpTayvanis- magram yovelTvis vxedavT xvdeba, rom, vinc mas sakvebs
mcemlobaa. skotis poema _ zogads konkretulSi da aZlevs, uzrunvelyofs mis
kiCia, bevri ram rediard konkretuls zogadSi. komforts, damoukidebeli
adamianebi arian da maT Tavi- menasa da moyolas da Seimec- giuri ideis gacnobamde bevrad
anTi surviliT SeuZliaT mo- nebs adamianis cxovrebis saer- adre Seicnoben bavSvebi Sim-
vidnen da wavidnen. is Tavisi To formebs. bavSvuri isto- Sils da martoobas. patrio-
mSoblebis Taviseburebebs riebis umravlesobaSi cnobi- tizmTan Sejaxebamde bevrad
igebs, magram imave dros ada- ereba raime gansazRvrul adre gaecnobian isini sikv-
mianis cxovrebis saerTo niS- adgilTan ar aris dakavSire- dils. ideologiis Carevamde
nebsac aRmoaCens: rom sxeuli buli. karg zRaprebSi iSvia- bevrad adre Seityoben isini
sxva sxeulisgan, survili Tad aris saubari masaCuset- kacobriobis Sesaxeb.
sxva survilebisgan gacalke- sis Statis qalaq kembrijze.
vebiT arsebobs. es aRmoCena, isini ucnauri da saocrad es me xeebiT Semorgul xei-
rogorc Cans, iwvevs gaRizia- nacnobi nivTebis konturebs vanSi mabrunebs. am adamianeb-
nebasa da SiSs, romlebic yo- aRweren da gaocebasa da cno- ma imitom SeZles msoflios
velTvis konkretulad yalib- bismoyvareobas iwveven. isini moqalaqeebiviT moqceuliyv-
debian, magram amasTan kultu- aRviZeben bavSvis interess nen, rom ar misces adgilob-
raTaSoris mniSvnelovan msgav- mcenareebisa da cxovelebi- rivs zogadsakacobrio moT-
sebas amJRavneben. Cvilis sadmi, agreTve sxvadasxva qve- xovnilebebisa da tkivilis
ukiduresi fizikuri ususu- yanasa da sxvadasxva epoqaSi daCrdilvis ufleba. vfiqrob,
roba mis adreul kognitiur mcxovrebi adamianebisadmi. maT bavSvobidan SeinarCunes
momwifebasTan erTad mniSvne- cxovroben ra gansakuTrebul adamianis saxis aRqma da ada-
lovani moTxovnilebebis arse- adgilobriv samyaroSi, maT mianis damokidebuli mdgoma-
bobisa da am moTxovnilebebis ician, rom arsebobs kidev ufro reobis xsovna. mgonia, rom
damoukideblad dakmayofi- didi da Soreuli samyaro (xSi- maT SeinarCunes swrafva _ ar
lebis an gakontrolebis una- rad bavSvebi ufro met dauSvan is, rom cudma miswra-
ris uqonlobis gagebas iwvevs. moralur zrunvas avlenen febebma ajobon keTilSobil
moralis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi cxovelebisadmi, vidre maT miswrafebebs, rom maTma sur-
albaT swored Senze mzrunve- garSemo myofi ufrosebi.24 da vilma, daumorCilon TavianTi
lis mimarT siyvarulisa da yvelam, visac bavSvebTan erTad mSoblebi sakuTar moTxovni-
siZulvilis mtkivneul ambiva- umogzauria Rarib qveynebSi, lebebs, ar dajabnos sxva ada-
lentobasTan gamklavebis mcde- icis, rom bavSvebs, Cvengan, mianTa moTxovnilebebi. ra-
lobisas warmoiSoba. Zlevs ufrosebisgan gansxvavebiT, kiRa adgilobrivi ideologi-
ra survils, iyos samyaros ukeT SeuZliaT TanagrZnoba). is javSanSi ar daimalnen, maT
centri, bavSvi zRudavs Tavis bavSvebis warmosaxva moqnili SeZles sxva adamianebSi daena-
moTxovnilebebs da maT sxva da daxvewili instrumentia, xaT adamianuri. amitom, vfiq-
adamianebis saWiroebebs uTan- romelsac nacnobSi ucnobisa rob, ufro swori iqneba, rom
xmebs. aseTi swavla yovel sa- da Soreulis, xolo ucnobsa isini axalgazrda mwvane xee-
zogadoebaSi konkretulad da SoreulSi nacnobis danaxva bad warmovidginoT, siqorfis,
yalibdeba, magram bavSvis Zli- SeuZlia. yvela wre erTdro- cocxali adamianuri azris
eri swrafva, daZlios siZul- ulad, kompleqsurad da urTi- matareblad _ didi bavSvebis
vili maT mimarT, vinc uyvars, erTdakavSirebulad viTar- azris da ara damWknari ufro-
zogadsakacobrio bunebiT aris deba. da, ra Tqma unda, gare sebisa, rogorebic Cven xSirad
ganpirobebuli. es swrafva wre bolos ar yalibdeba. eris _ da erTob tragikuladac _
amavdroulad kacobriobas ideis an erTi garkveuli reli- vxdebiT.
ubrunebs bavSvs: igi sakuTar
Tavs mravalTagan erTerTadad
aRiqvams da ara mTel samyarod.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan
es mxolod dedas da mamas exeba,
mogvianebiT aseTi damokide-
buleba mTel kacobriobaze 23
u. skoti, `menestrelis simRera~, VI. 1.
24
gamikvirda, rom Cems kritikosTagan arcerTs ar dausvams SekiTxva, Tu
vrceldeba.
ratom vsaubrob mxolod adamianisTvis wardgenil moralur moTxovnebze
da uyuradRebod vtoveb sicocxlis sxva formebs. es Cemi poziciis sawina-
bavSvi zrdasTan erTad iwyebs aRmdego Zlieri argumenti SeiZleboda yofiliyo, magram is aravis mo-
sxvadasxva istoriebis mos- uyvania.
ra dagvrCa
sabWoTa
warsulidan?
interviu daviT afrasiZesTan
nino beqiSvili
ideologia:
erovnuli
da sxva *
gia nodia
aq ar unda SegveSalos da
ideologiis, rogorc Zala-
obs sazogado sikeTe da ra raime pozitiuri kavSiris movlena, romelic 70-ian wleb-
SeiZleba gaakeTos xelisuf- principul SesaZleblobasac. Si moxda yovelgvari zar-zei-
lebam mis misaRwevad an sazo- misa da Tundac xaverdovani
gado borotebis Sesamcireb- sazogadod, antipolitika revoluciebis gareSe: swored
lad. kerZod, sxvadasxva po- TavisTavad ufro politikiT am dros gardaicvala egreT
litikuri ideologiis gawbilebuli inteligenciis wodebuli `dasavluri socia-
Tanaxmad, sazogado sikeTis ganwyobulebaa, vidre Camoya- lizmi~. dasavlur `progresul
miRwevis gza SeiZleba iyos libebuli koncefcia, Tumca inteligencias~ lamis biolo-
individualuri Tavisuflebis igi gamoxatulebas povebs giurad ezizReba gardacvli-
maqsimaluri waxaliseba, soci- ideaTa sistemebSi, romelTac lis mkvlelebi _ ronald
aluri solidarobis dacva, met-naklebad koherentuli reigani da margaret TeTCeri,
tradiciuli Rirebulebebis koncefciebis forma da pre- magram umravlesoba, rogorc
erTguleba da a.S. antipoli- tenzia aqvT. es Sinaganad Cans, Seurigda TviT sikvdi-
tikuri tendencia, amis sapi- anarqistuli tendencia Tavs lis faqts, da dRes xmas aZlevs
rispirod, politikis sferos iCens sxvadasxva saxis uto- metad bundovani mrwamsis po-
ukavSirebs mxolod Zalauf- pizmSi an socialuri SekavSi- litikosebs _ bil qlintons,
lebas da Zalmomreobas. Tu rebis winamodernuli formebis toni blers an gerhard Sri-
politikis klasikuri koncef- faqtiur xeldasxmaSi, risi oders, romlebic politiku-
ciis Tanaxmad, Zalaufleba nimuSicaa multikulturaliz- ri mowinaaRmdegisagan nases-
da Zalmomreoba mxolod mi _ Tanamedrove kvazilibe- xeb memarjvene-liberalur
aucilebeli iaraRebia sazo- raluri neotraibalizmi. politikas atareben saxis
gado sikeTis misaRwevad, anti- memarcxene-liberaluri
politikuri midgomisTvis antipolitikuri ganwyobile- gamometyvelebiT. magram es
Zalaufleba da Zalmomraobis bis garda dRevandel viTare- 50-60-ian wlebSi gamocxade-
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblo- bas rogorc dasavleTSi, ise buli `deideologizacia~ ki
ba TviTmizania, xolo ideo- postkomunistur samyaroSi ar aris, aramed konkretuli
logiuri Sexedulebebi sazo- axasiaTebs realur politi- (liberaluri) ideologiis
gado sikeTeze _ am miznebis kur cxovrebaSi ideologiis gamarjveba. garda amisa, Tu
SesaniRbad gaTvaliswinebuli rolis Sesusteba an, sxvanai- ekonomikuri politikis gan-
tyuili (isev mivadeqiT ideo- rad rom vTqvaT, ideologiuri msazRvrel centralur Rire-
logiis, rogorc `yalbi simkveTris dakargva. politi- bulebebze garkveuli konsen-
cnobierebis~, koncefcias). kuri diskusia upiratesad susia miRweuli, es ar niSnavs,
amrigad, ideologiis uaryofa calkeul sakiTxebze, prob- rom sxva problemebze diskusia
politikisa da zneobis prob- lemebze mimdinareobs da ara nakleb mwvave da nakleb ideo-
lemasac ukavSirdeba. farTod fuZemdeblur politikur- logiuria. amis magaliTebia
gavrcelebuli _ xolo CvenSi ideologiur principebze. abortis problema da `kultu-
gabatonebuli _ warmodgena, amis mizezia is garemoeba, ruli omebi~ SeerTebul Sta-
rom yovelgvari politika romelsac frensis fukuiamam tebSi, evrokavSiris Semdgomi
`binZuria~, rom politikasa `istoriis dasasrulis~ kvali- integracia da erovnuli sa-
da zneobas Soris mxolod fikacia misca:8 msoflio inte- xelmwifos principis daZleva
negatiuri mimarTeba SeiZleba leqtualuri modis damdge- evropaSi. erTiani evropuli
arsebobdes, logikurad moiT- nel dasavleTSi gamarjvebul valutis SemoReba ufro metad
xovs yovelgvari ideologiis liberalizms metoqe, sinam- ideologiuri problemaa,
uaryofasac. SemTxveviTi ar dvileSi, aRar darCa. amis Zi- vidre ekonomikuri.
