germaniaSi nacistebi rom

komunistebs miadgnen,
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan komunisti ar vyofilvar.

ebraelebs miadgnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan ebraeli ar vyofilvar.

profkavSirebs miadgnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan profkavSireli ar vyofilvar,

kaTolikeebze gadavidnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan kaTolike ar vyofilvar.

Semdeg me momadgnen...
da aRaravin iyo darCenili,
rom xma amoeRo...

martin niimioleri
pastori, germaniis
evangelur- luTeruli eklesia
 solidaroba
#1(34)
saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcvelis Jurnali

redaqtori: nino cincaZe

stilis
redaqtori: levan bregaZe
dizaini: besik danelia
foto: levan xerxeuliZe

redkolegia: beqa mindiaSvili

Tamar Samili
sergo ratiani

23

Jurnali momzadebulia saxalxo

damcvelTan arsebuli tolerantobis
76
centris mier

ibeWdeba gaeros ganviTarebis programis

mxardaWeriT

winamdebare gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli

mrgvali magida

4
mosazrebebi ar asaxavs gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis an gaeros
ganviTarebis programis Tvalsazriss
patriotizmi
nino beqiSvili
misamarTi: Tbilisi, maCablis 11,
tel.: 92 24 81
Targmani
www.ombudsman.ge
14 patriotizmi da kosmopolitizmi
marta nusbaumi, hilari patnemi, imanuil valerstaini,
saqarTvelos maikl uolceri, Carlz teilori
saxalxo
damcveli
interviu

gaeros
38 ra dagvrCa sabWoTa warsulidan?
interviu daviT afrasiZesTan
ganviTarebis
programa nino beqiSvili

saredaqcio SeniSvna: `solidarobis~ #6(33)

publikacia `damoukideblobis filologe-
ma da verSeZenili gamocdileba~ (avtore-
LUMEN

44
bi z. andronikaSvili, g. maisuraZe) pirve-
lad rusul enaze Jurnal `Íîâîå Ëèòåðà-
òóðíîå îáîçðåíèå~-Si, (#83, 2007) gamoqvey- ideologia: erovnuli da sxva
nda, xolo pirveli qarTuli Targmani da-
ibeWda Jurnal `STabeWdilebaSi~ #1, 2008.
gia nodia
 samarTali

axali etapi evrosasamarTlos

66 moRvaweobaSi
fridon sayvareliZe

69 mSvidobiani Sekrebis
Tavisufleba
Tea wulukiani

sekularizmi

76 religiisa da politikis
urTierTobis axali formebi
giorgi cxadaia

TOLERANCE

81 qristianoba pluralistur
samyaroSi
69
mitropoliti giorgi xodri

92 evrosabWos saparlamento
asambleas rekomendacia:
saxelmwifo, religia, sekularoba
da adamianis uflebebi
kaxaber kurtaniZe

orientiri

100 mRvdeli maqsimilian kolbe -

gamowveva nacistebisTvis
daviT TinikaSvili

proaqcia

105 ekumenuri locva

106 Summary
100
#1(34) mrgvali magida

patriotizmi salome jaSis dokumenturi filmis „lideri yovelTvis

marTalia“ Cvenebis Semdeg, romelic patriotTa banakis
cxovrebaze mogviTxrobs, aqtualuri gaxda diskusia imis
Taobaze, Tu patriotizmis rogor gagebas gvTavazobs
saqarTvelos xelisufleba da ras vaswavliT bavSvebs
patriotizmis saxeliT. am Temisadmi interesi gansakuTrebiT
mas Semdeg gaZlierda, rac saqarTvelos prezidentma orjer
isaubra sajaro skolebSi samxedro-patriotuli aRzrdis
SemoRebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebis dabneuloba
imanac gamoiwvia, rom jerjerobiT ver miviReT pasuxi
kiTxvaze, romeli sagnis swavleba igegmeba, samxedro
patriotuli aRzrdis Tu, rogorc ganaTlebis ministrma,
dimitri SaSkinma ganmarta, samoqalaqo Tavdacvis, rac
moswavleebisTvis omisa da ubeduri SemTxvevebis dros
elementaruli qcevis wesebis swavlebas gulisxmobs.

maSin, rodesac sakuTari saxelmwifo ar gvqonda,

patriotizms upiratesad qarTuli literaturis nimuSebiT
vswavlobdiT, da igi gvesmoda, rogorc damonebuli eris
TviTgadarCenis erT-erTi instrumenti. mas Semdeg bevri ram
Seicvala. rogoria patriotizmis Tanamedrove gageba, ra
Sinaarss vdebT am sityvaSi, rogor warmogvidgenia
Tanamedrove patrioti da ra transformacia ganicada am cnebam
ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi? _ am sakiTxebze
msjelobdnen saxalxo damcvelis ofisSi gamarTuli
diskusiis monawileebi: simon janaSia (istorikosi, ilias
universiteti); lela gafrindaSvili (filosofosi, Tsu);
dekanozi kaxaber kurtaniZe (Teologi, ilias universiteti);
ninia kakabaZe (Jurnalisti); giorgi melaZe (Tavisuflebis
instituti) da SoTa gagarini (mwerali).

nino beqiSvili

simon janaSia: patriotizmi adamiani, romelsac aqvs sak-

samSoblos imgvari siyvaru-
lia, roca adamians SeuZlia
Tavi gawiros qveynisTvis _ me
rac wamikiTxavs, es patrio-
tizmis erT-erTi yvelaze gav-
rcelebuli definiciaa. droTa
ganmavlobaSi am cnebis Sina-
arsi icvleboda da Tanamed-
rove gagebiT patriotoba
samSoblosTvis sikvdils ki
ara, imas niSnavs, rom qveynis-
Tvis raRac kargi gaakeTo da
Seqmna. CemTvis patriotia
marisi motivacia da SesaZleb-
lobebi, sazogadoebisTvis
raime Rirebuli Seqmnas.
lela gafrindaSvili: albaT
ramdeni adamianicaa, patrio-
tizmis imdennairi gageba
arsebobs. am cnebis zogadi
ganmarteba, romelic yvela-
saTvis misaRebi iqneboda,
albaT jer ar moufiqrebiaT.
Tumca amis mcdeloba yvela
qveyanaSi da yvela droSi iyo.

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

4
 solidaroba

qarTul sinamdvles Tu
CavuRrmavdebiT da istorias
gadavxedavT, Cven gvaqvs
ramdenime sayuradRebo
teqsti da axla or maTgans
gavixseneb. 1887 wels ilia
WavWavaZis cnobili saaxal-
wlo statia daibeWda _ „ra
giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT?!“
sadac ilia cdilobda aexsna,
Tu ra tipis saqmianoba iyo
qarTvelebisTvis yvelaze
saWiro im momentisaTvis,
mecxramete saukunis 80-iani
wlebisaTvis. ilia WavWavaZe,
gadaxedavs ra mTel ganvlil
istorias, ambobs, rom mTavr-
deba omi TofiTa da xmliT
da iwyeba omi ofliTa da
SromiT. es Zalian mniSvnelo-
vani gamyofia. ilia ambobs,
simon janaSia
rom Zalian cota iyo Cvens
istoriaSi dro, roca qarT- uaryofdes kosmopolitizms nikebis komentarebs Sevada-
vels ar sWirdeboda omi da da kosmopoliti _ naciona- rebT, did gansxvavebas davi-
brZola, imitom, rom momxdu- lizms. vaJa ambobs, rom pat- naxavT. me mxolod ori teqsti
ri yovelTvis TofiT da riotizmi emociebisa da grZno- gavixsene, cxadia, maSin bevri
xmliT modioda da Cvenc mzad bebis saqmea (samwuxarod, ram iwereboda am Temaze, maT
unda vyofiliyaviT. axla ki aqedan dRemde ara varT gamo- Soris qalebmac Seqmnes ara-
is momenti dadga, roca qar- suli), xolo kosmopolitizmi Cveulebrivi teqstebi. gavix-
Tvelebi codniTa da SromiT _ gonebisa da keTilgoniere- senebdi erT diskusias, sadac
unda SeviaraRdeT da qveyanas bisa. is xsnis, ratom gaCnda kato miqelaZec monawileob-
ase vemsaxuroTo. statiis kosmopolitizmis idea, gaCnda da, romelic Tavisi ideebiT
saTauric „ra giTxraT, riT imitom, rom Tavidan agveci- feministi iyo. is upirispir-
gagaxaroT?!“ iqedan gamodis, lebina iseTi ubedureba, ro- deboda mamakacebis Tvalsaz-
rom qarTvelebis umetesoba goricaa omi da erebs Soris riss imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebs
ver acnobierebs, rom xmlis dapirispireba. es ori teqsti magaliTad unda daesaxaT
dro wavida da codnis dro Zalian mniSvnelovania da Zveli dedebi da Cadri Camo-
dadga. SedarebiT ufro maTi xelaxali gaazreba ar efarebinaT, da ambobs: dRevan-
gvian, 1905 welsaa dawerili awyenda arc Cvens xelisuf- delma qalebma TavianT Svilebs
vaJa-fSavelas cnobili weri- lebas da arc sazogadoebas. xmlebi ki ar unda miawodon,
li „patriotizmi da kosmopo- vfiqrob, im patriotuli aramed _ wigni, danarCeni
litizmi“, romelic gagrZe- banakebis liderebs, romlebic, msoflios nawili rom gavxdeT,
lebaa ilias ZiriTadi ideisa Cemi azriT, dRes paTologi- xmali ki ara, wigni gvWirdebao.
da suliskveTebisa. im dros uri ideebiTa da idealebiT
social-demokratiuli ideebi aiaraReben axalgazrdebs, ar kaxaber kurtaniZe: patrio-
Zalian popularulia da awyendaT waekiTxaT iliasa da tizmis Teologiur definici-
patriotizmis kontrversiad vaJas es statiebi da daenaxaT as SemogTavazebT. berZnulad
Cndeba internacionalizmis is ZiriTadi marcvali, risi „patre“ mamas niSnavs, „patria“
idea. maSin Zalian bevri ada- gaazreba Cvens epoqaSic auci- _ mamuls. „mamuli“ ilia Wav-
miani gadaeSva internaciona- lebelia _ ra arCevanis winaSe WavaZem, saxelmwifos cnebis
lizmSi swored nacionalizmis vdgavarT? Tu am teqstebs nacvlad Semoitana. mamulia
uaryofis gziT. vaJa-fSavelas mixeil saakaSvilis bolodro- is adgili, sadac monaTesave
azriT, nacionalisti ar unda indel gamosvlebs anda Cinov- xalxi cxovrobs. am cnebis

Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü

5
#1(34)
Semotana maSin modernizacias,
axali sekularuli ideis dam-
kvidrebas niSnavda. am dros
mamuli xdeba sakraluri da
ilias Semoaqvs formula _
„mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba“,
romelsac Semdeg cvlis: ra
aris samSoblo? samSobloa
„ena, mamuli da erTi istoria“.
faqtobrivad iliam respub-
likis idea wamoayena, romelic
saqarTveloSi dRemde ver
ganxorcielda. am ideis safuZ-
vlebi „axal aRTqmaSi“ devs,
ubralod, Zalian didi xani
dasWirda qristianobas, rom
am modelamde misuliyo. saxa-
rebis mixedviT, mamuli is
adgilia, romelic mamidan
gadmogveca, Cven yvelas saer-
To mama gvyavs. TiTqos amaSi
nacionalizmis uaryofiTi
gagebac devs. magram aris
erTi adgili „saqme mociqul-
TaSi“, sadac saubaria imaze,
rom erebi yvelani erTi sisx-
lisani varT, yvelani adamis-
gan movdivarT, Tanac RmerTma
yvelas dagvisazRvra Cveni
sakuTari adgili, aq ar aris
saubari sisxliT naTesavze
Solidarität
mrgvali magida
da Semodis moyvasis cneba.
moyvasi axlobels niSnavs.
saxarebis enaze „moyvasi“ Temis
wevria, maT erTi ena, erTi
rwmena aqvT. saxarebaSi erT-
gan qristes ekiTxebian, vinaa
Seni moyvasio, da qristes
samariteli mohyavs magaliTad,
ucxo rwmenis, ucxo warmomav-
lobis adamiani. moyvasi xdeba
is, visac Sen airCev, visi
moyvarec xar Sen. es idea
Semdeg modernistul xanaSi
internacionalizmSi ganxor-
cilda. patriotizmi ukve aRar
niSnavs Caketil sivrces da
mxolod Seni qveynisaTvis sam-
saxurs, aramed niSnavs iseT
moRvaweobas, roca erT did
ojaxSi, msoflioSi xar da Sens
sakuTar funqcias asruleb.
amitomac zedmeti militari-
zacia, qadageba imisa, rom
samSoblo is qveyanaa, romlis-
Tvisac Sen SeiZleba iomo da
mokvde, aRaraa saWiro. es yve-
laferi premodernuli xanis
cnebebia, rodesac xiluli da
uxilavi mtrebi modiodnen.
nacionalizmis kidev erT gan-
sazRvrebas Sevexebi, romelic
lela gafrindaSvili
}'vh'mksr
6
Zalian mniSvnelovania CemT-
vis imitom, rom im patrio-
tizms, romelic axla saqarT-
veloSia, nacionalizmTan vai-
giveb. SeiZleba braldebac
gamomivides, magram cota
maSinebs is ambavi, rom qarT-
velebi zedmetad patriotebi
varT da uaxlesma istoriamac
gvaCvena, rom yvelasTan kon-
fliqti mogvdis. nacionaliz-
mi TavdacviT iwyeba: meomebian
da Tavi unda davicva. magram
imisaTvis, rom Tavi davicva,
unda SevTxza miTi _ ase xde-
ba istoriis gamiTiureba, da
am dros giCndeba erTgvari
upiratesobis gancda. aseTi
ram gvemarTeba dRes qarTve-
lebs. vfiqrobT, rom Cven, ai,
aseTi kargebi varT, movidnen
rusebi da gvaviwroeben. imaze
aravin saubrobs, Tavad ram-
denad swori politika vawar-
moeT manamde. swored miTolo-
giidan ibadeba agresia sxvebis
mimarT, saidanac erTi nabijia
genocidamde. qarTvelebi ar
viyaviT amisgan Sors, ubralod,
mogverivnen, sxva Cvenze
Zlieri aRmoCnda. patriotiz-
mi gmirsac gulisxmobda _ ise
unda giyvardes samSoblo,
rom mzad iyo misTvis mokvde.
mogvianebiT gmirs profesi-
onali cvlis: Seni saqme kargad
unda akeTo da amiT Seqmni im
ares, romelsac Seni samSoblo
hqvia. cxadia, gmiroba gulis-
xmobs garkveul avantiurasac.
gmirs unda SeeZlos tanks
Seuvardes.
giorgi melaZe: Cemi azriT,
qristianoba da patriotizmi
SeuTavsebelia, radgan pat-
riotizmi sakuTrebaze dafuZ-
nebuli grZnobaa. qristianobaSi
ki sakuTrebis gancda, ara
mgonia, mTavari iyos. qristi-
ans SeuZlia patriotizmi ga-
navrcos ojaxs gareT, moqa-
laqeebs gareT, sazRvrebs
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

gareT. patriotizmi, upirve-
lesad, mesakuTreuli gancdaa
_ gaqvs SegrZneba, rom raRacas
flob. meore _ Tu patrio-
tizmis karg formaze vlapa-
rakobT, es aris survili, Seni
wvlili Seitano imis ganviTa-
rebaSi, rac gaqvs. SeiZleba iyo
sakuTari saxlis, biznesis an
sazogadoebrivi saqmis patri-
oti. ubralod, rogorc wesi,
patriotizms ufro moiazre-
ben swored sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobis konteqstSi. Tu
ojaxze kargad zrunav, maSin
ojaxis patrioti xar. SeiZleba
erTdroulad iyo patriotic
da kosmopolitic, magaliTad,
iyo patrioti im Rirebulebe-
bisa, romlebic sazRvrebis
gareT arsebobs, da SeiZleba
iyo romelime saxelmwifos
patrioti, romelic sazRv-
rebSi arsebobs, da masze zru-
navde. patriotizmi, cxadia,
gulisxmobs omSi monawile-
obas, iseve, rogorc _ monawi-
leobas mecnierebasa da Sro-
maSi. Tu Tvli, rom vinme gar-
Tmevs sakuTrebas _ ibrZvi,
Tu Tvli, rom raRac unda
ganaviTaro _ xdebi mecnieri,
Tu Tvli, rom unda moefero
viRacas _ atareb koncertebs.
ara mgonia, es yvelaferi
erTmaneTs upirispirdebodes.
cxadia, roca ibrZvi, patrioti
xar, tanks rom Seuvardebi _
maSinac. ubralod, rogorc
fsiqologebi amboben, am dros
raRac sxva faqtorebic Tama-
Sobs rols. Tu brZolis velze
gverdiT agifeTqdeba bombi,
romelic ucbad Segicvlis
samyaroze warmodgenas,
SeiZleba Seuvarde tanks da
Seni patriotuli movaleoba
Seasrulo. es gamonaklisia,
magram esec patriotizmia.
cudia patriotzmis uqonloba.
roca ara xar patrioti, ar
gaqvs sakuTrebis SegrZneba,
ar gyavs ojaxi da ara xar misi
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
kaxaber kurtaniZe
erTguli, aravin giyvars, maSin
sakuTari Tavic ar giyvars...
kaxaber kurtaniZe: rac See-
xeba mesakuTreobas, adamiani
politikuri cxovelia da yo-
velTvis raRac TemSi, jgufSi
da raRac teritoriaze cxov-
robs. marTlac, pirvelma qris-
tianebma Seqmnes saerTo qoneba
da is, vinc gadamala raRac
TavisTvis, petre mociqulma
dawyevla. mogvianebiT es mra-
val utopias daedo safuZv-
lad, aqedan modis komunizmis
ideac. magram es xdeboda ma-
Sin, rodesac pirvel qristi-
anebs egonaT, rom mTavrdeboda
samyaro da unda Sexvedrodnen
meored mosvlas, miuxedavad
imisa, rom wminda werili Tavi-
danve ambobs _ nu elodebiT
xval da zeg meored mosvlaso.
es iyo sacduri. am epoqis
Semdeg Cven gvaqvs qristiano-
bis iseTi modeli, rogoricaa
bizantiaSi: gaqvs qoneba da
Seni qoneba daculia, gevaleba,
rom kargi meurne iyo. oRond,
es qoneba sxvasac, moyvass
unda uwilado. aqedan modis
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
7
solidaroba
mamulis cneba. qristianoba
SeuTavsebelia patriotizmTan
mxolod gamrudebul variantSi.
ninia kakabaZe: me ar var pat-
rioti im gagebiT, ra gagebi-
Tac dRes gvawodeben am ideas,
da arc minda, rom viyo. mgonia,
rom 21-e saukuneSi arseboben
sityvebi, romlebmac dakarges
funqcia da maT SeiZleba, ubra-
lod, aRar iarsebon, amiT ara-
feri ar daSavdeba. ras niSnavs
patriotizmi 2010 wels, rode-
sac meubnebian, rom aucileb-
lad unda miyvardes samSoblo,
unda gavwiro misTvis sakuTa-
ri Tavi, deda, mama, Svili _
yvelaferi unda gavwiro, rom
samSoblo gadarCes. dRes ar
mitoveben Tavisufal arCevans,
amgvari tipis patriotizmi
CemTvis sruliad miuRebelia.
zogadad, patriotizmi ufro
grZnobis ambavi mgonia. warmo-
udgenelia ar giyvardes is
adgili, sadac cxovrob, is
adamianebi da yvelaferi,
rasac samSoblo hqvia. Tuki
patriotizmi samoqalaqo,
saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiere-
#1(34)
baa, maSin, cxadia, CemTvisac
misaRebia. dRes es cnobiereba
Zalianaa aRreuli, yvela Ta-
viseburad xsnis mas, me imasac
ver getyviT, rom erTi da
imave jgufis warmomadgenlebi
erTnairad ganmartaven am
cnebas. vgulisxmob xelisuf-
lebas, isinic sxvadasxvanai-
rad saubroben patriotizmze,
amitom albaT jer sazogado-
eba unda SeTanxmdes, ras vgu-
lisxmobT am sityvis miRma.
SoTa gagarini: patriotizmi,
rogorc Cans, sakmaod bundo-
vani cnebaa, Svidi adamiani
vsxedvarT da ver mivediT
konsensusamde, ra aris pat-
riotizmi. sityvebi drois
ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelobas
icvlis. magaliTad, premo-
dernul sivrceSi patrioti
kninobiTi mimarTvac ki iyo
miwaTmoqmedTa mimarT. miwaT-
moqmedi ar icavda samSoblos,
obivateli iyo, miwas CiCqnida
da amiT Wamda purs, ar iyo
mebrZoli. modernul sivrceSi,
roca sakralur mefes sakra-
Solidarität
mrgvali magida
luri mamuli Caenacvla, sul
sxva datvirTva SeiZina am cne-
bam. es me-19 saukunis naciona-
lizms axasiaTebda da Zalian
ar miyvars es nacionalizmi,
imitom, rom man ori msoflio
omi moitana. am ideis impor-
tiori saqarTveloSi swored
ilia WavWavaZea. robespierma
Tavi moWra mefes, da Tqva:
„Tavi movWraT mefes, raTa
icocxlos mamulmao“, Cven ar
movWeriT mefes Tavi, magram
gamoCnda mefe, romelmac
TviTon moiWra Tavi, raTa
ecocxla mamuls. ilias „de-
metre Tavdadebuls“ vgulis-
xmob. ra definiciamdec ar
unda mivideT, patriotizmi
gulisxmobs raRacis siyvaruls.
ra vuyoT im adamianebs, rom-
lebsac ara aqvT amgvari siyva-
ruli? vaswavloT? siyvarulis
swavleba erTma scada, ieso
erqva, da mere yvelaze kacT-
moZule raRacebi moxda misi
swavlebis praqtikaSi danerg-
vis mcdelobisas. piradad
CemTvis, patriotizmi fetiSia,
rogorc seqsi ragbistis for-
ninia kakabaZe
}'vh'mksr
8
maSi. es viRacisTvis sasaciloa
da mouxerxebeli, viRacisTvis
_ sasiamovno. da amis daZaleba,
modi, yvelani patriotebi viyoT
da qveyana yazarmad vaqcioTo,
cota miuRebelia CemTvis.
ramdenadaa Tanamedro-
ve cxovrebaSi patrio-
tizmi saxelisuflebo
elitis ideologiad
qceuli? arsebobs mo-
sazreba, rom xelisuf-
lebis mier SemoTava-
zebuli patriotizmi
eklesiis proeqtis
sapirispirod Seiqmna,
romelic ara eTnona-
cionalizms, aramed
qarTvelobisa da
marTlmadideblobis
identobis mtkicebazea
agebuli. ra cvlile-
bebi moxda 2003 wlis
Semdeg?
ninia kakabaZe: yvelas kargad
gvaxsovs, rom sabWoTa kavSi-
ris dangrevis Semdeg, zviad
gamsaxurdias dros, agorda
yvelaze didi patriotuli
nacionalizmis talRa, rome-
lic Sovinizmis da faSizmis
elementebsac ki Seicavda. naci-
onalizmis orwlianma kulmi-
nacim SevardaZis dros
daRmasvla daiwyo. vfiqrob,
qarTveli eris bunebaSi yalbi
patriotizmi yovelTvis iyo,
romelic dRes muStebis gulze
braguniT, paTetikuri teqs-
tebiT, leqsebiT gamoixateba
da postsabWoTa saqarTvelos
sazogadoebriv cxovrebas
mudmivad Tan sdevs. 2003 wlis
Semdeg, axalma xelisuflebam
axleburi saxelmwifos
Camoyalibeba gadawyvita, rac
swori nabiji iyo, radgan aq
marTlac, Zalian bevri ramea
Sesacvleli. samwuxarod,
xelisuflebam, miuxedavad
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

imisa, rom kursi deklarire-
bulad mainc aiRo dasavle-
Tisken, zedmeti apelireba
moaxdina swored nacionaliz-
msa da patriotizmze, rac
isev da isev yalbi paTetikis
doneze darCa. kulminacia am
patriotuli propagandisa,
romelic mimdinareobda 2003
wlidan 2008 wlis agvistomde,
iqneboda es patriotTa bana-
kebi, patriotuli klipebi,
patriotuli konkursebi Tu
sxvadasxva aqciebi, swored
agvistos omis dReebSi davi-
naxe TbilisSi. quCebSi dro-
SebiT davrbodiT, Tavze isev
lentebi wavikariT _ es iyo
artistuli gamoxatuleba
samSoblos siyvarulisa da
amis iqiT Cveni Segneba ver
midis. vici, Zalian arapopu-
larul rames vambob, magram
es yvelaferi Zalian yalbi da
aragulwrfeli iyo. es Sedegia
patriotizmis xuTwliani qa-
dagebisa. Tumca, meore mxriv,
Zalian mixaria, rom Cven CeCen
kamikaZeebad ar viqeciT.
kaxaber kurtaniZe: mgonia, rom
maSin adamianebi Zalian gul-
wrfelebi iyvnen. adamianisT-
vis mTavaria sakuTari iden-
tobis birTvi ipovos. berZnuli
filosofia (da es Semdeg
qristianobamac gaiziara)
swored imisken aris mimarTu-
li, rom gaigo ra ginda da vin
xar. roca Seicnob sakuTar
Tavs, swored amis Semdeg
modis gulwrfeloba da is
didi Sromis Sedegia. SeiZleba
isini, vinc droSebiT xelSi
da signalebCarTuli manqane-
biT darbodnen TbilisSi,
ubralod, uvicebi iyvnen,
radganac maT ver Seicnes
Tavi Tvisi. ar gaswies Sroma,
romlis Semdegac daafiqsi-
rebdnen sakuTar da samSob-
los identobas. mamardaSvili
gavixsenoT. is ambobda, rom
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
eri naTesavebidan, eTnosidan
swored ramdenime adamianis
Zalisxmevis Sedegad iqmneba.
misi Tvalsazrisi optimizmis
safuZvels iZleva. saWiroa
ramdenime adamiani, romelic
Caatarebs am gulwrfelobis
aqts, da Seqmnis ers. mec Zalian
mawuxebda es yalbi paTetika,
magram sxva alternativas,
garda dRevandeli xelisuf-
lebisa, qarTul politikur
sivrceSi dRes ver vxedav.
roca qaosur, TiTqmis agra-
rul sivrceSi modis lideri
da surs reformebis gatareba,
raTa qveyana demokratiis gza-
ze daayenos, is iwyebs ucxo
ideebis Semotanas, romlebic
mosaxleobis did nawils ar
esmis. rogorc wesi, reforme-
bis gatarebis dros sakmaod
didi uaryofiTi energia
grovdeba xolme da am dros
Cndebian adgilobrivi Samanebi,
romlebic iwyeben warsulis gai-
dealurebas: ai, Cvens tradici-
ebs ebrZvian, Cvens identobas
ebrZvian da sxv. liders ra
darCenia? an Samans unda gada-
uaros, da maSin diqtatori
xdeba imitom, rom arademokra-
tiul meTodebs iyenebs, an
TviTon unda daiwyos am Sama-
nobanas TamaSi da TviTon gax-
des SamanTa Samani. vfiqrob,
rom mixeil saakaSvili swored
am dilemis winaSe dgas. mec
bevri rame ar mesmis, magali-
Tad, patriotTa banakebi. sab-
WoTa banakebis gulis guli,
sabWoTa jari maqvs gavlili da
amitomac am yvelafris mimarT
alergiuli var. ras akeTebs
saakaSvili? erTi mxriv, Samanis
rols asrulebs, meore mxriv,
cdilobs gaagrZelos demokra-
tiuli reformebi. es TamaSi
gardauvali iqneba nebismieri
xelisufalisTvis da im viTare-
baSi, rac axla gvaqvs, mgonia,
rom saakaSvilma gamowvevebs
normalurad gaarTva Tavi.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
9
solidaroba
simon janaSia: nacionalizmze
roca vsaubrobT, unda dava-
zustoT, ras vgulisxmobT,
radgan nacionalizmi nacizmis
gagebiT da nacionalizmi eris
mSeneblobis gagebiT sxvadas-
xvaa. me mgonia, rom dRevande-
li xelisuflebis politika
swored evropuli tipis eris
mSeneblobis mcdelobaa. ram-
denad mniSvnelovania es Ta-
namedroveobaSi, sxva sakiTxia,
magram dRes Cven vcdilobT
gavimeoroT is gza, romelic
evropis saxelmwifoebma me-19
saukunis bolosa da me-20-is
damdegs gaiares. Tanamedrove
warmodgena eris Sesaxeb CvenSi
ubralod ar arsebobda, ara
imitom, rom „genetikurad“ ar
viyaviT patriotebi, aramed
imitom, rom Tanamedrove sagan-
manaTleblo institutebi ver
Seiqmna da, meore mxriv, masme-
dia aRwerda saqarTvelos,
rogorc mamuls, mamuli, feo-
daluri mniSvnelobiT, aris
is, rac memkvidreobiT gadmo-
gecema da es ar aris Sen mier
mopovebuli ram. vfiqrob, rom
2003 wlis Semdeg aris mcdeloba
Seiqmnas Tanamedrove eri, da
amisTvis patriotizmi erT-
erTi instrumentia, romelmac
unda gaaerTianos adamianebi
da fokusireba moaxdinos
momavlis miznebze. problema
is aris, rom, roca, erTi
mxriv, warsulis gaidealeba
iwyeba da, meore mxriv, saku-
Tari Tavis viqtimizacia xdeba,
Zlierdeba patriotizmis emo-
ciuri mxare, rac upirispirdeba
racionalurs da aiZulebs
adamians an Seuvardes tanks,
an Seqmnas tanki an tanks jo-
xebi urtyas. CvenTan rTulia
ritorikis, politikisa da
praqtikis gamijvna. ra Tqma
unda, politikaa patriotuli
banaki, magram praqtikaa is, rom
patriotTa banakSi adamianebi
did dros uTmoben imis swav-
#1(34)
las, rogor gamoixexon kbilebi.
SeiZleba ritorika, politika
da praqtika erTmaneTisgan
Zalian Sors iyos. kaxas veTan-
xmebi imaSi, rom arsebobs
erTgvari TamaSi, romelsac
politikosebs amomrCeveli
aiZulebs, roca amomrCevels
patriotizmis ufro emociuri
gageba aqvs da politikoss
uWirs Tavisi mosazrebebi,
romlebic gansxvavdeba xalxis
mosazrebebisgan, xalxis mosaz-
rebebad aqcios. aqve Cndeba
Zveli dilema, romelic 90-ian
wlebSi Zalian aqtualuri iyo
_ jer demokratia Tu jer
saxelmwifo? principSi, dResac
imave dilemis winaSe dgas xe-
lisufleba, romelic fiqrobs,
rom dRes gacilebiT ufro
didi safrTxeebi arsebobs.
amasTanave mas aqvs imis ambi-
ciac, rom situacia akontro-
los. sul martivi magaliTi:
xelisufleba ar aZlevs mosax-
leobas partizanuli razmebis
Seqmnis saSualebas an ar uwyobs
xels neonacisturi jgufebis
Seqmnas. cnobilia, rom, ruseTSi
amgvar jgufebs xels uwyoben.
ninia kakabaZe: siko saubrob-
da imaze, rom SeiZleba rito-
rika erTi iyos da politika
_ meore, magram ritorika,
romelsac propagandis saxe aqvs,
ar rCeba ubralo sityvebad,
romelic SeiZleba erT yurSi
SeuSa da meoridan gamouSva.
Zalian xSirad imis argumentad,
Tu ratom xdeba patriotizmis
aseTi formiT danergva, moh-
yavT is faqti, rom saqarTve-
los xelisuflebas 2003 wlis
Semdeg gauCnda janmrTeli
ambicia, saqarTvelos moqala-
qeebisTvis axali identoba
SeeTavazebina. dRes qveyanaSi
realurad ori gavleniani
Zala arsebobs _ eklesia da
xelisufleba. eklesia veqtors
isev erTmorwune ruseTisken
Solidarität
mrgvali magida
mimarTavs, aseT dros Zalian
legitimuri SeiZleba iyos
mosazreba, rom amis sapiris-
pirodaa Seqmnili xelisufle-
bis propaganda. magram vfiq-
rob, rom es mcdari warmodge-
naa da sabolood uares Sede-
gamde migviyvans. xelisflebis
mier SemoTavazebuli patri-
otizmi ar aris imis alterna-
tiva, rasac eklesia qadagebs.
lela gafrinaSvili: vfiqrob,
rom eklesiasa da xelisuf-
lebas sruliad identuri
proeqtebi aqvT, maT Soris gan-
sxvavebas ver vxedav. eklesia
eubneba adamianebs, religiuri
kanonebi imisTvis arsebobs,
rom adamiani emsaxuros am ka-
nonebso, saxelmwifo ki eub-
neba _ saxelmwifo, kanoni da
samarTalic imisTvis arsebobs,
rom adamiani emsaxuros sa-
xelmwifoso da ara piriqiT.
hainih biolis fondSi 2004
wels nika gvaramiam Zalian
gulwrfelad da daufiqreb-
lad Tqva mniSvnelovani ram:
Cven xalxisTvis vmoqmedebT,
oRond xalxis gareSeo. Cemi
azriT, es mTavari problemaa
da ara mxolod xelisuflebis,
aramed Cvenic, sazogadoebis.
viRac inteleqtualia, viRac
raRac elitis nawilia da Cvenc
gvgonia, rom ufro meti viciT,
vidre, vTqvaT, viRacam, xev-
sureTSi an duSeTSi da unda
vukarnaxoT maT, vis miscen xma
arCevnebSi da sxv. anu, demok-
ratia unda movaxvioT Tavze,
nacvlad imisa, rom demokra-
tiis moTxovnileba gavuCinoT.
xelisuflebasac da sazoga-
doebis warmomadgenlebsac
xalxis mimarT mkveTrad uar-
yofiTi damokidebuleba aqvT,
fiqroben, rom xalxi bnelia,
rom ver miva swor gadawyve-
tilebamde, amitom Cven unda
vukarnaxoT maT ara ideebi,
aramed _ idealebi. es ori
}'vh'mksr
10
cneba ki Zalian gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan. swored imitom,
rom am idealebs pirdapir vaw-
vdiT da ar vaRvivebT maTSi
ideebze kamaTis survils, Cven
gvaqvs es realoba: xalxi ver
akeTebs Tavisufal arCevans.
ar SeiZleba xalxs hqondes
arCevani, roca Cven maT erT
partias vTavazobT. partiebsa
da partiul odeologiebs
Soris CvenTan ar arsebobs
kamaTi da dikusia. xalxs ara
aqvs arCevani sxvadasxva ide-
ologiebs Soris. aq marto
xelisufleba ar aris damnaSa-
ve. damnaSavea danarCeni poli-
tikuri partiebic da sazoga-
doebac. Tumca, xelisuflebas
ideebis gavrcelebis,
sazogadoebis ganaTlebis
ufro meti resursi aqvs.
giorgi melaZe: Cveni mTavari
problema isicaa, rom cnebeb-
ze ar varT SeTanxmebulni.
amitom yvela Tavisas lapara-
kobs. es ki gaugebrobebs
qmnis. roca Cven „patriotTa
banakebze“ vsaubrobT, darw-
munebuli var, yvelas raRac
warmodgenebi gvidgas Tvalwin.
saqarTveloSi 10 wlamde bavS-
vebis 60%-ma normalurad
wera-kiTxva ar icis da mxolod
26% ixexavs diliT kbilebs.
lelas veTanxmebi, yvelani
vcdilobT viRacas avuxsnaT,
rogor icxovros. mTavari isaa,
ratom ar SeiZleba politi-
kosma amiT politikuri kapi-
tali akeTos. imitom, rom
Cvenc ki, vinc vakritikebT
xelisuflebis politikas,
xalxs imaves vTavazobT. ara-
vin cdilobs gaigos ra sWir-
deba xalxs, yvelani TviTon
vigonebT am saWiroebebs. es
problema iqneba manam, sanam
yvelani ar viswavliT wignis
kiTxvas da ar gavxdebiT mkiT-
xveli eri. aseT xalxs demok-
ratiac aqvs da liberalizmic.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