aris, rom prof. vaxtang erqo- riTad mizezad iTvleba libe-
maiSvili, saqarTveloSi erT- ralizmis uZRebi Svilis da
erTi wamyvani antiideolo- uwindeli mTavari mowinaaR- ideologiis xifaTi
gisti, Tavis sxva naSromSi mdegis _ komunizmis kraxi 80-
kategoriulad uaryofs poli- iani wlebis bolos. Cemi azriT, Tu ideologia modernuli
tikasa da zneobas Soris aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo xanis politikis moucilebel
arsebisaTvis, romelsac unda jgufia. sxva sityvebiT, poli- an `Sios partia~, TiTqmis
samoqalaqo sivrceSi icxov- tikuri partia aris adamianTa yvela maTgani dasavleTSi
ros, xolo rogorc narcisis- jgufi, romelsac sazogado Camoyalibebul ideologiaTa
tuli individualizmi, ise sikeTis, upiratesi politi- aRmniSvneli saxelebis axal-
represiuli koleqtivizmi kuri Rirebulebebis da maTi axal kombinaciebs eZebda, es ki
angrevs amgvari sivrcis ganxorcielebis gzebis imis aRiarebas niSnavda, rom
Seqmnis SesaZleblobas. garkveuli xedva aerTianebs. partia Tavisi arsiT ideolo-
magaliTad, liberaluri giis matarebeli unda iyos.
partia, klasikuri gagebiT,
saxelmwifo da ideologia pirovnebis politikur da ratomaa aucilebeli partiaTa
ekonomikur Tavisuflebas da maTTan erTad ideologiaTa
axla gadaval sakiTxze, romel- miiCnevs upirates Rirebule- mravalferovneba? pirveli
ze sazogadoebrivma diskusi- bad da Sesabamisad agebs Tavis da yvelaze popularuli
amac sawyisi biZgi misca am strategias, konservatiuli axsna isaa, rom politikuri
statiis daweras: SesaZlebelia partia _ tradiciuli Rirebu- Zalauflebis kontrolisTvis,
da saWiroa Tu ara saxelmwi- lebebis dacvazea orientire- misi realuri SezRudvisaTvis
fo ideologia? pasuxi Sem- buli, socialisturi partia aucilebelia politikur
degia: saxelmwifo ideologia, _ socialuri samarTlianobis, ZalTa konkurencia, ese igi,
ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, da moqalaqeTa qonebrivi gaTa- opoziciis Tavisufali saq-
is saWirocaa imgvari saxel- nabrebis da socialuri soli- mianoba, radgan Zlieri opo-
mwifosTvis, romlis legiti- darobis miRwevis amocanebs zicia saSualebas ar miscems
muroba arsebiTad ideologi- Tvlis prioritetulad, da gabatonebul Zalas, borotad
azea damokidebuli (magaliTi a.S. `normalur viTarebas~ gamoiyenos Zalaufleba. garda
yvelas axsovs _ sabWoTa soci- imitom gavusvi xazi, rom amisa, sasurvelia xelisuf-
alisturi respublikebis realurad SeiZleba ase arc lebaSi politikur ZalTa mo-
kavSiri). magram, rac Seexeba iyos: politikur partias nacvleobac, raTa politikurma
demokratiul saxelmwifos, SeiZleba aerTianebdes viwro cxovrebam stagnacia ar
formalurad aRiarebuli da droebiTi jgufuri inte- ganicados da mas drodadro
saxelmwifo ideologiis ar- resebi, konkretuli politi- `axalma cocxma~ gadauaros.
seboba masTan SeuTavsebelia. kuri lideris mxardaWera; es debulebebi eWvs ar iwvevs,
demokratiuli saxelmwifos- mravalerovan sazogadoebaSi magram isini sakmarisad ar
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia ideo- partiebi SeiZleba Seiqmnas mimaCnia. Tu politikur ZalTa
logiuri pluralizmi, anu eTnikuri an religiuri niSniT, Soris gansxvaveba mxolod
ideologiaTa, saxelmwifos da a.S., magram met-naklebad isaa, rom erTi maTgani xeli-
marTvis principTa da proeq- ganviTarebul demokratiul suflebaSia, xolo meore _
tTa Tavisufali Sejibri politikur sivrceSi swored opoziciaSi, da isini drodad-
politikur sivrceSi; amgvari ideologiuri niSniT gansaz- ro adgilebs cvlian, poli-
Sejibris gareSe saxelmwifo Rvruli partiebi TamaSobs tikuri pluralizmis TviT
demokratiuli ver iqneba. warmmarTvel rols. metic, principi TamaSis saxes iRebs
Tundac is partiebi, romlebic da misi legitimuroba mcir-
politikuri ideologiebi aramyari da koniunqturuli deba. sakmarisi ar aris, sxva-
demokratiul saxelmwifoSi mosazrebebiT iqmneba, cdilo- dasxva politikuri Zalis war-
arsebobs, magram TviTon sa- ben, `namdvili~ partiebisgan momadgenlebi piradi Tvise-
xelmwifo arcerT maTganTan nasesxebi ideologiuri saxe- bebiT da marTvis unariT
identificirebuli ar unda lebi dairqvan: Tumca saqar- gansxvavdebodnen erTmane-
iyos. ideologiis pirveladi TveloSi Seqmnili partiebis Tisgan, isini gansxvavebul
matarebelia politikuri par- umravlesoba pirovnebebis politikur principebs, Rire-
tia. es ukanaskneli, `normalur~ garSemo yalibdeboda, arc- bulebebs, programebs, anu
viTarebaSi, erTi ideologi- erTi maTgani ar registrir- ideologiebs unda warmoad-
iT gaerTianebul adamianTa deboda rogorc `gigos partia~ gendnen.
magram politikur principTa erebaa~, am xalxs ver daakma- adamianis goneba principulad
pluralizmi ratomRaa auci- yofilebs _ sruliad samarT- arasrulyofili instrumen-
lebeli? ratom ar SeiZleba, lianad. tia, da yoveli misi produq-
erTxel da samudamod dasa- ti, kerZod da gansakuTrebiT,
buTdes erTi ideologiis marTlac, ratom? Tu WeSma- ideologia, ganwirulia sai-
siswore da Semdeg is cxov- riteba erTia, WeSmariti ideo- misod, rom arasrulyofili
rebaSi iqnes gatarebuli? Tu logiac xom erTi unda iyos? iyos. srulyofili da WeSma-
WeSmariteba erTia, maSin ori Cemi azriT, erTaderTi dama- riti ideologiis Seqmna mxo-
politikuri ideologiidan jerebeli pasuxi aq isev ada- lod RmerTs SeuZlia _ xolo
sul mcire erT-erTi auci- mianis gonebis principul adamiani rom RmerTi iyos,
leblad yalbi iqneba, da SezRudulobaze miTiTebaa. demokratia da pluralizmi
ratom ar SeiZleba yalbi `erTaderTi WeSmariti ideo- namdvilad saWiro aRar iqne-
ideologiis siyalbe cxadi logiis~ moTxovna modernuli boda (sxvaTa Soris, rogorc
gaxdes da is politikuri epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli amerikuli demokratiis
sivrcidan ganidevnos? kerpTayvanismcemlobis _ mamebi ambobdnen, adamianebi
mecnierebis kultis, gamoxa- rom angelosebi yofiliyvnen,
es sakmaod seriozuli argu- tulebaa. Tu mecnierebs saxelmwifo saerTod ar
mentia, da mas mxolod poli- SeuZliaT adamiani kosmosSi iqneboda saWiro).
tikuri pluralizmis praqti- gaagzavnon, erTaderTi WeS-
kul mizanSewonilebaze miTi- mariti ideologiis SemuSave- demokratiis erT-erTi gan-
TebiT ver ukuagdeb. plura- bas riT veRar daadga saSveli?! sazRvrebaa is, rom igi arse-
lizmis principis dasacavad magram velosipedis gamogo- bobs arasrulyofili da
ratom unda movityuoT Tavi nebasa da kosmosuri raketis sakuTari arasrulyofilebis
da ratom unda SeviwynaroT Seqmnas Soris arc iseTi Segnebis mqone adamianebisT-
yalbi ideebis propaganda, Tu principuli gansxvavebaa, vis. am azriT SeiZleba iTqvas,
cxadia, rom isini yalbia? ra- rogorc romelime amaTgansa rom demokratia imitom jobia
tom unda SevwiroT WeSmariteba da ideologias Soris. ideo- nebismier sxva sistemas, rom
pluralizms? Cemi azriT, es logias pretenzia aqvs sruli igi adekvaturia adamianis
sakiTxi gadamwyvetia ideolo- da yovlismomcveli warmod- bunebisa: nebismier sxva siste-
giis Sesaxeb davaSi, radgan gena hqondes gacilebiT ufro maze metad igi aRiarebs ada-
saxelmwifo ideologiis rTul sferoze _ adamianze mianis principul naklulo-
momxreebi swored amas imeo- da sazogadoebaze. aseTi war- bas (laparakia yvela adamian-
reben yvelaze xSirad: ratom modgena principulad SeuZ- ze gamonaklisis gareSe!) da
ar SeiZleba mecnierulad lebelia nakluli ar iyos. saxelisuflebo struqturebs
davasabuToT garkveuli poli- rac mTavaria, misi centra- amis SegnebiT agebs. amaSia
tikuri principebis siswore luri elementi Rirebule- demokratiis ZiriTadi gans-
da maTi upiratesoba yvela biTi arCevania, aseT arCevans xvaveba totalitaruli siste-
sxvasTan SedarebiT? yvelani ki mecnierulad ver daasabu- mebisagan, radgan es ukanask-
erTad davrwmundeT, rom Teb. aq aRar CavuRrmavdebi nelni sul mcire erTi srul-
sazogado sikeTes mxolod am filosofiur kamaTs imis yofili adamianis arsebobas
principTa ganxorcieleba Sesaxeb, RirebulebaTa sfero uSveben da saerTod adamianis
mogvitans, demokratiuli sruli TviTnebobisa da re- srulyofasac SesaZleblad
procedurebis dacviT mivi- litivizmis samefoa, Tu aqac Tvlian. Sesabamisad, ideolo-
RoT es koncefcia, rogorc arsebobs swori da araswori, giebi imitom unda Seejibron
saxelmZRvanelo Cveni sazoga- ukeTesi da uaresi. me meore erTmaneTs, rom isini arasrul-
doebisTvis, da saxelmwifo- pasuxisken vixrebi, magram yofili adamianebis mier aras-
ebrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT calsaxa mecnierul demonst- ruli codnis safuZvelze
cxovrebaSi gavataroT. pasuxi, racias RirebulebiTi prio- agebuli konstruqciebia.
rom nebismieri ideologia ritetebi nebismier SemTxve- srulyofil da `amayad mJRer~
Tavisi arsiT `yalbi cnobi- vaSi ar eqvemdebareba. adamianze komunistebi da
SeniSvnebi:
1
Tamara Dragadze,Soviet Economics and Nationalizm in the Gorbachev Years,
Regionalism, Etnicized Regionalism, wignSi: Marco Buttino (ed.) In a Collapsing Empire:
Underdevelopment, Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in the Soviet Union (MIlano, Feltrinelli
Editore, 1992).
2
m. horkhaimeri da Teodor adorno, ganmanaTleblobis dialeqtika, ix.
frankfurtis socialuri skola dasavleTis civilizaciis Sesaxeb
(mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1980) 79-80
3
Ìèøåëü Ôóêî, Ñëîâà è âåùè. Àðõåîëîãèà ãóìàíèòàðíèõ íàóê (Ìîñêâà, Ïðîãðåññ,1992), 487.
4
am msjelobaSi, ZiriTadad, maqs veberis koncefcias veyrdnobi.
5
`sakuTarSi~ aq SeiZleba piradi Tu Sesabamisi politikuri erTeulis
interesi vigulisxmoT, rac dinastiur samyaroSi praqtikulad erTi da
igivea.
6
ix. magaliTad Abdou Filali-Ansary, Muslims and Democracy, Journal of Democracy, July
1999 (Vol. 10, N 3), 19-32.
7
am tendenciis klasikuri gamoxatulebisTvis ix. George Konrád, Antipolitics
(San Diego, New York, London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), 243.
8
frensis fukuiama, istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani
(Tbilisi, 1999).
axali etapi
evrosasamarTlos
moRvaweobaSi
ruseTma moaxdina
adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis
me-14 oqmis ratifikacia
fridon sayvareliZe
nen maT mier konvenciiT 1997 wels moxda, ris Semdeg 1999 wels am ricxvma 177 Sead-
aRebul valdebulebebs. es daiwyo erTwliani gardamavali gina, 2003-Si _ 703, 2006-Si _
organoebi iyo: adamianis etapi. am drois ganmavlobaSi 1560, 2007-Si _1503, 2008-Si ki
uflebaTa evropis komisia, airCnen axali mosamarTleebi, _ 1543. saintereso suraTi
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli damtkicda sasamarTlos gamoikveTa. ganxiluli saqme-
sasamarTlo da evrosabWos axali wesdeba. ganaxlebuli ebis raodenoba bolo wlebSi
ministrTa komiteti. sami aseTi sasamarTlo moRvaweobas 1998 75-jer gaizarda (SevadaroT
organos arsebobis gamo stras- wlis 1 noembers Seudga. 1998 _ 20 saqme da 1500 saqme), Tumca
burgis adamianis uflebaTa wlis 31 dekembers ki Zvelma sis- isic cxadia, rom bolo wlebSi
sasamarTloSi saCivrebis temam Sewyvita funqcionireba. ganxiluli saqmeebis raodeno-
miRebis Zalian mkacri wesebi Tumca, oqmis mixedviT, ada- ba 1500-is farglebSi meryeobs
arsebobda da mxolod maT mianis uflebaTa evropis ko- da win veRar midis, rac aSkara
mcire nawils iRebdnen gansa- misia agrZelebda ukve regis- disonanss qmnis gansaxilveli
xilvelad. strasburgSi Sesuli trirebuli saCivrebis ganxil- saqmeebis saerTo raodeno-
yvela saCivari xdeboda adami- vas 1999 wlis 31 oqtombramde basTan. amitom gaxda saWiro
anis uflebaTa evropuli (swored am wels, anu 1999 wels, axali, rigiT meore, reforma.
komisiis winaswari ganxilvis gaxda saqarTvelo evrosabWos
sagani, raTa dadgeniliyo, Tu wevri). reforma sakmaod vfiqrob, mkiTxvelisaTvis
ramdenad misaRebi iyo sarCeli. efeqturi aRmoCnda. cifrebSi aseve saintereso unda iyos
dadebiTi gadawyvetilebis es ase gamoixata: 1959-2009 wlebSi sasamarTlos
SemTxvevaSi komisia saqmes mier ganxilul saqmeTa rao-
sasamarTlos gadascemda 1955-1998 wlamde sasamarTlom denoba qveynebis mixedviT:
saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad miiCnia da gansaxil-
gamosatanad. saqmis strasburg- velad miiRo 45 000 sarCeli, udavo `liderebi arian ita-
Si miRebidan saboloo gadaw- rac niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo lia _ 1953 saqme, da TurqeTi
yvetilebis gamotanamde zogjer yovelwliurad daaxloebiT _ 1939.
aT weliwadze meti gadioda. 1000 sarCels iRebda gansaxil-
velad. Semdgom wlebSi, anu maT mohyvebian:
reforma 1994 wlis 11 maiss pirveli reformis amoqmedebis
daiwyo, mas Semdeg, rac adami- Semdeg, es procesi mniSvnelov- safrangeTi _ 740 saqme,
anis uflebaTa evropis kon- nad daCqarda. magaliTad, ukve ruseTi _ 643 saqme,
venciis me-11 oqmi gaixsna 1999 wels sasamarTlom 8400
poloneTi _ 634 saqme,
wevr-saxelmwifoTa xelmowe- sarCeli miiRo, 2003 wels _
ukraina _ 482 saqme,
risaTvis. me-11 oqmis mTavari 27200, 2006 wels _ 39400, 2008
siaxle is iyo, rom ori insti- wels ki _ 49900. anu gansaxil- saberZneTi _ 481 saqme,
tuti _ adamianis uflebaTa velad misaRebi saqmeebis rao- rumineTi _ 480 saqme,
evrokomisia da adamianis denoba yovelwliurad izrde- gaerTianebuli
uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlo boda da sasamarTlo am mimar- samefo _ 404 saqme.
mudmivmoqmedma sasamarTlom TulebiT ufro operatiulad
Secvala. amas, oqmis mimRebTa muSaobda, vidre reformamde.
yofil sabWoTa kavSiris qvey-
azriT, unda daeCqarebina
nebSi (ruseTisa da ukrainis
sasamarTlo procedurebi, magram isic cxadia, rom mTa-
ufro efeqturi gaexada vari mainc saqmis ganxilva da Sesaxeb zemoT ukve vTqviT)
sasamarTlo da gaeadvilebina gadawyvetilebis miRebaa. aseTi mdgomareobaa:
sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva. am rogor Seicvala mdgomareoba
oqmis mixedviT, yvela wevrisa- am mxriv 1998 wlis Semdeg? aq litva _ 48 saqme,
xelmwifo valdebuli iyo mo- aseTi statistika gvaqvs: 1959- latvia _ 34 saqme,
exdina am dokumentis ratifi- 1998 wlebSi sasamarTlom
saqarTvelo _ 27 saqme,
kacia, romelic ZalaSi Sedioda sul gansaxilvelad miRebul
azerbaijani _ 19 saqme,
bolo wevrisaxelmwifos mier 837 saqmeze gamoitana gadawy-
oqmis ratifikaciidan erT vetileba, rac weliwadSi daax- estoneTi _ 17 saqme,
weliwadSi. bolo ratifikacia loebiT 20 saqmes Seadgens. somxeTi _ 11 saqme.
mSvidobiani
Sekrebis
Tavisufleba
evropuli konvenciis mixedviT
Tea wulukiani
lad ganwyobil jgufs Soris, debas SeiZleba avtomaturad fos mxridan Carevas saWiro-
uzrunvelyos wesrigi da ori- ar niSnavdes. aseT SemTxve- ebs.11 garda amisa, Tu Tavad
ves Seuqmnas pirobebi Sekrebis vebSi daskvnebis gakeTebamde konkretuli adamiani ar sCa-
normalurad Casatareblad.5 saxelmwifos mxridan unda dis kanonsawinaaRmdego qme-
Sefasdes faqti garemoebaTa debas Sekrebis msvlelobisas,
mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisuf- erTobliobis zogadi konteq- misi Sekrebis Tavisuflebis
lebis dacvis mizania gareT stis gaTvaliswinebiT.9 aseve, SezRudvas ar amarTlebs ma-
Tu WerqveS Sekrebilma adami- manifestantebis mier saxelm- nifestaciisas aqa-iq warmo-
anebma Tavisuflad gamoxaton wifoSi arsebuli wyobis Sec- Sobili incidentebi.12 yvelas,
TavianTi mosazrebebi sityviT, vlis moTxovna avtomaturad qveynis moqalaqea is Tu ucxo-
JestiT an Tundac siCumiT.6 ar niSnavs erovnuli usafrT- eli, aqvs mSvidobiani Sekrebis
konvenciis me-11 muxli icavs xoebisTvis zianis miyenebas, Tavisufleba, maT Soris amg-
yvela mSvidobian Sekrebas, Tuki Sekreba mSvidobianad vari Sekrebis organizebis
eqneba mas politikuri, soci- mimdinareobs.10 arc saxeli- ufleba (rasac, sxvaTa Soris,
aluri, religiuri, kultu- suflebo Senobis Sesasvle- krZalavs saqarTvelos kanoni13).
ruli Tu sxva xasiaTi. es mux- lis blokireba niSnavs avto- da bolos, zogierTi gansakuT-
li icavs Sekrebis Tavisufle- maturad wesrigis im xarisxiT rebuli gamonaklisis garda,
bas Sekrebis formisda miuxe- darRvevas, romelic saxelmwi- konvenciis me-11 muxli ar uz-
davad _ iqneba es mdgomare Tu
mjdomare aqcia, msvleloba,
manifestacia, piketi (romel-
sac, sxvaTa Soris, krZalavs
saqarTvelos kanoni7), Senobis
dakaveba protestis niSnad Tu
sxv. konvenciis me-11 muxli
icavs agreTve e.w. spontanur
Sekrebebs da gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebiT ekideba maTTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs (ix.