im xalxs ki, romelic mxolod
sainformacio gamoSvebebsa
da serialebs uyurebs da
wignebs ar kiTxulobs, aqvs
is, rac Cven gvaqvs. mTavaria
mTelma erma daiwyos wignis
kiTxva, mTavaria ganaTlebis
reforma sworad gatardes.
ganicada Tu ara tran-
sformacia xelisuf-
lebis mier patrio-
tizmis xedvam? saakaS-
vilma Seqmna profe-
siuli jari, Semdeg _
rezervic. maSin es
Zalian adekvaturi
nabiji iyo. dRes ki
saakaSvili imaze
laparakobs, rom yvela
adamians unda SeeZlos
sakuTari Tavis dacva
da Cven sabrZolo re-
JimSi unda vicxovroT.
Sesabamisad unda iswav-
lebodes samxedro
patriotizmi da es
unda iyos doqtrina.
xdeba Tu ara cnobie-
rebis militarizacia?
giorgi melaZe: ara mgonia,
imaze metad moxdes cnobie-
rebis militarizacia, vidre
ukve aris. Cveni tradiciuli
cnobiereba zedmetad mili-
tarizebulia, Cveni bavSvebi
5-6 wlidan xanjals atareben,
magaliTad, cekvis dros. maT
mSoblebi Cuqnian xanjals da
a.S. Cveni kulturuli sivrcis
pirobebSi Zalian militari-
zebuli sazogadoeba varT. am
SemTxvevaSi es ritorikaa, da
CemTvis jerjerobiT ucnobia
sazogadoebis pasuxi. Tumca
militarizacia patriotizmis
mxolod erTi nawilia. prezi-
dentis sityvebic „me var so-
mexi, azerbaijaneli, afxazi“
swored am axali patriotiz-
mis nawilia. maSin unda vTqvaT,
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
giorgi melaZe
rom militarizaciis is teqs-
tebi, romlebic axla gvesmis,
ar mogvwons.
lela gafrindaSvili: mota-
nili maqvs saakaSvilis citatebi
da wavikiTxav. „Cven unda
viyoT mzad, erT xelSi unda
gveWiros Toxi, da meoreSi –
iaraRi“, `daTvs babaia rom
dauZaxo, sulac ar niSnavs,
rom daTvs moewono da, sxvaTa
Soris, Tu moewonebi, kidev
ufro kargad SegWams. da yve-
laze kargi meTodi daTvTan
aris, rom joxi aiRo xelSi,
joxi Caartya, da yvelaze
kargia, Tu gaqvs pistoleti
an Tofi, kidev ufro kargi _
msxvilkalibriani“. warmogid-
geniaT, ra moxdeba, es teqsti
rom vinmem Targmnos da waiRos
saerTaSoriso organizacieb-
Si? mTavari problema isaa,
rom Cven ar gagvivlia ganma-
naTleblobis periodi. jer
mefem mogviRo bolo, Semdeg
sabWoTa nomenklaturam, Sem-
deg nacizmSi gadazrdilma
nacionalizmma, Semdeg Sevar-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
11
solidaroba
dnaZis uZraobam da stagnaciam.
dRes ki CvenTvis mTavari prob-
lema is aris, rom ar viciT,
saiT midis xelisufleba, ras
akeTebs, ra unda. savsebiT
darwmunebuli var, rom dRe-
vandel xelisuflebas da
eklesias aqvT Sexmatkbile-
buli prorusuli politika
da aranairi konfliqti maT
Soris ar arsebobs. ganmanaT-
leblobas rom davubrundeT,
im ideebs, saidanac iSva
demokratia, anu humanizms,
racionalizms, liberalizms,
ar hqonia farTo gavrceleba
Cvens sazogadoebaSi. yovel-
Tvis iyo xelis SemSleli faq-
torebi, erTi mxriv, momxdur-
Ta mxridan, meore mxriv _ sa-
qarTveloSi mcxovreb gamyid-
velTa mxridan. Cven arc isto-
ria ar gvaqvs kargad wakiT-
xuli _ arc stalinizmis, arc
manamdeli, ruseTis imperiis
periodisa. unda wavikiTxoT
es istoria, swored dokumen-
tebi unda SeviswavloT da
ara sabWoTa dros dawerili
sabWoTa istoria. maSin gavi-
#1(34)
gebT, saidan movdivarT. me
mgonia, rom msgavsebasac da-
vinaxavT im epoqebsa da Cvens
dros Soris.
SoTa gagarini: TiTqos davaR-
wieT Tavi monstrs da gaveSu-
reT dasavluri struqture-
bisken, rac komforts gviqad-
da. magram uceb adamianebma
dainaxes, rom evropa maT se-
kularizmis principebs sTa-
vazobs. ssrk-s dangrevis Sem-
deg ki is ideologiuri
vakuumi, rac gaCnda, swored
samarxvo namcxvrebiT da
religiuri fasT-fudebiT
amoavses. xelisufleba dilemis
winaSe dgas _ Tan dasavluri
demokratiis Seqmna unda, ro-
melic gmirebisgan da miTo-
sisgan daclil sazogadoebas
gulisxmobs, da, meore mxriv,
mosaxleobas ver imorCilebs,
Tanac Samanebi gamoCndnen.
amitomac uwevs iniciaciebis
gavla daviT aRmaSeneblis
saflavze da a. S. sad damTav-
rdeba es yvelaferi, namdvi-
lad ar vici. arc ki vici, es
Solidarität
mrgvali magida
kargia Tu cudi. erTi kia,
rom, mgoni, aravis hqonia imis
iluzia, rom demokratiul
sazogadoebas aT weliwadSi
avaSenebdiT. meorea, Tu demok-
ratia miuRwevelia, xom SeiZ-
leba am qveynis modernizeba.
demokratia isaa, rac xalxs
unda, da, Tu xalxs ar unda
demokratia, maSin ra vqnaT?
dRes ar arsebobs sazogado-
ebaSi konsensusi imis Sesaxeb,
ra gvinda. TiTqos bevri par-
tiaa, magram realurad varT
mravalpartiuli qveyana?
mravalpartiuloba gulisx-
mobs grZel msoflmxedvelob-
riv diapazons, sadac iqnebian
anarqistebic da ultrame-
marjveneebic. dRes ra suraTi
gvaqvs? leiboristi Salva
naTelaSvili, romelic wesiT
memarcxene unda iyos, dgas
samebis sakaTedro taZarSi da
ambobs, amirCieT prezidentad
da yvela Cems gadawyvetilebas
wminda sinods SevuTanxmebo.
rac Seexeba patriotTa bana-
kebs, Tu sxva miznebi aqvT,
relevanturi saxeli daarqvan.
SoTa gagarini
}'vh'mksr
12
amerikaSicaa skautTa moZra-
oba, magram iq aswavlian im
Cvevebs, rasac adamiani realu-
rad gamoiyenebs, aq ki aswav-
lian, rom „lideri yovelT-
vis marTalia“ da kidev raRac
sisuleleebs. ase ver aRzrdi
Tanamdrove evropel patriots,
romelic samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebisTvisaa Tavdadebuli.
giorgi melaZe: am wuTisTvis
Cven varT im safrTxis winaSe,
rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifom
ar iarsebos. me es safrTxe
realuri mgonia da is ruse-
Tisgan modis. es imas ar niS-
navs, rom Cven ar viarsebebT
_ cxadia, viqnebiT, magram ar
gveqneba saxelmwifo. Zalian
sustia is meqanizmebi, rogorc
gareT, aseve qveynis SigniT,
romlebic am saxelmwifos
SenarCunebas sWirdeba. sazo-
gadoebis sxvadasxva nawils
am safrTxesTan mimarTebiT
urTierTgansxvavebuli damo-
kidebuleba gvaqvs. omi ar
dasrulebula, omi procesia,
ager 40 kilometrSi dgas
tankebi. ras vkargavT? me
vfiqrob, saxelmwifo eris
sindisia da Cven am sindiss
davkargavT.
simon janaSia: warmatebuli
gamocdileba imisa, rom sazo-
gadoebis paradigmis Secvla
momxdariyos liberaluri
Rirebulebebisa da ideebis
win wamoweviT, samwuxarod, ar
arsebobs. amitomaa is arCevani
erTaderTi, rac gaakeTa
dRevandelma xelisuflebam.
Tumca xelisufleba ver xedavs
bevr instruments, romelic
aqvs. magaliTad, ar cdilobs
Seqmnas is pirobebi, rodesac
adamianebi TviTon swavloben
raRacas. problemaa, Tu ram-
denad Caanacvlebs patriotiz-
mi yvela danarCen Rirebule-
bas. dRes mediaSi saerTad
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

aRar saubroben adamianis
uflebebze, CvenTan imdenad
mniSvnelovani Temaa patrio-
tizmi, rom adgili sxva Teme-
bisTvis, ubralod, aRar rCeba.
aqamde iyo saubari konkretul
Temebze, ra moxda, vTqvaT,
girgvlianTan an sxva gaxmau-
rebul saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT,
dRes esec aRaraa. xelisufle-
bam yvela Tema waarTva opozi-
cias da yvelafers akeTebs,
rasac isini iTxovdnen. 2004
wels opozicia ambobda, ar
amoiRoT „SuSanikis wameba“
saskolo programidano, axla
ki xelisufleba TviTon
ambobs, ras hqvia „SuSanikis
wamebis“ amoReba undodaT
programidano! dRes aRar
arsebobs sivrce da arCevani.
arCevani erTia: an xelisuf-
leba, an xelisuflebis msgav-
si opoziciuri partia. Tumca
xelisufleba am yvelafris
miuxedavad mainc cdilobs im
pirobebis Seqmnas da iseTi
kanonebis miRebas, romlebic
dagvexmareba ukeTes Sedegs
mivaRwioT. magaliTad, sasa-
marTlo sistemaSi Zalian
bevri ram keTdeba, Tu sta-
tistikas gadavxedavT, asea,
xolo Tu emociurad, konkre-
tuli saqmeebis mixedviT
vimsjelebT sasamarTloze,
maSin SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom
aqac araferi Secvlila.
ninia kakabaZe: vfiqrob, rom
dRes yvelaze kritikuli
periodia imitom, rom Zalian
bundovania, ra saxelmwifos
vaSenebT, saiT mivdivarT.
amas marTla veRar vxvdebi.
pasuxi mqonda 2007 wlamde.
lelas ver daveTanxmebi, rom
saqarTvelos xelisufleba
rusul proeqts axorcielebs.
CemTvis 7 noembramde aSkara
iyo, rom gezi namdvilad ev-
ropisken gvqonda aRebuli.
Secdomebs ki vuSvebdiT, mag-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
ram am Secdomebis gagebac,
raRacnairad SeiZleboda.
Svidma noemberma Zalian ukan
dagvwia qveynis SigniT, xolo
Semdeg agvistos omma _ sagareo
urTierTobebis mxriv, im
samyarosTan urTierTobis
mxriv, romelTanac gvsurs
integrireba. dRes mmarTveli
gundi Zalian dabneulia,
aRar icis, saiT wavides.
cxadia, misi mizani pirvel
yovlisa, Zalauflebis
SenarCeunebaa. dRes ukve
aRar vici, ra saxelmwifos
vaSenebT. Tu aqamde gvegona,
rom Zalian bevri SecdomiT,
magram mainc mivdiodiT
dasavleTisken, axla Zalian
didi bundovanebaa am mxriv.
ratom ar laparakobs
prezidenti skolebSi
samoqalqo toleran-
tobis gaZlierebaze
da ratom saubrobs
samxedro patriotizm-
ze? ra ufro Seuwyobs
xels sazogadoebis
aRzrdas, samoqalaqo
cnobierebis gaZlie-
reba Tu samxedro-
patriotuli ideebi?
simon janaSia: 2003 wlis Sem-
deg gadawyvites, rom dila-
obiT skolebSi droSa aewiaT
da himni daekraT. es skolis
saukeTeso moswavles unda
gaekeTebina. es iyo patrio-
tuli aRzrdis pirveli niSani
da saxelmwifos mimarT pati-
vicemis gaCenis erT-erTi
instrumenti. xuT weliwadSi
es simbolika CvenTvis ukve
organulia. am mxriv raRac
miRwevebi aris. rac Seexeba
banakebs. erT-erT banakSi mec
var namyofi, rezervistTa
Sekrebaze. rezervistTa ins-
tituti sworad iyo Seqmnili,
iq rac xdeboda oficrebis
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
13
solidaroba
enTuziazmis wyalobiT xde-
boda, magaliTad, Wamis win
yvelas unda eloca qristia-
nuli wesiT. es ar yofila
saxelmwifo politika, saxel-
mwifo ar ereoda am saqmeSi.
imasac amboben, rom progre-
suli ideebis Semosatanad
saWiroa raRac indulgenci-
ebi da es SeiZleba patrio-
tizmi an religia iyoso. ram-
denad realuria is safrTxe-
ebi, razedac xelisufleba
laparakobs? me mgonia, rom
xSirad xelisufleba TviTon
qmnis am safrTxeebs imiTi,
rom am Temebze iwyebs saubars.
Tu qmni im ganwyobas, rom mar-
Tla saWiroa samxedro patri-
otuli aRzrda, mediaSi amaze
laparakob, magram ar warmo-
aCen sapirispiro mosazrebebs,
xels uwyob am safrTxis gaZli-
erebas. imave Sexvedraze,
sadac prezidentma samxedro-
patriotul aRzrdaze ila-
paraka, man kulturologiazec
isaubra da imazec, rom skolaSi
TviTmmarTvelobis gaZliere-
baa saWiro. rogor iyo es
azri mowodebuli, sxva Temaa
_ `yvelas unda prezidento-
ba“ da a. S. Tu ganaTlebis
reformis mowinaaRmdegeebi
saubroben imaze, rom antie-
rovnuli xar, maSin Sen igoneb
raRac Temas, am SemTxvevaSi,
samxedro-patriotizms, amiT
upirispirdebi oponentebs da
swored patriotizmis droSis
qveS Segaqvs skolaSi kompiu-
terebi, kulturologia da
TviTmmarTveloba. SeiZleba
asec gavigoT prezidentis
sityvebi.
#1(34) Targmani
patriotizmi
da kosmopolitizmi
diskusia
patriotizmi da kosmopolitizmi
SekiTxvaze, Tu sadauria, diogenem upasuxa:
`msoflios moqalaqe var~.
marta nusbaumi
I magram mas arafriT SeeZlo
rabindranat Tagoris
romanSi `saxli da msoflio~
Tavisi qmris megobris, sandipis,
patriotuli ritorikiT
moxibluli axalgazrda
bimala mxurvale mxardamWeri
xdeba moZraoba `svadeSisa~,
romelic ucxouri saqonlis
boikotis organizatoria.
moZraobis lozungia `bande
mataram~ _ `gamarjoba, deda-
samSoblo!~ bimala Civis, rom
misi qmari, kosmopoliti da
msxvili miwaTmflobeli,
induisti nikili, am saqmisadmi
gulgrilia: amave dros, Cemi
qmari sulac ar aris uarze,
Seewios `svadeSis~ saqmes da
ar gamosula mis winaaRmdeg.
Solidarität }'vh'mksr
14
diogene laerteli,
`diogene kinikosis cxovreba~.
mieRo `bande matarami~. _ mzad
var vemsaxuro samSoblos, —
ambobda igi, _ magram is, vis
winaSec SemiZlia qedi movixaro,
CemTvis samSobloze maRla
dgas. sakuTari qveynis gaR-
merTebiT mas saSineli ube-
durebebi SeiZleba daatexo
Tavs.
amerikelebi xSirad uWerdnen
mxars `bande mataramis~
princips, rodesac moraluri
da politikuri sakiTxebis
ganxilvisas gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
Tavis amerikelobas, da
amayobdnen gansakuTrebuli
amerikuli identurobiTa da
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

moqalaqeobiT, romlebic did
gavlenas axdendnen politikur
qmedebaze. TagorTan da mis
gmir nikilTan erTad mec
vfiqrob, rom es aqcenti
patriotul siamayeze moralu-
rad saxifaToa da, sabolood,
mas SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos
zogierTi Rirseuli miznis
miRwevas, iseTi miznebisa,
romelTa msaxureba evaleba
patriotizms _ aseTia, maga-
liTad, erovnuli erTianobis,
samarTlianobisa da Tanas-
worobis Rirseuli moraluri
idealebisadmi erTguleba. me
warmovaCen, rom am miznebs
ukeT is ideali SeiZleba
emsaxuros, romelic metad
Seesabameba Tanamedrove
msoflioSi Cvens mdgomareobas,
es aris kosmopolitis Zveli
ideali, ideali adamianisa,
romelic upirveles yovlisa
mTeli msoflios adamianTa
erTobis erTgulia.
am problemebze azris gamoTq-
mis survili nawilobriv gana-
piroba cxovrebis xarisxis
saerTaSoriso sakiTxebze
Cemi muSaobis gamocdilebam
gaerTianebuli erebis orga-
nizaciasTan dakavSirebul
ganviTarebadi ekonomikebis
institutSi.
is gamoiwvia agreTve erisa da
erovnuli siamayisadmi mowo-
debebis ganaxlebam amerikuli
xasiaTisa da amerikuli ganaT-
lebis Sesaxeb amaswinandeli
kamaTisas. `niu-iork taimsis~
1994 wlis 13 Tebervlis cno-
bil statiaSi filosofosi
riCard rorTi mouwodebs
amerikelebs, gansakuTrebiT
amerikel memarcxeneebs, ar
Tqvan uari patriotizmze,
rogorc Rirebulebaze, da,
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
arsebiTad, aRiaron `erovnu-
li siamayis grZnobisa~ da
`saerTo erovnuli identu-
robis Segnebis~ ganmsazRvreli
mniSvneloba. rorTi amtkicebs,
rom sanam Cveni amerikuli
identoba `siamayiT ar aRgvav-
sebs~ da am identobis Tvalsaz-
risiT ar gamoverkveviT,
manamde namdvilad arc unda
gavakritikoT sakuTari Tavi.
rorTis, rogorc Cans, miaCnia,
rom patriotizmsa da erov-
nul identobaze damyarebuli
politikis mTavari alterna-
tiva aris is, rasac igi `gansx-
vavebis politikas~ uwodebs _
politikas, romelic amerikaSi
eTnikur, rasobriv, religiur
da sxva qvejgufebs Soris
arsebul Sinagan winaaRmde-
gobebzea damyarebuli. igi
politikuri grZnobebisa da
zrunvisTvis ufro internaci-
onaluri safuZvlis
SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs.
da es calkeuli SemTxveva ar
aris. Tavis statiaSi rorTi
exmaureba (da mxars uWers)
Seldon haknis amaswinandel
mowodebas `erovnuli dialo-
gisken~ amerikuli identobis
gansaxilvelad. CemTvis
Tavidanve cxadi iyo, rom es
proeqti _ im saxiT, ra saxiTac
is Tavidan iyo Cafiqrebuli
_ eris CarCoebiT SemosazRv-
rul Sida miznebs isaxavda da
ar iTvaliswinebda amerikis
valdebulebebs danarCeni
msoflios winaSe da mis kav-
Sirebs msofliosTan. iseve,
rogorc rorTis statiaSi,
proeqtSi arsebuli ZiriTadi
winaaRmdegoba erovnul,
rasobriv da religiur
gansxvavebebze dafuZnebul
politikasa da saerTo erov-
nul identobaze dafuZnebul
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
15
solidaroba
politikasTan iyo dakavSire-
buli. saerTo niSnebi, romle-
bic Cven, rogorc racionalur
da erTmaneTze damokidebul
adamianebs, gvaqvs, ubralod
ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
magram SeiZleba daisvas
SekiTxva: gana ase daSorebu-
lia erTmaneTisgan naciona-
lizmis politika da `gansxva-
vebis politika~? `saxli da
msoflio~ (SesaZloa is sati-
ajit reis amave saxelwodebis
filmiT ufro aris cnobili)
nacionalizmisa da eTnocen-
trizmis Zalebis Semotevis
Sedegad gonieri da princi-
puli kosmopolitizmis dacemis
tragikuli istoriaa.
vfiqrob, Tagori marTali
iyo, rodesac miaCnda, rom
nacionalizmi da eTnocentruli
partikularizmi safuZvelSi
erTmaneTisTvis ucxo ki ara,
monaTesaveni arian, rom
nacionalisturi grZnobebis
mxardaWeras, sabolood, eris
Semkvreli faseulobebis
ngrevamde mivyavarT, radgan is
samarTlianobisa da samarTlis
mniSvnelovan universalur
faseulobebs lamazi kerpiT
anacvlebs. Tu erTxel ityvi:
`me upirveles yovlisa indoeli
var da mxolod amis Semdeg
msoflios moqalaqe~, Tu
moralurad miuRebel niSanze
damyarebuli TviTgamorkvevis
moralurad saeWvo nabijs
erTxel gadadgam, mere
aRaraferi SegiSlis xels Tqva:
`upirveles yovlisa induisti
var da mxolod amis Semdeg
indoeli~, `upirveles yovlisa
umaRlesi kastis warmomad-
geneli miwaTmflobeli var da
mxolod amis Semdeg induisti~.
Tagoris gmirebma maleve
iswavles es. da mxolod
#1(34)
miwaTmflobel nikilis kos-
mopolitur pozicias, misi
axalgazrda colis bimalasa
da misi megobris _ mgznebare
nacionalistis sandipis _
TvalsazrisiT aseT mosawyensa
da uxalisos, SeuZlia daZlios
msgavsi winaaRmdegobebi,
radgan mxolod es pozicia
mogviwodebs upirveles
yovlisa saTnoebas mivsdioT.
da swored es SemiZlia vurCio
adamianebs _ viyoT saTnoni.
ai amaze vilaparakeb.
politikasa da ganaTlebaSi
nacionalizmis momxreebi xSi-
rad midian xolme kosmopo-
litizmTan mcire daTmobaze.
maT SeuZliaT amtkicon, rom,
magaliTad, Tumca erebi ganaT-
lebis sistemaSi da politi-
kuri ganxilvebisas mTliano-
baSi zogad erovnul faseu-
lobebs unda eyrdnobodnen,
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebe-
bisadmi erTguleba ganaTlebis
nebismieri erovnuli sistemis
Semadgeneli nawili unda iyos,
da, rom aseTi erTguleba
raRacnairad xels Seuwyobs
mravali eris SemWidroebas.
realobasTan mimarTebaSi es
samarTlian mosazrebad Cans;
da, ra Tqma unda, msoflioSi,
sadac erebi mudmivad samar-
Tlianobisa da urTierTpa-
tiviscemis safuZvelze urTi-
erTqmedeben (amis imedi viqo-
nioT), aucilebelia aqcenti
adamianis uflebebze gakeTdes.
magram sakmarisia ki es? sak-
marisia, rom moswavleebma
icodnen, rom isini upirveles
yovlisa SeerTebuli Statebis
moqalaqeebi arian, da, rom maT
pativi unda scen indoeTis,
boliviis, nigeriisa da norve-
giis moqalaqeTa ZiriTad
Solidarität
Targmani
uflebebs? Tu, rogorc me
mimaCnia, maT _ sakuTari eris
istoriis Seswavlisa da
amJamindeli mdgomareobis
ganxilvis garda _ bevrad
meti unda icodnen danarCeni
msoflios Sesaxeb: indoeTisa
da boliviis, nigeriisa da
norvegiis, maTi istoriis,
problemebisa da miRwevebis
Sesaxeb? mxolod is unda icod-
nen, rom indoeTis moqalaqeebs
maTi Tanaswori uflebebi
aqvT, Tu maT indoeTSi Sim-
Silisa da garemos dabinZu-
rebis problemebis, agreTve
am problemebis globaluri
SimSilisa da globaluri
ekologiis problemebTan kav-
Siris Taobazec unda icod-
nen rame? da yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani: ra unda vaswavloT
maT: is, rom isini pirvel
yovlisa SeerTebuli Statebis
moqalaqeebi arian, Tu is, rom
upirveles yovlisa msoflios
moqalaqeebi arian, da, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom maT SeerTe-
bul StatebSi mouwiaT cxov-
reba, sxva qveynebis moqalaqe-
ebTan erTad unda gainawilon
msoflio? mokled Sevexebi
oTx mosazrebas ganaTlebis
meore, rogorc me vuwodeb,
kosmopolituri, koncefciis
sasargeblod rom metyveleben.
magram Tavdapirvelad isto-
riul gadaxvevas gavakeTeb,
davakvirdebi kosmopolitiz-
mis saTaveebs da gzadagza
warmovaCen am saganmanaTleblo
proeqtis safuZvelSi arsebul
zogierT Cinebul ideas.
II
SekiTxvaze, Tu sadauria,
diogene kinikosi pasuxobda:
`msoflios moqalaqe var~. igi,
}'vh'mksr
16
rogorc Cans, imas gulisxmobda,
rom misTvis mniSvneloba ar
hqonda misi warmoSobis adgils
da adgilobrivi jgufis wev-
robas, rac esoden mniSvne-
lovani iyo rigiTi berZenis-
Tvis; igi ufro universaluri
miswrafebebisa da interesebis
TvalsazrisiT axdenda TviT-
gamorkvevas. misi saqmis gamg-
rZelebelma stoikosebma
ufro srulad gaSales kosmou
polites-is (msoflios moqalaqis)
saxe, gvaCvenes, rom sinamdvi-
leSi yoveli Cvengani or er-
TobaSi cxovrobs: adgilobriv
erTobaSi, romelSic daviba-
deT, da adamianuri mosazre-
bebisa da miswrafebebis erTo-
baSi, romelic `namdvilad
diadi da saerToa, sadac
erTi kuTxidan meores ki ar
vawydebiT, aramed mzis meSve-
obiT vadgenT Cveni xalxis
sazRvrebs~ (seneka, `mocale-
obis Sesaxeb~). da arsobrivad
es erToba aris Cveni moralu-
ri valdebulebebis wyaro.
ZiriTadi moraluri faseu-
lobebis sakiTxebSi, iseTebisa,
rogoric samarTlianobaa,
aucilebelia `yvela adamiani
Cvens Tanamemamuled da
Tanamoqalaqed~ migvaCndes
(plutarqe, `aleqsandres
bedisa da qvelobis Sesaxeb~).
da Cveni yvela msjeloba,
upirveles yovlisa, konkretul
viTarebaSi zogadsakacobrio
problemebs unda exebodes da
ara erovnul identurobasTan
dakavSirebul, e.i., danarCeneb-
Tan kavSiris armqone proble-
mebs. diogenem icoda, rom
mowodeba, vifiqroT rogorc
msoflios moqalaqeebma, gar-
kveuli azriT iyo mowodeba,
davtovoT patriotizmisa da
martivi grZnobebis komforti,
samarTlianobisa da saTnoebis
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

TvalsazrisiT SevxedoT Cveni
cxovrebis wess. dabadebis adgi-
li yovelTvis SemTxveviTia;
nebismieri adamiani nebismier
erSi SeiZleba daibados. aRiareb-
dnen ra amas, mis mimdevar sto-
ikosebs miaCndaT, rom Cven ar
unda mivceT erovnul, klasob-
riv, eTnikur an genderul gan-
sxvavebebs saSualeba iqcnen
winaRobad Cvensa da sxva adami-
anebs Soris. yvelaferSi zogad-
sakacobrios unda vxedavdeT
da upirveles yovlisa mis mTa-
var Tvisebebs _ gonsa da zneob-
riobas _ unda vcemdeT pativs.
es ar niSnavda, rom stoikose-
bi politikuri organizaciis
adgilobrivi da erovnuli
formebis gauqmebas da msof-
lio saxelmwifos Seqmnas uWer-
dnen mxars. idea gacilebiT
ufro radikaluri iyo: Cven
ara ubralod mmarTvelobis
formis, ara droebiTi xeli-
suflebis, aramed yvela ada-
mianis mier warmoqmnili mora-
luri erTobis erTgulni unda
viyoT. ase rom, msoflios moqa-
laqis idea kantis `mizanTa
mefobis~ ideis pirvelsaxe da
wyaroa da STaagonebs da are-
gulirebs ra moralur da po-
litikur qcevas, msgavs amoca-
nebs asrulebs. Cvens qcevebSi
mudam unda gamovxatavdeT
yoveli adamianis gonebisa da
moraluri arCevanis Rirsebi-
sadmi pativiscemas. amave ideiT
aris ganmsWvaluli Tagoris
romani, radgan kosmopoliti
miwaTmflobeli universaluri
moraluri normebis moxmobiT
cdilobs SeaCeros nacionaliz-
misa da fraqciulobis talRa.
personaJ nikilis araerTi
sityva Tavad Tagoris kosmo-
polituri politikuri
Txzulebebidan aris aRebuli.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
stoikosebs, romlebic amtki-
cebdnen, rom kargi moqalaqis
aRzrda _ msoflios moqalaqis
aRzrdaa, amis dasasabuTeblad
sami mosazreba mohyavdaT.
isini upirveles yovlisa amtki-
cebdnen, rom adamianis raobisa
da mTel msoflioSi misi gamov-
linebebis Seswavla Zalian
mniSvnelovania TviTSecnobis-
Tvis: Cven ukeT gvesmis saku-
Tari Tavis, rodesac Cveni
cxovrebis wess sxva gonieri
adamianebis cxovrebis wess
vadriT.
garda amisa, maT, rogorc
Tagors, miaCndaT, rom Cvens
problemebs ukeT gadavWriT,
Tu maT amgvarad ganvixilavT.
stoicizmSi arcerTi Tema ar
aris ise gaSlili, rogorc
jgufis politikur cxovre-
baSi fraqciulobisa da adgi-
lobrivi mijaWvulobis mier
motanili ziani. maTi mtkice-
biT, politikuri ganxilva
mudmivad marcxs ganicdis
Tavisi `sacirko dasisa~ Tu
erisadmi fanatikuri mijaWvu-
lobis gamo. mxolod samarT-
lianobisa da gonebis msoflio
erTobasTan kavSiris SemTx-
vevaSi SegviZlia aviciloT
Tavidan es safrTxeebi.
da bolos, isini daJinebiT
usvamdnen xazs kosmoupolite-s
poziciis udidesi mniSvnelo-
bas, radgan es pozicia saSu-
alebas iZleva davinaxoT ada-
mianebSi mTavari, rac pativis-
cemas da aRiarebas imsaxurebs,
kerZod ki _ swrafva samarTli-
anobisa da saTnoebisken da
azrovnebis unari. es aspeqti
SeiZleba ar iyos ise Tvalsa-
Cino, rogorc adgilobrivi an
erovnuli tradiciebi da iden-
toba _ da Tagoris romanSi
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
17
solidaroba
axalgazrda coli swored ami-
tom uaryofs mas nacionalisti
oratoris sandipis gamo, san-
dipisa, romelsac mogvianebiT
igi zedapirul adamianad
miiCnevs, _ magram, amtkiceben
stoikosebi, kosmopolitizmis
idea myari da Rrmaa.
stoikosebi aRniSnaven, rom
msoflios moqalaqed qceva
sulac ar niSnavs, rom unda
uarvyoT adgilobrivi iden-
tifikaciebi, romlebsac xSi-
rad SeswevT unari, seriozu-
lad gaamdidron adamianis
cxovreba. isini ar gvTavazo-
ben Tavi adgilobrivi mijaW-
vulobisgan ganTavisuflebu-
lad miviCnioT; saubari ufro
imazea, rom adamiani koncen-
truli wreebis rigiT aris
garSemortymuli. pirveli
wre Tavad adamians moicavs;
Semdegi _ mis uaxloes naTesa-
vebs; kidev erTi _ Soreul
naTesavebs, Semdeg mezoblebs
an adgilobriv jgufs, Tvis-
tomT, Tanamemamuleebs, _ da
am jgufebs advilad SeiZleba
daematos eTnikuri, enobrivi,
istoriuli, profesiuli,
genderuli da seqsualuri
identobebi. yvelaze didi
wre ki mTel kacobriobas
moicavs. Cveni, rogorc msof-
lios moqalaqeebis, amocana
isaa, rom `yvela es wre cent-
risken mivizidoT~ (ax. w. I-I I
saukuneebis filosofosi-sto-
ikosi hieroklosi), yvelas ise
movepyroT, rogorc Tvisto-
mebs, da a.S. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, Cven ar unda
ugulebelvyoT Cveni gansakuT-
rebuli _ eTnikuri, genderu-
li an religiuri _ mijaWvu-
lobebi da identifikaciebi.
Cven ar unda miviCnioT isini
zedapirulad, radgan isini
#1(34)
Cveni identurobis nawilia.
Cven SegviZlia, da movalenic
varT, ganaTlebaSi maT gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba mivaq-
cioT. magram Cven unda vimu-
SaoT imisaTvis, rom yvela
adamiani vaqcioT dialogisa
da TanagrZnobis erTobis
nawilad, Cveni politikuri
ganxilvebi am urTierTdamo-
kidebul erTobaSi vawarmooT
da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
da pativiscema gamoviCinoT
im wris mimarT, romelic
mTel kacobriobas moicavs.
ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT es
niSnavs, rom moswavles, maga-
liTad, SeerTebul StatebSi,
SeuZlia miiCnios, rom mas
garkveulwilad misi gansakuT-
rebuli siyvaruli gansazRv-
ravs _ siyvaruli Tavisi
ojaxis, Tavisi religiuri
da/an eTnikuri da/an rasob-
rivi erTobis an erTobebisad-
mi da Tavisi qveynisadmic ki.
magram man aseve unda iswavlos
zogadsakacobrios danaxva
yvelaferSi, rac ki mas cxov-
rebaSi xvdeba, ar eSinodes im
Tvisebebis, romlebic uCve-
ulod eCveneba, da cdilob-
des miiRos kacobrioba yvela
misi `ucnaurobiT~. imisaTvis,
rom saerTo miznebi, miswrafe-
bebi da faseulobebi dainaxos,
man sakmarisad unda icodes
gansxvavebebic da es saerTo
miznebic, raTa gaigos, Tu ram-
denad gansxvavebulad vlin-
deba isini uamrav kulturasa
da istoriaSi. stoikosebi amt-
kiceben, rom ganaTlebis Ziri-
Tadi amocana gansxvavebulis
cocxlad warmodgenaa; amis-
Tvis ki, Tavis mxriv, am gans-
xvavebulis kargad gacnobaa
aucilebeli. markus avreli-
usi aseT rCevas gvaZlevs, rCe-
Solidarität
Targmani
vas, romelic kosmopolituri
ganaTlebis safuZvlad SeiZ-
leba davsaxoT: `ecade, yurad-
RebiT usmino sxvebs da SeZle-
bisdagvarad Caswvde Tanamo-
saubris suls~ (VI. 53)1. da saer-
Todac, _ daaskvnis igi, _ `gul-
dasmiT ikvlie da kargad awon-
dawone yvelaferi, vidre
sxvis naqmars gansjide an
Seafasebde~ (XI. 18)2.
samyaroze fiqrisas yvelafers
sjobia warmovidginoT igi
rogorc erTiani sxeuli,
adamianTa simravle ki _ ro-
gorc misi saxsrebis simravle.
gadaaqcia ra berZnuli sityva
`saxsari~ (melos) mxolod erTi
asos SecvliT sxva sityvad _
`[gayofili] sxeuli~ (meros),
avreliusi ambobs: `iseve, ro-
gorc calkeul asoTa erTob-
lioba erT mTlian sxeuls
qmnis, erTmaneTisgan gancal-
kevebuli gonieri arsebanic
erT mTlian arsad erTdebian,
radgan isini TanamSromlobisa
da TanamoRvaweobisTvis arian
Seqmnilni. es azri miT ufro
Rrmad aRibeWdeba Sens sulSi,
rac ufro xSirad Seagoneb
Tavs: me var erTi aso mTelisa,
romelsac gonier arsTa er-
Toblioba qmnis. xolo Tu Sen
ityvi, `aso~ ki ara, mxolod
`nawili~ var mTelisa, amiT
imasac ityvi, rom jer kidev
ar SegiZlia suliT da guliT
giyvardes kacni, da rom jer
kidev ar ganiWebs sixarulsa da
kmayofilebas keTilisyofa
maTTvis. radgan am SemTxvevaSi,
keTilmyofelobas Sen uyureb
rogorc sakuTar movaleobas
da ara rogorc Sensav sikeTes~
(VI I .13)3. mniSvnelovania gvax-
sovdes, rom igi, rogorc impe-
ratori, sakuTar Tavs amas Ta-
vis yoveldRiur movaleobeb-
}'vh'mksr
18
Tan dakavSirebiT urCevs, mo-
valeobebTan, romlebic mis-
gan iseTi Soreuli da Tavidan
ucnauri civilizaciebis kul-
turis gagebas moiTxovs, ro-
goricaa parTia da sarmatia.
Cemi survilia, rom ganaTlebam
miiRos stoikosebis es kosmo-
polituri pozicia. ra Tqma
unda, SesaZlebelia amis boro-
tad gamoyenebac, radgan Ziri-
Tadi modeli SesaZloa adami-
anTa cal-calke arsebobisa da
fuZemdebluri piradi Tavi-
suflebebis fundamenturi
mniSvnelobis uaryofisTvis
gamoiyenon. stoikosebi mudam
rodi aqcevdnen sakmaris yu-
radRebas am faseulobebs da
maT politikur mniSvnelobas;
am TvalsazrisiT maTi mosaz-
reba yovelTvis ar gamodgeba
demokratiuli ganxilvisa da
ganaTlebis SenebisaTvis. mag-
ram, radgan idea, upirveles
yovlisa, yvela adamiansa da
erTobas Soris urTierTkav-
Sirs Segvaxsenebs, mas funda-
menturi mniSvneloba aqvs. na-
Telia, rom kidev Zalian bev-
ria saTqmeli am ideebis mraval
doneze swavlebis programebSi
SesaZlo CarTvis Taobaze.
magram am konkretuli amocanis
ganxilvis nacvlad dRevande-
lobas davubrundebi da
msoflios moqalaqeobis
(da ara demokratiuli/
erovnuli moqalaqeobis)
ganaTlebis ZiriTad miznad
dasaxvis sasargeblod oTx
mosazrebas moviyvan.
1
markus avreliusi. `fiqrebi~.
baCana bregvaZis Targmani.
Tb., 1972, gv. 166.
2
iqve, gv. 265.
3
iqve, gv.. 172.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