qveviT). rac Seexeba Sekrebi-
sas gamonaTqvamTa Tu trans-
parantTa Sinaarss, evropulma
sasamarTlom araerT gadawy-
vetilebaSi miuTiTa, rom
Sekrebis Tavisufleba ar gu-
lisxmobs mxolod maamebeli
Sinaarsis sityvebis gamoyene-
bas da rom saxelmwifos eva-
leba ar SezRudos Sekrebis
Tavisufleba mxolod im mi-
zeziT, rom Sekrebis ganmavlo-
baSi Semawuxebeli, kritikuli,
uxeSi, SemaSfoTebeli, arale-
gitimuri an miuRebeli azrebi
da moTxovnebi gaismis8. maga-
liTad, manifestantebis mier
mezobeli saxelmwifos dro-
Sebisa da liderebis suraTebis
dawva da am saxelmwifos reJi-
mis damxobis mxardamWeri
sityvebi Zaladobisken mowo-
cias Sekrebis daSlis ufle- uri qmedebebis gziT sakuTari robis mier dasaxelebuli
bas. evropuli sasamarTlos uflebebis dacva gadawyvita. meore mizani evropulma sasa-
azriT, manifestaciis daSlis jgufma parizis erT-erTi marTlom ar miiCnia legitimu-
gamarTleba mxolod im mize- eklesiis Senoba daikava Sesa- rad, radgan is ar Sedioda
ziT, rom Sekrebis Sesaxeb bamisi saeklesio pirebis me-11 muxlis me-2 punqtSi
Setyobineba ar hqondaT Sesa- nagulisxmevi TanxmobiT. mocemul nusxaSi. kerZod,
bamis organoebs miRebuli, eklesiaSi mRvdelmsaxureba mTavroba miiCnevda, rom Sek-
Zneli iqneboda, Tuki Tavad amiT ar Seferxebula da arc rebis Sewyveta gamarTlebuli
manifestantebi ar arRvevd- mrevls gamouTqvams raime iyo momCivnis da mis Tanamo-
nen kanons Sekrebis mimdina- pretenzia. Semdeg Sekrebis nawileTa aralegaluri
reobisas. sasamarTlom Seamow- ramdenime monawilem SimSi- mdgomareobiT. evropulma
ma policiis qmedeba da ga- loba gamoacxada da saavad- sasamarTlom xazi gausva, rom
damwyveti mniSvneloba mianiWa myofoSic ki moxvda janmr- yvelas, qveynis moqalaqes Tu
im faqts, rom policiam momCi- Telobis gauaresebis gamo. ucxoels, aqvs rogorc Sekre-
vans da sxva manifestantebs daaxloebiT samasi adamianis bis Tavisufleba, aseve Sekre-
ramdenime saaTis ganmavlo- mier eklesiis okupacia or bis organizebis uflebac. man
baSi acala gamoexataT Tavi- Tves gagrZelda, ris Semdegac miiCnia, rom eklesiis orTvi-
anTi protesti, miuxedavad prefeqtma miiRo gadawyveti- ani okupacia iyo mSvidobiani
Sekrebis ukanonobisa da bu- leba ucxoelTa evakuaciis da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
dapeStis centraluri xidis Sesaxeb. evropulma sasamarT- an aRmsareblobisaTvis pir-
paralizebisa. am mizeziT man lom, mTavrobis argumentebis- dapiri safrTxe ar Seqmnila,
konvenciis me-11 muxlis dar- da miuxedavad, miiCnia, rom oRond mere da mere am Sekre-
Rveva ar cno dadgenilad da aqciis mocemul formas icavda bam moSimSile monawileebi-
iqve aRniSna, rom Tmenis val- konvenciis me-11 muxli da saTvis saxifaTo xasiaTi
debuleba ar niSnavda, rom rom evakuaciis gadawyveti- miiRo da eklesiaSi sanitaru-
ukanono Sekrebis arcerT leba Sekrebis Tavisuflebis li mdgomareoba damafiqrebe-
SemTxvevaSi Setyobinebis SezRudvas warmoadgenda. es li Seiqna. marTalia, policiis
wesis daucvelobas ar unda SezRudva efuZneboda kanons, mier evakuaciis ganurCevlad
gamoewvia Sekrebis daSla. radganac, teritoriuli erTe- uxeSi manera, evropuli sasa-
marTlac, ukanono SekrebaSi ulebis kodeqsis Tanaxmad da marTlos azriT, ar Seesabame-
monawileobisTvis Sefardebu- saxelmwifosa da eklesias So- boda im meTods, romlis go-
li administraciuli saxdeli ris SeTanxmebis (1905 w.) nivruli molodinic arsebobs,
sasamarTlom ar miiCnia me-11 safuZvelze, prefeqts hqonda roca saqme Sekrebis Tavisuf-
muxlis darRvevad saqmeSi sruli uflebamosileba sazo- lebas exeba, magram saxelmwi-
`ciliberbergi moldovis gadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis fos SiSi, rom situacia Zalian
winaaRmdeg~ da aSkarad dau- saqmeSi, maT Soris religiur swrafad gauaresdeboda da
sabuTeblad cno momCivnis kultebTan mimarTebaSi. rac aqcia mSvidobian xasiaTs
saqme.28 sasamarTlom mniSvne- Seexeba SezRudvis mizans, didxans ver SeinarCunebda, ar
lovnad CaTvala is faqtic, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom iyo safuZvels moklebuli.
rom Sefardebuli administ- prefeqtis gadawyvetileba amasTanave, Sekrebis xangrZ-
raciuli saxdeli SesaZlo evakuaciis Sesaxeb miznad isa- livad mimdinareobis, masme-
saxdelebs Soris minimaluri xavda wertili daesva aRmsareb- diaSi misi saTanadod gaSuqe-
iyo (3 evros odenobis lobisaTvis gankuTvnili Se- bisa da samoqalaqo sazoga-
jarima).29 nobis grZelvadiani okupaci- doebis mxardaWeris gamo
isTvis im pirebis mier, rom- momCivans da sxva monawileebs
rac Seexeba saqmes `sisi saf- lebic winaaRmdegobaSi imyo- saSualeba miecaT srulad
rangeTis winaaRmdeg~, momCi- febodnen frangul kanonTan. gamoexataT da xelisuflebis
vani safrangeTis teritori- aqedan gamomdinare, mocemuli yuramde mietanaT TavianTi
aze ukanonod mcxovreb im gadawyvetileba wesrigis protesti. amdenad, sasamar-
ucxoelTa jgufs ganekuTv- dacvas isaxavda miznad da es Tlom CaTvala, rom Sekrebis
neboda, romelmac koleqti- mizani legitimuri iyo. mTav- Tavisuflebis SezRudva ori
Tvis Semdeg manifestantebis mdeg~ momCivani erT-erTi po- Seferxebis gamo. rac Seexeba
evakuaciis formiT iyo Tana- litikuri xasiaTis demonst- Sekrebis Tavisuflebis
zomieri im miznisa (janmrTe- raciis Semdeg Sekrebis adgi- SezRudvasa da mizans Soris
lobis dacva, wesrigi), romel- lidan asiode metrSi samoqa- Tanazomierebas, mTavroba miiC-
sac saxelmwifo isaxavda. laqo tansacmelSi gamowyo- nevda, rom SezRudva aucile-
bilma orma pirma daakava, ro- beli iyo momCivnis ukanono
arsebobs gansakuTrebuli melTac mas policiis sabuTi qmedebebis aRsakveTad da so-
SemTxvevebi, rodesac winas- aCvenes. policiis ganyofile- cialuri uwesrigobis Tavi-
war Setyobinebis an nebarT- baSi Sedga oqmi, romlis Tanax- dan asacileblad. momCivnis
vis procedurisgan manifes- madac momCivani dakavebul ganmartebiT ki, misi dakaveba
tantebi gaTavisuflebulad iqna Sekrebis adgilze, moZra- da sasjeli miznad isaxavda
SeiZleba CaiTvalon. am Sem- obis gadaketvisa da Sekrebisas momaval manifestaciebSi misi
TxvevaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba antisocialuri qcevisaTvis. monawileobis Tavidan acilebas,
e.w. spontanuri Sekrebebi30. momCivnis qmedeba dakvalifi- radgan is opozicioneri
spontanuria Sekreba, rodesac cirda wvrilman xulignobad aqtivisti gaxldaT. sadavo
mimdinare an axlad momxdari somxeTis adaministraciul Sekrebamde masTan Sinac mi-
movlenisadmi dauyovnebeli samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis sula policia da cdilobda
reaqcia xdeba saWiro demons- Tanaxmad (sazogadoebriv adgi- daerwmunebina igi ar mieRo
traciis saxiT. Tu Setyobine- lebSi lanZRva-gineba, moqa- SekrebebSi monawileoba. garda
bisaTvis (an nebarTvis aRebi- laqeebze Seuracxmyofeli amisa, mas ar SeeZlo gadaeketa
saTvis) kanoniT gaTvaliswi- gadakideba da sxva amgvari moZraoba, radgan 30000-kaci-
nebuli vadis dacva am demon- moqmedeba, romelic arRvevs ani manifestaciis gamo quCa
stracias azrs daukargavs, sazogadoebriv wesrigsa da isedac gadaketili hqonda
Seutyobinebloba (an nebarT- moqalaqeTa simSvides). sasa- policias. rac Seexeba mis
vis uqonloba) SeiZleba epa- marTloebma gaiziares poli- mier yviriliT warmoTqmul
tioT manifestantebs, Tuki ciis argumentebi da momCivans sityvebs, es mocemul situa-
isini sxvagvarad ar arRveven samdRiani patimroba miusajes ciaSi ver CaiTvleboda anti-
kanons, Tuki Sekreba mSvido- Sekrebisas moZraobis Sefer- socialur qmedebad, radgan
biania da ar iwvevs imaze met xebisa da zedmeti xmaurisaT- misi sityvebi ar Seicavda uxam-
Seferxebebs, rac bunebrivad vis. evropulma sasamarTlom sobas da Sekrebis yvela mona-
Tan axlavs sazogadoebriv ar gaiziara mTavrobis mosaz- wile zustad misnairad xma-
adgilas gamarTul nebismier reba, rom momCivani Sekrebis urobda. evropulma sasamar-
manifestacias.31 Tumca erTi adgilidan moSorebiT da am Tlom aRniSna, rom Zalado-
dilis ganmavlobaSi Cqaros- Sekrebisgan damoukideblad bisken mowodebisaTvis adami-
nuli avtomagistralis ram- aferxebda moZraobas da xulig- anis dasja SeiZleboda dasaS-
denjerme sruli blokireba nobda, radgan policiisa da vebad yofiliyo miCneuli
ar CaiTvala evropuli sasa- erovnuli sasamarTloebis konvenciis me-11 muxlis me-2
marTlos mier im Seferxebad, mixedviT, swored Sekrebaze punqtis kuTxiT. unebarTvo
romelic bunebrivad Tan ax- xulignobisa da antisocialu- SekrebaSi monawileobisaTvis
lavs sazogadoebriv adgilebSi ri qcevisaTvis iqna is daka- sanqciis gamoyenebac ar iyo
gamarTul manifestaciebs.32 vebuli. sasamarTlom pirvel Seusabamo am muxlis moTxov-
yovlisa aRniSna, rom Sekrebis nebTan. Tumca mSvidobiani
yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac kanonieri da mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisufleba imde-
Sekrebis Tavisuflebis Sez- xasiaTi sadavo ar iyo. arc is nad didi mniSvnelobis mqonea,
Rudva me-11 muxlis me-2 punq- gamomdinareobda saqmis masa- rom ar SeiZleba adamianis
tSi CamoTvlil arcerT mizans lebidan, rom xelisuflebis dasja, Tundac minimaluri
ar emsaxureboda, miuxedavad organoebs mocemuli Sekrebis administraciuli saxdeliT,
imisa, rom saxelmwifos aseTi daSla hqondaT gadawyvetili im SekrebaSi monawileobisaT-
miznebi moSveliebuli hqonda an monawileebisaTvis, maT vis, romelic ar yofila akr-
sakuTari poziciis gasamya- Soris momCivnisaTvis, imis Zaluli da romlis mimdina-
reblad. magaliTad, saqmeSi miTiTeba, rom daetovebinaT reobis dros monawiles ar
`galstiani somxeTis winaaR- Sekrebis adgili moZraobis Caudenia ukanono saqcieli.
religiisa
da politikis
urTierTobis
axali formebi
giorgi cxadaia
reigani. reiganis arCevam kar- mdgomareobis aseT ganmarte- hopkinsis universitetis pro-
dinalurad Secvala sekularis- bas gvaZlevs: `postsekularu- fesoris hent de vrisis (2006)
tuli dasavleTis saxe. reiganis li~... ar aRniSnavs religiuro- mosazrebiT, Seicvala Tavad
prezidentoba konservatori bis uecar zrdas misi epoqalu- religiebis xasiaTic. Tu aqamde
saSualo fenisa da qristianu- ri Semcirebis Semdeg, aramed religiebi popularul, demok-
li jgufebis mxardaWeras im adamianebis msoflmxedve- ratiul mxardaWeras efuZne-
emyareboda. misi ritorika lobis cvlilebaze migvaniS- bodnen, axla isini ukve indi-
gamoirCeoda religiuri nebs, romlebsac iqamde egonaT, vidualisturni da spontanur-
leqsikiT da aRtyinebiT. rom religiis fenomeni gaqrobis nic gaxdnen. garda amisa, re-
pirasaa. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ligia ukve aRiqmeba, rogorc
dasavleTSi momxdarma mov- Seicvala saxelmwifos mier problema, romelzec muSa-
lenebma xeli Seuwyo socio- religiis aRqmac (gansakuTre- oben kvleviTi centrebi, Jur-
logebis mier sekularizmsa biT, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT nalistebi da filosofosebi.
da religiis momavalze Sexe- iranisa da, gansxvavebuli
dulebebis gadasinjvas. 80-iani xarisxiT, amerikis magaliTeb- saerTaSoriso presis Jurna-
wlebis bolos cnobilma ameri- sac). xelisuflebis legiti- listebma axali religiuro-
kelma sociologma piter ber- muroba ufro metad gaxda bis individualizmi, islamist
germa aRiara, rom mTel rig damokidebuli SemarTuli da teroristebze dakvirvebiT,
sferoebSi religiis mniSvne- damuxtuli religiuri advilad SeamCnies. magaliTad,
loba dasavlur sazogadoebaSi, jgufebis aqtivobaze. erTi olivie rois (2005) sityvebiT:
gansakuTrebiT anglo-ameri- sityviT, gaizarda saxelmwifos rac marTali iyo al-qaidas
kul samyaroSi, araTu Semcir- mier sakuTari Tavis aRqma. pirveli Taobis mimarT, mar-
da, aramed radikalurad gai- Tldeba meore Taobis SeTxve-
zarda. mogvianebiT germaneli saxelmwifos mier religiis vaSic: miuxedavad imisa, rom es
sociologi hans ioasi am rolis gaazrebis garda, jon adamianebi axloaRmosavluri
qristianoba
pluralistul
samyaroSi
eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos centraluri
komitetis sxdomaze warmoTqmuli sityva
(adis-abeba, 1971 w.).
tradiciuli midgomis
saSiSroebani
visac RmerTi ixutebs gulSi erTaderT gasaRebs warmoad- da raRac Tavisic gvauwyos
Tavisi macocxlebeli siyva- gens, aseve gvaqvs SesaZleb- RvTis Sesaxeb.
ruliT. yvela maTgani evqa- loba sxvadasxvagvarad
ristiul barZimSi imyofeba, mivudgeT araqristianul 4. urTierToba aris komuni-
qristes erTian sxeulad religiebsa da maT wminda kaciis conditio sine qua non
qcevis molodinSi, rodesac werilebs: an rogorc isto- (`aucilebeli piroba~. laT.).
yvela niSani gauCinardeba riul da sociologiur feno- amitom SeuZlebelia qristi-
RvTis taxtisa da kravis menTa mkvlevarni, saTanado anuli mxridan raimegvari ur-
winaSe (gamocx. 22:3). kritikuli cnobierebiT aRWur- TierTkavSiri erTgvari `moq-
vilni, an WeSmaritebis garCevis cevis~ gareSe, anu yovelgvari
Tu Cven SegviZlia amgvari mizniT _ suliwmindis konfesiuri siamayisa da kul-
Teologiis gaziareba, maSin sunTqvis Sesabamisad. turuli an istoriuli upira-
rogor mogviwevs qristianu- tesobis grZnobis daZlevis
li misiisa da qristianuli 3. sxvadasxva religiaSi Cven gareSe. amgvari Tavmdabloba
samyaros konkretuli mid- vxvdebiT calkeul qarizmatul iTxovs qristes msgavs TviT-
gomis gansazRvra araqris- adamianebs, romlebsac maTi realizacias sxvaTa meSveobiT.
tianuli samyarosadmi? sakuTari rwmenisTvis damaxa- qristianul samyaros, _ su-
siaTebel garegnul niSnebze liwmindis cecxliT ganwmen-
1. qristiani, romelmac icis, ufro Rrmad wvdomis unari dil, uflis glaxak da aseve
rom, uflis gangebiT, didi aqvT, ramdenadac sulieri saxarebiseuli uZlurebiT, _
religiebi RvTaebrivi mowya- cxovreba kanonebsa da wesebze SeuZlia gaRebisa da micemis
lebis skolebs warmoadgenen, ufro Rrma realobas warmo- riskis sakuTar Tavze aReba
Rrma mSvidobiTa da sulgr- adgens, Tumca xSirad xdeba erTi da imave ubraloebiT.
ZelobiT iqneba ganwyobili maT xolme sulierebis Canacvleba qristianobam misken mimarTu-
mimarT. igi morCili iqneba am `moweseobiT~. Cvenc swored li gamowvevani unda aRiqvas
gangebisa, uflis mosvlis ime- simboloebsa da istoriul rogorc Zmuri Segoneba da
diTa da xsenebuli ikonomiis formebze ufro Rrma wvdoma unda SeZlos maTSi, _ Tundac
saidumloTi ganmsWvaluli, da religiuri adamianebis urwmunoebis niRbiT, _ sicruis
romelsac TandaTanobiT srul- siRrmiseuli intenciebis Tamami uaryofis danaxva, risi
yofilebisken da qristeSi aRmoCena unda SegveZlos, gakeTebac qristianebs didi
aRdgenisken mivyavarT. SevufardebT ra RvTaebrivis xnis ganmavlobaSi ar SeeZloT
maTeul aRqmas Cveni qristia- an ar surdaT.
2. arsebobs msoflio reli- nuli imedis obieqts. es niS-
giuri Tanamegobroba, romel- navs, rom RmerTze saubrisas 5. aseTi ganwyobis pirobebSi
sac SeuZlia Cveni qristia- apofatikuri meTodi unda ukve SesaZlebelia komunika-
nuli gamocdilebis gamdid- gamoviyenoT _ da ara mxolod cia. am SemTxvevaSi qristes
reba _ Tuki SevZlebT imis qristianTa Soris, rakiRa viciT, saxe efuZneba mis kenotur
danaxvas, rasac is flobs. am rom ufalTan dakavSirebuli TviTdamcrobas, mis istoriul
SemTxvevaSi saubaria ara imaze, yvela cneba sinamdvileSi realobas da mis sityvebs. es
rom unda CavwvdeT araqris- kerpia. amgvari meTodi unda ara mxolod eklesiaSi adami-
tianuli wminda werilebis gamoviyenoT maSinac, roca anebis dabrunebis sakiTxia.
istoriul, bukvalur da obi- RvTis Sesaxeb msjelobebi isini sakuTari nebiT movlen,
eqtur azrs, aramed ufro imas gvxvdeba araqristianuli Tuki Tavs ise igrZnoben, ro-
vgulisxmobT, rom es werilebi religiebis wminda werilebSi. gorc mSobliur saxlSi. mniS-
qristes realobis Suqze unda roca gvsurs sxva religiis vnelovani amocana ki imaSi
vikiTxoT, radgan, rogorc mimdevars gavugoT, Cven ar mdgomareobs, rom gamovavli-
suliwmindisgan mowyvetil unda ganvixiloT igi rogorc noT sxva religiebSi qristo-
sityvas SeuZlia dafaros mocemuli religiis tipuri logiuri faseulobebi da mivu-
Cvengan RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba mimdevari. Cven mas im adami- TiToT maT qristeze, rogorc
Zveli aRTqmis wminda werilSi, anad unda aRviqvamdeT, ro- gamaerTianebel Zalaze da
romelTan mimarTebaSic qriste melsac SeuZlia gvaswavlos aseve mis siyvarulze, romlis
araqristianul konteqstSi
wm. ioane damaskelis TqmiT `gareSe~ (anu araqristianul) sibrZneSi, marTa-
damowmeba niSnavs miTiTebas lia, aris raRac miuRebeli, magram maTgan SesaZlebelia `wminda oqros~
RvTisadmi, romelic sxvebma gamorCevac, romlisganac `udidesi Zlierebis SeZenas SevZlebT~
ukve Seicnes rogorc moyvaru- (wm. ioane damaskeli. marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi
li mama. rogorc ki isini siZis gadmocema. Targmani Zveli berZnulidan. Tavi 90, Tb., 2000, gv. 190)
megobrebi gaxdebian, aRar iq- wm. grigol RvTismetyveli erT-erTi Tavisi mowafisaTvis daweril poemaSi
neba Zneli misi (qristes. _ `saTnoebis Sesaxeb~ imis Taobaze saubrobs, Tu rogor SeuZlia qristians
mTargm.) xseneba. eklesiis mTe- sakuTari Tavis aRzrda warmarT filosofosTa cxovrebaTa da qcevaTa
li misioneruli saqmianoba ki magaliTebiT (Åï. Èëàðèîí Àëôååâ. Æèçíü è ó÷åíèå Ñâ. Ãðèãîðèÿ Áîãîñëîâà.
Ãëàâà 2).
religiis (araqristianuli re-
ligiis. _ mTargm.) RameSi mTvle- aqve saintereso unda iyos wm. ioane oqropiris (romelic warmarTuli
mare qristes gaRviZebisken iq- samyaros erT-erT mkacr kritikosadaa miCneuli) Semdegi sityvebi: `...Tu
neba mimarTuli. mxolod erTma wm. werilidan ver swavlobT, maSin iZulebuli var warmarTebisgan mogiy-
RmerTma icis, SeZleben Tu vanoT magaliTebi... (Òâîðåíèÿ, òîì 7, ñ. 201).
3
Tumca msgavsi gamonaklisebis gamovlena TviT aRmosavlur saqristianoSic
SeiZleba. magaliTad, qristianuli eklesiis erT-erTi udidesi moRvawe, wm.
grigol palama (XIV s.), romelic jer aTonis mTaze eweoda berul cxovrebas,
mogvianebiT ki qalaq Tesalonikis arqiepiskoposi gaxda, wm. ioane damaske-
lis antiislamuri suliskveTebisgan gansxvavebiT, mkveTrad gamoxatul
keTilganwyobasa da pativiscemas avlenda muslim TeologebTan mimarTebiT.
am sakiTxze cnobili Tanamedrove marTlmadidebeli Teologi, albaneli ar-
qiepiskoposi anastasi, Tavis erT-erT naSromSi wers: ...wm. grigol palama
yvelanairad cdilobs ar Seuracxyos mosaubreTa religiuri grZnobebi.
marTalia, SeTanxmeba ver iqna miRweuli, magram pativiscema da urTierT-
dafasebis ganwyoba maT Soris SenarCunebuli iyo: `dasasruls muslimi
liderebi wamodgnen, pativis migebiT gamoemSvidobnen Tesalonikis arqi-
episkoposs da gaemgzavrnen~
(To the Atheist Chionai, 246). zogjer ki, roca wm. grigoli amCnevda, rom
Tanamosaubreni rTul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, igi maSinve didi TavazianobiTa
da delikaturobiT cdilobda uxerxuli situaciis ganmuxtvas moxdenili
iumoriT: `me isini kvlav gavamxiarule (I made them cheerful again) da Tava-
ziani RimiliT mivuge imams: `am sakiTxze rom erTi Sexeduleba gvqonoda,
maSin rwmenac xom erTi gveqneboda?~ (Letter to David the Disypatos).