III
1. kosmopolituri
ganaTleba saSualebas
gvaZlevs, ukeT gavicnoT
sakuTari Tavi.
politikaSi racionaluri
ganxilvis gzaze erT-erTi
yvelaze seriozuli winaRoba
aris warmodgena, rom is upi-
ratesobebi da Cveulebebi,
romlebic mocemul momentSi
aqvs adamians, neitraluri da
bunebrivia. ganaTleba, rome-
lic erovnul sazRvrebs mo-
raluri mniSvnelobis mqoned
miiCnevs, Zalian xSirad, aniWebs
ra istoriis SemTxveviTobebs
moCvenebiT moralur wonasa
da didebas, xels uwyobs am
iracionalurobis gamyarebas.
sxvisi TvalsazrisiT sakuTari
Tavis Seswavlisas Cven viwyebT
imis danaxvas, Tu ra aris Cvens
praqtikaSi lokaluri da ara-
aucilebeli da ra _ ufro far-
To da zogadi. Cveni eri gvaocebs
danarCeni msoflios Sesaxeb
gauTviTcnobierebulobiT.
Cemi azriT, es imasac niSnavs,
rom man sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxebac ar icis bevri ram.
mxolod erT magaliTs moviyvan:
Tu gvinda gaverkveT Cvens
sakuTar istoriasa da Cvensa-
ve gadawyvetilebebSi, romle-
bic ojaxis struqturasa da
bavSvebis aRzrdas ukavSir-
deba, sasargeblo iqneboda
mimogvexeda da gvenaxa ojaxis
rogori formebi arsebobs
msoflioSi, bavSvebis aRzrdis
rogor strategiebs iyeneben
isini (es ki SeuZlebelia, Tu
ar SeviswavliT ojaxs ro-
gorc Cvens, ise sxva tradici-
ebSi). aseT kvlevas SeuZlia
gvaCvenos, rom, magaliTad,
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
nuklearuli ojaxi mSoblebiT,
romelSic deda ZiriTadad
saojaxo saqmeebs asrulebs,
mama ki saarsebo saxsrebs
moipovebs, dRevandel msof-
lioSi sulac ar aris bavSvebis
aRzrdis sayovelTaod gavrce-
lebuli forma. samyaros sxva-
dasxva nawilSi bavSvebis
aRzrdaze pasuxismgebelia
gafarToebuli ojaxi, ojaxTa
klasterebi, soflebi, qalTa
gaerTianebebi da kidev bevri
sxva jgufi. Sedegad, SeiZleba
gaCndes SekiTxvebi, magaliTad,
imis Sesaxeb, Tu met-naklebad
gancalkevebuli nuklearuli
ojaxis dasavlur formasTan
SedarebiT ramdenad aris gav-
rcelebuli bavSvebis mimarT
cudi mopyroba ojaxebSi, rom-
lebSic bavSvebis aRzrdaSi
monawileoben bebiebi da papebi,
sxva naTesavebi; bavSvebis aRz-
rdis rogor struqturebs
SeuZliaT qalebis Sromis
Semsubuqeba da ramdenad
kargad funqcionireben isini.
Tu am saganmanaTleblo pro-
eqts ar miviRebT, SesaZloa
iseT situaciaSi aRmovCndeT,
rom CvenTvis cnobili SesaZ-
leblobebi mTeli kacobrio-
bisTvis erTaderTad da `buneb-
rivad~ da `normalurad~
mogveCveneba. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas genderisa da seqsua-
lobis, Sromisa da misi dana-
wilebis, sakuTrebis formebis,
bavSvebisa da xandazmulebis
movlis Sesaxeb warmodgenebze.
2. meti warmatebis miRwevas
SevZlebT im problemebis
gadaWraSi, romlebic
saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobas saWiroebs.
haeri erovnul sazRvrebs ar
emorCileba. es martivi faqti
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
19
solidaroba
daexmareba bavSvebs imis
gagebaSi, rom, mogvwons es Tu
ara, iseT msoflioSi vcxov-
robT, sadac erebis bedi ke-
TildReobisa da gadarCenis
sakiTxebSi erTmaneTzea gada-
jaWvuli. garemos dabinZure-
ba `mesame samyaros~ qveynebSi,
romlebic cdiloben miaRwion
Cvens maRal cxovrebis dones,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi Cvens
haerzec aisaxeba. miuxedavad
imisa, Tu sabolood ra gadaw-
yvetilebas miiReben am sakiT-
xebze, ekologiis, sursaTis,
mosaxleobis problemebis
gonivruli ganxilva globa-
lur dagegmvas, globalur
codnasa da saerTo momavalze
warmodgenas moiTxovs.
aseTi globaluri dialogis-
Tvis gvWirdeba ara mxolod
sxva erebis geografiisa da
ekologiis codna (zogan ukve
axlaa saWiro Cveni saswavlo
programebis gadaxedva), ara-
med im adamianebisac, romleb-
sac unda velaparakoT, raTa
maTTan urTierTobisas Seg-
veZlos pativi vceT maT tra-
diciebsa da Sexedulebebs.
kosmopolitur ganaTlebas
aseTi ganxilvisTvis aucile-
beli safuZvlis Seqmna SeuZlia.
3. Cven danarCeni msoflios
winaSe vaRiarebT realur
moralur valdebulebebs,
romlebic winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi auRiarebeli
darCeboda.
maS ra qnan amerikelebma, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom, ro-
gorc Cans, Cveni cxovrebis
maRali done ar SeiZleba sa-
yovelTao gaxdes dRes, garemos
dabinZurebis kontrolTan
dakavSirebuli dRevandeli
#1(34)
xarjebisa da ganviTarebad
qveynebSi arsebuli ekonomi-
kuri viTarebis pirobebSi,
Tanac ise, rom ekologiuri
katastrofa aviciloT Tavidan?
Tu kantianur morals serio-
zulad miviRebT, rac, Cemi az-
riT, unda gavakeToT, saWiro
iqneba ise aRvzardoT Cveni
bavSvebi, rom maT am sakiTxis
gamo SeSfoTeba gamoTqvan.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Cven
aRvzrdiT moraluri TvalT-
maqcebis ers, romelic zogad-
sakacobrio enaze ilaparakebs,
Tavad adamianTa samyaro ki
misTvis Zalian viwro da
SemozRuduli iqneba.
SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom es
punqti universalizmis mxar-
dasaWeri sabuTi ki ar aris,
aramed Tavad gulisxmobs uni-
versalizms. magram aq SeiZleba
aRiniSnos, rom faseulobebi,
romlebiTac amerikelebs sruli
ufleba aqvT iamayon, Tavisi
arsiT stoikosTa faseulobe-
bia: adamianis Rirsebis pativis-
cema da yoveli adamianisTvis
bednierebisken swrafvis SesaZ-
leblobis micema. Tu Cven nam-
dvilad migvaCnia, rom yvela
adamiani Tanaswori arsebo-
bisTvis aris Seqmnili da maT
raRac ganuyofeli uflebebi
aqvT, CvenTvis moralurad au-
cilebelia imazec vifiqroT,
am ideis Sesabamisad rogori
damokidebuleba unda gvqondes
danarCeni msofliosadmi.
isev da isev, es ar niSnavs, rom
adamians ar SeuZlia akeTos
is, rac mas gansakuTrebiT
aRelvebs. uSedego iqneba,
magaliTad, bavSvebze zrunvis
politika, Tu yvela miiCnevs,
rom yvela maTganze Tanabrad
aris pasuxismgebeli, imis
Solidarität
Targmani
nacvlad, rom gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba dauTmos axlob-
leblebs da izrunos Tavis
uSualo garemocvaze. aseTi
mzrunveloba universalis-
turi poziciidanac gamarT-
lebulia da, Cemi azriT, swo-
red esaa misi yvelaze dama-
jerebeli gamarTleba. magali-
Tad, Cven ar migvaCnia, rom
moralis TvalsazrisiT Cveni
Svilebi sxva adamianebis
Svilebze ufro mniSvnelo-
vanni arian, Tumca ki TiTqmis
yvela mSobeli Tavisi Svile-
bis mimarT gacilebiT met
siyvarulsa da mzrunvelobas
iCens, vidre sxvaTa Svilebis
mimarT. es bavSvebisTvis sa-
sargebloa, da swored amitom
Cveni gansakuTrebuli zrunva
saTnoa da ara egoisturi.
ganaTlebas SeuZlia da unda
gamoxatavdes kidec aseT gan-
sakuTrebul zrunvas, rome-
lime eris CarCoSi met dros
uTmobdes am eris istorias
da politikas. magram aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom Cvens
msjelobaSi ar unda vizRu-
debodeT mxolod sakuTari
TaviT, rom politikur da
ekonomikur sakiTxebSi arCe-
vanis gakeTebisas ufro seri-
ozulad unda movepyroT sxva
adamianebis sicocxlis, Tavi-
suflebisa da bednierebisken
swrafvis uflebas, miviswra-
fodeT im codnis miRebisken,
romelic saSualebas mogvcems,
ufro safuZvlianad vimsje-
loT am uflebebze. vfiqrob,
azrovnebis aseT wess masSta-
buri ekonomikuri da poli-
tikuri Sedegebi mohyveba.
4. Cven Tanmimdevrulad da
logikurad vimsjelebT
im gansxvavebebze, romelTa
dacvisTvis mzad varT.
}'vh'mksr
20
riCard rorTisa da Seldon
haknis mWevrmetyvelur mowo-
debebSi aris raRac, rac Cems
seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs.
isini demokratiuli ganxil-
visTvis yvela moqalaqis gama-
erTianebeli zogierTi fase-
ulobis mniSvnelobis dacvisas
sruliad damajerebelni Canan.
magram ratom kargaven eris
sazRvrebTan miaxloebisas
faseulobebi, romlebic mi-
uxedavad eTnikuri, klasob-
rivi, genderuli da rasobrivi
gansxvavebisa, erTianobisken
mogviwodeben, mTel TavianT
sicxoveles? vaRiarebT ra,
rom moralurad Tavisufali
sazRvrebi, eris sazRvrebis
msgavsad, Rrma da ganmsazRv-
rel gavlenas axdenen Cvens
ganxilvaze, Cven, rogorc
Cans, vispobT yovelgvar
principul SesaZleblobas,
davarwmunoT moqalaqeebi,
rom isini, miuxedavad yvela
arsebuli winaaRmdegobisa,
unda gaerTiandnen.
aqac da iqac xom arian erTnairi
jgufebi. ratom unda miviC-
nioT Cvens Tanamemamuleebad
Cinelebi, rodesac isini erT
qveyanaSi (SeerTebul StatebSi)
cxovroben, da ratom ar unda
miviCnioT isini Tanamemamule-
ebad, roca meore qveyanaSi
(CineTSi) cxovroben? ra aris
am erovnul sazRvarSi iseTi,
rac adamianebs, romlebsac
Cveni ganaTleba uyuradRebod
da gulgrilad ekideba, ja-
dosnurad aqcevs im adamiane-
bad, romelTa mimarTac Cven
urTierTpativiscemis valde-
buleba gvaqvs? mokled rom
vTqva, darwmunebuli var,
roca ar Segvwevs unari Cveni
ganaTlebis safuZvlad ufro
farTo msoflio vaRiaroT,
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

Cven eris SigniT multikul-
turul pativiscemas vuryevT
safuZvlebs. riCard rorTis
patriotizms SeuZlia gaaer-
Tianos yvela amerikeli, mag-
ram patriotizmi Zalian axlos
aris jingoizmTan, da, vSiSob,
rom rorTis msjelobaSi ver
vxedav winadadebebs, Tu ro-
gor unda gavumklavdeT am
aSkara safrTxes.
garda amisa, rorTisa da haknis
Tanaxmad, zogadi erovnuli
faseulobebis dacva pirovne-
bis zogierTi ZiriTadi Tavi-
seburebisadmi yuradRebis
mipyrobas moiTxovs, isini ki
aSkarad scdebian erovnul
sazRvrebs. da Tu ver SevZlebT
vaswavloT bavSvebs, rogor
unda gadalaxon Tavis gonebasa
da warmosaxvaSi aseTi sazRv-
rebi, Cven usityvod vagrZno-
binebT maT, rom imas ar veub-
nebiT, rasac vfiqrobT. Cven
vambobT, rom mTel kacobri-
obas unda vceT pativi, sinam-
dvileSi ki vgulisxmobT, rom
amerikelebi gansakuTrebul
pativiscemas imsaxureben. da
me vfiqrob, rom amerikelebi
isedac metismetad didxans
iqceodnen ase.
IV
msoflios moqalaqeebi arcTu
iSviaTad rCebian marto.
sinamdvileSi es, rogorc
diogenem Tqva, Taviseburi
gandevnaa _ lokaluri WeS-
maritebebis komfortidan,
patriotizmis Tbili budidan,
sakuTari TaviTa da `Tavisia-
nebiT~ siamayis yovlismomc-
veli dramidan. markus avre-
liusis TxzulebebSi (agreTve
misi amerikeli mimdevrebis _
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
torosa da emersonis naSro-
mebSi) zogjer usazRvro mar-
tooba igrZnoba, TiTqos
Cveulebebisa da adgilobrivi
sazRvrebis moSlam sicocxles
garkveuli siTbo da usafrT-
xoeba moaklo. rodesac ada-
miani im bavSviviT iwyebs cxov-
rebas, romelsac uyvars Tavi-
si mSoblebi da endoba maT,
mas uCndeba cduneba, imave
logikis Sesabamisad moaxdi-
nos moqalaqeobis rekonstru-
ireba, eris idealizebul
xatebaSi xedavs surogatul
mSobels, romelic mis magiv-
rad ifiqrebs. kosmopolitiz-
mi aseT navsayudels ar gvTa-
vazobs; is mxolod gonebasa
da kacobriobisadmi siyvaruls
gvTavazobs, romelic zogjer
naklebad naTeli gveCveneba,
vidre mikuTvnebulobis sxva
wyaroebi.
Tagoris romanSi msoflios
moqalaqeobisken mowodeba
marcxiT mTavrdeba, radgan
patriotizmi vnebiTa da
ferebiT aris savse, kosmo-
politizms ki uWirs gonebis
moxibvla. da mainc, rogorc
Tagori gviCvenebs, kosmopo-
litizmi Tavisi marcxiTac ki
aRwevs warmatebas. romanSi
xom msoflios moqalaqis
aRzrdis istoriaa moTxro-
bili, radgan tragikul ambavs
daqvrivebuli bimala mogviT-
xrobs. is xvdeba, Tumc ki Za-
lian dagvianebiT, rom nikilis
morali bevrad aRemateboda
sandipis cariel sityvier
ekvilibristikas, rom is, rac
mas sandipis vneba egona, ego-
centruli pativmoyvareoba
yofila, da rom nikilis gareg-
nuli auRelvebloba sinamd-
vileSi misdami, rogorc
adamianisadmi, did siyvaruls
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
21
solidaroba
niSnavda Turme. dRes santi-
niketanSi rom gavemgzavroT,
qalaqSi, romelic kalkuti-
dan matarebliT ramdenime
saaTis savalze mdebareobs,
qalaqSi, romelSic Tagorma
Tavisi kosmopolituri uni-
versiteti viSvabharati (rac
`mTel msoflios~ niSnavs)
daaarsa, tragediis gancda
xelaxla dagveufleba. msof-
lio universitetma indoeTSi
ver moipova mosalodneli
gavlena da aRiareba, kosmo-
polituri Tanamegobroba
santiniketani ki eTnocent-
ruli partikularizmisa da
induistur-fundamentalis-
turi nacionalizmis mebrZoli
Zalebis mxridan Tavdasxmebis-
gan sul ufro Zneli dasacavia.
da mainc, Tagoris idealebis
dasustebac ki, rac dRes saero
da Semwynarebeli induri sa-
xelmwifos arsebobasac emuq-
reba, aZlevs adamians maTi
Rirebulebis danaxvis saSu-
alebas. qveynis gaRmerTebam
mas marTlac saSineli ubedu-
rebebi SeiZleba mouvlinos.
optimizmis safuZvels tovebs
amomrCevelTa amaswinandeli
reaqcia, rodesac maT ar
dauWires mxari induistur
nacionalizms. kosmopolitu-
ri idealebis RirebulebaTa
aRiarebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba
Tagoris mier aRwerilis
msgavsi tragikuli dasasrulis
Tavidan acileba.
da radgan darwmunebuli var,
rom mTeli msoflios demok-
ratiuli saxelmwifoebis
skolebsa da universitetebSi
SesaZlebelia Tagoris ideebis
warmatebiT ganxorcieleba
da saxelmwifo politikis
SemuSavebisas maTi gamoyeneba,
dasasrul moviyvan bednieri
#1(34)
finalis mqone kosmopolitur
istorias. is diogene laertels
aqvs monaTxrobi da kosmopo-
liti filosofos-kinikose-
bis _ kratetisa da hiparqias
(erT-erTi gamorCeuli qali
filosofosis) _ siyvarulsa
da qorwinebas eZRvneba, da
riTac albaT imis Cveneba
undoda, rom statusisa da
eris simboloebze uaris Tqma
zogjer gvexmareba warmatebas
mivaRwioT siyvarulSi. hipar-
qia kargi ojaxidan iyo. misi
ojaxi, iseve, rogorc berZnu-
li ojaxebis umravlesoba,
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
aniWebda socialur statuss
da warmoSobas, eWvis TvaliT
uyurebda kosmopolit filo-
sofos kratets, mis ucnaur
azrebs msoflios moqalaqe-
obis Sesaxeb da statusisa da
sazRvrebis arad Cagdebas.
hiparqias Seuyvarda kratetis
azrebic da misi cxovrebis we-
sic. is Tavisi saqmroebis arc
silamazes aqcevda yuradRebas,
Solidarität
Targmani
arc simdidres, arc didgva-
rovnebas: krateti misTvis
yvelaferi iyo. igi mSoblebs
TviTmkvlelobiTac ki aSinebda,
Tu mas ar gaayolebdnen co-
lad. mSoblebma maTi qaliSvi-
lis azris Sesacvlelad Tavad
kratets uxmes _ man yvelafe-
ri iRona, magram hiparqias
darwmuneba ver SeZlo. maSin
krateti dadga mis winaSe,
gaixada yvelaferi, rac ecva,
da uTxra: `ai Seni saqmro, ai
misi qoneba, gadawyvite: ver
iqnebi Cems gverdiT, Tu ise-
Tive ar gaxdebi, rogoric me
var~. hiparqiam gaakeTa arCe-
vani: iseve Caicva, rogorc kra-
tets ecva, yvelgan Tan dahy-
veboda qmars, yvelas Tvalwin
wveboda masTan, sxvebis
nasufraliT ikvebeboda.
erTxel, lisimaqesTan nadimze,
man TviT Teodori _ metsaxe-
lad uRmerTo _ gaacamtvera
aseTi sofizmiT: Tu araferia
cudi raRacaSi, rasac Teo-
dori akeTebs, maSin araferia
unda gavakeToT Tu ara arCevani
patriotizmsa da universalur
gonebas Soris?
hilari patnemi
ramdenadac mesmis, marta
nusbaumi Tavis mastimulire-
bel statiaSi or ideas icavs.
pirveli: patriotizms4 Sovi-
nizmisa da nacizmisken mivya-
varT (an, ukidures SemTxveva-
4
erTgulebas eTnikuri jgufisadmi (maSinac ki, rodesac is ar aris erovnuli)
me patriotizms mivakuTvneb, radgan marta nusbaumis argumentacia masac
exeba.
}'vh'mksr
22
cudi masSi, rodesac amas
hiparqia akeTebs; rodesac
Teodori begvavs Teodors,
amaSi araferia cudi, e.i.,
rodesac hiparqia begvavs
Teodors, arc amaSi aris
raime cudi. Teodorma vera-
feri upasuxa da mxolod
mosasxami Semoaxia mas; magram
hiparqiam arc uxerxuloba
gamoamJRavna da arc qaluri
simorcxve (6. 96-98).
me ar mimaCnia, rom kratetisa
da hiparqias qorwineba (an
Teodori-uRmerTo rogorc
logikis maswavlebeli) misabaZ
magaliTad unda movuyvanoT
Cemi hipoTeturi kosmopoli-
turi skolebis moswavleebs.
magram es ambavi gviCvenebs,
rom ar aris aucilebeli
mosawyeni, uxaliso da usiy-
varulo iyos kosmopolitis
cxovreba, kosmopolitisa,
romelic samarTals qveyanaze
maRla, universalur gonebas
ki erovnuli kuTvnilebis
simboloebze maRla ayenebs.
Si, sxva erebis, kulturebisa
da xalxebis mimarT gulgri-
lobisken) da amitom is margi-
nalizebuli unda iqnes, Tu
mTlianad ukugdebuli ara.
Cven sakuTar Tavze unda
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

vifiqroT ara rogorc ameri-
kelebze, frangebze, Savkani-
anebze, Cikanosze5 an ebrae-
lebze, aramed rogorc `msof-
lios moqalaqeebze~. meore
idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
Cven moraluri saxelmZRvane-
los Zebnisas saerTod ar
gvWirdeba da arc unda mivmar-
ToT Cvens gansxvavebul
erovnul da eTnikur tradi-
ciebs; amis nacvlad Cven,
`msoflios moqalaqeebma~,
unda mivmarToT raRacas,
rasac igi `universalur
gonebas~ uwodebs.
pirveli idea saocrad hgavs
Teziss, romelic adre xSirad
momismenia (oRond ar vici,
moawers Tu ara mas marta
nusbaumi xels): adamianis
religiurobis gamovlenis
mravalferovneba _ yvela
religiuri tradicia da mor-
wmuneTa uamravi gansxvavebuli
erToba TiToeul maTganSi,
romlebic cdiloben sicocx-
le SeunarCunon TavianT tra-
diciebs, axleburad ganmarta-
ven ra maT mudmivad cvalebad
msoflioSi _ unda daigmos
da ramdenadac moxerxdeba
ukugdebuli iqnes, radgan
religias uciloblad mivya-
varT fundamentalizmisa da
Seuwynareblobisken (zogier-
Ti saero moazrovne, ubralod,
aigivebs religias fundamen-
talizmsa da Seuwynareblo-
basTan), isini ki, rogorc
cnobilia, sxva tradiciebis
marginalizaciaSi, agreTve _
uares SemTxvevaSi _ religiu-
ri devnisa da `wminda omebis~
saSinelebebSi vlindeba (rom
davinaxoT, Tu ramdenad axlos
aris es marta nusbaumis Te-
zisTan, warmovidginoT ada-
miani, romelic gveubneba:
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
`adamianis patriotizmis rad gveubnebian xolme aseT
gamovlenis mravalferovneba SemTxvevebSi. magram amgvari
_ erovnuli tradiciebi da fiqrisTvis aranairi safuZ-
uamravi gansxvavebuli erToba veli ar arsebobs. sabWoTa
yovel erovnul tradiciaSi, kavSiri maSin, rodesac is jer
romlebic cdiloben, sicoc- kidev arsebobda, `sruliad
xle SeunarCunon TavianT internacionalisturad (anu
tradiciebs, axleburad gan- kosmopoliturad) iTvleboda.
martaven ra maT mudmivad sinamdvileSi ki gamoiTqmebo-
cvalebad msoflioSi _ unda da imedi, rom odesme yvela
daigmos da ramdenadac moxer- qveyana `sabWoTa kavSiri~
xdeba ukugdebuli iqnes, gaxdeboda. da, ra Tqma unda,
radgan patriotizms ucilob- is meomrulad aTeisturi iyo.
lad mivyavarT Sovinizmisa da mainc ruseTis dRevandeli
da Seuwynareblobisken, isini SefasebiT, stalinis borot-
ki, rogorc cnobilia, sxva moqmedebebis msxverplTa
adamianebis marginalizaciaSi, ricxvi 50 milion adamians
agreTve _ uares SemTxvevaSi aRwevs! SegvekamaTebian: `sab-
_ eTnikuri wmendisa da gama- WoTa kavSiris magaliTis
nadgurebeli an dasamorCi- moyvana upatiosnobaa. is ar
lebeli omebis saSinelebebSi iyo namdvilad socialisturi,
vlindeba~. gana es ar hgavs internacionalisturi da
nusbaumis msjelobas kosmo- antireligiuri, radgan komu-
politizmis sargeblianobis nizmi Tavad iyo religia~ da
Sesaxeb? a.S. stalinma ki mainc moaxerxa
uamravi momxris povna ise,
aseTi msjeloba ama Tu im rom arc religiis6 da arc
saxiT _ mebrZol-aTeisturi nacionalizmis7 sababebs ar
Tu mebrZol-kosmopolituri mimarTavda. SeuZliaT
_ adamianebis agresiisa da gviTxran: `magram sabWoTa
sisastikis sababebs Tavad kavSiri ar iyo demokratiuli~.
agresiasa da sisastikeSi urevs. am gamoTqmis arsi albaT isaa,
`movspoT esa Tu is sababi da rom demokratiis arseboba
naklebad sastik da agresiul gamoricxavs agresiis SesaZ-
msoflios miviRebT~, _ xSi- leblobas nacionalisturi an
5
Cikanos _ aSS-Si meqsikidan CasulTa STamomavlebi.
6
miuxedavad imisa, rom es pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba marta nusbaumis statias,
radgan me ganvixilavdi religiis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs, romlebic
patriotizmis sawinaaRmdego mis mosazrebebs hgavs, aRvniSnav Semdegs: ze-
moT moyvanili argumenti, rom mxurvale mxardaWeris mqone nebismieri
mrwamsi sinamdvileSi `religiuria~, ubralod, Caanacvlebs Teziss, rom
religia pasuxs agebs adamianTa Seuwynareblobasa da Zaladobaze, TezisiT
amaT mimarT mxurvale mxardaWeris mqone mrwamsis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb.
Cemi azriT, romelic emTxveva uiliam jeimsis mosazrebas, gamoTqmuls
`rwmenis nebaSi~, Cven gvWirdeba ara aseTi mrwamsisgan Tavisufali msoflio,
aramed msoflio, romelSic adamianebi aRiareben, rom maTi ufleba mxur-
vale mrwamsze ar aZlevs maT uflebas, Tavs moaxvion aseTi mrwamsi sxvebs.
7
stalini, ra Tqma unda, mimarTavda nacionalizms, magram es nacistebis Se-
mosevis Semdeg moxda, amasTan, nacionalizms iyenebda ara wmendis gasa-
marTleblad, aramed rusebis TavdacviTi mobilizaciisTvis, rac yvelana-
irad mosawonia! didi wmenda `socialisturi revoluciis~ da ara naciona-
lizmis dasacavad tardeboda.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
23
#1(34) Targmani

religiuri vnebebis gaRvivebis problema isaa, rom moraluri orive sfero mniSvnelovania
SemTxvevaSi.8 filosofosebi, rogorc wesi, da arcerTi maTgani ar aris
an `saTnoebis~ (raSic me `saTno ubralod subieqturi (es ar
magram SeiZleba gviTxran, rom, cxovrebis~ farTo sferoze niSnavs, rom Cven saTnoebisa da
Tu patriotizmi sxva adamia- gaurkvevel miniSnebas vgu- samarTlis sakiTxebSi subieq-
nebis marginalizaciis Ziri- lisxmob) momxreebi xdebian, turebi ar varT xolme). es
Tadi sababi xdeba (Tundac an `samarTlis~ (raSic `samar- imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom
Cven ar vomobdeT maT winaaR- Tlianobis~ farTo sferoze `saTno cxovrebis~ aranairi
mdeg), ratom ar unda moviSo- aranakleb gaurkvevel miniS- universaluri koncefcia ar
roT is Tavidan? ra aris masSi nebas vgulisxmob). maSinac ki, arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa,
aseTi kargi? da amas me marta rodesac isini aRiareben, rom rom samarTlianobis Sesaxeb
nusbaumis meore ideasTan, uni- arcerTi sfero _ arc keTili maqsimebi10 xSirad universalu-
versaluri gonebis ideasTan, cxovrebis sfero, arc samar- ria im azriT, rom isini gvxv-
mivyavar. Tlianobis (`valis~, `movale- deba yvelgan, sadac ki mimdi-
obis~ da a.S.) _ ar SeiZleba nareobs msjeloba moraluri
upirveles yovlisa, unda va- meoremde daviyvanoT, isini cxovrebis Sesaxeb (amisi maga-
RiaroT imis ucnauroba, rom ufro xSirad subieqturad liTia maqsimebi, romlebic
es idea mas daebada. sinamdvi- miiCneven sferos, romelsac wesad aqceven mkvlelobis, qur-
leSi es imdenad ar Seesabame- naklebad uWeren mxars (ro- dobis, gaupatiurebis, mruSo-
ba imas, rasac igi moraluri gori damokidebulebac hqonda bis an tyuilis akrZalvas da
cxovrebis Sesaxeb werda Tavis saTnoebis9 sferosadmi kants gvavaldebuleben viTanamS-
mraval SesaniSnav wignSi, rom meore `kritikaSi~ da rogorc romloT sxva adamianebTan,
me sagonebelSi magdebs is, Tu utilitaristebi ekidebian viyoT erTguli megobrebi da
rogor SeuZlia mas sjerodes nebismier saubars samarTlis a.S., Tumca, ra Tqma unda, da-
imisi, rac dawera; iqneb mas an samarTlianobis Sesaxeb, saSvebi gamonaklisi am wese-
rorTis gamo hqonda Zalian romelTa dayvana bednierebis bidan aris is, ris Taobazec
mwvave reaqcia. an sargeblianobis gamoTvlam- saerTo Tanxmoba ver miiRweva).
de ar aris SesaZlebeli). mag- ratom? upirveles yovlisa,
vfiqrob, rom universaluri ram _ da aq, darwmunebuli ra Tqma unda, imitom, rom ar
gonebis ideis momxreTa da var, marta nusbaumi da me arsebobs cxovrebis romelime
mowinaaRmdegeTa filosofi- erTnairad vfiqrobT _ Cveni erTi forma, romelic `saTnoa~.
uri diskusiebis maradiuli moraluri cxovrebisTvis Rrmad religiuri erTobis
cxovreba, STagonebuli bohe-
muri mxatvrebis cxovreba, er-
8
TvalsaCino magaliTia vietnamis omi, romlis drosac Cven vietnamSi, 17- Tobis Tavdadebul organiza-
milioniani mosaxleobis mqone qveyanaSi, ufro meti bombi CamovyareT, vidre
torTa jgufis cxovreba,
mTeli meore msoflio omis dros. Cven arasdros mivmarTavdiT amerikul
nacionalizms (da miT umetes religias) Cveni qmedebebis gasamarTleblad, kompiuteruli programistebis
vsaubrobdiT `demokratiaze~, `vietnamelTa komunizmisgan gadarCenaze~ SemoqmedebiTi jgufis cxov-
(amasTan, vwamlavdiT maT miwas da napalmiT vwvavdiT maT Svilebs!) da a.S.
reba da mravali sxva cxovreba
mtkiceba, TiTqos `demokratiebi ar omoben sxva demokratiebTan~, metisme-
tad popularulia, magram sruliad araswori. sinamdvileSi SeerTebuli erTmaneTTan sruliad SeuTav-
Statebis Careva CileSi (aliendes winaaRmdeg) da mogvianebiT kosta-rikaSi sebeli saxiT SeiZleba iyos
(rac, rogorc Cans, ukve aRaravis axsovs) demokratiuli reJimebis winaaR- saTno (ra Tqma unda, is saSine-
mdeg omis aqtebi iyo. zustad aseve inglisis, safrangeTisa da israelis SeW-
ras egvipteSi (suecis krizisi) araviTari Sexeba ar hqonda imasTan, iyo Tu
lic SeiZleba iyos). da, garda
ara naseris egvipte demokratiuli. sinamdvileSi naseri xalxis mier iyo amisa, imitom, rom saTno cxov-
arCeuli. sinamdvileSi demokratiebi Zlier demokratiebTan ar omoben. mag- reba TavisTavad ar aRmocen-
ram es ar niSnavs, rom demokratiis pirobebSic ki agresias da imperializms
deba racionaluri gamonaTe-
religiuri an `patriotuli~ sababebi sWirdeba.
9
Tumca, Cemi azriT, `msjelobis unaris kritikaSi~ kanti sruliad sxvanairad bidan, rogorc imis damtki-
ganixilavs saTnoebis sakiTxs. ceba, rom wris farTobi udris
10
`maqsimebs~ vwer imis saCveneblad, rom es gamonaklisis ar mqone wesebis radiusis kvadratisa da ricxv
sakiTxi ar aris. -s namravls, erTmaneTisgan

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

24

damoukideblad rom mouvidaT
TavSi Zvel berZen da Cinel
maTematikosebs. iseve, ro-
gorc ferweris, musikis an
literaturis formaTa SemTx-
vevaSi, cxovrebis wesTa ganvi-
TarebisTvisac eqsperimente-
bisa da inovaciebis aswleu-
lebia saWiro. magram cxovre-
bis aseTi konkretuli wesebis,
im formebis, rasac hegeli
Sittlichkeit-s uwodebda, ararse-
bobisas samarTlianobis uni-
versaluri principebi arse-
biTad carieli aRmoCndeba
xolme, iseve, rogorc kriti-
kuli gonebis ararsebobisas
Sittlichkeit-is memkvidreobiTi
formebi brma gajiqebad da
avtoritetis brma erTgule-
bad gadagvardeba. tradicia
gonebis11 gareSe brmaa, goneba
tradiciis gareSe _ carieli.
marta nusbaums magaliTad
mohyavs `kosmopoliti~ filo-
sofosebis wyvili, romlebic,
rogorc igi uwodebs, univer-
saluri gonebisadmi erTgu-
lebis demonstrirebas sajaro
koitusis saSualebiT axdend-
nen! magram misi magaliTi mi-
sive Tezisis winaaRmdeg mow-
mobs, radgan aseTi qmedebis
azrianoba Tu uazroba garSe-
mo arsebul cxovrebis wesTan
da mis faseulobebsa Tu am
faseulobebis ararsebobas-
Tan kavSirzea damokidebuli;
ar SeiZleba ubralod gadaw-
yvito, rom sisulelea gecvas
tansacmeli, an, rom sisulelea,
Tavs ikavebde sajaro koitu-
sisgan, radgan universaluri
goneba ar migviTiTebs cxov-
rebis wesebze, romlebsac
Segnebulad SegviZlia dav-
cinoT. marta nusbaumis mier
moyvanil magaliTSi filoso-
fosebi erTmaneTSi ureven
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
or sruliad gansxvavebul yodi: `imitom, rom Cven yvela
ideas _ universaluri eTikis `msoflios moqalaqeebi~ varT~.
(samarTlianobis universalu-
ri principebi) da cxovrebis morwmunes vetyodi: `imitom,
universaluri wesis ideebs _ rom yvelani Seqmnilni varT
da gviCveneben, rom sinamdvi- RvTis xatad~. mas, visac es ab-
leSi nebismieri Sittlichkeit, ro- surdulad moeCveneboda,
melic ar aris universaluri dikensis SesaniSnav SeniSvnas
eTikis nawili, agebuli ro- movuyvandi skrujis Sesaxeb
gorc cxovrebis universaluri (`saSobao simRera~), romelic
wesi, ubralod, absurdulia moyvasSi xedavda `iseTive ada-
(Secdomis gacnobierebisTvis mianebs, rogoric TviTon aris,
warmovidginoT, ras vetyodiT romlebic CemTan erTad, saer-
im adamians, romelic amtkicebs, To gziT midian saflavisken~,
rom kargi musikis Sesafaseb- anda Sevaxsenebdi primo levis
lad ar aris saWiro winamor- gamonaTqvams imis Taobaze,
bedi musikaluri tradiciis rom mzera, romliTac mas
gacnoba _ mxolod universa- sakoncentracio banakis bad-
luri gonebaa sakmarisi). ragma Sexeda, `ar iyo mzera,
romliTac adamiani adamians
swored amitom, warmodgena, uyurebs~.12 imas, rom viRac
TiTqos universaluri goneba iseTive adamiania, `CemTan
aris raRac, rac damoukide- erTad, saerTo gziT mimavali
belia yvela tradiciisgan, saflavisaken~, CemTvis mora-
imdenad gaumarTlebelia, luri mniSvneloba aqvs, `msof-
rom marta nusbaumis warmod- lios moqalaqes~ _ ara. da,
gena kosmopolitizmze sabo- Cemi azriT, warmodgena, rom
loo jamSi arcTu mimzidveli yvelani RvTis xatad varT
meCveneba. iseve, rogorc Cemi Seqmnilni, an danarCeni ada-
Tanamedroveebis umravleso- mianebisadmi TanagrZnoba,
bam, me memkvidreobiT miviRe aseve mibrunebaa im potenci-
an SeviZine erTze meti `iden- alisken, romelic WeSmaritad
toba~: me var amerikeli, universaluri da Rrmad
praqtikis mqone iudeveli, XX fesvgadgmulia tradiciebSi,
saukunis dasasrulis filo- romlebsac me mivekuTvnebi,
sofosi. magram ar yofila tradiciebSi, romelTa mem-
arcerTi SemTxveva, meTqvas, kvidreebic varT Cven. SesaZ-
rom me `msoflios moqalaqe~ loa `msoflios moqalaqem~
var. magaliTad, CemTvis rom odesme SeiZinos aseTi mora-
ekiTxaT, Tu ratom aris disk- luri mniSvneloba, marta
riminacia usamarTlo, ar vit- nusbaumi ki axali moraluri
11
magram me arcTu Zalian momwons termini `universaluri goneba~, da ara
imitom, rom adamianis azrovnebis unari universaluri ar aris _ ara, ra
Tqma unda! _ aramed imitom, rom am cnebasTan tradiciulad asocirdeba
aprioruloba da gamocdilebidan codnis miRebis pirobasTan Seusabamoba,
rac daJinebuli hqonda jon diuis; bolo SemTxvevaSi memkvidreobiT miRe-
buli tradiciebis kritikaa aucilebeli.
12
madlobas movaxseneb kerol daimonds, romelmac yuradReba mimaqcevina am
gamonaTqvamebze.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
25
#1(34)
xedvis maxarebeli gaxdeba.
magram dRes es ase ar aris.
tradiciebisken Cemi mibrune-
ba da maTi aucileblobis
dacva arasworad ar unda
gavigoT. rogorc sxvagan ukve
aRvniSne13, Tavad moralis
Seswavlidan vigebT, rom mem-
kvidreobiT miRebuli mora-
luri mrwamsi SeiZleba vak-
ritikoT, da rom es aRmoCena
ganmanaTlebelTa Rirebuli
memkvidreobaa. magram, Tu ar
gvaqvs memkvidreobiT miRebuli
cxovrebis wesi, sakritikoc
araferia, iseve, rogorc
kritikuli gonebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia erTmaneTisgan
ganvasxvaoT is, ra aris Sesa-
narCunebeli Cvens gansxvave-
bul tradiciebSi (SesaZloa,
gadasinjvis Semdeg) da ra _
gadasagdebi gamousadegobis
gamo. Cven ar unda gavimeoroT
Secdoma, ris gamoc gvafrT-
xilebs isaia berlini, ar unda
miviRoT `ganmanaTleblobis,
rogorc nebismier garemoeba-
Si erTnairi Sedegis miRwevis,
volterianuli koncefcia~;
koncefcia, romelic varau-
dobs, rom `baironi bednieri
iqneboda, konfucisTan erTad
rom misjdomoda sufras, sene-
ka ki _ madam diu defanis
salonSi rom aRmoCeniliyo~.
magram ganmanaTleblobis
swored aseT koncefcias
iziarebs marta nusbaumis
Zvel filosofosTa wyvili.
erTi magaliTi mexmareba Cemi
poziciis cxadyofaSi. vfiq-
rob, is usamarTlo mdgoma-
reoba, romelSic yvelgan da
yoveldRiurad imyofebian
Raribebi, Cven imis gamo unda
davgmoT, rom igi yvelaze
Solidarität
Targmani
elementarul moralur
principebs ewinaaRmdegeba,
da ara imis gamo, rom es,
ubralod, `Cvens~ faseulo-
bebs (riCard rorTis stilSi)
ewinaaRmdegeba. sinamdvileSi
tradiciul morals aseTi
dagmobis dasabuTebisTvis
mravali saSualeba aqvs (gavix-
senoT, rom avgustinem uaryo
romauli imperializmis
SeTavazebuli racionaliza-
ciebi. igi ambobda, rom isini
romis imperiis moralur
institutad gadaqcevas
niSnavs, is ki sinamdvileSi ar
aris aseTi _ `didi imperia _
didi Zarcva~). magram erTia
Tqva, rom siRaribe usamarT-
loa, rom adamianebs sxva
adamianebi tanjaven da ara
bunebis kanonebi, xolo sul
sxva _ Tqva, Tu risi gakeTe-
baa SesaZlebeli da saWiro.
amisTvis ki gvWirdeba ara
`universaluri goneba~,
tradiciuli filosofiuri
azriT, romelic, rogorc
Cans, arafers iTxovs, kabinet-
Si ganyenebuli azrovnebis
garda, aramed kritikuli
aRzrda gamocdilebis safuZ-
velze, rasac jon diui mo-
iTxovda (igi amas `inteleqts~
uwodebda filosofiur
literaturaSi sityva `gone-
basTan~ konotaciis gamo).
nusbaumis kinikosTa gansjis
obieqtis, universaluri gone-
bis, alternativa garkveul
garemosTan dakavSirebuli
inteleqtia.
me ar var relativisti. marta
nusbaumis msgavsad moralur
1
ix. Cemi naSromebi: Pragmatism and Moral Objectivity // Words and Life. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1994; Pragmatism: An Open Question. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995; Are
Moral and Legal Values Made or Discovered? // Legal Theory. Vol. 1. No. l. March 1995.
}'vh'mksr
26
problemebze msjeloba sru-
liad gamarTlebuli saqmia-
noba mgonia. magram, gavimeo-
reb, namdvili msjeloba
yovelTvis dakavSirebulia ama
Tu im istoriul tradiciasTan.
rasakvirvelia, sxvadasxva
tradiciis mimdevrebs SeuZ-
liaT ganixilon sakiTxi, eka-
maTon erTmaneTs. magram,
rogorc diui acxadebda,
aseTi ganxilvisas Cven Tavad
gonebis Cveneuli gagebis ga-
dasinjva gviwevs. radgan goneba
gamudmebiT moiTxovs aseT
gadasinjvas, is ver iqneba
faseulobaTa neitraluri
wyaro `msoflios moqalaqee-
bisTvis~, romlebic Tavis
kulturul memkvidreobas ise
epyrobian, rogorc sayvarel,
magram mainc Zalian SezRudul
naTesavebs. yoveli Cvengani
Cveni gansakuTrebuli memkvid-
reobiT unda cxovrobdes,
misgan gamomdinare afasebdes
movlenebs, ganxilvisa da
garedan kritikisTvis Riad
inarCunebdes mas. da swored
amitom patriotizmi Tavis
saukeTeso gamovlinebebSi _
memkvidreobiT miRebul tradi-
ciebSi saukeTesos erTgule-
baSi _ Seucvlelia. amitom
Cven ar unda vakeTebdeT
arCevans patriotizmsa da
universalur gonebas Soris;
kritikuli inteleqti da
saukeTesosadmi erTguleba
Cvens tradiciebSi, maT Soris
Cvens erovnul da eTnikur
tradiciebSi, erTmaneTzea
damokidebuli.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