4
kenozisi _ damdableba, damcroba.
5
avtoris am azrs ganamtkicebs Tavad pavle mociqulis Semdegi mistikuri
sityvebi: `ara msurs, Zmano, ar icodeT es saidumlo (raTa Tqvensave gansjas
ar daeyrdnoT), rom israelis sibrmave nawilobrivia, droebiTi, vidre ar
Semova warmarTTa mTeli simravle. da ase mTeli israeli cxondeba...~ (rom.
11, 25-26).
6
aq avtori aRar asaxelebs maT, arada, maTi dasaxeleba ar iqneboda interes-
moklebuli ara mxolod sekularuli mkiTxvelebisTvis, aramed bevri
eqskluzivisti morwmunisTvisac. rCeuli (ebraeli) eris miRma RvTisTvis
saTno adamianebi iyvnen: (1) iobi, romelic iyo warmarTi, magram romelsac
wm. werili axasiaTebs rogorc `ubiwos, samarTliansa da RvTismoSiSs (iobi
1:1), ris gamoc eklesia samarTlianad ganakuTvnebs iobs Zveli aRTqmis
marTalTa ricxvs;
(2) melqisedeki, romelic iyo warmarTuli qalaqis, salimis, mefe da amave dros
`uzenaesi RmerTis mRvdeli~ (dab. 14:18);
(3) iaTori, midiameli (anu araiudeveli) mRvdeli, moses simamri (gamos. 2:16);
(4) sabas dedofali (3 mef. 10:1; 2 neSt. 9:1), romelic cxovrobda da mefobda
eTiopiaSi;
(5) raxab meZavi (isu nave 2:1), romelzec iakob mociquli wers: `gana rwmeniT ar
gamarTlda meZavi raxabic...?~ (iak. 2:25), mociquli pavle: `rwmeniT meZavi
raxabi ar daiRupa...~ (ebr. 11:31);
(6) neemani, asureli mxedarTmTavari, romelic mowiwebiT sTxovda Semweobas
uflis winaswarmetyvels (4 mef. 5,1 da Semd.); da bolos, Tavad qriste Tavisi
amqveyniuri moRvaweobis dros warmarTebSi zogjer iseT rwmenas xedavda,
romelsac ebraelebSic ki ver poulobda (ix. maT. 8,10).
7
berZnuli sityva `aRape~ Teologiur teqstebSi gamoiyeneba RvTaebrivi
siyvarulis aRsaniSnavad, xolo `filia~ _ megobruli da dedmamiSviluri
siyvarulia, `erosi~ ki _ qalsa da mamakacs Soris arsebuli siyvaruli.
8
am azrTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa aseve qristes sityvebi, rom igi amgvar
adamianebs `Tavis~ mSvidobas miscems, romelic ar hgavs ama qveynis mSvidobas
(ioane 14:27).
9
anu xSirad Znelia qristianTa qcevebis mixedviT adekvaturi warmodgenis
Seqmna RvTaebriv realobasa da mis myofobaze maT Soris. swored Tavisi
drois uRirs qristianebs mimarTavda pavle mociquli Semdegi sityvebiT:
`Tqvens gamo igmoba RmrTis saxeli warmarTTa Soris~ (rom. 2:24).
10
sxva marTlmadidebeli Teologic, mitropoliti ioane ziziulasic, imow-
mebs am adreuli wm. mamis, irineos lionelis (Haer. 3, 24:1) xsenebul sityvebs,
qristes Semdeg sityvebTan erTad `qari sadac surs, qris, da gesmis misi xma,
magram ar ici, saidan modis da saiT midis; asevea sulis mier yvela Sobilic~
(in. 3:8) (ix. John Zizioulas. Being As Communion. New-York, SVS Press, 1997, p. 190).
evrosabWos saparlamento
asambleas rekomendacia:
saxelmwifo, religia,
sekularoba da
adamianis uflebebi
kaxaber kurtaniZe
saqarTvelos moqalaqeni,
romelTa uryevi nebaa
daamkvidron demokratiuli
sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba,
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba,
socialuri da samarTlebri-
vi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyon
adamianis sayovelTaod aRi-
arebuli uflebani da Tavi-
suflebani, ganamtkicon saxel-
mwifoebrivi damoukidebloba
da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobi-
ani urTierToba, eyrdnobian
ra qarTveli eris mravalsa-
ukunovani saxelmwifoebrio-
bis tradiciebsa da saqarTve-
los 1921 wlis konstituciis
ZiriTad principebs, saqveynod
acxadeben am konstitucias.
konstituciis preambula
religiisa da demokratiis
Sesaxeb 1396-e rekomendaci-
aSi (1999 w.), [evrosabWos]
asamblea acxadebda, rom ar-
sebobs garkveuli religiuri
aspeqti bevr im problemaSi,
romelsac Tanamedrove sazo-
me-20, 21 e da 22 e muxlebis
Tanaxmad, evrosabWo zrunavs
11. mTavrobebma yuradReba unda miaqcion religiuri sazo-
religiebTan TanamSromlobi-
gadoebebis gansakuTrebul unars xeli Seuwyon mSvido-
saTvis. oRond am muxlebSi
bas, TanamSromlobas, tolerantobas, solidarobas, kul-
naTlad Cans, rom es Careva
turaTSoris dialogsa da evrosabWos mier mxardaWerili
kulturaTSorisi dialogis
Rirebulebebis gavrcelebas.
xelSewyobas gulisxmobs da,
12. ganaTleba ucodinrobis, stereotipebis, aseve religie-
amasTan erTad, religiebs TiT-
bisa da maTi xelmZRvanelebis Sefasebisas gaugebrobis wi-
qos aTanabrebs arasamTavro-
naaRmdeg brZolis mTvari iaraRia da warmmarTvel rols
bo organizaciebTan (uamravi
asrulebs demokratiuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi.
religiuri da humanitaruli
13. skola bunebrivi adgilia kulturaTSorisi dialogisaT-
organizaciaa warmodgenili
vis da, amasTan erTad, qmnis tolerantuli qcevis safuZ-
evrosabWoSi arasamTavrobo
vels; mas SeuZlia efeqtianad ebrZolos fanatizms bavS-
organizaciebis monawileob-
vebisTvis ZiriTadi religiebis istoriisa da filosofiis
rivi statusis safuZvelze).
zomieri da obieqturi swavlebiT. mediasa da ojaxebsac
gavimeoreb: es ar niSnavs, rom
SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanon am saqmeSi.
evrosabWo indiferentulia
14. religiebis Sesaxeb codna kacobriobis istoriisa da ci-
religiebis mimarT (rasac,
vilizaciaTa Secnobis ganuSorebeli nawilia. es codna
sul mcire, Tavad am dokumen-
gansxvavdeba romelime konkretuli religiuri rwmenisa
tis arseboba mowmobs).
da praqtikisagan. is qveynebic ki, sadac erTi religiuri
piriqiT, 3. evrosabWo unda...
aRmsarebloba Warbobs, valdebulni arian yvela religiis
pativs scemdes religias mTeli
safuZvlebi aswavlon.
Tavisi mravalferovnebiT...
15. gansxvavebuli situaciebi Tanaarsebobs evropaSi. zog
religiebs Soris arsebuli
qveyanaSi kvlav Warbobs erTi sarwmunoeba. religiis war-
gansxvavebebisa da mocemuli
momadgenlebma, SesaZloa, politikuri roli iTamaSon,
qveynis viTarebaTa gaTvalis-
rogorc, magaliTad, episkoposebma gaerTianebuli same-
winebiT. oRond es pativisce-
fos lordTa palataSi. zogma qveyanam akrZala religiuri
ma gulisxmobs religiebTan
simboloebis tareba skolaSi. evrosabWos wevri ramdenime
SeZlebisdagvarad Tanabar
qveynis kanonmdebloba kvlav Seicavs anaqronizmebs im xa-
distancirebas da maTTan
nidan, rodesac religia metad mniSvnelovan rols Tama-
mimarTebas adgilobrivi
Sobda Cvens sazogadoebebSi.
kulturuli, istoriuli da
16. religiis Tavisufleba daculia adamianis uflebaTa ev-
politikuri konteqstis gaT-
ropuli konvenciis me-9 muxliTa da adamianis uflebaTa
valiswinebiT, calkeuli
sayovelTao deklaraciis me-18 muxliT. Tumca es Tavi-
religiebis WeSmariteba-ara-
sufleba ganusazRvreli araa: Tu religiis doqtrina an
WeSmaritebis sakiTxs ki ar
praqtika danarCen ZiriTad uflebebs SeewinaaRmdegeba,
ganixilavs. umaRles Rirebu-
maSin is miuRebeli iqneba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SezRudve-
lebad dadgenilia adamianis
bi, romelTa dadgenac SeiZleba amgvari TavisuflebisaT-
uflebebi (16. Tu religiis
vis, isinia, romlebsac `kanoni daawesebs da aucilebelia
doqtrina an praqtika danar-
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sajaro usafrTxoebis inte-
Cen ZiriTad uflebebs Seewi-
resebis uzrunvelsayofad, sajaro wesrigis, janmrTelo-
naaRmdegeba, maSin is miuRe-
bisa Tu zneobis dasacavad, anda sxvebis uflebebisa da
beli iqneba) da es viTareba
Tavisuflebebis dasacavad~ (konvenciis 9.2 muxli).
gadaxedvas ar eqvemdebareba
17. arc saxelmwifoebma unda dauSvan iseTi religiuri prin-
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1. reli-
cipebis gavrceleba, romelTa praqtikuli ganxorciele-
giebis ricxvi Cvens kontinen-
bac adamianis uflebebs daarRvevs. Tuki amasTan dakavSi-
tze kvlav izrdeba eklesi-
rebiT arsebobs eWvebi, maSin saxelmwifoebi valdebulni
ebisa da sarwmunoebebis
arian mosTxovon religiur liderebs, rom maT
farTo speqtriT da, rom
ukanasknel wlebSi Cvens
unars xeli Seuwyon mSvido- baSi dokumentis zogad yanaSi kvlav Warbobs erTi
bas, TanamSromlobas, tole- poziciasTan, radgan, jer sarwmunoeba. religiis warmo-
rantobas, solidarobas, erTi, dokumenti erTjerad madgenlebma, SesaZloa,
kulturaTSoris dialogsa movlenas ki ar aRwers, ara- politikuri roli iTamaSon,
da evrosabWos mier mxardaWe- med igi demokratizaciis rogorc, magaliTad, episko-
rili Rirebulebebis gavrce- dausrulebel process posebma gaerTianebuli samefos
lebas. gulisxmobs. da meore: igi lordTa palataSi. zogma qve-
aRiarebs qveynebis sxvadasx- yanam akrZala religiuri
dokumenti Zalian did mniSv- vagvar sawyis toposs da mud- simboloebis tareba skolaSi.
nelobas aniWebs ganaTlebis mivi ganviTarebis gzas evrosabWos wevri ramdenime
rols sazogadoebis Semza- demokratiulobisaken. xolo, qveynis kanonmdebloba kvlav
debaSi religiuri eqstremiz- amasTan dakavSirebiT, iZleva Seicavs anaqronizmebs im
mis dasaZlevad. amitom saxelmwifo-eklesiis urTi- xanidan, rodesac religia
saxelmwifoebi faqtobrivad erTobis gansxvavebuli metad mniSvnelovan rols
valdebulni arian aswavlon inerpretaciis arsebobis TamaSobda Cvens sazogado-
religiebis safuZvlebi saSualebas mTavari Rirebu- ebebSi. saqarTveloSi arse-
obieqturad, distancirebuli lebebis CarCoebSi. amasTan bobs saxelmwifosa da
poziciidan (14. religiebis erTad, me-14 muxli avalde- eklesias Soris dadebuli
Sesaxeb codna kacobriobis bulebs im qveynebs, sadac konkordati, romelic kons-
istoriisa da civilizaciaTa erTi religiuri aRmsareb- tituciis me-9 muxls efuZ-
Secnobis ganuSorebeli nawi- loba Warbobs... yvela reli- neba: saxelmwifo aRiarebs
lia. es codna gansxvavdeba giis safuZvlebi aswavlon. qarTuli marTlmadidebluri
romelime konkretuli reli- anu, araTu dakmayofildnen eklesiis gansakuTrebul
giuri rwmenisa da praqtiki- da calmxrivad xeli Seuwyon rols saqarTvelos istori-
sagan. is qveynebic ki, sadac isedac moWarbebul aRmsa- aSi, amasTan erTad acxadebs
erTi religiuri aRmsareb- reblobebs, aramed valde- rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis
loba Warbobs, valdebulni bulni arian izrunon, raTa srul Tavisuflebas, eklesi-
arian yvela religiis safuZ- gaacnon am aRmsarebelT is damoukideblobas saxel-
vlebi aswavlon). es erTgva- sxva religiebis safuZvlebi. mwifosagan. am muxlSi aris
ri problemaa, radgan Znelia, xolo es im mizniT unda bundovani fraza gansakuT-
Tu SeuZlebeli ara, araTu gakeTdes, rom pativi vceT rebuli roli. dRemde gaur-
kadrebis, aramed amgvari sxvebs da... win aRvudgeT kveveli rCeba ras niSnavs es
saxelmZRvaneloebis momzade- gaumarTlebel upativcemlo- gansakuTrebuloba Tavad
bac ki. es, ase vTqvaT, jer bebsa da Seuracxyofebs (19) dadebuli konkordatis
kidev modernuli midgomaa, da Tavidan iqnes acilebuli, fonzec. yoveldRiurobaSi ki
romlis mixedviTac SesaZle- an Semcirdes mainc, gaugeb- cxadze cxadia _ gvaqvs
belia neitraluri codnis roba stereotipebis, aseve marTlmadideblobis
warmoeba. magram Tanamedrove religiebisa da maTi xelmZR- siWarbe yvela mimarTule-
gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom vanelebis Sefasebisas (12) _ biT. rogoric ar unda iyos
neitraluri araTu humanita- gaugebroba, romelic ZiriTa- konkordati da masSi anaqro-
ruli, aramed teqnikuri cod- di mizezia iseTi movlenebi- nistuli midrekilebebi
nac ki ar arsebobs. miukerZo- sa, rogoricaa... fundamenta- (Tuki isini masSi aRiniSneba)
ebeli midgoma faqtobrivad listuri moZraobebi da tero- evrosabWos am rekomendaciis
SeuZlebelia. subieqtis _ ristuli aqtebi, rasizmi da Tanaxmad, romelic daasru-
Tavisi kulturuli Tu sxva qsenofobia, eTnikuri konfliq- lebs dokuments, wevri qvey-
wanamZRvrebis gamo _ amogdeba tebi (9) da fanatizmi (13). nebi valdebulni arian, 24.2
obieqturi Semecnebis kanonmdeblobidan TandaTa-
procesidan ganuxorcielebe- sainteresoa me-15 muxli: gan- nobiT amoiRon, Tuki aseTi
li proeqtia. magram es yove- sxvavebuli situaciebi Tana- iqneba xalxis neba, elemente-
live ar modis winaaRmdego- arsebobs evropaSi. zog qve- bi, romlebic, SesaZloa,
mRvdeli
maqsimilian
kolbe
- gamowveva
nacistebisTvis
daviT TinikaSvili
franciskanelTa polisi
ramdenime samWedlo, agreTve brwyinvale unariT iyo dajil- dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad
manqanebis sadgomi, rkinigzis dovebuli. misi goneba ganuwy- man 1931 wels nagasakTan
patara sadguri, romelic vetliv muSaobda, aanalizebda, axlos daamTavra patara
saxelmwifo rkinigzas ukav- angariSobda, adgenda sxvadas- qalaqis mSenebloba, romelsac
Sirdeboda. gaTvaliswinebuli xva masStabis xarjTaRricx- `mariamis baRi~ uwoda (iapo-
iyo adgilebi aeroportisa vebs. is TiTqmis yvelaferSi nurad `mugenzai no sono~).
da radiosadguris mSeneblo- erkveoda: nairgvari simZlav-
bisTvisac. ris ZravebSi, linotipebSi, mas gamudmebiT tanjavda Tavis
radioaparaturaSi; icoda ra tkivili. filtvebi TiTqmis
aTiode wlis Semdeg nepoka- dajdeboda ufro iafi an ganadgurebuli hqonda mZime
lanovSi ukve cxovrobda 762 ufro Zviri, icoda ra, sad da formis tuberkulozis gamo.
franciskaneli sasuliero rodis unda eyida. rodesac iaponiaSi igi erTma
piri, romelTagan 13 mRvdeli eqimma gasinja, aRmoCnda, rom
iyo, 18 _ diakoni, 527 _ beri, igi Tavisi misiis samsaxurSi misi filtvebis oTxi mexuTedi
122 _ axalgazrda da 82 _ mor- ayenebda mecnierebisa da dazianebuli iyo. eqimma uTxra,
Cili. unda aRiniSnos, rom, teqnikis uaxles miRwevebs, namdvili saswaulia, aseTi
rodesac kolbe mRvdlad romelTa Sorisac zogierTi filtvebis patroni dRemde
xeldasxmuli romidan teqnikuri mowyobiloba cocxali rom xar da energi-
poloneTSi dabrunda, iq uSualod misi gamogonebuli uladac Sromobo. magram
mxolod asiode franciska- iyo. misi azriT, ar arsebobda yvelaze ucnauri eqimisTvis
neli beri moRvaweobda. kavSiris saSualeba, romelic is iyo, rom filtvebis mdgo-
sakmarisad swrafi iqneboda. mareoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi
qalaqis yvela franciskanel xSirad ambobda,ana
romdoliZe
Tanamed- ar icvleboda, _ arc uares-
mkvidrs evaleboda mkacrad rove misioneris gadaadgile- deboda da arc umjobesdeboda.
daecva upovarebis aRTqma, bis saSualeba ukanaskneli
magram evangelizaciis efeq- modelis TviTmfrinavi unda mRvdeli maqsimiliane kolbe
turi ganxorcielebisTvis iyos. Ria adamiani iyo, romelsac
maT gankargulebaSi saukeTeso SeeZlo saxarebiseuli urTi-
teqnika unda yofiliyo. saZmos kolbes dauZleveli survili erToba hqonoda gansxvavebuli
wevrebi yvelafrisTvis mzad iyo maqsimalurad gaefarTo- rwmenisa da kulturis adami-
iyvnen, iqneboda es saxanZro ebina sakuTari moZraoba. anebTan. igi, bevri `xisti~
jgufis organizeba, diriJo- 1930 wels igi iaponiaSi misionerisgan gansxvavebiT,
robis swavla, gramfirfitebze Cadis, Tumca aravis icnobda adgilobriv kulturul da
musikis Cawera Tu kinematogra- im qveyanaSi da iaponuri erTi religiur wes-Cveulebebsa da
fiuli xelovnebis daufleba. sityvac ar icoda. magram rwmena-warmodgenebs pativs
erTi Tvis Semdeg man ukve scemda, cdilobda mieRo da
Tumca nepokalanovis indus- Jurnalis pirveli nomeri gaeTavisebina yvelaferi, rac
triis mTavari dargi mainc gamosca iaponur enaze erTi maTSi kargi iyo. igi sintoiz-
sagamomcemlo saqme iyo. meTodisti mTargmnelis dax- msa da budizmTan dialogs
sabolood maT aTi damouki- marebiT (romelmac, sxvaTa awarmoebda, rogorc qristi-
debeli Jurnalis gamocema Soris, didi xalisiT miiRo anobis damajerebeli da
SeZles, romelTa mkiTxvelebis kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba, kompetenturi warmomadgeneli
saerTo raodenoba erTnaxevar mRvdlis saocari Rvawlis (is xom doqtoris xarisxs
milions aRwevda. Jurnalebi Semyurem) da erTi Zveli flobda Teologiasa da
iTargmneboda italiurad, sabeWdi manqanis saSualebiT, filosofiaSi!). Sedegad man
inglisurad, frangulad, romelze beWdvac ukve ise bevri guliTadi megobari
espanurad da laTinurad. iyo gaZnelebuli, rom mama SeiZina budist berebs Soris
maqsimilians araerTxel da maTSi qristianuli
kolbe angariSianobisa da gausisxlianda xelis TiTebi rwmenisadmi pativiscemac
sxvadasxva saxis gaTvlebis muSaobis dros. gaaRviva.
iaponiis Semdeg igi cota xans igi pirvelad Tavis Tanamoaz- mis sakoncentracio banakSi
ruseTSic imyofeba: jer reebTan erTad daapatimres. iyo saWiro. mas sxvebze meti
cimbirSi, Semdeg moskovSi. mama maqsimiliane amxnevebda tanjvis gadatana mouxda,
mas aqac undoda Tavisi Jur- megobrebs, axla sxva misiis radgan mRvdeli gaxldaT.
nalis rusul enaze gamocema. aRsasruleblad mivdivarTo,
rusuli enis swavla daiwyo eubneboda maT. banakSi misi nomeri 16670 iyo.
da, rogorc gadmogvcemen, mas mZime samuSao daakisres:
marqsistuli literaturac omis dawyebis Semdeg qalaq aTrevinebdnen xreSsa da
daamuSava. papi ioane XXI I I -is nepokalanovSi wiTeli jvris qvebs krematoriumis kedlis
msgavsad, isic cdilobda ra- hospitali ganTavsda, sadac asaSeneblad, Tanac es tvirTi
Rac sasargeblo epova imgvar ltolvilebi dasaxldnen. maT sirbiliT unda mietana daniS-
ideologiur moZRvrebebSic Soris ramdenime aTasi ebra- nulebis adgilas. yovel aT
ki, romlebic mas, saboloo elic iyo. amis gamo es qalaqi nabijSi mcvelebi idgnen
jamSi, borotebad miaCnda. nacistebisTvis erT-erT xelketebiT xelSi, romlebic
saocaria, magram aseT masS- yvelaze saeWvo adgilad iqca. muSaobis ritms akvirdebod-
tabur proeqtebs igi TiTqmis nen. waforxilebis SemTxve-
usaxsrod axorcielebda. igi rodesac mRvdeli pirveli vaSi mas sastikad, gonebis
mxolod mowyalebis imedad patimrobidan gaaTavisufles, dakargvamde scemdnen, da es
iyo, romelsac Tavad sTxovda man, ltolvilebis saWiroeba- araerTxel momxdara.