patriotizmisa da kosmopo-
litizmis Rirsebebi ar aris
abstraqtuli da, ra Tqma unda,
arc universaluria. Cven
vcxovrobT msoflioSi, ro-
melic ukiduresi uTanaswo-
robiT gamoirCeva. Sedegad,
Cveni SesaZleblobebi gansx-
vavebulia da socialur
mdgomareobazea damokidebu-
li, `msoflios moqalaqeTa~
moqmedebis Sedegebi ki dro-
isa da adgilis Sesabamisad
Zalian gansxvavebulia. `svade-
Si~ rom ar yofiliyo, indoeTi
britaneTis koloniad darCe-
boda. nuTu es ufro Seesaba-
meba kantianur morals? gandis
es esmoda, Tagors _ ara.
Zlierebs _ politikurad, eko-
nomikurad, socialurad Zli-
erebs _ SeuZliaT gaakeTon
arCevani sustebisadmi agre-
siul mtrobas (qsenofobias)
da `gansxvavebulobis~ sul-
grZelad miRebas Soris. isini
nebismier SemTxvevaSi privi-
legirebulni rCebian. sustebs
_ an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ufro
sustebs _ araxelsayreli
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
arc patriotizmi,
arc kosmopolitizmi
imanuil valerstaini
mdgomareobis gamosworeba
(Tundac nawilobrivad) mxo-
lod jgufuri Tanasworobis
principebis daJinebuli moT-
xovniT SeuZliaT. amisTvis maT
albaT jgufuri Segnebis _
nacionalizmis, eTnikuri TviT-
damkvidrebis da a.S. _ gamoRvi-
Zeba mouwevT. moraluri Tval-
sazrisiT mandelas naciona-
lizms ver gavaigivebT afri-
kanerebis nacionalizmTan. er-
Ti daCagrulebis (TeTrebis
mier daCagruli Savkanianebis)
nacionalizmi iyo, daCagru-
lebisa, romlebic Cagvris
mospobisken miiswrafodnen,
meore iwyeboda rogorc
CagrulTa (inglisurenovanTa
mier daCagruli afrikanere-
bis) nacionalizmi, magram gan-
viTarda rogorc mCagvrelTa
nacionalizmi (aparteidi).
rogoria dRes konkretuli
situacia amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi? 1945 wels SeerTe-
buli Statebi msoflio siste-
maSi hegemonuri saxelmwifo
gaxda _ ekonomikuri, samxedro,
politikuri da kulturuli
TvalsazrisiTac ki yvelaze
Zlieri nacia. misi oficialuri
ideologiuri xazi sammxrivi
iyo: amerika _ msoflios udi-
desi qveyana (viwro naciona-
lizmi); amerika _ `Tavisufali
samyaros~ lideri (mdidari
TeTri qveynebis nacionaliz-
mi); amerika _ damcveli pirov-
nebis Tavisuflebisa da SesaZ-
leblobebis Tavisuflebis
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
27
solidaroba
universaluri faseulobebisa
(kantianuri kategoriuli
imperativebis TvalsazrisiT
gamarTlebulis).
SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba
da moraluri avtoritetebi am
sami poziciis erTdroul damk-
vidrebaSi gansakuTrebul sir-
Tuleebs, adamianTa umravle-
soba ki Sinagan winaaRmdego-
bas, ver xedavdnen. magram
sxvebi _ yovel SemTxvevaSi,
zogierTi sxva _ amaSi ubralo
Tavis marTlebas, SeerTebuli
Statebis privilegiebisa da
dominirebis legitimacias
xedavdnen. isini xSirad esx-
modnen Tavs amerikuli kanti-
anobis TvalTmaqcobas, mxars
uWerdnen erovnul-ganmaTa-
visuflebel moZraobebs.
msoflio Seicvala. SeerTebu-
li Statebi aRar aris iseTi
Zlieri, rogorc adre iyo.
dasavleTi evropa da iaponia
ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT
ewevian SeerTebul Statebs. da
isini Sordebian mas politi-
kuri TvalsazrisiT. TviT
SeerTebul StatebSi Cagruli
jgufebis gamosvlebma `eTni-
kuri~ xasiaTi miiRo da es ga-
mosvlebi adrindelze gacile-
biT iSviaTad mimarTavs uni-
versalur faseulobebs. Cag-
ruli jgufebis eTnocentruli
miznebis zrdis sapasuxod
privilegiebis damcvelebma
`gamaerTianebel~ patriotiz-
ms mimarTes.
#1(34)
magram pasuxi am egoistur
patriotizmze TviTkmayofili
kosmopolitizmi ar unda iyos.
swori pasuxi im Zalebis mxar-
daWera unda gaxdes, romlebic
mzad arian mospon arsebuli
uTanasworoba da xeli Seuwyon
ufro demokratiuli, egalita-
ruli msoflios Seqmnas. `msof-
lios moqalaqis~ pozicia metad
orazrovania. is Tavisuflad
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc
privilegiebis SesanarCuneblad,
Solidarität
Targmani
aseve maT gasauqmeblad. auci-
lebelia bevrad ufro rTuli
pozicia, romlis gamoyeneba
sustTa jgufebis uflebaTa
dasacavad politikur arenaze
brZolis parametrebis Secvlis
drosac ki iqneba SesaZlebeli.
rac Seexeba ganaTlebas, Cven
is ki ar unda vicodeT, rom
msoflios moqalaqeebi varT,
aramed is, rom uTanasworo
msoflioSi Cvens gansakuTre-
mijaWvulobis sferoebi
maikl uolceri
vfiqrob, veTanxmebi marta
nusbaumis yvela mosazrebas
`kosmopolitur ganaTlebas-
Tan~ dakavSirebiT; isini
savsebiT gonivruli da jan-
saRia. naklebad damajereb-
lad meCveneba misi zogadi
msoflmxedveloba _ SesaZloa
imitom, rom me ar var msofli-
os moqalaqe, iseTi, rogoric
mas endomeboda, rom vyofi-
liyavi. me arc ki vici arse-
bobs Tu ara iseTi msoflio,
romlis moqalaqeobac SesaZ-
lebelia. aravis da arasdros
SemouTavazebia CemTvis moqa-
laqeoba, ar aRuweria misi
miRebis procesi, ar CavurTi-
var msoflios instituciur
struqturebSi, ar auxsnia
CemTvis gadawyvetilebis mi-
Rebis procedurebi (imedi
maqvs, isini demokratiulia),
ar warudgenia CemTvis moqa-
laqis uflebebisa da movale-
obebis CamonaTvali da ar
uCvenebia saerTo dResaswau-
lebisa da misi moqalaqeebis
xsenebis dRis Semcveli msof-
}'vh'mksr
28
bul niSebs vikavebT, da, rom
miukerZoebloba da globalu-
roba, erTi mxriv, da viwro
interesebis dacva, meore
mxriv, urTierTsawinaaRmdego
ki ara, erTmaneTTan rTulad
SeTavsebuli poziciebia. zo-
gierTi SeTavseba sasurvelia,
sxvebi _ ara. zogi sasurvelia
aq, magram ara iq, axla, da ara
maSin. amis gagebiT Cven SevZ-
lebT ukeT CavwvdeT Cvens
socialur realobas.
lios kalendari. me saerTod
araferi vici amis Sesaxeb; da
miuxedavad imisa, rom kosmo-
polituri ganaTleba arcTu
urigo ram iqneboda, nusbau-
mis msjelobidan CemTvis
gaugebaria, Tu ra SeuZlia
mas maswavlos iseTi, rac
msoflios yovelma moqalaqem
unda icodes. magram mas SeuZ-
lia maswavlos is, rac ameri-
kis moqalaqeebma unda icod-
nen: gana es ar aris sakmarisi?
gana me (Cems yvela danarCen
identobasTan erTad) ar
SemiZlia viyo kosmopoliti
amerikeli? me maqvs mijaWvu-
lobebi, romlebsac arc Cveni
da arc nebismieri sxva qve-
yana ar zRudavs, sxva ebrae-
lebis an, vTqvaT, social-de-
mokratebis mimarT mTel
msoflioSi an sxva qveynebSi
rTul mdgomareobaSi myofi
adamianebis mimarT, magram es
ar aris moqalaqeobrivi mijaW-
vulobebi. nusbaumis mier
SemoTavazebuli koncentruli
wreebis saxe msoflios moqa-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

laqeobis mis ideaze bevrad
sasargebloa _ swored imi-
tom, rom is gviCvenebs ramde-
nad uazroa moiTxovo Cemgan
yvelaze Soreuli wrisadmi
fundamenturi mijaWvuloba.
Cemi mijaWvulobebi, iseve,
rogorc Cemi urTierTobebi,
centrSi iwyeba. swored aqe-
dan Cndeba Sualeduri mdgo-
mareobebis aRweris aucileb-
loba, romelTa gavla saSua-
lebas gvaZlevs gavigoT sxve-
bis faseuloba. da amis gake-
Teba arc ise martivia; amis-
Tvis Sida wreebis konkretuli,
TanagrZnobiani, dainterese-
buli, magram ara bolomde
angaJirebuli ganmartebaa
saWiro, Semdeg ki arc ise
rTuli iqneba Sida wreebis
aRmosaCenad yvelaze Soreu-
li wris mozidva. aseTi da-
sawyisisTvis me wavikiTxavdi
plutarqes striqons, romlis
citirebasac axdens nusbaumi:
`yvela adamiani Cvens Taname-
mamuled da Tanamoqalaqed~
unda migvaCndes. anu, Cven
viwyebT imis SegnebiT, Tu ras
niSnavs Tanamemamuleebisa da
Tanamoqalaqeebis yola; amis
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Seugneblad Cven moralurad
dakargulebi varT. Semdeg
Cven vavrcelebT moraluri
Tanamemamuleobisa da saerTo
moqalaqeobis grZnobas adami-
anTa axal jgufebsa da sabo-
lood mTel kacobriobaze.
nusbaumTan kosmopoliti
analogiiT muSaobs, viRacas
viRacad miiCnevs. eWvgareSea,
mijaWvulobebi da valdebu-
lebebi gafarToebasTan
erTad sustdeba, magram
gafarToeba kvlavac faseuli
rCeba da, Cemi azriT, swored
es aris `kosmopolituri
ganaTlebis~ faseuloba.
veWvob, rom nusbaums raRac
amaze meti surs da me cota
makvirvebs misi kosmopoli-
turi mrwamsis Tavdajerebu-
loba. man swrafadve amoicno
riCard rorTis patriotizm-
Si Sovinisturi potenciali
da SeSfoTebac gamoTqva, rom
igi arafers gvTavazobs, rac
saSualebas mogvcemda, gavm-
klavebodiT am `aSkara safr-
Txes~. xom ar unda gamoTqvan
misma mkiTxvelebma SeSfoTe-
ba imis gamo, rom igi arafers
ratom sWirdeba
demokratias patriotizmi
Carlz teilori
marta nusbaumis kargad
argumentirebul da mniSvne-
lovan statiaSi bevr rames
veTanxmebi, magram mainc minda
erTi sawinaaRmdego azri
gamovTqva.
rCeba STabeWdileba, rom nus-
baumi kosmopolitur iden-
tobas patriotizmis alter-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
29
solidaroba
gvTavazobs imisTvis, rom
kosmopolitizmis aSkara
safrTxeebs gavumklavdeT?
XX saukuneSi danaSaulebs
sCadiodnen rogorc gaukuR-
marTebuli patriotebi, ise
gaukuRmarTebuli kosmopo-
litebi. da Tu faSizmi am
ukuRmarTobebidan pirvels
warmoadgens, maSin meores
warmoadgens komunizmi mis
leninistur da maoistur
versiebSi. gana represiuli
komunizmi ganaTlebis univer-
salizaciis naSieri ar aris?
gana is, iseve, rogorc nusba-
umi, antinacionalistur eTi-
kas ar gvaswavlis (klasobri-
vi sazRvrebi, `proletarebo
yvela qveynisa~ droebiTi da
instrumentuli iyo)? parti-
kularizmi, romelic gamo-
ricxavs ufro farTo loia-
lobas, waaxalisebs amoralur
qcevas, magram aseve iqceva
kosmopolitizmic, romelic
ufro viwro loialobas uar-
yofs. erTic da meorec saxi-
faToa; kamaTisTvis sxva ter-
minebia saWiro.
nativad gvTavazobs. Tu es
asea, maSin igi cdeba, radgan
Tanamedrove msoflioSi
patriotizmi aucilebelia.
es aucilebloba ori kuTxiT
SeiZleba ganvixiloT. upirve-
les yovlisa, sazogadoebebi,
romelTa Camoyalibebiskenac
miviswrafiT _ Tavisufali,
#1(34)
demokratiuli, Tanasworobis-
ken miswrafebis mqone sazo-
gadoebebi _ TavianTi moqala-
qeebis mxridan Zlier identi-
fikacias moiTxoven. samoqa-
laqo-humanistur tradiciaSi
yovelTvis aRiniSneboda, rom
Tavisufal sazogadoebebs,
romlebic TavianTi wevrebis
stiqiur mxardaWeras eyrdno-
bian, sWirdebaT mijaWvulobis
Zlieri grZnoba, rasac mon-
teskiem vertu uwoda. es miT ufro
samarTliania Tanamedrove
warmomadgenlobiTi demokra-
tiis saxelmwifoebisTvis,
maSinac ki, Tu iq `axlebis
Tavisufleba~ politikuri
Tavisuflebis faseulobebs
erwymis. maTSi gansakuTrebiT
Zlieria patriotizmis moT-
xovna, radgan isini imave dros
`liberaluri~ sazogadoebebi
arian, romlebic gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas aniWeben
negatiur Tavisuflebas da
pirovnebis uflebebs. samo-
qalaqo demokratias mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia muSa-
oba, Tu misi wevrebis umrav-
lesoba darwmunebulia, rom
maTi politikuri sazogado-
eba mniSvnelovani saerTo saq-
mea da masSi Tavisi monawile-
oba demokratiis SenarCune-
bisTvis aucileblad miaCnia.
es ara mxolod zogadi pro-
eqtis mxardaWeras niSnavs,
aramed am proeqtSi monawile
adamianebTan gansakuTrebuli
kavSiris gacnobierebasac.
amitom Tanamedrove demokra-
tiebis umravlesobas daSlis
safrTxe emuqreba. samoqalaqo
demokratia gansakuTrebiT
mowyvladia ganridebisgan,
romelic seriozuli uTanas-
worobis Sedegia, da mitove-
Solidarität
Targmani
bulobisa da gulgrilobisgan,
rac advilad uCndebaT miviw-
yebul umciresobebs. swored
amitom demokratiuli sazo-
gadoebebi ar SeiZleba uTanas-
woroni iyvnen. magram es niS-
navs, rom maTSi gadanawilebis
politikis gatarebaze mzad-
yofna unda arsebobdes. aseTi
politika ki urTierTmijaW-
vulobis maRal dones moiT-
xovs. Cemi azriT, SeerTebul
StatebSi jandacvis reformis
sakiTxebze yvelaze zomieri
winadadebebis mimarT uaryo-
fiTi damokidebuleba imis ni-
Sania, rom Tanamedrove ameri-
kelebs erTmaneTTan arcTu
Zlieri mijaWvuloba aqvT.
mokled, mizezi imisa, rom Cven
aramarto kosmopolitizmi
gvWirdeba, aramed patriotiz-
mic, isaa, rom Tanamedrove de-
mokratiuli saxelmwifoebi sa-
erTo TviTmmarTvelobas saWi-
roeben. isini Tavisi wevrebis-
gan bevrs iTxoven, kerZod ki
_ TavianTi Tanamemamuleebis
mimarT ufro met solidarobas,
vidre mTlianad kacobriobis
mimarT. da es wamowyeba SeuZ-
lebelia Zlieri saerTo iden-
tifikaciis gareSe. mxedvelo-
baSi viRebT ra imas, Tu demok-
ratiis ra alternativebi ar-
sebobs Cvens samyaroSi, kacob-
rioba sulac ar aris dainte-
resebuli, rom es wamowyeba
Caflavdes.
amas sxva kuTxiTac SegviZlia
SevxedoT. Tanamedrove saxelm-
wifoebi, da ara mxolod demok-
ratiuli saxelmwifoebi, rom-
lebmac bolo mouRes tradi-
ciul ierarqiul modelebs,
Tavisi wevrebis mobilizebis
maRal dones moiTxoven. mobi-
}'vh'mksr
30
lizacia saerTo identobebis
garSemo xorcieldeba. umrav-
les SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi im
mobilizaciaze pasuxSi ki ar
mdgomareobs, romlis safuZ-
veli saerTo identobaa, ro-
gorc, vTqvaT, universaluri
saqmis SemTxvevaSi xdeba, ara-
med imaSi, Tu ramdenime SesaZ-
lebeli identobidan romeli
moiTxovs mijaWvulobas. zogi-
erTi maTgani ufro farTo da
kosmopolituri solidarobis
metad mimRebi iqneba, vidre
sxvebi. maT Soris unda wari-
marTos brZola civilizebuli
kosmopolitizmisTvis; da aq
sakiTxi ar exeba yvela patri-
otul identurobaze uaris
Tqmis SeuZlebel (da warmate-
bis SemTxvevaSi _ damRupvel)
mcdelobas.
aviRoT marta nusbaumis mier
moyvanili indoeTis magaliTi.
bharatia janata partis indu-
isturi Sovinizmis amJamindeli
gaZliereba induri identobis
alternatiul, indoeTis
gandisa da neruseuli saero
gansazRvrebisgan gansxvavebul
gansazRvrebasTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli. da sabolood ras
SeuZlia daamarcxos es Sovi-
nizmi indoeTis, rogorc saero
respublikis, xelaxali aRmo-
Cenis garda? im respublikis
garda, romelTanac sakuTari
Tavis identificirebas SeZ-
leben adamianebi. me guls mi-
revs ubralo azric ki aiod-
hiaSi uwesrigobebis momwyob-
Ta sasargeblod induri iden-
turobis problemis ganxilva-
ze uaris Tqmis Sedegebis Se-
saxeb. amrigad, me minda vTqva,
rom Cven ara gvaqvs sxva arCe-
vani _ erTdroulad kosmopo-
litebic unda viyoT da patri-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

otebic. es universaluri so-
lidarobisTvis gaxsnili pat-
riotizmisTvis brZolis auci-
nebismieri damTvalierebeli,
romelic ierusalimSi holo-
kostis msxverplTa xsovni-
sadmi miZRvnil memorialur
kompleqs `iad vaSemSi~ Sedis,
aucileblad xvdeba xeebiT
Semorgul grZel xeivanSi.
yovel am xes Tavisi nomeri,
Tavisi saxeli an saxelebi da
adgili aqvs. 1995 wels iq
1172 aseTi xe iyo. yoveli xe
konkretuli adamianis, col-
qmruli wyvilis an ojaxis
pativsacemad aris darguli.
am adamianebma sakuTari si-
cocxlis riskis fasad ebra-
eli an ebraelebi gadaarCines.
es adamianebi goebi iyvnen _
frangebi an belgielebi, po-
lonelebi an skandinavielebi,
iaponelebi an germanelebi,
aTeistebi, qristianebi an ro-
melime sxva religiis mimdev-
rebi. maT Tavisi sakuTari ad-
gilobrivi identobebi hqon-
daT, TavianT erebs miekuTv-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
leblobas niSnavs, sxva, ufro
Caketilis winaaRmdeg. ar vici,
daeTanxmeba Tu ara marta nus-
pasuxi kritikosebs
marta nusbaumi
nebodnen da TavianT religi-
ebs aRiarebdnen. maT hyavdaT
megobrebi da _ xSirad _ oja-
xebi. xandaxan zogierT am mi-
jaWvulobas Sesabamisi moqme-
debebi umagrebda zurgs;
mxardaWeris erT-erTi wyaro
xSirad religia iyo. zogjer
es mijaWvulobebi maTi qmede-
bebis sawinaaRmdego iyo _ ad-
gilobrivi politikosebi
yovelTvis maT winaaRmdeg
gamodiodnen. magram ucnobis
gadarCenisTvis es `wmindani
goebi~ sasworze debdnen yve-
lafers, rac maTTvis axlobe-
li da Zvirfasi iyo. isini ar
iyvnen valdebulni es gaeke-
TebinaT. yvelaferi imaze met-
yvelebda, rom isini sxvagva-
rad unda moqceuliyvnen. mi-
uxedavad amisa, isini TavSesa-
fars aZlevdnen sxva adamia-
nebs, exmarebodnen maT, miuxe-
davad eris, religiisa da
TviT ojaxis moTxovnebisa.
am xeivanis xedma damTvali-
erebeli SeiZleba gaaognos,
radgan monumenturi arqiteq-
turuli nagebobebis fonze
xeebi Zalian sacodavad Canan.
es maradiuli SiSi im SekiT-
xvasTan aris dakavSirebuli,
romelsac isini svamen: msgavs
viTarebaSi rom aRmovCenili-
yavi, meyofoda ki moraluri
Zala, safrTxeSi Camegdo saku-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
31
solidaroba
baumi am sakiTxis aseT ganxil-
vas, magram, Cemi azriT, es mo-
menti metad mniSvnelovania.
Tari sicocxle, raTa gada-
merCina adamiani mxolod imis
gamo, rom is adamiania? da,
saerTod, msgavs viTarebaSi
rom aRmovCeniliyavi, meyo-
foda ki moraluri Zala,
meRiarebina misi adamianuri
Rirseba da movqceuliyavi
ise, rogorc saWiroa, maSinac
ki, rodesac Zalauflebis
mqoneni amas daufaravad uar-
yofen? es aRiareba _ yvelgan,
sadac ki xdeba _ msoflios
moqalaqeobis ZiriTadi aqtia.
mravali gamarTleba gvaqvs
saimisod, rom ase ar moviqceT.
ruso ambobs, rom adamianebi
Cveulebriv mxolod imaT Ta-
naugrZnoben, vinc maT hgavs,
vis SesaZleblobebsac isini
TavisTvis realurad miiCne-
ven. mefeebi ar TanaugrZno-
ben qveSevrdomebs, radgan
miaCniaT, rom TviTon arasd-
ros iqnebian qveSevrdomebi.
magram es triuki cru da
mcdaria.14
yvelani SiSvlebi da ususu-
rebi vibadebiT; yvela SeiZle-
ba gavxdeT avad, vitanjoT;
bolos da bolos, yvelani
davixocebiT. amitom am saer-
To ubedurebebis xatebas
SeuZlia Cven ufro adamianu-
1
ix. J.-J. ruso. `emili~. wigni I.
#1(34)
rebi gagvxados, Tu iseT sazo-
gadoebaSi vcxovrobT, rome-
lic gvaZlevs saSualebas sxvis
adgilas davayenoT Tavi. Cven
aseve migvaCnia, ganagrZobs
ruso, rom adamianebi, romle-
bic ar gvgvanan, sinamdvileSi
CvensaviT ar itanjebian. Cvens
gonebaSi arsebuli am barie-
rebiT manipulirebda nacis-
turi antisemitizmi, romelic
ebraelebs danarCeni moqala-
qeebisgan acalkevebda da maT
sxva adamianebisadmi Tanagr-
Znobis unaris uqonel para-
zitebad da mwerebad miiCnevda.
da, ra Tqma unda, nacistebi
yvelas agrZnobinebdnen, rom
ebraelebSi adamianuri Tvi-
sebebis aRiareba seriozul
Sedegebs gamoiwvevda. miuxe-
davad amisa, adamianebma, ro-
melTa mosagoneblad dairgo
es 1172 xe, maTSi aseTive ada-
mianebi aRiares da es aRiareba
TavianTi moqmedebis safuZ-
velSi Cades.
kosmopolitizmis dasacavad
daweril Cems statiaSi arse-
biTad swored imas vamtkiceb,
rom Cven maT nakvalevs unda
gavyveT da, miuxedavad yvela
sirTulisa, SevecadoT, ava-
SenoT sazogadoeba, romelSic
es norma samarTlebrivi da
instituciuri meqanizmebiT
iqneba ganmtkicebuli adamia-
nebis gonebasa da gulSi.
Cveni mijaWvulobebis, piradi
da socialuri danaxarjebis
miuxedavad, unda vaRiaroT,
rom yvela adamiani upirveles
yovlisa adamiania, da movepy-
roT maT rogorc TanasworT.
jon rolzis sityvebiT, `yove-
li adamiani flobs xelSeuxeb-
lobas, damyarebuls samarT-
lianobaze~.15
Solidarität
Targmani
migaCndes adamianebi moralu- saxelmwifo ar arsebobs? es
rad Tanasworebad _ niSnavs SekiTxva cota ucnauri meCve-
aRiarebde, rom erovnul, neba im faqtis gaTvaliswine-
eTnikur, religiur, klasob- biT, rom konkretuli poli-
riv, rasobriv da genderul tikuri azrovnebis Zveli
kuTvnilebas moralTan, am tradicia, dawyebuli cicero-
Tanaswor mdgomareobasTan, nis naSromiT `movaleobebis
Sexeba ara aqvs. ra Tqma unda, Sesaxeb~ da Semdeg grociusis
sxvadasxva sakiTxis ganxilvi- gavliT kantisa da adam smitis-
sas es faqtorebi aucileblad ken da pirdapir Tanamedrove
gamodis wina planze. magram saerTaSoriso samarTlisken,
Srilankelad, ebraelad, qalad, Sinaur da sagareo saqmeebSi16
Savkanianad an Raribad daba- politikuri qcevis gansazR-
deba yovelTvis SemTxveviTia. vruli principebis dasabuTe-
da es ar unda miviCnioT mora- bisTvis stoikosTa normebs
lis TvalsazrisiT gadamwyve- mimarTavda. maT miekuTvneba:
tad. adamianis pirovneba, samxedro agresiaze uaris
romelsac aqvs praqtikuli Tqma, omis dros dezinforma-
goneba da sxva ZiriTadi ciis gamoyenebis SezRudva,
moraluri Tvisebebi _ Cveni ganadgurebisken mimarTuli
moraluri Rirsebis arsi da omis sruli akrZalva da tyve-
safuZvelia, da es Rirseba ebisa da damarcxebulebisad-
yvelas erTnairi gvaqvs. am faq- mi adamianuri mopyroba. mSvi-
tebis aRiareba seriozulad dobian dros ciceroni da
zRudavs moqalaqis arCevanis kanti maT miwaze momuSave
SesaZleblobas da qcevas. ga- ucxoelebisadmi gulTbili
naTlebaze saubrisas, upirve- damokidebulebis aucileb-
les yovlisa, ucnobi adamiane- lobas aRiareben; kanti ko-
bis adamianuri Rirsebis aRi- loniuri dapyrobis yvela
arebisTvis winapirobebis Seq- proeqtis mkacr akrZalvas
mnis aucileblobas vgulisxmob. moiTxovs.17 am tradiciaSi
ruso samarTlianad aRniSnav- individebi valdebulni arian
da, rom umecreba da gulgri- daexmaron sxva adamianebs. es
loba zRudaven gonebas. poli- daxmareba umetes SemTxvevaSi
tikaze saubrisas, upirveles Zalian farTod ganisazRvre-
yovlisa, yvela adamianisadmi boda, magram mainc metad
Tanaswori damokidebulebis saWirod da aucilebladac ki
aucileblobas vgulisxmob, ro- miiCneoda. fulis micema _ es
gorc Cveni politikuri qmede- aris ZiriTadi saSualeba, rom-
bebisa da miswrafebebis regu- liTac _ msoflio saxelmwi-
laciuri SezRudvis safuZvels. fos ararsebobisas _ indivi-
debs SeuZliaT daexmaron maT,
ras SeiZleba es niSnavdes, ro- vinc maTgan Sors cxovrobs.
desac araviTari msoflio am tradiciis arsebobisas
15
John Rawls. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971. P. 3.
16
ix. Martha Nussbaum. Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism // Journal of Political Philosoph. 1997.
Vol.5. No. 1. P. 1-25. grociusis Sesaxeb ix.: Christopher Ford. Preaching Propriety to Princes: Grotius,
Lip sius, and Neo-Stoic International Law / /Case Western Reserve Law Journal ofInternational Law.
1996. Vol. 28. No. 2. P. 313-366.
17
amitom mcdaria mtkiceba, rom ganmanaTleblobam Tavad Seqmna agresiuli
nacionalizmi. is faqti, rom ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi mcxovrebi zogierTi
adamiani agresiuli nacionalisti iyo, albaT ver aqcevs samarTlianad maT
saqcielze bralis im moazrovneebisTvis dakisrebas, romlebic gadaWriT
gmobdnen aseT proeqtebs.
}'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
32

gancxadeba _ `me ar SemiZlia
vimoqmedo rogorc msoflios
moqalaqem, radgan aranairi
msoflio saxelmwifo ar arse-
bobs~, aris mcdeloba, Tavi-
dan aicilo fiqri imis Taoba-
ze, Tu ramdenad didi safasu-
ris gadaxda mogiwevs sxva
adamianebis dasaxmareblad.
radgan yvelas, vinc Tavs im
virtualuri erTobis wevrad
miiCnevs, romelsac kanti
`miznebis samefos~ uwodebda,
yovelTvis SeuZlia gamoZebnos
daxmarebis saSualeba. kidev
erTxel davimowmeb jon rolzs:
`idealur SemTxvevaSi adamians
naTeli TvalTaxedva unda
hqondes imisaTvis, rom Seinar-
Cunos TavSekaveba da sxvebis-
Tvis sasargeblo iyos~. 18
amasTan, Cvens msoflioSi
msoflios moqalaqeobisTvis
bevri praqtikuli SesaZleb-
loba arsebobs, romlebic
stoikosebisTvis an TviT kan-
tisa da misi Tanamedrovee-
bisTvis ubralod miuRweveli
iyo. mravalferovan arasamTav-
robo organizaciebs SeuZli-
aT gavlena iqonion mTavrobis
moqmedebebze sxvadasxva sfe-
roSi _ ekologiidan ojaxur
Zaladobamde. adamianebs SeuZ-
liaT mxari dauWiron aseT
organizaciebs an maTi wevrebi
gaxdnen. am jgufebis daxma-
rebiT globaluri miznebis
misaRwevi aucilebeli zome-
bis misaRebad erovnul mTav-
robebze zewolaa SesaZlebeli.
sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobebs
Soris urTierToba sul ufro
mWidro xdeba. sainformacio
revoluciam warmoudgenlad
gaafarTova SesaZleblobebi
msoflios moqalaqeebis moqme-
debisTvis. dRevandeli gaze-
Tebi weren, rom CineTSi ara-
sakmarisi kvebis gamo aTaso-
biT oboli daiRupa.19 aseTi
axali ambebis arsebobac ki
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
aZlevs msoflios moqalaqes
moqmedebis SesaZleblobebs,
“Human Rights Watch”-is finan-
suri mxardaWeridan, vTqvaT,
bavSvebisa da qalebis socia-
luri uzrunvelyofis farTo
ganxilvisas sakuTari mosaz-
rebebis gamoTqmamde (sadac
es ubralo adamianebisTvis
SesaZlebelia). yovelive amis
gakeTebas win araferi udgas
da msoflio saxelmwifos
ararseboba ar SeiZleba umoq-
medobis gamarTleba iyos. sul
ufro xSirad xdeba aucile-
beli sakuTari keTildReobis
seriozuli axleburi gaazreba,
ganpirobebuli dabadebis Sem-
TxveviTobiT, an ufro mdida-
ri qveynebis mier ufro Rari-
bebisTvis fuladi daxmarebis
gawevis eTikurobiT. is, rom
erovnuli saxelmwifo kvla-
vac ZiriTadi politikuri
erTeulia, sulac ar uSlis
xels imis gagebas, rom gark-
veul qveyanaSi dabadeba ada-
mianTa cxovrebiseul Sansebze
seriozul gavlenas axdens.
aviRoT, magaliTad, sicocx-
lis saSualo xangrZlivoba:
es maCvenebeli meryeobs hon-
kongSi 78,6 wels, islandiasa
da SvedeTSi 78,2 welsa da
siera-leoneSi 39,0 wels
Soris.20 es usamarTlobaa da
Cven meti unda vifiqroT ama-
ze. aramarto vifiqroT, ara-
med gavisarjoT kidec.
ase rom, msoflio saxelmwifos
ararseboba ar uSlis kosmo-
politur moqmedebaSi xels
maT, vinc gulwrfelad aris
am saqmis erTguli. magram
kosmopolitizmi ar moiTxovs,
rom Cven Tanabari yuradReba
18
John Rawls. Theory of Justice. P. 587.
19
Patrick E. Tyler. U. S. Rights Group Asserts China Lets Thousands of Orphans Die// New York
Times. 6 January 1996. P. 1, 4.
20
Human Development Report 1995. New York: United Nations Development Program, 1995. P. 155.
SeerTebul StatebSi es maCvenebeli 76,0-a, rac 15 danarCeni umdidresi
qveynis maCvenebelze uaresia, garda fineTisa (75,6) da germaniisa (76,0)
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
33
solidaroba
davuTmoT msoflios yvela
kuTxes. kosmopolituri tra-
diciis mimdevari arcerTi
didi moazrovne ar uaryofda,
rom Cven SegviZlia da gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba unda
mivaqcioT kidec sakuTar
ojaxebs da sakuTar religiur
da erovnul erTobebs. cxadia,
rom uamisoba ubralod SeuZ-
lebelia, radgan erovnuli
saxelmwifo gansazRvravs
Cveni yoveldRiuri saqmiano-
bis ZiriTad pirobebs da Cven
yvelani gansazRvrul ojaxebSi
davibadeT. kosmopolitebi am
adgilobriv mijaWvulobebs
damatebiT ganzomilebas
aniWeben. magram kosmopolitis
aseTi qceva ganpirobebulia
ara imiT, rom adgilobrivi
ukeTesia per se, aramed imiT,
rom mxolod adgilobriv
doneze aris SesaZlebeli
sakuTari qcevebis sargebli-
anobis danaxva. Tu adamiani
Seecdeba mcire sargebloba
moutanos msoflios yvela
adamians, amiT is msoflios
bevrad nakleb sargebels
moutans, vidre Tanamemamule-
ebze zrunviT moutanda. igive
exeba mSoblebis movaleobebs:
me rom vecado mcire daxmareba
gavuwio msoflios yvela bavSvs
nacvlad imisa, rom vizruno
reiCel nusbaumze, cudi deda
viqnebodi (gavixsenoT misis
jelibis aRwera dikensTan).
magram es ar niSnavs, rom Cven
Cveni qveyana an ojaxi sinamd-
vileSi sxva adamianebis Svi-
lebsa da ojaxebze mniSvnelo-
vani gvgonia _ Cven yvelani
erTnairi moraluri Rirse-
bebis mqone adamianebad
vrCebiT.
#1(34)
aq unda moviyvano analogia
mSobliur enasTan. me miyvars
inglisuri. da miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom ramdenime sxva ena vici,
msoflioze fiqrsa da misda-
mi damokidebulebis gamoxat-
vas inglisurad ganvagrZob.
me rom Cemi xuTi an eqvsi enis
gaTanabreba vcado da patara
naSromi davwero yvela am ena-
ze, araferi kargi ar gamovi-
doda. magram es ar niSnavs,
rom inglisuri Tavisi arsiT
yvela danarCen enas aRemateba.
vfiqrob, rom yvela adamians
aqvs enebisadmi Tandayolili
niWi da rom nebismier adami-
ans SeuZlia Seiswavlos
nebismieri ena; konkretulad
romel enas daeufleba is,
moralTan aranair kavSirSi ar
aris, zustad iseve, rogorc
dabadebis SemTxveviToba
adamianis saTnoebas ar gan-
sazRvravs. Tanaswori Rirsebis
aRiareba praqtikul gavlenas
axdens imaze, Tu rogor vre-
agireb sxvebze da ras vlapa-
rakob maTze. zustad aseve,
moralur sakiTxebSi SemiZlia
meti yuradReba davuTmo ad-
gilobrivs. magram Tanaswori
adamianuri Rirsebis aRiareba
garkveulad zRudavs sxveb-
Tan Cems urTierTobebs. ra
SezRudvebia es? SeiZleba Cems
qaliSvils mivaRebino Zvirad-
Rirebuli ganaTleba kolejSi,
rodesac mTel msoflioSi bav-
Svebi SimSiloben da maT dasax-
mareblad efeqtiani saagen-
toebi arsebobs? SeuZliaT ki
amerikelebs mSvidad datkbnen
TavianTi cxovrebis maRali
doniT, rodesac yvela safuZ-
veli arsebobs vifiqroT, rom
msoflios ar SeuZlia uzrun-
velyos moxmarebis aseTi done?
es rTuli SekiTxvebia da maTze
pasuxis gacema sulac ar aris
advili. Cemi idea isaa, rom Cven
aseTi SekiTxvebi unda davsvaT
da bevri ram unda vicodeT
Solidarität
Targmani
da gvesmodes, raTa maT
gaazrebuli pasuxebi gavceT.
aseTi SekiTxvebis dasmiT Cven
vaRiarebT adamianuri mraval-
ferovnebis faseulobas. kos-
mopolituri ideali adamia-
nuri kulturebis, enebisa da
cxovrebis formebis mraval-
ferovnebiT aRfrTovanebas
gulisxmobs. es pluralizmi
Seagulianebs kosmopolit
liberalebs daicvan Tvalsaz-
risi, romlis Tanaxmadac `sa-
marTals upiratesoba eniWeba
keTildReobasTan SedarebiT~,
anu daicvan is Tvalsazrisi,
struqturebis upiratesobas
rom aRiarebs, maT Soris Tana-
bari Tavisuflebis struqtu-
rebisas, romlebic adamiane-
bisTvis uzrunvelyofen maTi
sakuTari kulturuli, reli-
giuri an piradi mrwamsis Sesa-
bamisad cxovrebis formis
arCevis SesaZleblobas. ase
rom, msoflios moqalaqeobis
principebi Tavad aRiareben
adamianTa mravalferovnebas;
isini imdenad maRal Sefase-
bas aZleven mas, rom arCeva-
nis Tavisuflebas nebismieri
samarTliani konstituciuri
wesrigis amosaval wertilad
acxadeben da uars amboben Se-
arigon es principi romelime
calkeul tradiciasa Tu re-
ligias. vaRiareb, rom religia
da samarTlian sazogadoebaSi
religiuri gansxvavebebis pa-
tiviscema mniSvnelovania. mag-
ram, Cemi azriT, mravalferov-
nebis faseulobis aRiareba
gulisxmobs zogadi sajaro
kulturis mxardaWeras, kul-
turisa, romelic samarTals
keTildReobaze maRla ayenebs.
mimaCnia, rom, magaliTad, re-
ligiuri skolebis saxelmwi-
fo dafinanseba am mizans zians
moutans, da amitom aseTi da-
finansebis winaaRmdegi var.
kritikosebis mtkicebiT, mra-
}'vh'mksr
34
valferovnebis faseulobis
aRiareba niSnavs, rom mSob-
lebs unda SeeZloT saxelmwi-
fo saxsrebis gamoyeneba Tavi-
anTi SvilebisTvis religiuri
ganaTlebis misacemad; saxel-
mwifo skolebisTvis upira-
tesobis miniWeba imaT ufle-
bebs arRvevs, vinc upirateso-
bas religiur skolebs aniWebs.
magram aseTi Sepasuxeba Tavs
iCens xolme religiuri Tavi-
suflebis dacvis mniSvnelo-
bis Taobaze miRweuli ufro
farTo Tanxmobis farglebSi.
ra Tqma unda, vambob ra amas,
veTanxmebi patnemis samarTli-
an SeniSvnas, rom aucilebelia
vaRiaroT im saukeTesos fa-
seuloba, rac aris amerikul
konstituciur tradiciebSi,
agreTve indoeTis da mrava-
li sxva qveynis tradiciebSi;
da msoflios moqalaqe yovel-
Tvis ecdeba, Seqebis Rirsi
universaluris marcvlebi mo-
naxos lokalurSi, magram is
mzad unda iyos imisTvisac, rom
zogierT maTgans ver ipovis.
msoflios moqalaqeobasTan
dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi
sakiTxi uierarqio mravalfe-
rovnebis ganviTarebas exeba.
liberalebi ara mxolod mra-
valferovnebas icaven, aramed
Tanasworobasac: maT miaCniaT,
rom Tanasworoba mravalfe-
rovnebis formebis SezRudvaa
da is WkuiT aris gamosayene-
beli. mravalferovnebis zo-
gierTi forma istoriulad
ierarqiul wesrigTan iyo
dakavSirebuli: magaliTad,
rasobrivi gansxvavebebi ame-
rikaSi, genderuli gansxvave-
bebi TiTqmis yvelgan, gansx-
vaveba dialeqtebSi an musi-
kalur da literaturul
gemovnebaSi mraval qveyanaSi.
mravalferovnebis zogierTi
forma aSkarad ganuyofelia
ierarqiisgan; aseTia religi-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

uri da eTnikuri gansxvavebe-
bi, agreTve mravali kultu-
ruli gansxvaveba. msoflios
moqalaqeobis amocana, rogorc
mgonia, isaa, rom mivaRwioT
viTarebas, roca es gansxvave-
bebi araierarqiulad iqneba
gagebuli. Zneli saTqmelia,
rogori gamoCndeba zogierTi
maTgani namdvili Tanasworo-
bis pirobebSi. ras ufro daem-
sgavseba genderuli gansxva-
vebebi _ amerikaSi eTnikur
jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebs
Tu gansxvavebebs kalaTbur-
Tis gulSematkivrebsa da
jazis moyvarulebs Soris?
Cven es, ubralod, ar viciT.
magram es aris ideali, rom-
liskenac miiswrafis msofli-
os moqalaqe. ra Tqma unda,
gacilebiT ukeTesia cxovreba
samyaroSi, romelSic arian
denis rodmani da uinton
marsalisi, vidre samyaroSi,
romelSic mxolod erTi maT-
gania. orive didi adamiania
da isini namdvilad naklebad
didebi iqnebodnen, metad rom
hgavdnen erTmaneTs. swored
ase unda vafasebdeT
mravalferovnebas. Cven ar unda
davafasoT misi is nawili,
romelic batonobisa da mor-
Cilebis terminebiT ganisaz-
Rvreba (es ar niSnavs, rom
msoflios moqalaqes ar SeuZ-
lia “Chicago Bulls” saukeTeso
sakalaTburTo gundad miaCn-
des. msoflios moqalaqeebi
aSkaras arasdros uaryofen).21
amitom msoflios moqalaqeoba
did moTxovnebs uyenebs Cveni
warmosaxvis unars. ra Tqma
unda, mxolod warmosaxva ar
aris sakmarisi. rogorc adam
smiti ambobda, sxvebisadmi
TanagrZnoba susti da cvale-
badi ram aris. ar SeiZleba
msoflios moqalaqeobaze
ubralod msjeloba: Cveni
saukeTeso ideebis institu-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
cionalizaciaa aucilebeli. Zieba mosawyenia, rom misi
da me veTanxmebi imas, rom meSveobiT ver Seiqmneba xelov-
warmosaxvas kanonebi sWirdeba, nebis Tundac erTi seriozu-
gansakuTrebiT sakonstitu- li nawarmoebi, rom is `fasT-
cio, romlebic Cveni Tanabari fudiviT~ usicocxlo da usa-
Rirsebis maqsimalur insti- xuria. me ki, piriqiT, mimaCnia,
tucionalizacias moaxdens. rom Znelia ipovo xelovnebis
magram am kanonebs warmosaxva seriozuli nimuSi, romelic
unda umagrebdes zurgs, _ garkveul doneze _ ar exe-
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini bodes saerTos moTxovnaTa
ar iqneba myari da ver moipo- sakiTxs da Cven mier am
vebs adamianebis raime gamox- moTxovnaTa tragikul da
maurebas. amitom msoflios komikur miuReblobas.
moqalaqeobas aucileblad
sWirdeba kultivireba Cvens Zvel aTenSi dawerili tra-
gonebasa da gulSi, iseve, ro- gediebi berZnul eTnikurobas
gorc Cveni kanonebis krebul- ar eZRvneba, Tumca ki, ra Tqma
Si. da mxatvruli literatu- unda, maTSi moqmedeba adgilob-
ris nawarmoebebi aseTi rivi literaturuli da musi-
kultivaciisas mniSvnelovan kaluri tradiciebis Sesabami-
rols asrulebs.22 sad viTardeba da am tradici-
ebTan dakavSirebuli adami-
Cven zogadsakacobrio mova- anebisTvis ufro gasagebia.
leobis SesrulebisTvis Tavis maTSi dramatizebulia ada-
aridebis mravali saSualeba mianuri Rirsebis aRiarebis-
gvaqvs. erT-erTi maTgani, ken swrafva. isini ubrundebi-
Cemi SexedulebiT, imis mtki- an miTiuri xanis saxeebs, tro-
cebaa, rom universaluri elebs troas omSi, ukacriel
mosawyenia da ar SeuZlia hqon- kunZuls, yvela wesieri ber-
des pretenzia Cvens siyva- Zenis mier tipuri berZnuli
rulze. mikvirs, rom bevri qedmaRlobiT ukugdebuli
gamoCenili avtori saubrob- daCirqebuli fexebis mqone
da amaze da msoflios moqa- devnilis TavSesafrad rom
laqeobis ideas `Sav-TeTr~ qceula. Seqspiris fantaziiT
samyaros ukavSirebda, samya- Seqmnili adgilebi (`bohemiis
ros, romelsac poezia aklia. sanapiro~) migviTiTebs msgavs
kosmopolitis samyaro SesaZ- miswrafebaze, gadaitanos war-
loa mosawyeni Candes, oRond mosaxva adgilobrivze TviT-
mxolod misTvis, vinc adgilob- kmayofili mijaWvulobisgan
rivi kuTvnilebis romanti- da gabedulad imogzauros
kul simboloebs ebRauWeba. uCveulo miwebze _ iqneba es
magram bevri mSvenieri ram Sua saukuneebis dania Tu Zveli
SeiZleba eCvenos mosawyenad romi _ sadac adamianebi _
imas, vinc ar iCens Zalisxmevas arcTu upoeziod da uvnebod
maT Sesafaseblad. kritiko- _ cdiloben erTmaneTis Sey-
sebi msayveduroben, rom ka- varebas, rac xSirad tragiku-
cobriobisadmi siyvarulis lad mTavrdeba. yvelaze loka-
21
markus avreliusi ambobda, rom stoicizmi adamianisgan moiTxovs TamaSe-
bisas `mwvane~ an `lurji~ gundis mxardaWeraze uaris Tqmas, magram igi amas
romis konteqstSi ambobda, rodesac aseTi metoqeoba adamianebis daxocviT
mTavrdeboda.
22
ix.: Martha Nussbaum. Poetic Justice: The Literary Imagination and Public Life. Boston (Mass.):
BeaconPress, 1996.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
35
#1(34)
luri literaturuli land-
Saftebic ki _ joisis dubli-
ni an uolt uitmenis amerika
_ warmosaxvis landSaftebia.
gavixsenoT aseve, rom `ara
Sav-TeTri~ poezia da proza
xSirad gvesaubreba gandevnis
situaciasa da ucxoelebze _
filoqtetze, hamletze, leo-
pold blumze, moli blumze
_ adamianebze, romlebsac
ucxoelis statusis wyalobiT
SeuZliaT Tqvan simarTle
politikuri erTobis, misi
samarTlianobisa da usamarT-
lobis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra SeiZleba man moicvas
da ra _ ara. aseTi nawarmo-
ebebis _ da, arsebiTad, nebis-
mieri nawarmoebis, romelic
CvenTvis nacnobi viwro wris
gareT myof adamianTa samya-
ros aRwers _ kiTxvisas, rode-
sac am ucnobebs uflebas vaZ-
levT, daipyron Cveni goneba
da guli, Cven kacobriobisad-
mi siyvaruls gamovxatavT. es
mosawyeni ar meCveneba.
uolter skotis saxelganTq-
mul poemaSi arapatrioti
`yvela micvalebulze micva-
lebulia, visTvisac yvela simRe-
ra munji da mkvdaria~.23 poema
gveubneba, rom WeSmariti
poezia Tavisi miswrafebebiT
da TemebiT patriotulia. zo-
gierTi Cemi kritikosi, ro-
gorc Cans, skotis mimdevaria,
me ki iseT adamianad vCanvar,
romlis cariel humanizms
`usaxelos da uRiarebls
waiRebs leTa~. magram me imas
vambob, rom xelovnebis yvela
didi da STambeWdavi nawarmo-
ebi uCveuloSi Cveulebrivis
da CveulebrivSi uCveulos
amocnobaze mogviTxrobs, da
rom viwropatriotuli xe-
lovneba, piriqiT, xSirad
ubralo kiCi da kerpTayvanis-
mcemlobaa. skotis poema _
kiCia, bevri ram rediard
Solidarität
Targmani
kiplingis poeziaSi _ kiCia.
oficialuri poetebis umrav-
lesobis nawarmoebTa umrav-
lesoba _ kiCia. rogori tra-
gizmia `Tavisianebis~ gandi-
debasa da zogadsakacobrios
_ saerTo moTxovnilebebis,
warumateblobebisa da SiSebis
_ aRiarebis uaryofaSi? Tago-
ris `saxli da msoflios~ Zi-
riTad idea isaa, rom sandipi
moCvenebiTad iyo ufro sain-
tereso. sqesTa Soris urTi-
erTobaSic da ritorikaSic
is ukiduresad banaluri iyo.
es, ra Tqma unda, ar moiTxovs
Cvengan imis uaryofas, rom
nebismieri adamianuri saz-
runavi sxvadasxva sazogado-
ebaSi gansxvavebulad vlinde-
ba, an rom mxatvruli nawar-
moebis ukeT gasagebad auci-
lebelia kavSiri istoriasTan,
sazogadoebasTan da cxovre-
bis adgilobrivi wesis Tavi-
seburebebTan, aRarafers
vambob literaturuli tra-
diciis codnaze. da es ar
moiTxovs imis uaryofas, rom
emociebis, survilebisa da
azrebis Sinagani samyaro
sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi
gansxvavebulad esmiT, an rom
realur cxovrebaSi yoveli
adamiani potenciur SesaZleb-
lobaTa garkveuli nakrebis
konkretuli xorcSesxmaa.
magram Cven, miuxedavad aseTi
gansxvavebebisa, SegviZlia
vaRiaroT erTmaneTi, Cven am
gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad
proeqtis Seqmnac ki SegviZlia.
ucnobi adamianebis gacnobi-
sas Cven moraluri warmosax-
vis movaleobas vasrulebT,
rasac realur cxovrebaSi
Zalian xSirad gavurbivarT.
Cven arasdros vxvdebiT `ada-
mianis~ cariel abstraqcias.
magram yovelTvis vxedavT
zogads konkretulSi da
konkretuls zogadSi.
}'vh'mksr
36
zogierTi Cemi kritikosi mo-
raluri ganviTarebis aRweras
gvTavazobs da amiT erTobis
nacnobi gamocdilebisgan
saidumlos qmnis. es ase
gamoiyureba: rodesac bavSvi
pataraa, igi mxolod Tavis
mSoblebs icnobs, mxolod
isini uyvars; garkveuli
drois Semdeg is Tavis sxva
naTesavebs gaicnobs da
isinic Seuyvardeba, Semdeg _
Tavis garemocvas an adgilob-
riv jgufs, mere _ Tavis ers,
da bolos, Tu aqamde saerTod
miaRwevs, _ kacobriobas. mag-
ram Cven didTan mxolod mci-
res gavliT mivdivarT da swo-
red mciresTan dakavSirebul
moralur grZnobebs eqneba
yvelaze didi Zala.
magram sxvagvari aRwerac SeiZ-
leba SemogTavazoT. yvela
Cvili adamianad ibadeba. maT
erTnairad sWirdebaT sakvebi,
daxmareba da sinaTle. Cvilebi
erTnairad reagireben adami-
anis saxeze. ufrosis Rimili
maT sapasuxo Rimils iwvevs
da arsebobs safuZveli imisa,
rom es aRiarebis Tandayolil
unarad miviCnioT. amave dros,
sicocxlis pirvel TveebSi
Cvili axlos icnobs erT an
ramdenime adamians, romlebsac
is sxvebisgan ganasxvavebs,
mere da mere ki maTgan sakuTa-
ri Tavis gansxvavebas iwyebs.
am adamianebs aqvT kultura,
amitom bavSvisa da maT urTi-
erTobas kulturuli speci-
fika gansazRvravs; magram es
urTierTobac ganpirobebulia
moTxovnilebebiT, romlebic
raRac azriT zogadia da zoga-
dis ufro mogviano aRiarebis
safuZveli xdeba.
garkveul momentSi bavSvi
xvdeba, rom, vinc mas sakvebs
aZlevs, uzrunvelyofs mis
komforts, damoukidebeli
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

adamianebi arian da maT Tavi-
anTi surviliT SeuZliaT mo-
vidnen da wavidnen. is Tavisi
mSoblebis Taviseburebebs
igebs, magram imave dros ada-
mianis cxovrebis saerTo niS-
nebsac aRmoaCens: rom sxeuli
sxva sxeulisgan, survili
sxva survilebisgan gacalke-
vebiT arsebobs. es aRmoCena,
rogorc Cans, iwvevs gaRizia-
nebasa da SiSs, romlebic yo-
velTvis konkretulad yalib-
debian, magram amasTan kultu-
raTaSoris mniSvnelovan msgav-
sebas amJRavneben. Cvilis
ukiduresi fizikuri ususu-
roba mis adreul kognitiur
momwifebasTan erTad mniSvne-
lovani moTxovnilebebis arse-
bobisa da am moTxovnilebebis
damoukideblad dakmayofi-
lebis an gakontrolebis una-
ris uqonlobis gagebas iwvevs.
moralis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi
albaT swored Senze mzrunve-
lis mimarT siyvarulisa da
siZulvilis mtkivneul ambiva-
lentobasTan gamklavebis mcde-
lobisas warmoiSoba. Zlevs
ra survils, iyos samyaros
centri, bavSvi zRudavs Tavis
moTxovnilebebs da maT sxva
adamianebis saWiroebebs uTan-
xmebs. aseTi swavla yovel sa-
zogadoebaSi konkretulad
yalibdeba, magram bavSvis Zli-
eri swrafva, daZlios siZul-
vili maT mimarT, vinc uyvars,
zogadsakacobrio bunebiT aris
ganpirobebuli. es swrafva
amavdroulad kacobriobas
ubrunebs bavSvs: igi sakuTar
Tavs mravalTagan erTerTadad
aRiqvams da ara mTel samyarod.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan
es mxolod dedas da mamas exeba,
mogvianebiT aseTi damokide-
buleba mTel kacobriobaze
vrceldeba.
bavSvi zrdasTan erTad iwyebs
sxvadasxva istoriebis mos-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
menasa da moyolas da Seimec-
nebs adamianis cxovrebis saer-
To formebs. bavSvuri isto-
riebis umravlesobaSi cnobi-
ereba raime gansazRvrul
adgilTan ar aris dakavSire-
buli. karg zRaprebSi iSvia-
Tad aris saubari masaCuset-
sis Statis qalaq kembrijze.
isini ucnauri da saocrad
nacnobi nivTebis konturebs
aRweren da gaocebasa da cno-
bismoyvareobas iwveven. isini
aRviZeben bavSvis interess
mcenareebisa da cxovelebi-
sadmi, agreTve sxvadasxva qve-
yanasa da sxvadasxva epoqaSi
mcxovrebi adamianebisadmi.
cxovroben ra gansakuTrebul
adgilobriv samyaroSi, maT
ician, rom arsebobs kidev ufro
didi da Soreuli samyaro (xSi-
rad bavSvebi ufro met
moralur zrunvas avlenen
cxovelebisadmi, vidre maT
garSemo myofi ufrosebi.24 da
yvelam, visac bavSvebTan erTad
umogzauria Rarib qveynebSi,
icis, rom bavSvebs, Cvengan,
ufrosebisgan gansxvavebiT,
ukeT SeuZliaT TanagrZnoba).
bavSvebis warmosaxva moqnili
da daxvewili instrumentia,
romelsac nacnobSi ucnobisa
da Soreulis, xolo ucnobsa
da SoreulSi nacnobis danaxva
SeuZlia. yvela wre erTdro-
ulad, kompleqsurad da urTi-
erTdakavSirebulad viTar-
deba. da, ra Tqma unda, gare
wre bolos ar yalibdeba. eris
ideis an erTi garkveuli reli-
23
u. skoti, `menestrelis simRera~, VI. 1.
24
gamikvirda, rom Cems kritikosTagan arcerTs ar dausvams SekiTxva, Tu
ratom vsaubrob mxolod adamianisTvis wardgenil moralur moTxovnebze
da uyuradRebod vtoveb sicocxlis sxva formebs. es Cemi poziciis sawina-
aRmdego Zlieri argumenti SeiZleboda yofiliyo, magram is aravis mo-
uyvania.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
37
solidaroba
giuri ideis gacnobamde bevrad
adre Seicnoben bavSvebi Sim-
Sils da martoobas. patrio-
tizmTan Sejaxebamde bevrad
adre gaecnobian isini sikv-
dils. ideologiis Carevamde
bevrad adre Seityoben isini
kacobriobis Sesaxeb.
es me xeebiT Semorgul xei-
vanSi mabrunebs. am adamianeb-
ma imitom SeZles msoflios
moqalaqeebiviT moqceuliyv-
nen, rom ar misces adgilob-
rivs zogadsakacobrio moT-
xovnilebebisa da tkivilis
daCrdilvis ufleba. vfiqrob,
maT bavSvobidan SeinarCunes
adamianis saxis aRqma da ada-
mianis damokidebuli mdgoma-
reobis xsovna. mgonia, rom
maT SeinarCunes swrafva _ ar
dauSvan is, rom cudma miswra-
febebma ajobon keTilSobil
miswrafebebs, rom maTma sur-
vilma, daumorCilon TavianTi
mSoblebi sakuTar moTxovni-
lebebs, ar dajabnos sxva ada-
mianTa moTxovnilebebi. ra-
kiRa adgilobrivi ideologi-
is javSanSi ar daimalnen, maT
SeZles sxva adamianebSi daena-
xaT adamianuri. amitom, vfiq-
rob, ufro swori iqneba, rom
isini axalgazrda mwvane xee-
bad warmovidginoT, siqorfis,
cocxali adamianuri azris
matareblad _ didi bavSvebis
azris da ara damWknari ufro-
sebisa, rogorebic Cven xSirad
_ da erTob tragikuladac _
vxdebiT.
#1(34) interviu
ra dagvrCa
sabWoTa
warsulidan?
interviu daviT afrasiZesTan
nino beqiSvili
sul 20 weliwadi gvaSo-
rebs sabWoTa kavSirs.
gaviazreT Tu ara sab-
WoTa warsuli? vgulis-
xmob rogorc samecni-
ero kvlevebs, ise
sazogadoebis mier am
TemiT dainteresebas...
kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT, me
rac vici, ar arsebobs, an, Tu
arsebobs, ufro miTologiis
sferos ganekuTneba, vidre
samecnieros. amis mTavari
mizezi, Cemi azriT, isaa, rom
samecniero sazogadoeba Cven-
Tan sustia, socialuri da
humanitaruli mecnierebebi
cudadaa ganviTarebuli da
Tanac absoluturad ideolo-
gizebulia. es gansakuTrebiT
istoriografias Seexeba. iSviaTi
gamonaklisebis garda es sfero
isev iqaa darCenili, sadac
sabWoTa dros iyo, da, cxadia,
ver monawileobs Tanamedrove
samecniero diskusiaSi.
roca warsulze vsaubrobT,
veyrdnobiT garkveul stere-
otipebs, romlebic jerjero-
Solidarität }'vh'mksr
38
biT arc yoveldRiur cxov-
rebaSi dagviZlevia da arc
samecniero diskursSi. es ori
sfero erTmaneTisgan aucileb-
lad unda gaimijnos. Cven SeiZ-
leba sadRac, sufraze, sta-
linzec visaubroT, 1937 wlis
sabWoTa represiebzec da 1956
wlis demonstraciazec, mag-
ram yovelive amas samecniero
kvleva, analizi da Sefaseba
sWirdeba. samwuxarod, sabWoTa
periods es ori diskursi abso-
luturad erTnairad ganixi-
lavs. swored amis Sedegadaa,
rom sakuTari Tavi mxolod da
mxolod msxverplad migvaCnia,
rac, ra Tqma unda, erTi mxriv,
simarTlea, magram isic cxadia,
rom am gadasaxedidan rusi eric
iseTive msxverplia, rogoric
Cven varT. am movlenis kriti-
kuli Sefaseba mecnierebis
saqmea, magram amasTanave sazo-
gadoebisa da elitis valia
gaviazroT Cveni roli, Cveni
adgili, davfiqrdeT imaze,
rom im dros swored saqarTve-
los moqalaqeebi, eTnikurad
qarTvelebic da araqarTve-
lebic, erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
 solidaroba

dgamdnen raRac nabijebs, adgi-

lobrivi sabWoTa elitac qar-
Tvelebisgan Sedgeboda. isic,
rac Semdeg, 90-ian wlebSi,
moxda, ara mgonia, mowyvetili
yofiliyo sabWoTa warsuls.
yovelive amis gaanalizeba
Zalian mniSvnelovania.

ilias universiteti axla

iwyebs sabWoTa epoqis Sesas-
wavlad gamiznul did prog-
ramas, daiwereba naSromebi,
romlebSic saqarTvelo
namdvilad ar iqneba marto
msxverplad warmodgeneli.
kvleva ZiriTadad saqarTve-
los Sinagan saqmeTa saminist-
ros saarqivo masalebze dayr-
dnobiT ganxorcieldeba. adre
SSs-s analitikuri ganyofi-
lebis ufross SoTa utiaSvils
vesaubreT. man gviTxra, rom
saministros vebgverdze gamo-
aqveynes gancxadeba, sadac
studentebsa da dainterese-
bul pirebs arqivSi samuSaod
iwvevdnen, magram Zalian cota
adamiani gamoexmauraT. es gan-
yofileba saarqivo masalebze
dayrdnobiT Jurnalsac ga-
moscems, sadac sakmaod sain-
tereso masalebi qveyndeba.
gadavwyviteT gvekvlia es ar-
qivi. rogorc vici, ilias uni-
versitetSi mzaddeba samagis-
tro programa da momavalSi
sabWoTa istoria saswavlo
procesis nawili gaxdeba. kvle-
vebSi aqtiurad arian CarTuli
studentebi. uamravi Temaa,
SeviswavliT politikur sis-
temas, cxadia, yovelgvari ga-
naCenis gamotanis gareSe: ro-
gor muSaobda sistema, ras
eyrdnoboda, rogori iyo misi
formaluri da araformaluri
institutebi, rogor muSaobda
partiis struqturebi da sxv.
aseve igegmeba imdroindeli
sazogadobrivi institutebis
kvlevac. totalitarul qvey-
nebSi sazogadoebis CarTulo-
bis elementi maRalia, magram
aseve maRalia marTvis elemen-
tic, mniSvnelovania ekonomi-
kis faqtoric; cnobilia, rom
sabWoTa kavSirSi 30-iani wle-
bidan 60-ian wlebamde iyo eko-
nomikuri zrda, mosaxleobis
mdgomareobac gaumjobesda,
sistemas hqonda garkveuli
ekonomikuri warmatebebi.
sainteresoa, rogor, ris xarjze
xdeboda es, da a. S. saarqivo
masalac rom ar gvqondes,
imdroindeli presa arsebobs,
romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT
imave periodis dasavlur
gamocemebs da vnaxoT, esa Tu
is movlena rogor iyo inter-
pretirebuli CvenSi da ra
iwereboda masze sazRvargareT.
darwmunebuli var, rom es
kvlevebi ucxoel mecniereb-
sac daainteresebs.
sabWoTa warsulTan
gamklavebis erT-erT
instrumentad aRiare-
bulia lustracia,
romelic CvenTan ar
ganxorcilda. rogor
fiqrobT, ratom?
lustraciis kanons ori fun-
qcia aqvs, aqedan erTi _ wmin-
dad pragmatuli, is, rac man
Seasrula aRmosavleT evro-
pisa da baltiispireTis zogi-
erT qveyanaSi _ adamianebi,
romlebic uSiSroebasTan
TanamSromlobdnen, CamoaSora
politikur da sazogadoebriv
elitas. meore _ moraluri
momentia, romelsac warmoud-
genelia ar hqondes raime
Sedegi. esaa didi simboluri
aqti, da es nabiji SeiZleba
yovelgvari pragmatuli Sede-
gis molodinis gareSec gadadga.
lustraciis kanonis mimarT
gaorebuli damokidebuleba
maqvs. cnobilia, rom arqivis
didi nawili arc arsebobs, da
amis gamo lustraciis pro-
cess bolomde ganxorcieleba
ar uweria. Tumca ganacxadi
imis Sesaxeb, rom qveyanaSi

Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü

39
#1(34)
arsebobs lustraciis survili
da is saxelmwifos mier aris
mxardaWerili, Zalian mniSvne-
lovania. mTavari damabrko-
lebeli albaT isaa, rom
SeiZleba wina Taobis, mamebis,
saxelebi amotivtivdes.
dRevandel xelisuf-
lebas ra unda uSli-
des xels lustraciis
procesis dawyebaSi,
isini xom axalgazrdebi
arian? arsebobs
mosazreba, rom ekle-
siis avtoritets
moerida xelisufleba,
roca uari Tqva
lustraciis kanonis
miRebaze, miuxedavad
imisa, rom es misi erT-
erTi mTavari danapi-
rebi iyo...
me wina Taoba vaxsene, mamebi.
albaT swored eklesiaa is
socialuri meqanizmi, sadac
Zveli Taoba jer kidev Semor-
Cenilia. „Zvel TaobaSi“ mxo-
lod asaks ar vgulisxmob. es
xalxi politikuri sferodan
uceb wavida, biznesis sferoSi
mcire nawili darCa. eklesiaSi
ki isev arian isini, vinc albaT
sabWoTa uSiSroebasTan Tanam-
Sromlobda. cxadia, rom lust-
raciis kanonis miuReblobas
politikuri mizezi aqvs _
mmarTvel elitas miaCnia, rom
am kanonis miReba arafers
miscems politikas. lustra-
ciam SesaZloa did xarji
moiTxovos, Sedegi ki mcire
miviRoT, da es Sedegic, vin
icis, iqneb mTlad sasurvelic
ar iyos. amitom, cxadia, Tavs
ikaveben da am TavSekavebis
gamarTlebas eZeben. is argu-
menti, rom arqivebis ararse-
bobis gamo teqnikurad lust-
raciis Catareba Zneli iqneba,
Solidarität
interviu
sworia. Tumca sazogadoebis-
Tvis lustraciis process
Zalian didi moraluri mniSv-
neloba eqneboda.
2006 wels gaixsna
saqarTvelos okupaci-
is muzeumi, sadac saqar-
Tvelo warmodgenilia,
rogorc sabWoTa sis-
temis msxverpli. lus-
tracia CavanacvleT
am muzeumiT?
okupaciis muzeumis daarseba
swori iyo, amgvari muzeumi,
Cemi azriT, namdvilad saWiroa.
axali Taoba, romelic sab-
WoTa xanas ar moswrebia,
Zalian mwiradaa informire-
buli imis Sesaxeb, rac saqar-
TveloSi meoce saukuneSi
xdeboda. dRes rogoraa skolis
saxelmZRvaneloebSi aRwerili
sabWoTa periodi, namdvilad
ar vici, magram bolo dromde,
2000 wlis axlo xanas vgulis-
xmob, is TiTqmis mTlianad
amovardnili iyo istoriis
wignebidan. universitetSi
leqciebs vkiTxulob da vici,
rom am Taobas Zalian bundo-
vani warmodgena aqvs im droze.
maT aucileblad unda vuTx-
raT ras akeTebda qarTuli
sazogadoeba im wlebSi. isto-
rias Tu gadavxedavT, anti-
sabWoTa moZraoba CvenTan,
20-ian wlebSi rom Cakvda,
70-ian wlebamde aRar yofila.
1924 wels iyo qaqucas ajanye-
ba, qaqucas rolic CvenTan
Zalian miTologizebuli da
retuSirebulia. 30-iani wlebis
represiebSi bevri komunisti,
sabWoTa xelisuflebis ideo-
logiuri momxre, moyva. 1956
wlis gamosvlebze ki nuravin
ityvis, rom iq erovnuli an
liberaluri moTxovnebiT
gamodiodnen, piriqiT, es swo-
}'vh'mksr
40
red totalitarizmis mxarda-
saWeri aqcia iyo. 70-iani wle-
bidan iwyeba qarTuli erov-
nuli moZraoba, magram isic
nu dagvaviwydeba, rom 90-iani
wlebis mTavari diskusia iyo
„damoukidebloba Tu demok-
ratia?“, rac garkveulwilad
dRemde grZeldeba.
90-ian wlebSi, rode-
sac qarTvelma xalxma
uari uTxra sabWoTa
kavSirs, aRmoCnda Tu
ara mzad sazogadoeba
am cvlilebisTvis?
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom
demokratia mSvidobiania Sig-
niTac da qveynis gareTac.
dasavleTSi 90-iani wlebidan
ikvleven am sakiTxs da, roca
bevri qveynis magaliTi Seada-
res erTmaneTs, aRmoCnda, rom,
rodesac sazRvrebi ixsneba da
sazogadoeba demokratiulad
iwyebs cxovrebas, is Zalian
SfoTiani, mRelvare da qaoturi
xdeba. sazogadoeba, erTi mxriv,
uars ambobs totalitarizmze
da, meore mxriv, arc maincda-
mainc ukeTes alternativaSi _
eTnonacionalizmSi vardeba.
1995 wels gamoqveynda snai-
derisa da mansfildis statia
saTauriT „damokratizacia
da omi“, rasac dasavleTSi
saintereso samecniero dis-
kusia mohyva. rodesac sazo-
gadoebis gaxsna xdeba da ufro
da ufro meti adamiani iRebs
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
monawileobas, Tuki am yvela-
fers Tan ar axlavs institu-
tebi, romlebic am moWarbebu-
li energiis marTvas moaxde-
nen, maSin mosalodnelia, rom
politikuri liderebi prob-
lemebis mosagvareblad yvela-
ze martiv gzas airCeven. insti-
tutebSi igulisxmeba samoqa-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

laqo sazogadoeba, media,
sasamarTlo, biurokratia da
sxv. Tu yovelive es sustia da
ar aris Camoyalibebuli (cxa-
dia, es institutebi totali-
tarul saxelmwifoSi verc
iqneba Zlieri), maSin yvela
lideri, romelsac eCveneba,
rom sxva gamosavali ara aqvs,
mimarTavs yvelaze martiv
satyuaras _ eTnonacionalizms.
umartivesia uTxra qarTve-
lebs, yvelaferSi afxazebi da
osebi arian damnaSaveebio.
afxazebs da osebs ki iqauri
liderebi eubnebodnen _ ai,
qarTvelebi arian damnaSavee-
bio. rac moxda, cxadia, logi-
kuri iyo. magram, samwuxarod,
es yvelaferi politikuri lide-
ris pirovnulma faqtormac
gaaZliera. prezidenti araf-
riT gansxvavdeboda saSualo
qarTvelisagan. konfliqtebis
gamwvavebas saqarTvelos
geografiulma mdebareobamac
Seuwyo xeli. msgavsi ram ar
dauSves rumineTsa da
ungreTSi, sadac aseve iyo eT-
nikuri problemebi; iq evro-
pis faqtorma iTamaSa dadebi-
Ti roli, CvenTan ki ruseTma
cecxlze navTi daasxa. cxadia,
Cven arc es periodi Segvis-
wavlia da gagvianalizebia.
ramdenime Tvis win
cxare debatebi imar-
Teboda gorSi stali-
nis Zeglis aReba-dato-
vebasTan dakavSirebiT.
ras fiqrobT, amden
xans ratom SemorCa es
Zegli?
me vemxrobi Zeglis aRebas,
miuxedavad imisa, rom vici,
Zeglis aRebiT problema ar
gadaiWreba _ misi kvarcxlbeki
Cvens TavebSi albaT kidev
didxans darCeba da SeiZleba
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
iq sxva vinme wamovaskupoT.
magram Zeglis iq yofna ufro
met problemas aCens _ axal
Tavebs anagvianebs. amasTan,
stalinis Zeglis aReba-dato-
vebis sakiTxi sul ar aris
centraluri xelisuflebis
gadasaWreli. wesiT, es goris
municipalitetis prerogativaa.
sabWouri xedvac esaa _ yvela-
fers xelisuflebas mivawerT
da yvelafers misgan viTxovT.
meore mxriv, rodesac xelisuf-
leba safrTxes xedavs, fiqrobs,
rom Tu Zalauflebas dakar-
gavs, is, ubralod, gaqreba.
arsebobs romelime politikuri
partia, romelic ityvis, ar
vapirebT gavaqroT naciona-
luri moZraoba politikuri
scenidano? saarCevno dapireba
erTi mxridan aseTi iyo _
„gavaqrobT!“, meore mxridan _
„CavrecxavT!“. sinamdvileSi,
karga xans verc gamyreliZe
gaaqrobs saakaSvils da verc
saakaSvili Carecxavs gamyre-
liZes. gana es ar esmiT? safr-
Txes xedaven. swored institu-
tebis ararsebobis gamo poli-
tikuri scenidan gaqrobis
SiSi Zalian didia. swored ase
xdeboda sabWoTa dros: SeuZ-
lebeli iyo politikidan wa-
suliyavi da Semdeg an isev dab-
runebuliyavi an sxva, avtono-
miur sferoSi _ mecnierebaSi an
kulturaSi _ darCeniliyavi.
rogor fiqrobT,
ramdenad moaxerxa
xelisuflebam marTvis
sabWouri praqtikisgan
distancireba da rogor
SeiZleba daxasiaTdes
igi massa da xalxs
Soris urTierTmimar-
Tebis TvalsazrisiT?
nebismieri xelisufleba
Zalauflebiskenaa midrekili
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
41
solidaroba
da ar moswons winaaRmdegoba.
roca saxlSi raRacis gakeTeba
gvinda da bavSvi gvewinaaRm-
degeba, Cven mis azrs naklebad
an mtkivneulad viTvaliswi-
nebT. swored aseTi damokide-
bulebaa xelisuflebasa da
xalxs Soris. roca bavSvi
(xalxi) ar aris Zlieri da
momzadebuli, is yovelTvis
daiCagreba. mgonia, rom es
Cveni mTavari problemaa da am
viTarebis SenarCunebas xeli-
suflebac xels uwyobs. xSirad
saubroben imaze, rom qarTuli
media ar varga. media yvelaze
metad Cans, Torem danarCen
sferoebSic igive problemebia.
sociologiis enaze rom vTqvaT,
verc erT sferoSi ver gavxdiT
politikisagan avtonomiurebi.
xelisuflebis da politikis
gareSe ver vsaubrobT im Temeb-
ze, romlebic ufro samecniero
an sazogadoebrivi diskursis
sagania. nebismier xelisufals
eqneba ltolva Zalauflebis-
ken da imis survili, rom
gaaCumos sazogadoeba, roca
imas ambobs, risi mosmenac
xelisufalT ar surs, da, ra
Tqma unda, gamoiyenebs miTebsa
da nacionalizms. metic, rac
ufro Semcirdeba xelisuflebis
mxardaWra, rac ufro daecema
misi reitingi da rac ufro
gauWirdeba sxva sakiTxebiT
xalxis mobilizeba, miT ufro
metad mimarTavs am Temebs.
gavixsenoT is faqti, rom
2003 wlis Semdeg, pirvel sam
weliwads eklesiis politi-
kuri miznebisTvis gamoyeneba
naklebad xdeboda, dRes ki
ukve sad gadis zRvari
xelisuflebasa da eklesias
Soris, Zneli dasanaxia.
Tqven saubrobdiT
demokratiis pirobeb-
Si saWiro institute-
#1(34)
bis ararsebobaze CvenSi.
ratom ver Camoyalibda
isini? ra roli iTamaSa
sabWoTa cnobierebam?
modiT, Tvali gavadevnoT
romelime sferos ganviTare-
bas 90-iani wlebidan dRemde,
magaliTad, mediis ganviTare-
bas. am socialur institutze
dakvirvebis Sedegebi SegviZ-
lia nebismier sferoze gavav-
rceloT, ganaTlebaze, jan-
dacvze da a. S. institutebis
muSaobis modeli erTi da igi-
vea. magaliTad, roca saubaria
imaze, rom mediaSi ar aris mud-
mivi kontraqtebi, aba, gavix-
senoT, sad aris es mudmivi
kontraqtebi? sad ar xdeba am
kontraqtebis gadaxedva an
Tundac gadaxeva? 90-iani
wlebidan dRemde qarTuli
media namdvilad gaumjobesda.
gvaqvs aRmasvlebi da daRmas-
vlebi, magram media ganviTarda.
faqtia, ver vityviT, rom ukan
mivdivarT. Tumca amis ganc-
xadeba ki gviyvars xolme. ver
vityviT, rom media ufro tota-
litaruli da ufro avtori-
tarulia, vidre 90-ian wlebSi
iyo, gansakuTrebiT, Tu iseT
ganzomilebas aviRebT, rogo-
ricaa presisa da Jurnaliste-
bis pasuxismgebloba. 90-iani
wlebis gazeTebSi naxavT
klasikur magaliTebs, Tu
rogor SeiZleba gaaRvivo
eTnikuri SuRli. dRes amgvar
statiebs centralur presaSi
naklebad SexvdebiT.
magram es eTnonacio-
nalizmis seni qarTul-
ma sazogadoebamac
met-naklebad daZlia...
media swored sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis niSnebs warmoa-
Solidarität
interviu
Cens. sazogadoebam daZlios
raRac da mediam _ ara, ase ar
xdeba. ubralod, kargi iqne-
boda, media, mecnierebi da
politikosebi cota win rom
uswrebdnen sazogadoebas,
ratom ar xdeba CvenTan xse-
nebuli institutebis bolomde
Camoyalibeba? amas ramdenime
mizezi aqvs. yvelaze mTavari
albaT qveynis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebaa da esec gazom-
vadia. media, sazogadoebrivi
ganviTareba da ekonomika
mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneT-
Tan. resursebis akumulireba
imwamsve ar iwvevs dadebiT
efeqts. imiT, rom qarTvel
Jurnalistebs 5000-5000 lari
CamovurigoT, araferi ar
Seicvleba, magram am fulTan
erTad Tu sabazro kontrolis
meqnizmebsac davawesebT, cxadia,
raRac Sedegs miviRebT. ekono-
mika socialur kapitalsa da
adamianebSi gadaizrdeba, ro-
melTac aqvT pasuxismgeblo-
bis grZnoba. CvenTan dRes
yvelaze warmatebuli mediac
ki ver aris warmatebuli
biznesi, yvelas aqvs ekonomi-
kuri problemebi. meore xelis
SemSleli fatori konfliqtebia
da, cxadia, Cveni mezobeli
ruseTi. xelisufleba, ra
Tqma unda, amuqebs ruseTis
rols. 2008 wlamde konfliq-
tebis Sesaxeb yoveldRiurad
gvesmoda televizoridan da
marTlac xdeboda indoqtri-
nizacia, magram es problema
arsebobda da amas versad
gaveqceviT. ruseTis faqtori
Sida problemebs kidev ufro
amZafrebs. amitomacaa sasur-
veli wavideT dasavleTisken,
Tumca aqac oqros koSkebis
imedi ar unda gvqondes, magram
dasavluri usafrTxoebis
qolga, ganaTleba, kultura
ufro sxva garemos Segviqmnis
}'vh'mksr
42
da ufro metad gagvaTavisuf-
lebs sakuTari problemebis
mosagvareblad. ara mgonia,
rom institutebis Seqmnis
raime receptebi arsebobdes.
profesionalizmis problema,
ra Tqma unda, aris, magram ara
imaze metad, vidre sxva sfero-
ebSi, da, Tuki vimuSavebT,
profesionalizmic amaRldeba.
rogorc mediaSi, aseve
sxvaganac. ra, politikosebis
profesionalizmis problema
ar arsebobs?
faqtia, rom saqarTve-
loSi ar Camoyalibda
iseTi garemo, sadac
arCevanis gakeTebas
movaxerxebdiT partiul
ideologiebs Soris.
imitom xom ar xdeba
es, rom ar gvqonda
mravalpartiulobis
gamocdileba?
am kiTxvaze pasuxi advili
gasacemia: sazogadoebaSi ar
arsebobs saamiso moTxovna.
warmoidgineT, rom saqarTve-
los romelime ToqSouSi gai-
marTos debatebi sagadasaxado
ganakveTebze, qonebis gadasa-
xadis rolze. vin uyurebs am
gadacemas? politikosebs Soris
dialogisas CvenTan qveynis
mowyobis modelebze ki ar
kamaToben, aramed erTmaneTs
adanaSauleben: „Sen angrev
qveyanas!“ amgvar „debatebs“
xalxi interesiT uyurebs.
sazogadoebis modernulobis
erT-erTi maCvenebeli ndobis
faqtoria. Cven adamianTa
Zalian viwro wres vendobiT,
naTesaobas, axlo megobrebs.
ndobis faqtori CvenTan
Zalian dabalia da amitoma-
caa, rom politikur partiebs
Soris TiTqmis ar arsebobs
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