sxvebs da arcTu uSedegod. Ta ukeT dakmayofilebis miz-
TviT mis mier Sesrulebuli niT, maSinve qalaqis reorga- garSemo myofni xedavdnen,
saqmeebi miuTiTebda mis Sesa- nizebas mihyo xeli, moawyo Tu rogor sdioda mas sisxli
niSnav organizatorul niWsa da samedicino punqtebi, afTiaqi, sxeulidan samuSaos Sesru-
uzarmazar sulier energiaze, hospitali, sasadiloebi da lebis dros. roca savele
romelic WleqiT daavadebul yvelaferi, rac saWirod hospitalSi mis dawvenas
mis sxeulsac gadaecemoda, CaTvala Seqmnil viTarebaSi. ganizraxavdnen, yovelTvis
roca fizikurad muSaobda romelime sxva patimarze
mSeneblobaze Tu stambaSi. miuTiTebda: `me SemiZlia
sityva gankacda mocda. ai, mas ufro sWirdeba
kolbe xSirad ambobda, rom gadayvana...~ sxvebis gasamxne-
undoda moecva mTeli msoflio. 1940 wels nacistebma sakon- veblad igi xSirad ambobda,
awyobda gegmebs indoeTsa da centracio banaki moawyves rom amqveynad yvelafers,
arabul qveynebSi analogiuri samxreT poloneTis qalaq tanjvasac ki, aqvs Tavisi
qalaqebis dasaarseblad. ra osvencimSi (Oswiecim), romel- dasasruli, xolo gza Rirse-
iyo misi mizani? ra da: `mTeli sac germanelebi auSvics uli didebisken mxolod mZime
dedamiwa unda CaiZiros qris- (Auschwitz) eZaxian. maqsimilian jvarze gadis.
tianul gamocemebSi (wignebSi, kolbe, raki man uari ganac-
JurnalebSi, gazeTebSi), yvela xada germaniis moqalaqeobis rodesac nacistebma mas
enaze da yvela qveyanaSi... miRebaze (misi mama germaneli saSinlad dasaxiCrebuli
mTeli qveyniereba unda gaex- iyo, tipuri germanuli gvamebis gadatana daavales
vios qaRaldis erT did fur- gvaria kolbe), dapatimres kremaciisTvis, garSemo myofT
celSi, romelzec aRbeWdili 1941 wlis 17 Tebervals, esmodaT rogor CurCulebda
iqneba sicocxlis sityvebi, braldebiT, rom igi _ mRvdeli, igi: `wmindao mariam, iloce
raTa sicocxlis sixaruli Jurnalisti, energiuli CvenTvis!~, da Semdeg: Et Verbum
daubrundes am qveyanas~. gamomcemeli _ nacisturi caro factum est, rac niSnavs
ideologiisTvis saSiSi `sityva gankacda~ (anu Ze Rmer-
aseTi gaxldaT adamiani, ro- inteleqtuali iyo. Tma adamianuri sxeuli miiRo).
melic nacizmma sakuTar
msxverplad aqcia. man Sesa- kolbes Rrmad swamda, rom xSirad, roca banakSi adamian-
niSnavad icoda, rac eloda. misi msaxureba axla osvenci- Ta tanjuli SeZaxilebi
ismoda, igi mSvidad da dama- bevrs ar gaugonia misi SeiZleba Camoixsnas garkve-
jereblad imeorebda sityvebs, sityvebi, magram aRniSnaven ul pirobebSi.
romlebic mxneobas hmatebda erT detals. mRvdeli
yvelas: `siZulvili mxolod gamodis rigidan da pirdapir, amrigad, sakoncentracio
angrevs da anadgurebs, gabeduli nabijiT miemarTeba banaki realurad iyo filo-
siyvaruli ki aRaSenebs!~ Tavisi sisastikiT cnobil sofiuri Widilis sivrcec.
germanel mcvelTan (mas fricSi is, rom germanelma mcvelma
patimrebi mas ase mimarTav- erqva), romelic gakvirvebu- miiRo es msxverpli (mas,
dnen: `Cveno Zvirfaso mama!~. lia patimris aseTi gabedu- wesiT, orive maTgani unda
lebiT. mama maqsimiliane gaeSva sikvdilis sakanSi),
cdilobda Seexsenebina riTic TanagrZnobas Sesabamisi
gamowveva misTvis, rom bolos da Rirebuleba da wona mieca, es,
nacistur ideologias bolos yvelani adamianebi, ubralod, daujerebeli iyo.
pirovnebebi varT (nacisti magram maqsimilian kolbes
erT-erT dRes me-14 blokidan mcvelebisTvis ki patimrebi zneobrivma Zalam gaimarjva.
erTi patimari gaiqca. am faqtis mxolod nomrebi iyvnen). `ra
gamo sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi unda am binZur polonels?~ _
yvela blokis patimarebi daiyvira mcvelma. `me mRvdeli uZlurebis Zala
fexze daayenes mwyobrSi. me-14 var... ukve asakovani (igi 47
blokis patimrebi ki mTeli wlis iyo) da minda am adamianis SerCeuli patimrebi SiSvlebi
dRis manZilze, ivlisis mwveli nacvlad gamiSvaT, radgan mas Cayares bnel saknebSi, raTa
mzis qveS, uZravad idgnen coli da Svilebi hyavs~. SimSiliT daxociliyvnen _ am
moedanze da mcvelTa fizikur droidan maT arc sakvebs
Seuracxyofas itandnen. yvelaze daujerebeli is iyo, aZlevdnen da arc wyals.
rom misi SeTavazeba gaTva- bruno vorgovici, banakis
osvencimis banakSi arsebuli liswines. daujerebeli mamasaxlisis TanaSemwe (Tar-
wesis mixedviT, Tu patimari imitom, rom swored TanagrZ- jimani), maTi ukanaskneli
gaiqceoda, pasuxismgebloba nobis amgvar gamovlinebas dReebis TviTmxilveli iyo.
yvelaze nawildeboda: yoveli ebrZodnen nacistebi am igi ixsenebs: patimrebis
meaTe patimari sikvdilis banakebSi. sakoncentracio agoniis dros maqsimilian
saknebSi unda gaeSvaT. banakebs unda daemtkicebina, kolbe xmamaRla kiTxulobda
amrigad, rodesac yvela rom eTikuri warmodgenebi locvas. locvis eqo saknis
blokis patimari dabrunda adamianebis Zmobisa da soli- kedlebs arRvevda. Tumca
samuSaodan, daiwyo yoveli darobis Sesaxeb moraliste- mlocvelis xma dRiTidRe
meaTe adamianis SerCeva, bisa da fanatikosi morwmu- sustdeboda da bolos Cur-
romlebic SimSiliT unda neebis monaCmaxia, rom arsebobs Culad iqca, magram fizikuri
daxociliyvnen bunkerebSi, mxolod erTi zneobrivi sisustiT aRbeWdil bgerebSi
sadac haeri TiTqmis ar iyo. cneba _ rasa, da, rom dabali mainc igrZnoboda gautexeli
rasebi `arasrulfasovanni~ sulis Zaxili. am locvas
erTma maTganma, polonelma arian. yvela sasikvdilod
serJantma, sasowarkveTili ganwiruli patimari ismenda.
yvirili daiwyo, colsa da nacisturi ideologiis Tanax-
Svilebs axsenebda. uceb mad, adamianuroba _ es faSistebi yovel diliT modi-
yvelam dainaxa, Tu rogor iudaur-qristianuli gamona- odnen bunkeris Sesamowmeb-
gamovida rigidan mRvdeli gonia. sakoncentracio banaki lad. rodesac isini kameris
maqsimiliane da mcvels ki imis mtkicebuleba unda karebs aRebdnen, datanjuli
uTxra, rom am kacis yofiliyo, rom adamianuroba, patimrebi tiriliTa da
magivrad gaeSvaT bunkerSi. TanagrZnoba da humanuroba godebiT iTxovdnen pursa da
moxda saswauli: Txovna mxolod adamianis garegnuli wyals. mama maqsimiliane ara-
daakmayofiles. niRabia, romelic advilad fers Txoulobda, araferze
ekumenuri locva
2010 wlis 25 ianvars
TbilisSi, surb eCmiaZinis
somxur eklesiaSi gaimarTa
ekumenuri locva, romelic
saqarTveloSi ukve 10 weli-
wadze metia yovelwliurad
tardeba. locvaSi ZiriTa-
dad monawileobs oTxi qris-
tianuli konfesia: romis
kaTolikuri eklesia, somxuri
samociqulo eklesia,
evangelur-luTeranuli da
evangelur-baptisturi
eklesiebi. yovel wels am
oTxidan ekumenur locvas
erT-erTi eklesia maspinZ-
lobs. wels es pativi som-
xur samociqulo marTlma-
didebel eklesias ergo.
Summary
Main topic of the 1st issue of the magazine Solidaroba for 2010 is patriotism and national
ideology. In the rubric Round-Table a priest Kakhaber Kurtanidze, a historian Simon Janashia,
a philosopher Lela Gaprindashvili, a journalist Ninia Kakabadze, a writer Shota Gagarin and a
lawyer George Meladze discuss positive and negative aspects of the patriotic education. Translated
material of the discussion with participation of Martha Nussbaum, Hillary Putnam, Immanuel
Wallerstein, Michael Walzer and Charles Taylor is also dedicated to patriotism and cosmopolitism.
In addition to these discussions we also present an article Ideology, national and others. by
Gia Nodia, first published in the magazine Apra in 1998. A sociologist David Aprasidze
explores the influence of the soviet conscience, which partly expands on todays political, social
and cultural relations.
New stage in the activities of the European Court of Human Rights is the headline of the
article by Pridon Sakvarelidze where he tells the reader about the new perspectives of the ECtHR
after Russias ratification of the Protocol 14 to the European Convention.
A lawyer Thea Tsulukiani reviews the ECtHR case-law in respect of Article 11 of the European
Convention (right to freedom of assembly and association).
A priest Kakhaber Kurtanidze presents an article about the Council of Europe Parliamentary
Assembly recommendation #1804 (2007) - State, religion, secularity and human rights. The
article by George Tskhadaia also deals with secularity and relations between the church and the
State. The role of Christianity in the pluralistic world is described in the article by a metropolitan
George Khodri.
The rubric Orienteer explores life and activities of Maximilian Kolbe Franciscan friar who
volunteered to die in place of stranger in the Nazi concentration camp of Auschwitz in Poland.
Our renewed rubric Pro-Action is dedicated to the ecumenical prayer which was held on
January 25 at the Armenian Church Surb Etchmiadin.