gansxvaveba. gansxvavebaa
politikur liderebs Soris.
Tu gaxsovT politikur partias
arCvenebi waegos da amis gamo
misi lideri gadamdgariyos?
amgvar faqts ver damisaxe-
lebT. mxolod respublikur
partiaSi xdeba monacvleoba,
magram iqac erTi da igive sa-
xeebia. rogorc sabWoTa
kavSirisken viSverT TiTs da
vambobT, ai, ruseTma dagvipy-
roo, swored ase iqceva nebis-
mieri politikuri partia da
ambobs: „ai, mixeil saakaSvil-
ma gamiyalba arCevnebi!“.
SeiZleba gayalbedes, vTqvaT,
1-2%, magram danarCeni? rodis
dgeba TviTon am partiebis
pasuxismgeblobis momenti?
partia ki ar Sobs liders,
rogorc, wesiT, unda xdebo-
des, aramed piriqiT _ CvenSi
lideri Sobs partias. lide-
rebi partias ar uyureben
rogorc adamianebis mobili-
zaciis instruments. modeli,
romelic xelisuflebaSi mu-
Saobs, aseve muSaobs opozi-
ciur politikur partiebSic.
iqacaa viwro jgufi, romelic
marTavs am partias, aris lide-
ri, romelic am viwro sivrceSi
Tavs komfortulad grZnobs
da ar xarjavs energias da
saxsrebs imisaTvis, rom
gaizardos, win wavides.
amas winaT diskusia
gaimarTa patriotTa
banakebis Sesaxeb. sul
ramdenime dRis win ki
daiwyo studentTa ga-
mosvlebi: xan quTaisis
studentoba ikribeba
bagratis taZarSi da
fics debs, rom emijneba
`moRalate iudas~, xan
_ baTumeli studentebi
akeTeben imaves...
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
swored aq vxedav did safrTxes. banakebSi unda iswavlebodes
roca Tbilisis saxelmwifo samoqalaqo kulturis Cvevebi
universitetSi vmuSaobdi, da Rirebulebebi. SeiZleba aq
miwevda amis msgavs movleneb- CarTuli iyos patriotuli
Tan Sejaxeba. ilias universi- elementic. amerikaSi es momen-
tetSi saswavlo procesi mTli- ti evropasTan SedarebiT
anad depolitizebulia da namdvilad Zlieria. magram
amgvari safrTxeebi ar aris. amerikaSic ki samSoblos
axalgazrdebis gamoyeneba siyvaruls aswavlian rogorc
politikisTvis erT-erTi mocmulobas, pirobas, xolo
yvelaze saSiSi movlenaa, es ufro met yuradRebas aqceven
komkavSiris martivi gameo- kritikuli unar-Cvevebis
rebaa, am axalgazrdebs Rire- ganviTarebas, demokratiis
bulebiTi barierebi sakuTar principebis swavlebas. samSob-
TavSi waSlili aqvT. maT Zalian lo giyvars, magram danarCeni
cud, saxifaTo gzaze vayenebT. _ rogor emsaxuro samSoblos,
xval isini SeiZleba yvelaze ra unda gaakeTo misTvis _ es
did safrTxed iqcnen swored yovelive Tavisufali arCevanis
misTvis, vinc axla maT saamisod saqmea. swored ase unda iyos
aqezebs. amas xelisuflebac patriotTa banakebSic. amerikaSi
akeTebs da sxva politikuri warmatebiT aswavlian imas,
moTamaSeebic, yvela, visac rom iyvnen kritikulebi,
amis SesaZlebloba aqvs. advilia magram ara _ damangrevlebi.
axalgazrdebi amgvari qmedebis- Tavisuflebas pasuxismgeblo-
ken waaqezo, Tuki motivacias basTan erTad aswavlian.
gauCen jildos (magaliTad,
samsaxuris, karieris) saxiT.
rac Seexeba patriotTa banakebs,
vfiqrob, universitetis fun-
qcia ara mxolod studentebis
profesiuli momzadeba, aramed
moqalaqis aRzrdacaa. adamiani
swored 17-18 wlidan yalibdeba
moqalaqed. amerikis ganaTlebis
sistemas es sakiTxi Zalian
kargad aqvs mogvarebuli.
nebismieri studenti, ara aqvs
mniSvneloba visi Svilia, kol-
ejSi swavlisas kampusis teri-
toriaze Tavis erT megobar-
Tan erTad cxovrobs. studen-
tebisTvis xorcildeba erTob-
livi proeqtebi, sxvadasxva
RonisZiebebi ewyoba. patriot-
Ta banakebis funqcias, upir-
velesad, ase vxedav: erTad
mouyaros Tavi sxvadasxva
eTnikuri, socialuri wris
axalgazrdebs, erTmaneTs
gaacnos da daaaxlovos isini.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
43
#1(34) LUMEN

ideologia:
erovnuli
da sxva *

gia nodia

CvenTan mimdinare diskusiaSi nebs sazogadoebaze gasa-

`erovnuli ideologiis~ Sesa- batoneblad. Tu Cveni miza-
xeb gamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi nia avaSenoT Tavisufali,
pozicia, romelic Zalze mok- demokratiuli politiku-
led ase SeiZleba daxasiaTdes: ri sistema, yovelgvar
ideologiaze uari unda
1. saxelmwifos an ers sWir- vTqvaT. saxelmwifo saqmi-
deba gamaerTianebeli da anobis regulireba unda
warmmarTveli idea, anu xdebodes konstituciiT
ideologia. dRes am sfe- da kanonebiT, magram
roSi vakuumia, romelic araviTar SemTxvevaSi _
aucilebelia Seivsos. sa- ideologiiT.
xelmwifosa da sazogado- 3. negatiur damokidebulebas
ebis erToblivi Zalisx- imsaxurebs ara ideologia
meviT aseTi ideologia saerTod, aramed oficia-
unda SemuSavdes, Semdeg luri saxelmwifo Tu
mas unda mieces saxelmwi- erovnuli statusis mqone
fo mniSvnelobis dokumen- ideologia. demokratiuli
tis statusi, sabolood ki saxelmwifosTvis damaxa-
mas unda daeqvemdebaros siaTebelia ideologiuri
saxelmwifo politikis pluralizmi, ideologi-
sxvadasxva sfero _ saga- aTa Tavisufali Sejibri,
reo, ekonomikuri, saganma- rasac gamoricxavs saxelm-
naTleblo, kulturuli wifos identifikacia erT
da a.S. romelime ideologiasTan.
2. ideologia Tavisi arsiT
* statia pirvelad daibeWda negatiuri fenomenia, igi me am mesame, `Sualeduri~,
Jurnal `afris~ 1998 wlis me-5 `yalbi cnobierebaa~, ro- poziciis momxre var, da am
nomerSi.
melsac Zalaufleba iye- werilSi mis dasabuTebas

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

44

Sevecdebi. daviwyeb meore
poziciasTan urTierTobis
garkveviT, radgan, erTi
mxriv, ZiriTadi praqtikuli
principis (araideologiuri
saxelmwifos) gaziareba mas am
azriT Cems `mokavSired~ aqcevs,
radgan _ da es mTavaria _ mis
ukan dgas metad Zlieri inte-
leqtualuri tradicia. dasav-
lur, gansakuTrebiT evropul
inteleqtualur wreebSi,
ideologia dRes upiratesad
negatiuri Seferilobis mqone,
`saginebeli~ sityvaa. aqedan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom sityva `ideologiis~ xma-
reba sxvanairad, Tu ara nega-
tiur konteqstSi, `hegemonu-
ri diskursis~ winaaRmdeg
wasvlaa. `hegemonuri diskur-
si~, cxadia, dasavluri dis-
kursia, romelic, sinamdvile-
Si, universaluria, Tumca
dRes igi winaaRmdegobaSi
modis sakuTar universalis-
tur pretenziasTan egreT
wodebul `multikulturaliz-
mis~ TezisiT (`multikultu-
ralizmis~ dedaazria dasav-
luri da aradasavluri
kulturebis Tanasworufle-
bianobis mtkiceba, magram is
Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivia,
ramdenadac TviTon multikul-
turalizmi sxva araferia, Tu
ara universalizmze pretenzi-
is mqone dasavluri ideolo-
giuri warmonaqmni). is, rom
saqarTveloSi jer kidev far-
Tod laparakoben ideologi-
aze pozitiuri azriT, ZiriTa-
dad, imiT SeiZleba aixsnas,
rom hegemonur diskurss
saqarTvelo jer kidev ar mo-
ucavs, anu, rom saqarTvelo
jer kidev inteleqtualuri
provinciaa. amis Segnebidan
gamomdinare kompleqsma,
sxvaTa Soris, gamoJona e. w.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
`provinciuli faSizmis~ ideo-
logemaSi. CemTvis provinci-
alizmi calsaxad Seuracxm-
yofeli gansazRvreba sulac
ar aris: erTi mxriv, is niS-
navs CamorCenilobas, magram
amave dros igi moicavs gage-
bis Sanssac: provincializmi
xom hegemonuri diskursis
mimarT distanciaSi yofnaa,
rac SeiZleba privilegirebu-
li pozicia aRmoCndes inte-
leqtualuri SemoqmedebisaT-
vis. aseTi `SemoqmedebiTi
provincializmis~ nimuSi iyo,
magaliTad, germanuli filo-
sofia, rusuli kulturis
upiratesi miRwevebic misi
provinciuli bunebidan
momdinareobs.
sirinozTa galoba da
antiideologiuri cvili
`ideologiis~, rogorc nega-
tiuri Seferilobis mqone
terminis, statuss gansazR-
vravs ramdenime erTmaneTis-
gan met-naklebad damoukide-
beli inteleqtualuri tradi-
cia. esenia (winamdebare sias
amomwuraobis pretenzia
namdvilad ara aqvs):
1. memarcxene socialuri
(de)konstruqtivizmi
(marqsi, manhaimi, libera-
luri neomarqsizmi, post-
modernizmis nairsaxeobe-
bi), romelic ideologias
ganixilavs rogorc cno-
bierebis socialuri kons-
truirebis iaraRs Zala-
uflebis (gabatonebuli
klasis) interesebSi.
2. pozitivistur-teqnokra-
tiuli utopizmi (`deide-
ologizaciis~ koncefcia),
romlis Tanaxmadac mecni-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
45
solidaroba
ereba da teqnologia Tavis-
Tavad qmnian paradigmebs,
romlebic savsebiT sakma-
risia socialuri urTier-
Tobebis dasaregulireb-
lad da aRar utoveben ad-
gils ideologias, rogorc
metafizikur-filosofiur
azrovnebis wesze dayrd-
nobil warmonaqmns.
3. radikaluri liberaluri
individualizmi, romelic
ideologiaSi koleqtiuri
azrovnebis individze gaba-
tonebis safrTxes xedavs.
4. konservatiuli tradici-
onalizmi, romelic ideo-
logias eWvis TvaliT uyu-
rebs, rogorc safrangeTis
revoluciis naSiers, iako-
binelobis STamagonebels,
anu tradiciasTan da
bunebasTan dapirispire-
bul sawyiss.
erTmaneTisagan metad gansx-
vavebuli am saazrovno
mimdinareobebis erToblivi
dapirispireba ideologiis
ideasTan am ukanasknels
Rirseuli gadarCenis Zalze
mcire Sanss utovebs. antii-
deologizmis daxasiaTebisas
me, ZiriTadad, pirvel tra-
dicias daveyrdnobi, radgan
is yvelaze gavleniani da agre-
siulia ideologiis uaryofa-
Si da, rogorc Cans, Cvens
pirobebSic antiideologiuri
pozicia, ZiriTadad, mas daeyr-
dnoba.
Tumca es midgoma yvelaze
metad cnobilia TezisiT
`ideologia es aris yalbi
cnobiereba~, albaT ufro
swori iqneboda misi Sejameba
debulebiT `ideologia Zala-
uflebis iaraRia~ (misi `siyal-
bec~ swored aqedan gamoiyva-
#1(34) LUMEN

neba). Zalauflebis mopoveba- uflebis iaraRis, nimuSad ar represiuli bunebis daxasia-

sa da SenarCunebas sWirdeba unda miviCnioT misi gamoyene- Tebisas, ZiriTadad, komuniz-
saSualebebi, iaraRebi, da isi- ba mxolod SeuniRbavad rep- mis da faSizmis magaliTebi
ni sxvadasxva tipisa SeiZleba resiul reJimebSi, sadac gaba- mohyavT xolme. magram is
iyos. ZiriTadad, SeiZleba tonebuli ideologia Riad dasavleli moazrovneebi,
gamoiyos sami tipis saSualeba. aris dakanonebuli da misgan visac Cveni antiideologis-
pirvelia SiSveli Zala, iara- gadaxveva _ disidentoba _ tebi eyrdnobian, ideologias
Ri am sityvis viwro azriT, isjeba Sesabamisi saxelmwifo ufro daxvewil borotebad
da misi meSveobiT ganxorci- organoebis mier. amas imitom miiCneven da misi moqmedebis
elebuli Zalmomreoba an vusvam xazs, rom Cvens saSinao asparezad demokratiulad
Zalmomreobis muqara. xeli- diskusiebSi `antiideologis- CaTvlil reJimebsac xedaven.
suflebaSi SeiZleba ZaliT tebs~, ideologiis yalbi da SexedulebaTa sistema
moxvide da Semdeg is ZaliTve
SeinarCuno, xolo, vinc ar
gemorCileba, kedelTan miayeno
an kedelTan miyenebiT daaSino.
magram es sworxazovani da
uxeSi meTodi, mizezTa gamo,
yovelTvis efeqturi ver iq-
neba. arsebobs kidev ekonomi-
kuri saSualeba, anu qrTami
(pirdapiri Tu SeniRbuli).
Tanamdeboba an xmebi arCevneb-
ze SeiZleba iyido, SeiZleba
zemdgomebic da qvemdgomebic
raRaciT daaintereso (vTqvaT,
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT an
maTi dapirebiT). rogorc erTi,
ise meore meTodi farTod
gamoiyeneba politikur brZo-
laSi. magram arsebobs kidev
mesame, gansakuTrebiT daxve-
wili meTodi _ ideologia.
adamiani unda daajero, rom
xelisuflebis arsebuli (an
viRacisTvis sasurveli) sis-
tema a) samarTliania da sauke-
Tesoa yvela SesaZlebels
Soris, da b) saukeTesoa pira-
dad misTvis. Tu adamianma es
daijera, mis gasakontroleb-
lad aRarc kedelTan miyeneba
iqneba saWiro da arc moqrTam-
va. amdenad, ideologia SeiZ-
leba Zalauflebis gansakuT-
rebiT efeqtur iaraRad
miviCnioT.

aq ar unda SegveSalos da
ideologiis, rogorc Zala-

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

46

ideologiad rom CaiTvalos,
sulac ar aris aucilebeli
viRaca iaraRiT dagadges da
giTxras, ginda Tu ara, esa da
es azrebi gaiziareo. erT-
erTi dasavleli mkvlevaris
gancxadebiT, gansxvaveba tota-
litarizmsa da demokratias
Soris aris gansxvaveba daZa-
lebasa da Secdenas (coercion
and seduction) Soris1. aseve ar
aris gadamwyveti, ideologs
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
_ ideologiis SemmuSavebelsa
da gamavrcelebels _ Tavad
swams, rasac ambobs, Tu cini-
kurad axdens sxvisi cnobi-
erebiT manipulirebas saku-
Tar interesebSi. mTavaria
nebismieri meTodiT gabaton-
des garkveuli koncefcia,
azrovnebis wesi, paradigma,
diskursi (terminis SerCeva
gemovnebazea damokidebuli),
romelic xels uwyobs
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
47
solidaroba
Zalauflebis garkveuli
sistemis gamyarebasa da Senar-
Cunebas. am azriT, ideologi-
uri SeiZleba iyos TviT enac
ki, ramdenadac enobrivi
formebi samyaros dagvanaxebs
ise, rogorc Zalauflebas
unda, rom davinaxoT.
amasTan kavSirSi unda gan-
vixiloT ideologiis, ro-
gorc yalbi cnobierebis,
arsic. mTavari is ki ar aris,
rom ideologebi `ityuebian~
(Tumca sakmaod xSirad isini
ityuebian kidec), aramed is,
rom ideologiur sivrceSi
azris moZraobas ganapirobebs
ara WeSmaritebisaken swrafvis
impulsi, aramed Zalaufle-
bis interesi. gamiznulad Tu
aracnobierad, ideologia
qmnis samyaros iseT suraTs,
romelic Zalauflebis arse-
bul (Tu sasurvel) sistemas
gaamarTlebs. man unda daama-
xinjos es suraTi ise, rom
Zalauflebis Sesabamisi sis-
tema masSi bunebrivad da har-
moniulad Cajdes, am samya-
rosTvis zedgamoWrili gamoC-
ndes. mokled, ideologia
axdens adamianis cnobierebis
konstruirebas Zalauflebis da
ara WeSmaritebis interesebSi.
karl marqss, ideologiis,
rogorc `yalbi cnobierebis~,
koncefciis Semqmnels (zogi-
erTi marqsistisagan gansxva-
vebiT, TviTon marqss ideo-
logiis cneba wmindad nega-
tiurad esmoda) ideologiis
nimuSad miaCnda moZRvreba,
romelic sabazro ekonomikas
da `burJuaziul demokratias~
udevs safuZvlad. es moZRv-
reba, misi azriT, amaxinjebs
realobas, upirveles yovlisa,
imiT, rom adamianis bunebas
#1(34)
warmoaCens rogorc egoisturs,
individualur mogebaze
orientirebuls. Tu adamiani
bunebiT egoistia, Tu is
bunebiT, upirveles yovlisa,
individualur keTildReobasa
da bednierebas eswrafvis, da
amas aRaraferi eSveleba,
maSin kerZo sakuTrebis ins-
tituti da masze damyarebuli
sabazro ekonomikis sistema
gamarTlebuli gamodis. mag-
ram, amtkicebda marqsi, ego-
isturi interesiT Sepyrobili
individi obieqturi realobis
(`adamianis bunebis~) gamoxa-
tuleba ki ar aris, aramed
kapitalisturi sinamdvilis da
burJuaziuli ideologebis
mier Seqmnili socialuri
konstruqtia. kapitalisturi
sazogadoebis adamiani imitom
ki ar miiswrafvis piradi
keTildReobisaken, rom es
swrafva mis bunebaSia Cadebuli,
aramed imitom, rom aqeTken
mas gabatonebuli ideologia
ubiZgebs. es ideologia ki
imitom aris gabatonebuli, rom
aseTia gabatonebuli klasis
interesi, rom ase sWirdeba
arsebuli ekonomikuri da
politikuri sistemis Senar-
Cunebas. magram Tu Seicvleba
ekonomikuri da politikuri
sistema (proletaruli revo-
luciis gziT), adamiani ganTa-
visufldeba yalbi ideologi-
isagan, romelic misi namdvili
bunebis damaxinjebas (marqsis
terminiT, `gaucxoebas~)
axdens.2
antiideologiis Teoriis
gamoyenebis kidev erT nimuSad
SegviZlia ganvixiloT Tana-
medrove feminizmi. feminizmis
centraluri ideaa imis mtki-
ceba, rom sqesi aris ara buneb-
rivad mocemuli realoba,
Solidarität
LUMEN
aramed socialuri konstruq-
cia, romlis mizanicaa domi-
nirebuli jgufis (am SemTx-
vevaSi, mamakacebis) gabato-
nebuli mdgomareobis Senar-
Cuneba. aseT gabatonebul,
mamakacTa interesebis
gamomxatvel ideologias
hqvia `seqsizmi~. seqsisturi
ideologiis elementebia,
vTqvaT, iseTi debulebebi,
rom mtkice ojaxi aucilebe-
lia janmrTeli da zneobrivi
bavSvebis gasazrdelad, rom
sqesobrivi erTguleba da
TavSekaveba mniSvnelovani
zneobrivi normebia, da a.S. es
debulebebi imitom ki ar aris
gavrcelebuli, rom WeSmaritia,
aramed imisTvis, rom Senar-
Cundes qalis damonebuli
mdgomareoba, is Caiketos
ojaxSi da ar gauTanabrdes
mamakacs socialur asparezze.
mizanmimarTuli ideologi-
uri propagandis nimuSad
xSirad moixsenieba is faqti,
rom uamravi popularuli
Jurnalis (maT Soris, qali
mkiTxvelebisTvis gankuTvni-
lis) garekans lamazi da seq-
sualurad mimzidveli qalis
suraTi amSvenebs. seqsisti
ideologebi am propagandis-
tul kampanias niRbaven im
mosazrebiT, rom TiTqosda
Jurnalebi ase ufro iyideba
(anu adamianis bunebaze da
bazris obieqtur logikaze
akeTeben apelacias). sinamd-
vileSi am garekanebis mizania
daamkvidron qalis, rogorc
seqsualuri (ltolvis) obieq-
tis, da ara socialuri subi-
eqtis, saxe. imis moTxovnileba,
rom mamakacs Tavi (seqsualu-
rad) moawonos, sulac ar aris
qalis bunebis gamoxatuleba
_ es gabatonebuli ideologia
aiZulebs qals wonis daklebaze
}'vh'mksr
48
ifiqros da ara socialur
dawinaurebaze. gabatonebuli
ideologia ubiZgebs qals mo-
delis profesiaze iocnebos
_ raTa korporaciis Tavmj-
domareoba ar moindomos.
ideologiis kritikis orive
magaliTSi ideologia war-
modgeba rogorc amorfuli,
anonimuri Zala, romlisTvis
winaaRmdegobis gawevac arse-
biTadaa gaZnelebuli am amor-
fulobiT da anonimurobiT.
aseT Zalas arc sWirdeba ofi-
cialuri saxelmwifoebrivi
beWedi (rogorc komunisturs
sWirdeboda): misi Zala isedac
gacilebiT ufro didia. aq sa-
xelmwifo ufro gamodis ideo-
logiis iaraRi, vidre piriqiT.
ideologiis momajadoebeli
Zalis saukeTeso metafora
SeiZleba iyos misi Sedareba
sirinozTa galobis zemoqme-
debasTan, rogorc is aRwe-
rilia homerosis `odiseaSi~
(es saxe adornosa da horkha-
imers aqvT gamoyenebuli
`ganmanaTleblobis dialeq-
tikaSi~, oRond sul sxva, gar-
kveulad, sapirispiro kon-
teqstSi). saxlSi dabrunebisas
odisevsis xomaldi Cauvlis
kunZuls, saidanac mudmivad
sirinozTa galoba ismis. ada-
mians ar ZaluZs win aRudges
am galobis mimzidel Zalas,
amitom mogzaurebi, rogorc
wesi, kunZulisken gadauxveven
da iRupebian. magram safrTxis
Sesaxeb winaswar informire-
buli odisevsi eSmakobas
xmarobs: igi meniCbeebs cviliT
amougless yurebs, raTa maT
Semacdeneli galoba ar gai-
gonon. magram cnobismoyvare-
oba ar aZlevs uflebas, Tvi-
Tonac xelidan gauSvas siri-
nozTa galobis mosmenis
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

unikaluri Sansi, amitom
anZaze miibams Tavs, raTa gems
sikvdilis kunZulisken ver
gadaaxvevinos. sirinozTa
galoba am SemTxvevaSi ideo-
logiaa, `ubralo~ adamianebi
_ meniCbeebi, xolo odisevsi
_ kritikuli meTodiT Seiara-
Rebuli socialuri mecnieri.
TviT socialuri mecniereba
teqnikis ukanaskneli sityviT
damzadebuli cvilis nairsa-
xeobaa, romelic mowodebulia
daicvas adamianTa cnobiereba
mavne ideologizebuli signa-
lebisagan da maT magivrad
socialuri mecnierebis saR
gansjaze dayrdnobili
debulebebi gaavrcelos.
memarcxene antiideologistur
TeoriaTa mowinaaRmdege
advilad dainaxavs, rom mavne
ideologiisagan damcavi cvili,
sinamdvileSi, TviTon aris
kontrideologia. zemoT gan-
xilul magaliTebSi aseTebia,
Sesabamisad, marqsizmi da
feminizmi, sakmaod rigoris-
tuli da agresiuli ideolo-
giebi, romelTagan pirvelma
brwyinvaled daamtkica Zala-
uflebisa da represiis mZlavri
potenciali. marqsis antiide-
ologiuri moZRvrebis Semd-
gomi saxecvlilebis fonze
sabWoTa moqalaqeebi marq-
sizmis cviliT yurebamogle-
sil meniCbeebs SeiZleba Seva-
daroT, romelTac sabWoTa
nomenklatura samocdaaTi
weli icavda sirinozTa xmebis
anu `burJuaziuli propagan-
dis~ mosmenisagan. Sedareba
SeiZleba imiTic ganvavrcoT,
rom garkveuli periodidan
(stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg)
mmarTvelma elitam gadauxvia
odisevsis brZnul politikas,
aiSva Tavi damcveli anZidan
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
(Tavis wevrebs burJuaziul
samyarosTan axlo Sexebis
saSualeba misca), rasac mohyva
TviT misi garyvna ucxo Rire-
bulebebiT, mere `perestroika~
da, sabolood, gemis daRupva
sirinozTa kunZulis rifebze.
magram principulad SeiZleba
davuSvaT, rom ideologiis
kritikis zogierTma mcdelo-
bam marTlac SeinarCuna
antiideologiuri siwminde
da SeZlo kontrideologiis
Seqmnisagan Tavis Sekaveba.
mTavari problema, romelic
me maqvs antiideologiur
moZRvrebasTan, aris masSi
nagulisxmebi socialuri
konstruqtivizmi, anu imisi
rwmena, rom adamianis cnobi-
ereba agebulia garedan, soci-
aluri Zalebis mier. ideolo-
giis ganxilva amorful da
anonimur socialur sawyisad,
romelic sirinozebis _ prin-
cipulad uxilavi bneli Zale-
bis _ samsaxurSi dgas, socia-
lur mecnierebas da socialur
filosofias aqcevs erTgvar
SeTqmulebis Teoriad, rom-
lis Tanaxmadac ideaTa cirku-
lacia sazogadoebaSi xsenebu-
li bneli Zalebis mier kont-
roldeba. maT winaaRmdeg gmi-
rulad ibrZvian zedaxvewili
meTodebiT SeiaraRebuli
socialuri mecnierebi, magram
`meniCbeebs~, anu ubralo
adamianebs, erTmevaT unari
winaaRmdegoba gauwion ideo-
logiuri galobis mimzidve-
lobas, Tu maTze viRacam sagan-
gebod ar izruna. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, adamianTa umrav-
lesobas erTmeva damoukide-
beli azrovnebis da sazoga-
doebaSi moZravi ideebis kri-
tikuli Sefasebis unari. Tu
daSvebulia, rom raRac soci-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
49
solidaroba
alur Zalebs, anonimurs Tu
saxelis mqones, SeuZliaT CemSi
SemoaRwion da Cemi cnobiere-
ba `aagon~, xolo me, gasazRv-
rebis Tanaxmad, ar SemiZlia
amas winaaRmdegoba gavuwio
(yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu sagan-
gebod gawvrTnili socialuri
mecnieri ara var), maSin
adamianis Tavisufleba _ da
TviTon adamiani _ fantomi
gamodis. swored amas gulisx-
mobda miSel fuko, roca samo-
ciani wlebis damdegs Tqva,
adamiani qreba, rogorc nafe-
xuri zRvispira qviSaSio.3
zemoTqmuli sulac ar uaryofs
im garemoebas, rom saazrovno
konstruqciebi SeiZleba mar-
Tlac aigos da gavrceldes
Zalauflebis (da ara WeSmari-
tebis miRwevis) interesebSi.
Sesabamisad, ideologiis gan-
sazRvreba `yalb cnobierebad~
uazroba sulac ar aris. poli-
tikuri interesiT agebul
ideologiuri iluziis koSkebs
seriozuli socialuri Zala
aqvs da am Zalebis formirebi-
sa da funqciobis meqanizmTa
Seswavla sruliad kanonieri
inteleqtualuri saqmianobaa.
saerTodac, iqneb marTals
brZanebda `wminda fukod~
aRiarebuli frangi moazrovne
da laparaki adamianis Tavi-
suflebaze sxva araferi iyo,
Tu ara kidev erTi qviSiT
nagebi ideologiuri koSki,
romelic axalma epistemolo-
giurma moqcevam damsaxurebi-
samebr daangria.
ideologiis garduvaloba
magram _ fukos rom Tavi dava-
neboT da Cvens Temur miria-
naSvils da mis Tanamoazreebs
#1(34)
mivubrundeT _ rac ginda
kanonierad miviCnioT ideo-
logiis, rogorc Zalaufle-
bis samsaxurSi myofi yalbi
cnobierebis, cneba, `proide-
ologiur~ banaks SeuZlia
wamoayenos erTi argumenti,
romelic me sakmaod angariS-
gasawevi meCveneba. modiT, sit-
yvebze ki nu vidavebT, _ ity-
vian oponentebi, _ aramed saqmis
arsze. terminis xmareba
SeTanxmebazea agebuli, erTsa
da imave termins sxvadasxva
adamiani sxvadasxvagvarad
gansazRvravs. Tqven ideolo-
gias `yalb cnobierebas~ uwo-
debT, magram Cven SegviZlia
is sxvanairad, saxeldobr,
Semdegnairad ganvmartoT:
yovel subieqts (maT Soris,
adamians, ers, saxelmwifos)
sWirdeba raRac SexedulebaTa
sistema, romelic moicavs
RirebulebiT prioritetebs
da samoqmedo strategias.
Cven am SexedulebaTa sistemas
`ideologias~ vuwodebT da
ar gvesmis, ratom gvekrZaleba
am terminis ase xmareba. aqedan
gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia
arsebobdes erovnuli ideo-
logia an saxelmwifo ideo-
logia. magram, Tu maincdama-
inc terminze midgeba saqme,
raki mas negatiuri elferi
adevs, jandabas, SeiZleba aq
dagiTmoT kidec, sxva sityva
iyos (`erovnuli idea~, `erov-
nuli msoflmxedveloba~),
mTavaria, arsi darCes. ratom
ar SeiZleba Riad, mecnieruli
msjelobis safuZvelze,
yovelgvari siyalbisa da
Zalmomreobis gareSe, SevTan-
xmdeT raRac principebze da
mere am principebiT vixelm-
ZRvaneloT? vSiSob, rom anti-
ideologiur mimarTulebas
gauWirdeba amaze pasuxis
Solidarität
LUMEN
gacema _ yovel SemTxvevaSi,
CemTvis damajerebeli pasuxi
me ar gamigia.
me ar mimaCnia, rom sityva
`ideologia~ aucileblad
calsaxad negatiuri azris
Semcveli unda iyos. Cemi
azriT, ideologia Tanamed-
rove politikuri cxovrebis
aucilebeli elementia, da
zogierT SemTxvevaSi misi de-
ficiti, da ara moZaleba, po-
litikuri cxovrebis naklulo-
baze mianiSnebs (aq, saxeldobr,
vgulisxmob saqarTvelos
bolodroindel politikur
cxovrebas _ Tu ratom, amaze
qvemoT). amave dros, isic
maqvs Segnebuli, rom ideo-
logia metad saxifaTo ramaa
da es safrTxe maqsimalurad
unda gaviTvaliwinoT.
ideologiis aucilebloba
unda ganvixiloT ara adamianis
bunebasTan, aramed politikis
bunebasTan kavSirSi. amasTan,
is upiratesad damaxasiaTebe-
lia modernuli epoqis poli-
tikisTvis. kerZod, misi auci-
lebloba ganapiroba im pro-
cesebma, romlebic moderni-
zaciis procesTan arian
dakavSirebuli _ racionali-
zaciam da sekularizaciam.4
tradiciuli sazogadoebis-
Tvis, romelic modernuls
win uswrebs, damaxasiaTebelia
politikuri qcevisa da poli-
tikuri legitimaciis tradi-
ciuli modeli, anu Zalauf-
leba xeldasxmulia tradici-
iTa da RvTis nebiT; politi-
kuri qcevis subieqtebi arian
pirovnebebi, romlebic TviTon
ayalibeben TavianTi moqmede-
bis prioritetebsa da stra-
tegias, oRond isev tradici-
is CarCoebSi. sxvagvarad rom
}'vh'mksr
50
vTqvaT, politikis moqmedi
pirebi sakuTari5 interesebis
Segnebaze ageben TavianT
qcevas da TavisTavad cxadad
miiCneven, rom zogadi poli-
tikuri garemo, rogorc mTli-
ani sistema, masSi moZraobis
wesebi tradiciiTaa gansazR-
vruli. tradicia ki Tavis
mxriv religias eyrdoba. reli-
gia pasuxobs yvela im ZiriTad
SekiTxvas, rac kerZo Tu saja-
ro-politikuri qcevis gamarT-
lebas sWirdeba: rogor aris
mowyobili samyaro; ra aris
swori, ra aris Rirebuli, risi
gakeTeba SeiZleba, da risi
gakeTeba ar SeiZleba araviTar
SemTxvevaSi. tradicia, Tavis
mxriv, misaRebi Tu armisaRebi
qcevis konkretul nimuSebs
iZleva. tradicia da religia,
anu sakralizebuli tradicia
sakmarisia politikuri xeli-
suflebis legitimaciisa da
politikuri qcevis garkveul
CarCoebSi regulirebisaTvis,
ris gamoc ideologiis
saWiroeba jer ar damdgara.
modernistuli racionaliza-
cia aviwroebs tradicias,
religias kerZo saqmed aqcevs
an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, moder-
nizaciis Zalebi Sesabamis
zewolas axdenen tradiciasa
da religiaze da gamoTavi-
suflebul sivrces avseben
racionalurad (logikurad
da empiriulad) dasabuTebul
msjelobaTa sistemiT _ mecni-
erebiT. Sesabamisad, icvleba
politikuri qcevis regula-
ciisa da legitimaciis meqa-
nizmic. politikuri sistemis
centrSi dgeba Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo. xelisuflebis
TviTnebobas awonasworebs,
erTi mxriv, racionalurad
gaazrebul regulatur prin-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

cipTa (kanonTa) sistema, meore
mxriv ki _ saxelmwifos pro-
fesional momsaxureTa _ moxe-
leTa, biurokratTa _ fenis
arseboba. tradiciaze damya-
rebuli politikuri sistema
formalur-racionaluriT
icvleba.
magram, wmindad formaluri
maregulirebeli principebis
garda, racionalur politi-
kur qcevas sWirdeba agreTve
safuZvelmdebare principebi,
zRvruli orientirebi, Rire-
bulebiTi prioritetebi _ rac,
religiis marginalizaciisa
da adamianuri gonebis gaba-
tonebis pirobebSi, raciona-
lurad gaazrebul Sexedule-
baTa sistemis saxiT unda arse-
bobdes. swored am funqcias
asrulebs ideologia. ideo-
logia, upirveles yovlisa,
aris religiis surogati,
romelic imave funqciis
Sesrulebas cdilobs, oRond
racioze da ara rwmenaze
dayrdnobiT. (SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom termin `ideologi-
is~ samSoblo safrangeTia _
qveyana, romelmac pirvelma
Tanmimdevrulad gandevna
religia politikuri cxovre-
bidan). religiis mibaZviT,
ideologia cdilobs pasuxi
gasces sam ZiriTad SekiTxvas:
1. rogor aris agebuli samya-
ro; 2. ra aris Rirebuli, ra
aris naklebad Rirebuli da
ras aqvs negatiuri Rirebule-
ba _ ese igi, rogor unda
aigos RirebulebaTa ierarqia,
RirebulebiTi prioritetebis
sistema, rogor unda Sevuxa-
moT erTmaneTs sxvadasxva
Rirebuleba; 3. rogor unda
moxdes ase agebul samyaroSi
amgvari RirebulebiTi prio-
ritetebis ganxorcieleba _
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
konkretulad rogor unda
iyos orientirebuli poli-
tikuri qceva, rogoria sasur-
veli politikuri wyoba. amas-
Tan, ideologias, mis Tavda-
pirvel formebSi mainc, pre-
tenzia aqvs am kiTxvaze
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli
pasuxi gasces (aqedan dabo-
loeba `-logia~, rac swored
mecnierulobaze, maSasadame,
racionalur sistemurobaze,
pretenzias gamoxatavs).
amrigad, ideologia yalibdeba
rogorc politikuri qcevis
zRvruli maregulirebeli
principebis sistema. arapo-
litikur sferoSi msgavsi pre-
tenziiT Seiqmna msoflmxed-
veloba, romelic agreTve
baZavs religias imiT, rom
Teoriul, aqsiologiur da
praqtikul principebs moicavs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu ideolo-
giis cneba, rogorc vTqviT,
safrangeTSi Camoyalibda,
`msoflmxedveloba~ (Weltan-
schauung) germanuli gamogone-
baa. anglosaqsuri samyaro ar
aris midrekili zogadi prin-
cipebis ganxilvisa da meta-
fizikuri sistemebis Seqmnis-
ken (am sferos ingliselebi
ironiiT uwodeben `big ideas~,
`did ideebs~), magram TviT is
ideebi, rac Tanamedrove
ideologias daedo safuZvlad,
swored inglisSi Seiqmna;
vgulisxmob, upirveles yovlisa,
Tomas hobsisa da jon lokis
inteleqtualur tradicias.
erTi mxriv, Teoriuli, meore
mxriv ki, aqsiologiur-praq-
tikuli aspeqtebis erTianoba
ideologiaSi kvazireligiuri
yovlismomcvelobis survi-
liTaa nakarnaxevi. magram es
ar niSnavs, rom ideologiis
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
51
solidaroba
funqciis Sesasruleblad
aseTi yovlismomcveloba
sruliad aucilebeli iyos.
samive am elementis mTlia-
nobis klasikuri magaliTia
leninizmi, sadac nebismieri
politikuri gadawyvetileba
`diamat-istmatis~ mTel
fuZemdeblur sistemasTan
erTianobaSi unda ganxiluli-
yo: vTqvaT, uaRresad ganyene-
buli Teoriis _ empiriokri-
ticizmis _ kritika mimdinare
politikuri aucileblobiT
iyo nakarnaxevi. Tavad es
mTlianobis moTxovnileba
totalitaristuli tenden-
ciis mkafio gamoxatulebaa:
araferi ar unda darCes ide-
ologiis kontrolis gareSe,
ideologia religiis sruli
analogi unda iyos. praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT SesaZlebelia,
ideologiam `gamotovos~ an
Sekvecos zogad-Teoriuli
nawili, ar ecados, sistemuri
pasuxi gasces kiTxvas `rogor
aris mowyobili samyaro~.
oRond igi ver Seasrulebs
politikuri qcevis mareguli-
reblis funqcias, Tu garkve-
viT ar upasuxa danarCen or
kiTxvas: ra aris upiratesad
Rirebuli, da rogori poli-
tikuri qceva Seesabameba am
upirates Rirebulebas. aqedan
gamomdinare, demokratiul
politikur sivrceSi cdilo-
ben maqsimalurad SezRudon
ideologiis Teoriuli kom-
ponenti an sulac uari Tqvan
masze, da aqcenti Rirebule-
biT principebsa da politikur
strategiebze gadaitanon
(vuwodoT amas ideologiis
`rbili~ forma). cxadia, am
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba idavo,
rom RirebulebiTi priori-
tetebi da praqtikuli stra-
tegiebi mainc farul Teori-
#1(34)
ul wanamZRvrebs eydnoba _
magram aseTi dakavSireba
interpretaciazea damokide-
buli, interpretaciis SesaZ-
leblobebi ki am SemTxvevaSi
Ria rCeba. ideologias SeuZ-
lia Tavisi Teoriuli wanam-
ZRvrebi farulad, implicitu-
rad datovos, magram aqsiolo-
giur-praqtikuli principebi
nebismier SemTxvevaSi
aSkarad unda gamoixatos.
terminologiur sakiTxs rom
davubrundeT, iqneb jobdes,
ideologiis am `rbili for-
misTvis~ sxva saxeli dagver-
qmia? magram sxva terminebi,
romlebsac sanacvlod gvTa-
vazoben xolme, an zedmetad
farToa (`msoflmxedveloba~,
`RirebulebiTi orientacia~),
an zedmetad viwro (mag., `poli-
tikuri programa~). erTaderTi
CemTvis cnobili termini,
romelsac pretenzia aqvs `ide-
ologia~ Secvalos, oRond
negatiuri konotaciebis gare-
Se, da bolo xans modaSi Semo-
dis (dasavleTSi, CvenTan jer
ara) aris `samoqalaqo religia~.
misi sawinaaRmdego araferi
meqneboda, miT umetes, rom is
zustad Seefardeba Cems war-
modgenas ideologiaze, ro-
gorc religiis surogatze,
rom ara erTi garemoeba: masSi
Znelad Caismeba am bolo xans
mzardi gavlenis mqone reli-
giuri ideologiebi. ramdenad
SeiZleba islamur fundamenta-
lizms an Tundac qristianul-
demokratias, vuwodoT `samo-
qalaqo religiebi~, roca isini
aSkarad tradiciul religiur
Rirebulebebze axdenen apeli-
rebas? ara mgonia, es termini
maT mouxdeT, magram `ideolo-
giebi~ maT namdvilad SeiZle-
ba vuwodoT. kidev erTi ter-
Solidarität
LUMEN
mini, romlis xmareba am kon-
teqstSi Secdomad ar mimaCnia,
aris `politikuri filosofia~
_ laparaki xom politikuri
qcevis filosofiur princi-
pebzea; magram am ukanasknel
gamoTqmas zedmetad akademi-
uri elferi axlavs, ideolo-
gia ki sulac araa akademiuri
disciplina.
Tavisufleba rogorc
ideologia
modernuli ideologiis
yvelaze mkafio, paradigmuli
nimuSia ara represiul-
totalitaruli ideologiebi
(komunizmi, faSizmi), aramed
liberalizmi. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom liberalizmi aris pir-
velideologia, misgan iSva
yvela sxva ideologia, rome-
lic modernul an Tundac
postmodernul politikur
universumSi arsebobs. amis
mizezi isaa, rom liberalizmis
da, sazogadod, ideologiis
wanamZRvari erTi da igivea:
liberalizmma samyaros cent-
rSi daayena avtonomiuri, sa-
kuTar racionalur azrovne-
baze dayrdnobili adamiani,
xolo ideologia, tradicii-
sagan gansxvavebiT, swored
aseT adamians sWirdeba. libe-
ralizmi aris kerZo (erT-erTi)
ideologia, romelic, saer-
Tod, ideologiis saWiroebas
amkvidrebs, radgan is upiris-
pirdeba imas, rasac saerTod
ideologia upirispirdeba _
tradicias. amasTanave, rac
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
da paradoqsulia, mas Tavis
Wkuaze gadahyavs Tavisi anti-
podi _ tradiciac. mas Semdeg,
rac iqmneba liberaluri ide-
ologia, tradiciis adeptic
}'vh'mksr
52
iZulebulia racionaluri
sabuTi mounaxos imas, rac
manamde TavisTavad cxadad
iyo miCneuli _ tradiciis
upirates rols da Rirebu-
lebas sazogadoebriv da
politikur cxovrebaSi. amiT
tradiciaze orientacia
TviTonac iqceva ideologiad
(`konservatizmad~). Tumca
konservatizmi, misi Tavda-
pirveli formiT mainc, wina-
remodernulze, tradiciul-
ze axdens apelirebas, logi-
kurad, is meoreulia libera-
lizmis mimarT, rogorc masze
reaqcia, misi kritika; amito-
macaa, rom liberalebi
konservatorebs `reaqcione-
rebs~ uwodeben. Sesabamisad,
liberalizmisagan sxvadasxva
gziT iSveba sxva ideologie-
bic _ an rogorc misi rome-
lime principis gamocalkeveba
da logikur bolomde miyvana
(radikalizmi, romelmac
Semdeg socializm-komunizmis
saxe miiRo; nacionalizmi,
romelic axdens Tavisuflebis
da Tanasworobis principTa
eqstrapolacias erze, rogorc
istoriis subieqtze; zemoT
naxsenebi feminizmi, romelsac
Tanasworobis idea sqesTa ur-
TierTobis sferoze gadaaqvs,
da a. S.), _ an rogorc misdami
met-naklebad radikaluri da-
pirispireba (nacizmi, religi-
uri fundamentalizmi da a.S.).
am ukanasknelTan dakavSire-
biT minda xazi gavusva erT
garemoebas. xandaxan raciona-
lobas, rogorc ideologiis
zogad niSans, uaryofen imaze
miTiTebiT, rom arsebobs re-
ligiuri ideologiebi, religia
ki, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,
ar aris racionalobaze ori-
entirebuli. magram aq prin-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

cipulad unda gaemijnos
erTmaneTs tradiciuli reli-
gia da religiuri ideologia.
tradiciuli religia arsebobs
ideologiamdel sivrceSi, iq,
sadac tradiciul cnobiere-
bas jer kidev ar daukargavs
pirveladi ubiwoeba moder-
nuli racionalizmis agresiis
Sedegad. sul sxvaa religiuri
ideologia, romelic religiis
rolis racionalur gaazrebas
axdens da amis safuZvelze an
liberalizmTan misi Tanaar-
sebobis principebs ayalibebs
(mag., qristianuli demokratia),
an liberalizmis uaryofas
axdens (religiuri fundamen-
talizmis nairsaxeobebi).
religiur, iseve rogorc
nebismier sxva, ideologiebs
inteleqtualebi qmnian da ara
winaswarmetyvelni. politi-
kuri islamis Sesaxeb arsebuli
literaturidan (popularul
enaze politikur islams
`islamuri fundamentalizmi~
hqvia) cnobilia, rom `isla-
muri fundamentalizmi~ sxva
araferia, Tu ara islamis
reaqcia modernizaciaze,6 da
misi matareblebi, upiratesad,
umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
da xSirad dasavleTSi gans-
wavluli axalgazrda qalaqeli
inteleqtualebi arian da ara
sofleli xojebi. aiaTola
xomeinim tyuilad ar icxovra
parizSi _ modernuli ideolo-
giis samSobloSi _ vidre iranSi
islamur revolucias daat-
rialebda. ucxo qveyanaSi man
yuranze aranakleb mniSvnelo-
vani rameebi iswavla: ra aris
revolucia, ra aris ideolo-
gia, da rogor unda moaxdino
pirveli meoris meSveobiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom TviT ter-
min `liberalizmsac~ metad
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
saintereso traeqtoria aRmo-
aCnda: dRevandel amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi klasi-
kuri liberalizmis idealTa
momxreebi ufro xSirad kon-
servatorTa banakSi aRmoCn-
debian xolme (Tumca piruku
Tqma aRar iqneboda swori:
yvela amerikeli konservato-
ri ver CaiTvleba klasikur
liberalad), maSin roca is,
rasac amerikaSi amJamad
`liberalizmi~ hqvia, warmo-
adgens, erTi mxriv, klasikuri
liberalizmis da social-de-
mokratiis zogierT elementTa,
meore mxriv ki _ e. w. postmo-
dernuli ideologiebis (mul-
tikulturalizmi, `mwvaneoba~,
feminizmi) erTgvar nazavs.
amrigad, ideologiis, rogorc
aseTis, uarmyofelebma kri-
tikuli isrebi meorad da aSka-
rad represiul ideologiebs
(komunizms, faSizms, religiur
fundamentalizms) ki ar unda
daumiznon, aramed pirvelide-
ologias _ liberalizms, anu im
moZRvrebas, romelsac Tana-
medrove demokratia emyareba.
am mxriv karl marqsi gacilebiT
ufro Tanmimdevruli iyo,
vidre Tanamedrove qarTveli
antiideologistebi, radgan man
swored Tanamedrove ideolo-
giis gulisguls _ liberalur
individualizms _ daumizna.
aq ZiriTadi problema is ki
araa, rom liberaluri indi-
vidualizmi naklebad imsaxu-
rebs kritikas, vidre sxva
ideologiebi (pirobiT Cav-
TvaloT, rom es gemovnebis
ambavia), aramed is, razedac
zemoT nawilobriv ukve vila-
parakeT: ideologiis kritika
isev ideologias badebs. ide-
ologiis namdvili alterna-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
53
solidaroba
tiva anti-ideologizmi ki ar
aris, aramed tradiciis naivu-
ri erTguleba (nu avurevT
amas tradicionalizmTan, ro-
gorc racionalurad gaazre-
bul ideologiasTan!). magram
tradiciis am sawyisi erTgu-
lebis dakargva qalwulobis
dakargvas hgavs: erTxel da-
karguli ubiwoeba veRaraso-
des aRdgeba, xolo saeWvo
operaciebi himenis gamrTe-
lebis mizniT sxva araferia,
Tu ara TviTmotyuebaze (an,
ufro xSirad, xalxis motyu-
ebaze) mimarTuli ideologi-
uri mcdeloba. modernuli
racionalobis mier Catare-
buli tradiciuli azrovnebis
defloracia viRacisTvis
iqneb gaupatiurebis tolfasia,
sxvisTvis ki _ sakacobrio
bednierebisken gadadgmuli
nabiji, magram nebismier
SemTxvevaSi is Seuqcevadia.
kacobrioba dawyevlilia
ideologiiT, da es ukanask-
neli, rogorc Cans, mxolod
pirvelTan erTad daiRupeba.
Cemi azriT, Tanamedrove
antiideologizmi mWidrod
ukavSirdeba antipolitikas _
dRes metad gavrcelebul
tendencias dasavleTSic da
CvenSic.7 ideologiis ase Tu
ise Tanmimdevruli uaryofa
SesaZlebelia mxolod poli-
tikis, politikuri qcevis
uaryofiT. politikuri qceva
_ da masTan erTad ideologia
_ dakavSirebulia sazogado
sikeTis cnebasTan. politi-
kuri moRvaweobis mizania
sazogado sikeTis miRweva an
sazogado borotebis Semcireba,
xolo politikuri ideolo-
gia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT
rogorc garkveuli koncef-
cia imisa, Tu raSi mdgomare-
#1(34)
obs sazogado sikeTe da ra
SeiZleba gaakeTos xelisuf-
lebam mis misaRwevad an sazo-
gado borotebis Sesamcireb-
lad. kerZod, sxvadasxva po-
litikuri ideologiis
Tanaxmad, sazogado sikeTis
miRwevis gza SeiZleba iyos
individualuri Tavisuflebis
maqsimaluri waxaliseba, soci-
aluri solidarobis dacva,
tradiciuli Rirebulebebis
erTguleba da a.S. antipoli-
tikuri tendencia, amis sapi-
rispirod, politikis sferos
ukavSirebs mxolod Zalauf-
lebas da Zalmomreobas. Tu
politikis klasikuri koncef-
ciis Tanaxmad, Zalaufleba
da Zalmomreoba mxolod
aucilebeli iaraRebia sazo-
gado sikeTis misaRwevad, anti-
politikuri midgomisTvis
Zalaufleba da Zalmomraobis
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblo-
ba TviTmizania, xolo ideo-
logiuri Sexedulebebi sazo-
gado sikeTeze _ am miznebis
SesaniRbad gaTvaliswinebuli
tyuili (isev mivadeqiT ideo-
logiis, rogorc `yalbi
cnobierebis~, koncefcias).
amrigad, ideologiis uaryofa
politikisa da zneobis prob-
lemasac ukavSirdeba. farTod
gavrcelebuli _ xolo CvenSi
gabatonebuli _ warmodgena,
rom yovelgvari politika
`binZuria~, rom politikasa
da zneobas Soris mxolod
negatiuri mimarTeba SeiZleba
arsebobdes, logikurad moiT-
xovs yovelgvari ideologiis
uaryofasac. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom prof. vaxtang erqo-
maiSvili, saqarTveloSi erT-
erTi wamyvani antiideolo-
gisti, Tavis sxva naSromSi
kategoriulad uaryofs poli-
tikasa da zneobas Soris
Solidarität
LUMEN
raime pozitiuri kavSiris
principul SesaZleblobasac.
sazogadod, antipolitika
TavisTavad ufro politikiT
gawbilebuli inteligenciis
ganwyobulebaa, vidre Camoya-
libebuli koncefcia, Tumca
igi gamoxatulebas povebs
ideaTa sistemebSi, romelTac
met-naklebad koherentuli
koncefciebis forma da pre-
tenzia aqvT. es Sinaganad
anarqistuli tendencia Tavs
iCens sxvadasxva saxis uto-
pizmSi an socialuri SekavSi-
rebis winamodernuli formebis
faqtiur xeldasxmaSi, risi
nimuSicaa multikulturaliz-
mi _ Tanamedrove kvazilibe-
raluri neotraibalizmi.
antipolitikuri ganwyobile-
bis garda dRevandel viTare-
bas rogorc dasavleTSi, ise
postkomunistur samyaroSi
axasiaTebs realur politi-
kur cxovrebaSi ideologiis
rolis Sesusteba an, sxvanai-
rad rom vTqvaT, ideologiuri
simkveTris dakargva. politi-
kuri diskusia upiratesad
calkeul sakiTxebze, prob-
lemebze mimdinareobs da ara
fuZemdeblur politikur-
ideologiur principebze.
amis mizezia is garemoeba,
romelsac frensis fukuiamam
`istoriis dasasrulis~ kvali-
fikacia misca:8 msoflio inte-
leqtualuri modis damdge-
nel dasavleTSi gamarjvebul
liberalizms metoqe, sinam-
dvileSi, aRar darCa. amis Zi-
riTad mizezad iTvleba libe-
ralizmis uZRebi Svilis da
uwindeli mTavari mowinaaR-
mdegis _ komunizmis kraxi 80-
iani wlebis bolos. Cemi azriT,
aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo
}'vh'mksr
54
movlena, romelic 70-ian wleb-
Si moxda yovelgvari zar-zei-
misa da Tundac xaverdovani
revoluciebis gareSe: swored
am dros gardaicvala egreT
wodebuli `dasavluri socia-
lizmi~. dasavlur `progresul
inteligencias~ lamis biolo-
giurad ezizReba gardacvli-
lis mkvlelebi _ ronald
reigani da margaret TeTCeri,
magram umravlesoba, rogorc
Cans, Seurigda TviT sikvdi-
lis faqts, da dRes xmas aZlevs
metad bundovani mrwamsis po-
litikosebs _ bil qlintons,
toni blers an gerhard Sri-
oders, romlebic politiku-
ri mowinaaRmdegisagan nases-
xeb memarjvene-liberalur
politikas atareben saxis
memarcxene-liberaluri
gamometyvelebiT. magram es
50-60-ian wlebSi gamocxade-
buli `deideologizacia~ ki
ar aris, aramed konkretuli
(liberaluri) ideologiis
gamarjveba. garda amisa, Tu
ekonomikuri politikis gan-
msazRvrel centralur Rire-
bulebebze garkveuli konsen-
susia miRweuli, es ar niSnavs,
rom sxva problemebze diskusia
nakleb mwvave da nakleb ideo-
logiuria. amis magaliTebia
abortis problema da `kultu-
ruli omebi~ SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi, evrokavSiris Semdgomi
integracia da erovnuli sa-
xelmwifos principis daZleva
evropaSi. erTiani evropuli
valutis SemoReba ufro metad
ideologiuri problemaa,
vidre ekonomikuri.
ideologiis xifaTi
Tu ideologia modernuli
xanis politikis moucilebel
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

da legitimur Tanamgzavrad
mimaCnia, ras vgulisxmobdi,
roca zemoT ideologiisagan
momdinare gansakuTrebuli
xifaTi vaxsene? Cemi azriT,
ZiriTad xifaTs warmoadgens
ara tyuili, ara masebis
cnobierebiT manipulireba,
ara samyaros suraTis cnobi-
eri /naxevradcnobieri/qvec-
nobieri damaxinjeba calke-
uli socialuri Zalebis inte-
resTa Sesabamisad, aramed
azrovnebis hybris, raciona-
luri meTodebiT SeiraRebuli
adamianuri inteleqtis gada-
metebuli qedmaRloba, ro-
melic ideologiis proeqtis
ukan SeiZleba igulisxmebodes.
rogorc ukve vTqvi, ideologia
Tavisi arsiT religiis suro-
gatia. ideologia aris inte-
leqtualTa mier Seqmnili sa-
azrovno konstruqcia, romlis
mizani da pretenziaa Secvalos
religia da misi funqcia Seas-
rulos. magram religia ar
aris adamianuri inteleqtis
nayofi _ yovel SemTxvevaSi,
igi aseTad ar aris warmodge-
nili morwmune adamianis Tval-
Si. morwmunisTvis religia
aris gamocxadebis Sedegi,
RvTaebrivi nebis Tu gonis
gamosxiveba, romlis mimarTac
Cveulebrivma adamianebma
(magaliTad, vinme maTem an
vinme markozma) SeiZleba mxo-
lod Camweris, damfiqsireblis,
Semdeg ki _ in-terpretatoris,
ganmmarteblis roli Seasru-
lon. religia dafuZnebulia
transcendenturis, zebuneb-
rivis, zeadamianuris warmod-
genaze, ris mimarTac adamians
simdable, Tavmdabloba, e. i.
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis da
unarebis principuli SezRu-
dulobis Segneba marTebs.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
raciom, mecnieruli azrovne-
bis iaraRTa dauflebam, amaze
dayrdnobiT gakeTebulma
miRwevebma mkveTrad aamaRla
adamianis TviTrwmena. saxel-
dobr, racionalurad moaz-
rovne adamianma igrZno axali
Zala or sawyisTan mimarTeba-
Si: erTia fizikuri buneba,
romlis winaSec tradiciuli
adamiani ufro Tavdacvis po-
ziciaSi idga, axla ki iswavla
bunebis Zalebis misTvis
sasurvel kalapotSi moqceva
da misTvis sasurvel Sedegeb-
ze mimarTva; meorea kultura,
tradicia, romlebic aranak-
leb iqvemdebarebdnen ada-
mians, vidre bunebis stiqia.
Tu adamians SeuZlia fiziku-
ri buneba moaqcios Tavis
Wkuaze, ratom ar SeiZleba
racionaluri, `crurwmenebi-
sa~ da `winaregansjisagan~
(Vorurteil, ïðåäðàññóäîê) Tavisu-
fali pasuxi gasce im SekiT-
xvebs, rasac adre tradicia,
tradiciiT miRebuli rwmena
pasuxobda. swored am logikiT
aRmocendeba grandiozuli
cTuneba_ adamianma TviTon
Seqmnas racionaluri religia
_ ideologia, da mas mecnieru-
lad dasabuTebuli WeSmari-
tebis statusi mianiWos.
Tu tradiciul `crurwmeneb-
ze~ amaRlebis paTosi, qed-
maRali damokidebuleba
racionaluri kritikis mier
gadaumuSavebeli nebismieri
Sexedulebis mimarT saerTod
liberalizms axasiaTebs,
marqsizmma da socializmis
sxva formebma tradiciis
daZlevis da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis adamianuri gonebis
mier dadgenili gegmiT tota-
luri gardaqmnis paTosi
bolomde miiyvanes. marqsma
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
55
solidaroba
erTmaneTs gauigiva `Teori-
uli humanizmi~ da `Teoriuli
aTeizmi~, rac imas niSnavda,
rom adamianma sabolood
daikava RmerTis adgili, anu
racionaluri individi (Tu,
marqsis SemTxvevaSi, mecnie-
rebiT SeiaraRebuli partia/
klasi) srul kontrols amya-
rebs aramarto bunebaze, ara-
med sazogadoebazec. aq Cven-
Tvis saintereso, gansakuTre-
biT, meore momentia: socia-
lurobis rekonstruqcia
ganaTlebuli gonebis mier.
amis pirveli mcdeloba iyo
safrangeTis revolucia,
romelSic gamarjvebulma
revolucionerebma axali
welTaRricxvac ki SemoiRes
imis xazgasasmelad, rom axal
samyaros ZvelTan saerTo
araferi eqneboda. magram
safrangeTi male isev Zvel
welTaRricxvas daubrunda,
marqsma ki gaiTvaliswina
iakobinelTa warumatebloba
da mixvda, rom ufro Sors
unda wasuliyo: man uaryo
`adamianis buneba~, rogorc
yalbi ideologiuri warmod-
gena, warsulidan Semoparuli
troas cxeni, romelic naTel
momavals isev bnel warsulze
abamda. Tu axal samyaroSi
isev ucvleli, anu Zvelidan
gadmosuli adamiani icxovrebs,
raRa axal sazogadoebazea
laparaki? aq socialuri
konstruqtivizmi, romelic
adre ideologiis kritikas-
Tan dakavSirebiT ganvixileT,
Tavis meore mxares avlens.
ideologiis kritikam daad-
gina, rom marqsis Tanamedrove
adamianis cnobiereba kapita-
listuri sabazro ekonomikis
interesTa gamomxatveli Za-
lebis mier yofila `agebuli~,
ese igi, adamianis cnobiereba
#1(34)
principSi `agebas~ eqvemdeba-
reba. magram Tu SeiZleba ada-
mianis cnobiereba `bnelma Za-
lebma~, gaucxoebis agentebma
aagon, ratom ar SeiZleba
igive gaakeTon `naTelma Za-
lebma~, anu TviTon marqsma da
misma Tanamoazreebma komu-
nisturi partiis saxiT?
ideologiis kritika, saboloo
jamSi, ideologiis srul gan-
Tavisuflebad, ideologiaze
agebuli socialuri praqti-
kebisTvis SezRudvebis moxsnad
mogvevlina. raki adamianis
(Sinagani) buneba ar arsebobs,
raki is Tavidan bolomde so-
cialuri konstruqciaa,
ganaTlebul inteligencias
ideologiurad damuSavebul
proletariatTan kavSirSi
SeuZlia SeuzRudvelad gar-
daqmnas samyaro racionaluri
gonebis mier SemuSavebuli
ideebis Sesabamisad. sxvanai-
rad amas hqvia totalitarizmi:
adamianis gonebas (anu ganaT-
lebul adamianTagan Semdgar
partias) SeuZlia da valdebu-
lia gaakontrolos samyaro,
upirveles yovlisa, socialu-
ri samyaro mis totalobaSi,
radgan samyarom vakuumi ar
icis da, rasac naTeli (`prog-
resuli~) Zalebi ar mixedaven,
bnel Zalebs Cauvardeba xelSi.
gavimeoreb, marqsizmi aq sain-
teresoa ara rogorc erT-erTi
ideologia, Tundac gansakuT-
rebiT represiuli implika-
ciebis da sisxliani istoriis
mqone, aramed rogorc logi-
kuri ganviTareba `pirvel-
ideologiis~ _ liberalizmis
_ centraluri Taviseburebi-
sa. logikam Tavisi gamoric-
xuli mesamis kanoniT Sebra-
leba ar icis da, roca ganaT-
lebuli goneba isevea darw-
Solidarität
LUMEN
munebuli yovlismomcveli
pretenziis mqone ideologiis
WeSmaritebaSi, rogorc maTe-
matikur formulebSi, rigiT
adamianebs SeiZleba mZime dRe
daadges. am savsebiT realuri
xifaTis danaxva ideologiis,
rogorc aseTis, uaryofa ki
ar unda iyos, aramed adamianis
gonebisa da misi nayofis _
ideologiis _ principuli
SezRudulobis gaazreba. es
SezRuduloba sul mcire or-
magad vlindeba. erTi mxriv,
buneba _ maT Soris adamianisa
da sociumis buneba _ ar aris
usasrulod plastikuri, Ria
da damTmobi racionalobis
intervenciis winaSe. es uka-
naskneli mxolod imdenad
SeiZleba iyos produqtiuli
da warmatebuli, ramdenadac
aRiarebs sociumis da adami-
anis bunebis avtonomiurobas,
garkveul sazRvrebSi pativs
scems mas, rogorc mocemulo-
bas. meore mxriv, ideologiis
principuli SezRudulobis
wyaroa adamianis gonebis Sina-
gani sisuste, is, rom raciona-
loba arsebiTad uunaroa
pasuxi gasces yvela sakvanZo
SekiTxvas da ar SeuZlia
raRac zomiT ar daendos
rwmenas, tradicias an inte-
leqtualur modas. tradiciul
rwmenaSi eWvis SetaniT (pir-
velcodvis erTgvari repro-
duqciiT) adamianma Tavi Caiye-
na mdgomareobaSi, roca ideo-
logiis gareSe arseboba aRar
SeuZlia; magram ideologiis,
rogorc potenciurad momak-
vdinebeli iaraRis, xmareba
mkacr CarCoebSi unda iqnes
Casmuli; am CarCoebis sakiTxs
Cven kidev davubrundebiT,
roca saxelmwifosa da
ideologiis mimarTebaze
gveqneba laparaki.
}'vh'mksr
56
meore seriozuli safrTxe,
romelic ideologiisgan
momdinareobs, sazogadoebis
(koleqtivis) da individis
mimarTebaSi unda davinaxoT.
ideologiebs, rogorc
inteleqtualur konstruq-
ciebs calkeuli individebi
qmnian, magram ideologiebi,
rogorc rwmenis simboloebi
da samoqmedo strategiebi,
koleqtiuri moxmarebisTvi-
saa gankuTvnili. es orienta-
cia koleqtiur moxmarebaze
TavisTavad moiTxovs erTg-
var gamartivebas, sixistes,
mocemuli poziciisTvis uxer-
xuli momentebis gverdis avlas.
Tundac mocemuli ideolo-
giuri konstruqciis ukan
araferi davinaxoT sazogado
sikeTisadmi swrafvis garda,
mosalodneli xdeba kolizia
sazogado sikeTis ideiT STa-
gonebul samoqalaqo enTuzi-
azmsa da individualuri cno-
bierebis kriticizms Soris.
individis SemoqmedebiTi
azrovneba nebismier ideaTa
kompleqsis mudmiv kritikul
gadasinjvas moiTxovs, ideo-
logia ki saazrovno konst-
ruqciaTa stabilobas, sicxades
da simartives mieswrafvis.
inteleqtualur Tavisufle-
baze orientirebul individs
tendencia aqvs, ideologiis
koleqtiuri sicxade da simar-
tive azrovnebis primitiviz-
mad, xolo ideebis garkveuli
paketis aucilebeli urTier-
Tgadabma sakuTari avtonomi-
is Seuracxmyofel `prokrus-
tes sareclad~ aRiqvas. Tavis
mxriv, sazogado sikeTis ideiT
motivirebuli ideologize-
buli qmedebis poziciidan
individualuri cnobierebis
skepticizmi da spontanuroba
moCans rogorc safrTxe,
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

erTgvari egoizmi da anarqis-
tuli upasuxismgebloba. bu-
nebrivia, inteleqtualebi
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
individualizmiT da kriti-
cizmiT instinqtur pro-
tests grZnoben ideologiis
mimarT _ es instinqturi
protesti zogadad ideologiis
uaryofis, inteleqtualTa
wreSi misi saxelgatexilobis
erT-erTi wyaroa.
ideologiis zewola azrovne-
baze misi koleqtiuri konfor-
mulobis mimarTulebiT
SeiZleba sxvadasxva formas
iRebdes. erTia `partiuli
disciplinis~ eqsplicituri
reJimi, roca calkeul indi-
vids Riad moeTxoveba, raRac
farglebSi mainc, TavisTvis
Seinaxos piradi Tvalsazrisis
elferebi da sakuTari inte-
leqtualuri unikalobiT
Tavis mowonebis Sansi saerTo
saqmis interesebs Seswiros.
aseTi aSkarad gamoxatuli
SezRudva xSirad gansakuTre-
bul protests iwvevs inteleq-
tualTa mxridan, rac `me arc
erT partias ar vekuTvni-s~
amayi poziT gamoixateba. sxvaTa
Soris, aseTi poza Tu pozicia
gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTe-
belia postkomunisturi
samyaros inteleqtualebisaT-
vis, romlebic inteleqtualu-
ri Tavisuflebis SezRudvaze
nebismier miniSnebasac ki gan-
sakuTrebiT mtkivneulad ga-
nicdian (es erT-erTi mizezia
imisa, rom am qveynebis demok-
ratiul Zalebs uWirT serio-
zul partiebad gaerTianeba).
meorea ideologiuri zewolis
ufro daxvewili, magram efeq-
turi forma, roca garkveuli
ideaTa kompleqsi `mowinavis~,
`progresulis~ statuss iCe-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
mebs da Tavis mowinaaRmdege-
ebs avtomaturad awebebs
`CamorCenilis~, `reaqciulis~
an, ufro Cveneburad rom
vTqvaT, `goimuris~ iarliys.
mecxramete saukunis ruseTSi
zewolis am meqanizms `libe-
raluri terori~ daerqva. am
meqanizmis gansakuTrebuli
efeqturoba imiTaa gamowve-
uli, rom individis inteleq-
tualuri Tavisufleba for-
malurad aranairad araa Sez-
Ruduli, magram amave dros
ieriSia mitanili yvelaze
Zvirfasze, rac socialur
subieqts gaaCnia _ misi
statusis Segnebaze. aravis
unda, rom `CamorCenili~
dauZaxon _ am statusis miReba
daaxloebiT imis aRiarebis
tolfasia, rom daberdi da
Seni dro wavida. amgvari
zewolis gaZlebas garkveuli
principebis metad mtkice
erTguleba da/an sakuTari
inteleqtualuri Zalmosile-
bis gansakuTrebuli rwmena
sWirdeba _ rac adamianTa
umravlesobas SeiZleba arc
axasiaTebdes.
`liberaluri terori~, cxadia,
ar aris erTaderTi magaliTi
individze sazogadoebis fsi-
qologiuri zewolisa. gansa-
kuTrebiT Zlieri SeiZleba
iyos zemoqmedeba erovnul-
patriotuli motivebis gamo-
yenebiT. es ukanaskneli ufro
emociur simebze TamaSobs,
vidre statusis Segnebaze,
ufro uxeSi, daufaravi da
agresiulia, da misi gamklaveba,
inteleqtualuri simtkicis
garda, SeiZleba did pirad
vaJkacobasac moiTxovdes.
erovnul-patriotuli moti-
vebiT zewola ufro intensi-
uria da mosaxleobis ufro
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
57
solidaroba
farTo fenebs umiznebs,
magram, amave dros, misi
efeqturobis vada Cveuleb-
riv ufro moklea, radgan mas
sazogadoebis zogadi egzal-
tacia sWirdeba, rac Znelia
didxans gagrZeldes. `libe-
raluri terori~ ufro eli-
tazea gamiznuli da elita-
rulobis grZnobis gamoyene-
biT muSaobs, mas meti dro
sWirdeba zemoqmedebis misaR-
wevad, samagierod Sedegebi
ufro gamZlea.
me `arc erT partias ar vekuT-
vni-s~ modelis inteleqtu-
alTagani var, magram Ria
`partiul disciplinaze~
agebuli inteleqtualuri
konsolidacia gacilebiT
ufro patiosani da pironul
TavisuflebasTan SeTavseba-
di mgonia, vidre socialur-
fsiqologiur zewolaze
agebuli inteleqtualuri
konformizmi. `partiuli
disciplina~, Tu is samoqala-
qo urTierTobebis sivrceSia
ganxorcielebuli, niSnavs
kontraqts koleqtivsa da
pirovnebas Soris, rac am
ukanasknels saSualebas
aZlevs garkveuli avtonomi-
uri distancia SeinarCunos
mis mier upiratesad aRiare-
buli politikuri principe-
bis sistemis mimarT. sakuTari
Tavisuflebis garkveuli
elementebis eqplicituri da
nebayoflobiTi SezRudva
amave dros aseTi Tavisuf-
lebis Seuvalobis sferosac
adgens. erTi mxriv, sakuTari
individualobis SenarCunebis,
meore mxriv ki, koleqtiur
samoqalaqo moqmedebaSi mona-
wileobis unaris Sexameba nor-
maluri (Tumca arcTu advili)
amocanaa yoveli socialuri
#1(34)
arsebisaTvis, romelsac unda
samoqalaqo sivrceSi icxov-
ros, xolo rogorc narcisis-
tuli individualizmi, ise
represiuli koleqtivizmi
angrevs amgvari sivrcis
Seqmnis SesaZleblobas.
saxelmwifo da ideologia
axla gadaval sakiTxze, romel-
ze sazogadoebrivma diskusi-
amac sawyisi biZgi misca am
statiis daweras: SesaZlebelia
da saWiroa Tu ara saxelmwi-
fo ideologia? pasuxi Sem-
degia: saxelmwifo ideologia,
ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, da
is saWirocaa imgvari saxel-
mwifosTvis, romlis legiti-
muroba arsebiTad ideologi-
azea damokidebuli (magaliTi
yvelas axsovs _ sabWoTa soci-
alisturi respublikebis
kavSiri). magram, rac Seexeba
demokratiul saxelmwifos,
formalurad aRiarebuli
saxelmwifo ideologiis ar-
seboba masTan SeuTavsebelia.
demokratiuli saxelmwifos-
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia ideo-
logiuri pluralizmi, anu
ideologiaTa, saxelmwifos
marTvis principTa da proeq-
tTa Tavisufali Sejibri
politikur sivrceSi; amgvari
Sejibris gareSe saxelmwifo
demokratiuli ver iqneba.
politikuri ideologiebi
demokratiul saxelmwifoSi
arsebobs, magram TviTon sa-
xelmwifo arcerT maTganTan
identificirebuli ar unda
iyos. ideologiis pirveladi
matarebelia politikuri par-
tia. es ukanaskneli, `normalur~
viTarebaSi, erTi ideologi-
iT gaerTianebul adamianTa
Solidarität
LUMEN
jgufia. sxva sityvebiT, poli-
tikuri partia aris adamianTa
jgufi, romelsac sazogado
sikeTis, upiratesi politi-
kuri Rirebulebebis da maTi
ganxorcielebis gzebis
garkveuli xedva aerTianebs.
magaliTad, liberaluri
partia, klasikuri gagebiT,
pirovnebis politikur da
ekonomikur Tavisuflebas
miiCnevs upirates Rirebule-
bad da Sesabamisad agebs Tavis
strategias, konservatiuli
partia _ tradiciuli Rirebu-
lebebis dacvazea orientire-
buli, socialisturi partia
_ socialuri samarTlianobis,
moqalaqeTa qonebrivi gaTa-
nabrebis da socialuri soli-
darobis miRwevis amocanebs
Tvlis prioritetulad, da
a.S. `normalur viTarebas~
imitom gavusvi xazi, rom
realurad SeiZleba ase arc
iyos: politikur partias
SeiZleba aerTianebdes viwro
da droebiTi jgufuri inte-
resebi, konkretuli politi-
kuri lideris mxardaWera;
mravalerovan sazogadoebaSi
partiebi SeiZleba Seiqmnas
eTnikuri an religiuri niSniT,
da a.S., magram met-naklebad
ganviTarebul demokratiul
politikur sivrceSi swored
ideologiuri niSniT gansaz-
Rvruli partiebi TamaSobs
warmmarTvel rols. metic,
Tundac is partiebi, romlebic
aramyari da koniunqturuli
mosazrebebiT iqmneba, cdilo-
ben, `namdvili~ partiebisgan
nasesxebi ideologiuri saxe-
lebi dairqvan: Tumca saqar-
TveloSi Seqmnili partiebis
umravlesoba pirovnebebis
garSemo yalibdeboda, arc-
erTi maTgani ar registrir-
deboda rogorc `gigos partia~
}'vh'mksr
58
an `Sios partia~, TiTqmis
yvela maTgani dasavleTSi
Camoyalibebul ideologiaTa
aRmniSvneli saxelebis axal-
axal kombinaciebs eZebda, es ki
imis aRiarebas niSnavda, rom
partia Tavisi arsiT ideolo-
giis matarebeli unda iyos.
ratomaa aucilebeli partiaTa
da maTTan erTad ideologiaTa
mravalferovneba? pirveli
da yvelaze popularuli
axsna isaa, rom politikuri
Zalauflebis kontrolisTvis,
misi realuri SezRudvisaTvis
aucilebelia politikur
ZalTa konkurencia, ese igi,
opoziciis Tavisufali saq-
mianoba, radgan Zlieri opo-
zicia saSualebas ar miscems
gabatonebul Zalas, borotad
gamoiyenos Zalaufleba. garda
amisa, sasurvelia xelisuf-
lebaSi politikur ZalTa mo-
nacvleobac, raTa politikurma
cxovrebam stagnacia ar
ganicados da mas drodadro
`axalma cocxma~ gadauaros.
es debulebebi eWvs ar iwvevs,
magram isini sakmarisad ar
mimaCnia. Tu politikur ZalTa
Soris gansxvaveba mxolod
isaa, rom erTi maTgani xeli-
suflebaSia, xolo meore _
opoziciaSi, da isini drodad-
ro adgilebs cvlian, poli-
tikuri pluralizmis TviT
principi TamaSis saxes iRebs
da misi legitimuroba mcir-
deba. sakmarisi ar aris, sxva-
dasxva politikuri Zalis war-
momadgenlebi piradi Tvise-
bebiT da marTvis unariT
gansxvavdebodnen erTmane-
Tisgan, isini gansxvavebul
politikur principebs, Rire-
bulebebs, programebs, anu
ideologiebs unda warmoad-
gendnen.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

magram politikur principTa
pluralizmi ratomRaa auci-
lebeli? ratom ar SeiZleba,
erTxel da samudamod dasa-
buTdes erTi ideologiis
siswore da Semdeg is cxov-
rebaSi iqnes gatarebuli? Tu
WeSmariteba erTia, maSin ori
politikuri ideologiidan
sul mcire erT-erTi auci-
leblad yalbi iqneba, da
ratom ar SeiZleba yalbi
ideologiis siyalbe cxadi
gaxdes da is politikuri
sivrcidan ganidevnos?
es sakmaod seriozuli argu-
mentia, da mas mxolod poli-
tikuri pluralizmis praqti-
kul mizanSewonilebaze miTi-
TebiT ver ukuagdeb. plura-
lizmis principis dasacavad
ratom unda movityuoT Tavi
da ratom unda SeviwynaroT
yalbi ideebis propaganda, Tu
cxadia, rom isini yalbia? ra-
tom unda SevwiroT WeSmariteba
pluralizms? Cemi azriT, es
sakiTxi gadamwyvetia ideolo-
giis Sesaxeb davaSi, radgan
saxelmwifo ideologiis
momxreebi swored amas imeo-
reben yvelaze xSirad: ratom
ar SeiZleba mecnierulad
davasabuToT garkveuli poli-
tikuri principebis siswore
da maTi upiratesoba yvela
sxvasTan SedarebiT? yvelani
erTad davrwmundeT, rom
sazogado sikeTes mxolod am
principTa ganxorcieleba
mogvitans, demokratiuli
procedurebis dacviT mivi-
RoT es koncefcia, rogorc
saxelmZRvanelo Cveni sazoga-
doebisTvis, da saxelmwifo-
ebrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT
cxovrebaSi gavataroT. pasuxi,
rom nebismieri ideologia
Tavisi arsiT `yalbi cnobi-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
erebaa~, am xalxs ver daakma-
yofilebs _ sruliad samarT-
lianad.
marTlac, ratom? Tu WeSma-
riteba erTia, WeSmariti ideo-
logiac xom erTi unda iyos?
Cemi azriT, erTaderTi dama-
jerebeli pasuxi aq isev ada-
mianis gonebis principul
SezRudulobaze miTiTebaa.
`erTaderTi WeSmariti ideo-
logiis~ moTxovna modernuli
epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
kerpTayvanismcemlobis _
mecnierebis kultis, gamoxa-
tulebaa. Tu mecnierebs
SeuZliaT adamiani kosmosSi
gaagzavnon, erTaderTi WeS-
mariti ideologiis SemuSave-
bas riT veRar daadga saSveli?!
magram velosipedis gamogo-
nebasa da kosmosuri raketis
Seqmnas Soris arc iseTi
principuli gansxvavebaa,
rogorc romelime amaTgansa
da ideologias Soris. ideo-
logias pretenzia aqvs sruli
da yovlismomcveli warmod-
gena hqondes gacilebiT ufro
rTul sferoze _ adamianze
da sazogadoebaze. aseTi war-
modgena principulad SeuZ-
lebelia nakluli ar iyos.
rac mTavaria, misi centra-
luri elementi Rirebule-
biTi arCevania, aseT arCevans
ki mecnierulad ver daasabu-
Teb. aq aRar CavuRrmavdebi
filosofiur kamaTs imis
Sesaxeb, RirebulebaTa sfero
sruli TviTnebobisa da re-
litivizmis samefoa, Tu aqac
arsebobs swori da araswori,
ukeTesi da uaresi. me meore
pasuxisken vixrebi, magram
calsaxa mecnierul demonst-
racias RirebulebiTi prio-
ritetebi nebismier SemTxve-
vaSi ar eqvemdebareba.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
59
solidaroba
adamianis goneba principulad
arasrulyofili instrumen-
tia, da yoveli misi produq-
ti, kerZod da gansakuTrebiT,
ideologia, ganwirulia sai-
misod, rom arasrulyofili
iyos. srulyofili da WeSma-
riti ideologiis Seqmna mxo-
lod RmerTs SeuZlia _ xolo
adamiani rom RmerTi iyos,
demokratia da pluralizmi
namdvilad saWiro aRar iqne-
boda (sxvaTa Soris, rogorc
amerikuli demokratiis
mamebi ambobdnen, adamianebi
rom angelosebi yofiliyvnen,
saxelmwifo saerTod ar
iqneboda saWiro).
demokratiis erT-erTi gan-
sazRvrebaa is, rom igi arse-
bobs arasrulyofili da
sakuTari arasrulyofilebis
Segnebis mqone adamianebisT-
vis. am azriT SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom demokratia imitom jobia
nebismier sxva sistemas, rom
igi adekvaturia adamianis
bunebisa: nebismier sxva siste-
maze metad igi aRiarebs ada-
mianis principul naklulo-
bas (laparakia yvela adamian-
ze gamonaklisis gareSe!) da
saxelisuflebo struqturebs
amis SegnebiT agebs. amaSia
demokratiis ZiriTadi gans-
xvaveba totalitaruli siste-
mebisagan, radgan es ukanask-
nelni sul mcire erTi srul-
yofili adamianis arsebobas
uSveben da saerTod adamianis
srulyofasac SesaZleblad
Tvlian. Sesabamisad, ideolo-
giebi imitom unda Seejibron
erTmaneTs, rom isini arasrul-
yofili adamianebis mier aras-
ruli codnis safuZvelze
agebuli konstruqciebia.
srulyofil da `amayad mJRer~
adamianze komunistebi da
#1(34)
nacistebi iyvnen orientire-
bulni da ara demokratebi.
romelime ideologiisTvis
saxelmwifo statusis miniWeba
praqtikulad imas niSnavs,
rom viRacis saTuo ideebs da
saTuo RirebulebiT arCevans
policia da prokuratura
damaZalebs (risi gamocdile-
bac ukve gvaqvs). saxelmwifo
ideologiis arseboba-arse-
bobis sakiTxi, praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT, sabolood
aqamde midis: aqvT Tu ara
samarTaldamcav organoebs
ufleba, ar Semoifarglon
formaluri kanonis dacviT
da kidev raRac ideebis erT-
guleba momTxovon? Tu ar min-
da policias da prokuratu-
ras aseTi ufleba mivce, saxel-
mwifo ideologiis winaaRm-
degi vyofilvar.
amaze saxelmwifo ideologiis
momxres SeuZlia kidev erTi
argumenti wamoayenos: ki, ba-
tono, vTqvaT asea, vTqvaT,
nebismieri ideologia ara-
srulyofilia, magram SeuZlia
ki saxelmwifos erTiani ideo-
logiis gareSe cxovreba?
raRacam xom unda Sekras
saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba
erT mTlianobad? Tu saxelm-
wifo garkveuli saxis subieq-
tia, rogor SeiZleba igi war-
movidginoT garkveuli Rire-
bulebiTi principebisa da
samoqmedo programebis, anu
ideologiis, gareSe? demokra-
tiuli principi amaze mxolod
erTi pasuxis saSualebas iZle-
va: aseTi ram aris konstitu-
cia da kanonebi. demokratiu-
li saxelmwifo legitimuria
mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac
is emyareba garkveul SeTanx-
mebas mis moqalaqeebs Soris
(`socialur xelSekrulebas~),
Solidarität
LUMEN
romelic fiqsirebulia kons-
tituciaSi da am konstituci-
is Sesabamis kanonebSi. kons-
titucia da kanonebi sruliad
sakmarisia imisTvis, rom saxel-
mwifom sajaro cxovrebis,
maT Soris, sxvadasxva ideo-
logiur mimdinareobebs Soris
Sejibris regulireba SeZlos.
Tu is amas ver axerxebs, an
konstituciaa gadasasinji an
damatebiTi kanonia misaRebi.
martivad JRers, ara? ki mag-
ram, _ ar gveSveba saxelmwifo
ideologiis momxre, _ kons-
titucia cidan xom ar vardeba,
konstituciaSi ra, ideologia
ar igulisxmeba? es kidev erTi
uxerxuli SekiTxvaa, razedac
radikal antiideologistebs
pasuxi uWirT. uxerxuloba
imiTaa gamowveuli, rom swori
pasuxi bolo SekiTxvaze dade-
biTia. diax, konstitucia, iseve
rogorc kanonebi dawerilia
konkretuli adamianebis mier,
romelTac, rogorc wesi, gar-
kveuli ideologiuri princi-
pebi amoZravebT. konstitu-
ciis miRebas win uswrebs po-
litikuri procesi, romelSic
sxvadasxva ideologiis mata-
rebeli da mocemuli momenti-
saTvis met-naklebi gavlenis
mqone politikuri Zalebi mona-
wileoben. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
konstitucia afiqsirebs maq-
simalurad farTo konsensuss
sxvadasxva pozicias Soris,
uares SemTxvevaSi, mocemuli
momentisTvis gabatonebuli
politikuri Zala konstitu-
ciaSi misTvis misaReb princi-
pebs debs. magram saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSic ideologiuri
konsensusi met-naklebad piro-
biTia: viRacis xma ufro metad
ismis, viRacis naklebad, xolo
demokratiisa da konstitu-
}'vh'mksr
60
cionalizmis principebTan
SeuTavsebeli Rirebulebebi
saerTod gamoiricxeba. miT
umetes, ideologiis niSniTaa
aRbeWdili calkeuli kanonebi.
tradiciuli gansxvaveba
liberalsa da socialists
Soris, upirveles, yovlisa,
sagadasaxado kodeqsSi unda
gamoCndes: liberals minimu-
mamde unda gadasaxadebis
Semcireba, raTa kerZo inici-
ativas misces gasaqani, soci-
alisti ki maqsimalurad zrdis
gadasaxadebs, gansakuTrebiT
mdidrebisTvis, raTa socialu-
ri programebi daafinansos.
formula, romliTac saxelm-
wifos zeideologiuroba Se-
iZleba SeuTavsdes sakanonm-
deblo aqtTa ideologiuro-
bas, Cemi azriT, Semdegia:
kanonis ukan yovelTvis dgas
ideologia, magram ideolo-
gia unda mokvdes kanonSi.
kanoni gulisxmobs ideolo-
giur Rirebulebebs, magram
saxelmwifos SeuZlia garkve-
uli ideologiuri principebi
daicvas mxolod imdenad,
ramdenadac isini kanonis
formiT arian formulirebu-
li. kanonis Sinaarsi SeiZleba
ideologiiT iyos aRbeWdili,
magram misi operireba da
iuridiuli interpretacia
aranairad ar unda iyos nakar-
naxevi ideologiuri mosaz-
rebebiT. igive azri SeiZleba
sxvanairad ase gamoiTqvas:
ideologia iswrafis saxelm-
wifosken (anu, politikuri
partiebi cdiloben, sakuTari
ideologiuri principebi da-
amkvidron kanonmdeblobaSi
da saxelmwifoebrivi mmarT-
velobis praqtikaSi), magram
saxelmwifom maqsimalurad
Sors unda daiWiros Tavi
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

ideologiisagan (ese igi, ar
dauSvas saxelmwifo institu-
tebis identifikacia calke
aRebul ideologiur princi-
pebTan, maqsimalurad farTo
asparezi dautovos Sejibrs
ideologiaTa Soris). saxelm-
wifosa da ideologiis mimar-
Teba, sinamdvileSi, dinamiku-
ri procesia, romelSic saxel-
mwifos sruli izolacia ide-
ologiisagan SeuZlebelia,
magram misi sruli identifi-
kacia romelime calkeul ide-
ologiasTan _ damRupveli.
erovnuli ideologia
erovnuli da saxelmwifo ide-
ologiis problemebi erTma-
neTs ukavSirdeba, ramdenadac
erovnuli ideologiis momx-
reebi, Cveulebriv, gulisxmoben,
rom saxelmwifo ideologia
aucilebelia, anu saxelmwifo
Tavis saqmianobas garkveul
ideologiur moZRvrebaze
dayrdnobiT unda gansazRvrav-
des. magram isini moiTxoven
ufro mets: es saxelmwifo ide-
ologia amave dros `erovnuli~,
anu konkretuli eris specifi-
kuri interesebis gamomxatve-
li unda iyos. magaliTad,
komunizmi, rogorc sabWoTa
kavSiris oficialuri ideolo-
gia, am pirobas ver akmayofilebs,
radgan Tavisi SinaarsiT is
universaluria da ara `erov-
nuli~. anu, `erovnuli ideo-
logiis~ momxreebisaTvis `erov-
nuli~ apriorulad gansxvav-
deba `saxelmwifoebrivisagan~,
Tumca demokratiul sazoga-
doebaSi aseTi gansxvaveba
sulac ar aris trivialuri.
es `ufro meti~, rac erovnul
ideologias saxelmwifo ide-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
ologiisgan ganasxvavebs, Cemi
dakvirvebiT, or rames SeiZ-
leba gulisxmobdes. erTi aris
moTxovna, rom saxelmwifo
ideologia unda mdgomareob-
des qarTveli eris (rogorc
eTnikuri eris) interesTa upi-
rates dacvaSi. sxva sityvebiT,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ide-
ologia unda iyos eTnikuri
nacionalizmi. meore mxriv,
erovnuli ideologia niSnavs
erovnuli Taviseburebebis
konceftualizacias da amis
safuZvelze erovnuli mizne-
bisa da Rirebulebebis gamok-
veTas, e. i. pasuxebs kiTxvebze:
vina varT? saiT mivdivarT?
ra gvinda? da a. S. erovnuli
ideologiis es ori aspeqti
xandaxan areulia erTmaneTSi,
magram aq ori sxvadasxva prob-
lema igulisxmeba da isini cal-
calke unda iqnes ganxiluli.
rac Seexeba nacionalizms da
eris interesebis dacvas, mTa-
vari da umTavresi idea, ro-
melic ignorirebulia `erov-
nuli ideologebis~ mier aris
is, rom qarTveli eris inte-
resebis dacvis gadamwyveti
garantia aris saqarTvelos,
rogorc damoukidebeli sa-
xelmwifos, arsebobis TviT
faqti. sanam aseTi saxelmwi-
fo ar arsebobda, qarTveli
eris, rogorc eTnikuri jgu-
fis, interesebis raRac sxva,
arapolitikuri meTodebiT
dacva (magaliTad, qarTvelTa
Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrce-
lebeli sazogadoebis SeqmniT)
SesaZloa azriani yofiliyo;
magram mas Semdeg, rac aseTi
saxelmwifo Seiqmna, qarTve-
lebze, rogorc eTnikur jguf-
ze, raRac gamocalkevebuli
zrunva aramarto saWiro araa,
aramed sazianocaa isev saqar-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
61
solidaroba
TvelosTvis da qarTvele-
bisTvis. anu, dRes saqarTve-
loSi saxelmwifos normaluri
funqciobis interesi teqniku-
rad igivea, rac qarTveli
eris interesi. saqarTvelo
mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa, rac
imas niSnavs, rom eTnikuri
umciresobebi angariSgaswev
socialur da politikur
Zalas warmoadgenen, xolo
nebismieri mravaleTnikuri
saxelmwifos prioritetuli
amocanaa eTnikur jgufebs
Soris harmoniuli Tanacxov-
rebis pirobebis Seqmna. es
aris ara mxolod zogadde-
mokratiuli an zogadhuma-
nisturi moTxovna, romelic
saqarTvelom demokratiuli
samyaros zewoliT unda Seas-
rulos, aramed eTnikuri um-
ravlesobis (am SemTxvevaSi,
qarTuli eTnosis) kerZo inte-
resis gamoxatulebac, radgan
umravlesoba yvelaze metad
agebs pasuxs sakuTari qveynis
viTarebaze, da, pirvel yov-
lisa, mis interesebSi Sedis
qveynis stabiluri ganviTa-
rebis aucilebloba.
calkeuli, Tanac raodenob-
rivad gabatonebuli, eTniku-
ri jgufis interesebis gamo-
calkeveba imitomaa gansakuT-
rebiT saziano, rom mraval-
eTnikuri mosaxleobis mqone
qveyanaSi Sinagani konfliq-
tebis asacileblad gadamwy-
vetia saerTo moqalaqeobis
Segnebis ganviTareba. saxelm-
wifos _ da masTan erTad eT-
nikuri umravlesobis _ inte-
resebSia, rom mTel mosaxle-
obaSi eTnikurma TviTSegnebam
maqsimalurad gadainacvlos
ukana planze samoqalaqo
TviTSegnebasTan SedarebiT.
Tu aseT politikas ewinaaRm-
#1(34)
degeba eTnikuri umciresoba,
amaSi SeiZleba raRac logika
davinaxoT: umciresobas asi-
milaciisa eSinia; amitom
umravlesoba maqsimalurad
unda ecados, es SiSi gaaneit-
ralos umciresobis kultu-
rebisTvis xelis gamarTviT.
magram roca eTnikuri (ufro
zusti termini rom vixmaroT,
eTnicisturi) politikis inte-
resTa win wamowevas umravle-
sobis interesebiT axdenen,
diagnozi, rogorc wesi, erTia:
adamianebs, ubralod, ar esmiT
sakuTari qveynis interesi
(ucxo qveynis specsamsaxure-
bis sasargeblod muSaobis
hipoTezas aq ar ganvixilav).
moviyvan kerZo magaliTs.
`erovnuli ideologiis~
gamoxatulebad mis momxreebs
xSirad mohyavT moTxovna,
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisT-
vis savaldebulo iyos qar-
Tuli enis codna _ analogi-
urad imisa, dasZenen xolme
isini, rogorc es sxva qveynebis
kanonmdeblobiTaa gaTvalis-
winebuli. sinamdvileSi, am
mxriv saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-
loba ukve ramdenime welia
Seesabameba saerTaSoriso
standartebs: Tu momavalSi
romelime imigranti natura-
lizacias, anu saqarTvelos
moqalaqeobis miRebas moindo-
mebs, mas, saqarTvelos
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis
Tanaxmad, moeTxoveba, sxva
pirobebis dacvasTan erTad,
qarTuli an afxazuri enis
codnac. aq salaparako
saerTod araferia. magram Tu
`ideologebi~ gulisxmoben
yvela im adamians, vinc avto-
maturad miiRo saqarTvelos
moqalaqeoba sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg, da moiTxoven,
Solidarität
LUMEN
rom am xalxis samoqalaqo
uflebebi unda gadaisinjos
enis codnis safuZvelze, Za-
lian meeWveba, rom maT marTlac
saqarTvelos erovnuli inte-
resebi amoZravebdeT, an unari
hqondeT am ukanasknelTa raci-
onaluri gaazrebisa. im xalxs,
vinc Tavis droze `nulovan
variants~ dauWira mxari, anu
imas, rom damoukideblobis
gamocxadebis Semdeg saqarT-
velos yvela mcxovrebi avto-
maturad miiRebda qveynis
moqalaqeobas (sxvaTa Soris,
am variantisken bolos gada-
ixara zviad gamsaxurdiac,
romelic Znelia daadanaSa-
ulo arasakmaris nacionaliz-
mSi), aerTianebda ori Tviseba:
isini ar iyvnen giJebi, da
isini ar iyvnen saqarTvelos
Segnebuli mtrebi. yvela
normaluri inteleqtualuri
unaris mqone adamianisTvis
cxadi iyo, rom moqalaqeobis
sakiTxis nebismieri sxva gadaw-
yveta arsebiTad zrdida
eTnokonfliqtebis axali
kerebis gaCenis Sansebs.
aranaklebi, ufro sworad,
kidev ufro didi ugunureba
iqneboda am sakiTxis
xelaxali wamoweva dRes.
oponentebma SeiZleba Tqvan,
rom TavisTavad erovnuli
saxelmwifos arseboba saboloo
garantiebs mainc ar iZleva da
mTel rig evropis qveynebSi
eTnikuri nacionalizmi mainc
TamaSobs garkeveul rols
politikur cxovrebaSi. maga-
liTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT
safrangeTi, sadac am poziciaze
mdgomi ultramemarjvene
Zalebi arCevnebze garkveul
warmatebebs aRweven. magram,
jer erTi, aseTi partiebis
ZiriTadi samiznea imigracia,
}'vh'mksr
62
mesame samyarodan gamoqceuli
mosaxleobisaTvis jebirebis
aRmarTva maT qveynebSi Semo-
sasvlelad. naturalizebuli,
moqalaqeobis mqone ucxoto-
melebis winaaRmdeg xmis amo-
Reba, sajarod mainc, maTac
ki uWirT. ramdenadac vici,
saqarTvelos jer ar emuqreba
misi simdidriT moxiblul
imigrantTa talRis moZaleba,
problema ufro isaa, rac mo-
saxleoba gvyavs, is ar gagveq-
ces. meorec, dasavlur de-
mokratiebSi ultramemarjvene
partiebi politikurad gari-
yulni arian, maTTan TanamS-
romloba soliduri partie-
bisTvis sircxvilad iTvleba,
radgan maT poziciaSi (samar-
Tlianad) xedaven xifaTs
sazogadod demokratiisa da
samoqalaqo mSvidobisaTvis.
sul sxvaa `erovnuli ideo-
logia~ zemoTaRwerili meore
azriT. misi momxreebi Ziri-
Tadad im mosazrebidan amodian,
rom erad yofna gulisxmobs
ara mxolod saerTo warmo-
mavlobas, enas, kulturas,
Tundac saxelmwifoebriobas,
aramed kidev raRac sxvas,
kerZod, warmodgenebs sakuTar
unikalur Taviseburebebze,
sakuTar adgilze da rolze
msoflioSi, sakuTar intere-
sebze, miznebsa da amocanebze.
swored aseT warmodgenaTa
erTobliobas hqvia `erovnuli
ideologia~. ar aris saWiro,
erma yovelive es gaiazros?
dadebiTi pasuxis gagonebis
Semdeg ismeba meore kiTxva:
saxeldobr, vin unda SeimuSaos
aseT SexedulebaTa sistema?
`erovnuli ideologis~ pasuxi
Cveulebriv Semdegia: raki
eris, rogorc mTlianobis,
Semkvreli da warmomadgeneli
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

erovnuli saxelmwifoa, erov-
nuli ideologiis Seqmnac
swored saxelmwifom unda
iTavos _ yovel SemTxvevaSi,
`koordinatoris~ funqcia
mainc man unda ikisros.
es sakiTxi calsaxa da gamar-
tivebul midgomas ver aitans.
zemoT CamoTvlili proble-
mebis gaazreba, Cemi azriT,
eris erT-erTi ki ara, yvelaze
arsebiTi niSania. sxva sityvebiT,
eri Tavis Tavs adgens imiT,
rom Tavs iazrebs da Tavisi
arsebobis proeqts qmnis. Tu
mudmivi TviTgaazrebis pro-
cesi Sewyda, maSin eris
arseboba wminda formaluri
an inerciuli xdeba. swored
amitom es sakiTxebi metisme-
tad mniSvnelovania imisTvis,
rom maTi gadawyveta saxelm-
wifos miendos. maTi gansakuT-
rebuli mniSvneloba ganapi-
robebs imasac, rom amgvari
sakiTxebis romelime gadawy-
veta SeuZlebelia sabolood
an erTaderTad CavTvaloT.
am tipis problemebi: `rani
varT?~, `saiT mivdivarT?~,
`risi SemZle varT?~, `risi
Rirsi varT?~ da a. S., _ ver
itans saboloo da fiqsire-
bul gadawyvetebs, maTze esa
Tu is pasuxi ufro orienti-
ria mudmivad mimdinare
sazogadoebriv diskusiaSi,
romlis procesSic eris,
rogorc politikur-istori-
uli subieqtis, mier sakuTari
Tavis mudmivi gadaazreba da
xelaxali interpretacia xdeba.
am interpretaciis Sedegebi,
cxadia, politikur progra-
mebSi da politikur praqti-
kebSic iCens Tavs, magram aq
igive logika moqmedebs, rac
zemoT aRvwereT ideologiasa
da saxelmwifos urTierTo-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
bis ganxilvisas: eris TviT-
gagebis sxvadasxva saxe cdilobs
saxelmwifo politikaSi gan-
sxeuldes, magram saxelmwifo
Tavisi institutebis saxiT
maqsimalurad neitraluri
unda darCes maT mimarT.
kidev erTi SeniSvna: termini
`ideologia~ am konteqstSi
uadgilo da damabneveli
mgonia. ar minda terminolo-
giuri sqolastikiT gatace-
buli pedanti gamovCnde,
magram mainc mniSvnelovania
imis xazgasma, rom termini
`ideologia~, Cveulebriv,
mieyeneba Tavisi arsiT
universalistur politikur
filosofiebs. iseTi saazrov-
no sistemebi, rogoricaa
liberalizmi, socializmi,
konservatizmi, mwvane ideo-
logia da a. S. sxva ganzomi-
lebaSi arsebobs, vidre cal-
keuli eris unikaluri bedis
da amocanebis gaazreba.
sxvaTa Soris, nacionalizmic
aseTive universaluri ideo-
logiaa, radgan is ambobs
mxolod imas, rom yvela ers
(ara mxolod Cemsas) `ekuTvnis~
Tavisi saxelmwifo. amitom
jobia, sityva `ideologia~
aseTi universaluri moZRv-
rebebis sferos davutovoT.
`erovnuli ideologiis~
xmareba qmnis imis iluzias,
TiTqos misi momxreebi uars
amboben universalur poli-
tikur ganzomilebaze da ra-
Rac (savaraudoa, iluzorul)
`erovnul gzaze~ iReben
orientacias. sinamdvileSi,
SexedulebaTa sistemas,
romelsac axla vgulisxmobT,
mxolod imdenad aqvs azri,
ramdenadac erma, Tavisi uni-
kaluri bediT da probleme-
biT, sakuTari adgili unda
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
63
solidaroba
ipovos universalur
sakacobrio sistemaSi.
garda amisa, Tu daboloeba
`-logiiT~ gamoxatuli
mecnierulobis pretenzia
politikur ideologiasac
maincdamainc ar uxdeba (magram
am SemTxvevaSi istoriuli
gamarTleba mainc aqvs), miT
umetes, ar Seefereba is medi-
taciebs eris bedisa da samo-
mavlo prioritetebis garSemo.
ar minda SeviWra eris raobis
Sesaxeb diskusiebSi, magram
eri ar aris calsaxad obieq-
turi realoba: rogorc sxva-
dasxva erebis magaliTebi
gviCvenebs, is erTad yofnis
istoriulad Camoyalibebul
nebazea ufro metad damoki-
debuli, vidre nebismier sxva
faqtorze. am terminologi-
ur sakiTxSi `erovnuli ide-
ologiis~ momxreebi xandaxan
daTmobaze midian da Tanaxma-
ni arian sxva sityva gamoiyenon.
magaliTad, am konteqstSi
xSirad ixmareba `erovnuli
idea~. es gamoTqma SeiZleba
SedarebiT ufro misaRebi iyos,
magram is maSinebs Tavisi
Seuvali mxolobiTi ricxviT
da platonuri asociaciebiT:
TiTqos es idea erTxel da
samudamod Tavis TavSi arse-
bobs da mxolod Secnoba sWir-
deba. kidev ufro SemaSinebe-
lia `erovnuli misia~, radgan
is Tavis TavSi religiur Sina-
arss moicavs (vin SeiZleba
daakisros ers misia, Tu ara
RmerTma?), magram bibliaSi
RmerTis kosmopolitizms
esmeva xazi (misTvis, mogexse-
nebaT, sul erTi iyo berZeni
da iudeveli, oRond rwmena
hqonodaT swori) da erovnul
misiebze sityvac ar aris naT-
qvami. istoriulad, warmod-
#1(34)
genebi sxvadasxva erebis
istoriul misiebze sakmaod
TviTneburi da inteleqtu-
alurad sarisko spekulaci-
ebia, romlebic, Cveulebriv,
dapyrobiTi imperiuli avan-
tiurebis gasamarTleblad
gamoiyeneba; ruseTi, magali-
Tad, sruliad aucileblad
xedavda Tavisi istoriuli
misiis gansaxorcieleblad
konstantinopolis dapyro-
bas. Cemi azriT, erma mxolod
is mizani SeiZleba Seasru-
los, rasac TviTon daisaxavs,
magram Cem mier dasaxul
mizans `misia~ aRar hqvia.
amitom CemTvis yvelaze
misaRebi terminia `erovnuli
proeqti~. sityva `proeqti~
kargad usvams xazs or mo-
ments, romelic zustad See-
fereba im realobas, romelic
am terminma unda aRniSnos:
momavalze orientacias da
subieqtur nebas. `erovnuli
proeqti~ gulisxmobs garkve-
ul warmodgenas imaze, Tu
`rani varT?~, magram misi
ZiriTadi Sinaarsia imis
dadgena, Tu `rani gvinda,
rom viyoT?~, da `ra unda
gavakeToT amisaTvis?~.
daskvnis magier:
ideologiis wyurvili
saqarTveloSi
dasasrul, vecdebi vupasuxo
kidev erT kiTxvas: ratom
wamoiWra erovnuli Tu sa-
xelmwifo ideologiis sakiTxi?
ratom gaxda es sakiTxi ase
emociurad mniSvnelovani?
saqme gvaqvs mxolod Secdo-
masTan, demokratiis bunebis
gaugebrobasTan, Tu amis sxva
mizezebic arsebobs?
Solidarität
LUMEN
me or momentze SevCerdebi,
Tumca SeiZleba metic iyos
saTqmeli. erTia azrovnebis
inercia. Cven gavizardeT
ideologiur saxelmwifoSi,
romlis ZiriTadi niSani iyo
is, rom man Tavis moqalaqeebs
waarTva iniciativis gamoCenis
ufleba _ da, amis Sedegad,
unaric. ekonomikuri inicia-
tivis uunaroba iwvevs imas,
rom mosaxleobis absolutu-
ri umravlesoba saxelmwifos
uyurebs xelSi, misgan elodeba
lukma-purs da rCenas. inte-
leqtualuri da samoqalaqo
iniciativis Cvevis arqona, Tavis
mxriv, qmnis imis moTxovnilebas,
rom viRac sxvam gagiwios ide-
ologiuri xelmZRvaneloba,
viRac sxvam zustad dagidginos,
ra aris swori da ra aris
mcdari. saxelmwifo ideologia
dRes aRar arsebobs, magram
moqalaqeebis did nawils stkiva
es ararseboba, rogorc mok-
veTili kiduri SeiZleba aRar
gqondes, magram mainc gtkiodes.
aseT tkivils fantomuri tki-
vili hqvia. Tu avadmyofis
momavals optimisturad Sev-
xedavT, unda vTqvaT, rom aseTi
tkivilis saukeTeso mkurnali
droa, ase Tu ise, normaluri
demokratiuli ganviTarebis
pirobebSi. magram SesaZlebelia
ufro pesimisturi scenarebic
_ vTqvaT, iseTi tkivilgama-
yuCeblebis gavrceleba, ro-
goricaa religiuri fundamen-
talizmi. SemTxveviTi araa,
rom diskusia `erovnuli ide-
ologiis~ garSemo marTlma-
dideblobisTvis oficialuri
statusis miniWebis moTxov-
naTa paralelurad mimdina-
reobs.
magram ideologiur wyurvils
mxolod fantomuri mizezebi
}'vh'mksr
64
rodi aqvs. sul dasawyisSi
vTqvi, rom ideologiis de-
ficiti zogierT SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba politikuri cxov-
rebis ganuviTareblobis,
umwifrobis Sedegi da gamom-
xatveli iyos, am SemTxvevaSi
ki ideologiuri wyurvili,
nawilobriv mainc, gamarT-
lebuli gamodis. am dros
vgulisxmobdi amorful,
koniunqturul politikas,
romelsac ara aqvs mkafiod
gamoxatuli miznebi, Rirebu-
lebebi, amocanebi, da mxolod
mocemuli momentis proble-
mebze reaqcias warmoadgens.
swored aseTi iyo saqarTve-
los politikuri elitis
udidesi umravlesobis qceva
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi. ki, iyo politikuri
principebis mimikria, partiebi
dasavlurad mJRer saxelebs
irqmevdnen da xandaxan prog-
resul-mecnieruli termine-
biT datvirTul programebs
aqveynebdnen, magram yovelive
amis dakavSireba realur
politikur praqtikasTan
metad Wirda. gamsaxurdia da
misi momxreebi ar gamoirCe-
odnen metismeti ideologi-
uri TanmimdevrulobiT (isini
komunistebs komunisturi
sistemis TaviseburebaTa
maqsimaluri SenarCunebiT
ebrZodnen), magram mas Semdeg,
rac demokratiisa da erovnuli
interesebis dacvis mizniT
demokratiulad arCeuli da
nacionalisturi ideebis
damcveli prezidenti gaaZeves,
xalxi mTlad daibna. ideo-
logiuri bundovaneba marTl-
deboda gare imperialistebs,
Sida banditebsa da naxevrad-
Sida separatistebs (an Sida
naxevradseparatistebs)
Soris mudmivi balansirebis
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
 solidaroba

aucileblobiT, magram bolo ai, am viTarebiT kanonieri

wlebis SedarebiTma stabil-
zaciam es gamarTlebac gaaqar-
wyla. bolos da bolos, gvinda
ruseTTan yofna Tu ar
gvinda? Tu ar gvinda, ratom
veZaxiT `strategiul mokav-
Sires~, Tu gvinda, raRas veC-
xubebiT? ekonomikur refor-
mebs imitom vatarebT, rom
qveynis interesebs ase sWirdeba,
Tu imitom, rom savaluto
banki `gvawveba~? saxelmwifo
apirebs Cven Senaxvas Tu
gveubneba, TviTon SeinaxeT
Tavio? `erovnuli Serigeba~
TavisTavad mniSvnelovani
amocanaa Tu teroristebis
moTxovnis Sesruleba?
saerTod, demokratia imitom
gvinda, rom marTla gvinda,
Tu imitom, rom `axla asea
saWiro~? naTeli pasuxebi am
kiTxvebze mosaxleobas Tavis
mier arCeuli xelisuflebis-
gan axlac ar miuRia. ufro
sworad, pasuxebi ki aris,
magram winaaRmdegobrivi da
Sinagan rwmenas moklebuli.
ukmayofileba gamoxatulebas
ideologiur wyurvilSic
poulobs. sxva ambavia, rom es
gamoxatulebebi xSirad ko-
reqtuli ar aris. ZiriTadi
Secdoma aq saxelmwifos da
xelisuflebis gaigivebaSia.
saxelmwifo _ es politikuri
institutebia, xelisufleba
ki _ politikuri Zala,
romelic mocemul momentSi
am institutebis meSveobiT
mmarTvelobas axorcielebs.
saxelmwifos (demokratiuls)
ar sWirdeba ideologia, mag-
ram xelisuflebas, sruliad
samarTliania, naTeli da Tan-
mimdevruli samoqmedo prog-
rama da samoqmedo principebi
movTxovoT. oRond es iqneba
ara `erovnuli~ an saxelm-
wifo, aramed am konkretuli
xelisuflebis ideologia.
sazogadoeba da politika, #3,
Tbilisi, mSvidobis,
demokratiis da ganviTarebis
kavkasiuri instituti, 2000

SeniSvnebi:

1
Tamara Dragadze,”Soviet Economics and Nationalizm in the Gorbachev Years,
Regionalism, Etnicized Regionalism”, wignSi: Marco Buttino (ed.) In a Collapsing Empire:
Underdevelopment, Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in the Soviet Union (MIlano, Feltrinelli
Editore, 1992).
2
m. horkhaimeri da Teodor adorno, ganmanaTleblobis dialeqtika, ix.
frankfurtis socialuri skola dasavleTis civilizaciis Sesaxeb
(mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1980) 79-80
3
Ìèøåëü Ôóêî, Ñëîâà è âåùè. Àðõåîëîãèà ãóìàíèòàðíèõ íàóê (Ìîñêâà, Ïðîãðåññ,1992), 487.
4
am msjelobaSi, ZiriTadad, maqs veberis koncefcias veyrdnobi.
5
`sakuTarSi~ aq SeiZleba piradi Tu Sesabamisi politikuri erTeulis
interesi vigulisxmoT, rac dinastiur samyaroSi praqtikulad erTi da
igivea.
6
ix. magaliTad Abdou Filali-Ansary, “Muslims and Democracy”, Journal of Democracy, July
1999 (Vol. 10, N 3), 19-32.
7
am tendenciis klasikuri gamoxatulebisTvis ix. George Konrád, Antipolitics
(San Diego, New York, London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), 243.
8
frensis fukuiama, istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani
(Tbilisi, 1999).

Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü

65
#1(34) samarTali

axali etapi
evrosasamarTlos
moRvaweobaSi
ruseTma moaxdina
adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis
me-14 oqmis ratifikacia

fridon sayvareliZe

ruseTis dumis deputatebma tatma, 56 winaaRmdegi iyo.

2010 wlis 15 ianvars moaxdines
adamianis uflebaTa evropis
konvenciis me-14 oqmis rati-
fikacia. am gadawyvetilebas
mxari dauWira 392-ma depu-
amrigad, ruseTi gaxda evropis
sabWos 47-e wevri qveyana, ro-
melmac daamtkica es doku-
menti. es imas niSnavs, rom
adamianis uflebaTa evropis
sasamarTloSi morigi
masStaburi reforma iwyeba.

1994 wlis reforma

da me-11 oqmi

adamianis uflebaTa da Ziri-

Tad TavisuflebaTa konvencia
ZalaSi Sevida 1953 wlis 3
seqtembridan. man aramarto
aRiara adamianis fundamentu-
ri uflebebi, aramed Seqmna
maTi dacvis gansakuTrebuli
meqanizmi. Tavdapirvelad es
meqanizmi sam organos moicavda,
romlebic pasuxismgeblobas
iRebdnen imaze, rom wevri
saxelmwifoebi Seasrulebd-

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

66

nen maT mier konvenciiT
aRebul valdebulebebs. es
organoebi iyo: adamianis
uflebaTa evropis komisia,
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
sasamarTlo da evrosabWos
ministrTa komiteti. sami aseTi
organos arsebobis gamo stras-
burgis adamianis uflebaTa
sasamarTloSi saCivrebis
miRebis Zalian mkacri wesebi
arsebobda da mxolod maT
mcire nawils iRebdnen gansa-
xilvelad. strasburgSi Sesuli
yvela saCivari xdeboda adami-
anis uflebaTa evropuli
komisiis winaswari ganxilvis
sagani, raTa dadgeniliyo, Tu
ramdenad misaRebi iyo sarCeli.
dadebiTi gadawyvetilebis
SemTxvevaSi komisia saqmes
sasamarTlos gadascemda
saboloo gadawyvetilebis
gamosatanad. saqmis strasburg-
Si miRebidan saboloo gadaw-
yvetilebis gamotanamde zogjer
aT weliwadze meti gadioda.
reforma 1994 wlis 11 maiss
daiwyo, mas Semdeg, rac adami-
anis uflebaTa evropis kon-
venciis me-11 oqmi gaixsna
wevr-saxelmwifoTa xelmowe-
risaTvis. me-11 oqmis mTavari
siaxle is iyo, rom ori insti-
tuti _ adamianis uflebaTa
evrokomisia da adamianis
uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlo
mudmivmoqmedma sasamarTlom
Secvala. amas, oqmis mimRebTa
azriT, unda daeCqarebina
sasamarTlo procedurebi,
ufro efeqturi gaexada
sasamarTlo da gaeadvilebina
sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva. am
oqmis mixedviT, yvela wevrisa-
xelmwifo valdebuli iyo mo-
exdina am dokumentis ratifi-
kacia, romelic ZalaSi Sedioda
bolo wevrisaxelmwifos mier
oqmis ratifikaciidan erT
weliwadSi. bolo ratifikacia
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
1997 wels moxda, ris Semdeg 1999 wels am ricxvma 177 Sead-
daiwyo erTwliani gardamavali gina, 2003-Si _ 703, 2006-Si _
etapi. am drois ganmavlobaSi 1560, 2007-Si _1503, 2008-Si ki
airCnen axali mosamarTleebi, _ 1543. saintereso suraTi
damtkicda sasamarTlos gamoikveTa. ganxiluli saqme-
axali wesdeba. ganaxlebuli ebis raodenoba bolo wlebSi
sasamarTlo moRvaweobas 1998 75-jer gaizarda (SevadaroT
wlis 1 noembers Seudga. 1998 _ 20 saqme da 1500 saqme), Tumca
wlis 31 dekembers ki Zvelma sis- isic cxadia, rom bolo wlebSi
temam Sewyvita funqcionireba. ganxiluli saqmeebis raodeno-
Tumca, oqmis mixedviT, ada- ba 1500-is farglebSi meryeobs
mianis uflebaTa evropis ko- da win veRar midis, rac aSkara
misia agrZelebda ukve regis- disonanss qmnis gansaxilveli
trirebuli saCivrebis ganxil- saqmeebis saerTo raodeno-
vas 1999 wlis 31 oqtombramde basTan. amitom gaxda saWiro
(swored am wels, anu 1999 wels, axali, rigiT meore, reforma.
gaxda saqarTvelo evrosabWos
wevri). reforma sakmaod vfiqrob, mkiTxvelisaTvis
efeqturi aRmoCnda. cifrebSi aseve saintereso unda iyos
es ase gamoixata: 1959-2009 wlebSi sasamarTlos
mier ganxilul saqmeTa rao-
1955-1998 wlamde sasamarTlom denoba qveynebis mixedviT:
misaRebad miiCnia da gansaxil-
velad miiRo 45 000 sarCeli, udavo `liderebi“ arian ita-
rac niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo lia _ 1953 saqme, da TurqeTi
yovelwliurad daaxloebiT _ 1939.
1000 sarCels iRebda gansaxil-
velad. Semdgom wlebSi, anu maT mohyvebian:
pirveli reformis amoqmedebis
Semdeg, es procesi mniSvnelov- safrangeTi _ 740 saqme,
nad daCqarda. magaliTad, ukve ruseTi _ 643 saqme,
1999 wels sasamarTlom 8400
poloneTi _ 634 saqme,
sarCeli miiRo, 2003 wels _
ukraina _ 482 saqme,
27200, 2006 wels _ 39400, 2008
wels ki _ 49900. anu gansaxil- saberZneTi _ 481 saqme,
velad misaRebi saqmeebis rao- rumineTi _ 480 saqme,
denoba yovelwliurad izrde- gaerTianebuli
boda da sasamarTlo am mimar- samefo _ 404 saqme.
TulebiT ufro operatiulad
muSaobda, vidre reformamde.
yofil sabWoTa kavSiris qvey-
nebSi (ruseTisa da ukrainis
magram isic cxadia, rom mTa-
vari mainc saqmis ganxilva da Sesaxeb zemoT ukve vTqviT)
gadawyvetilebis miRebaa. aseTi mdgomareobaa:
rogor Seicvala mdgomareoba
am mxriv 1998 wlis Semdeg? aq litva _ 48 saqme,
aseTi statistika gvaqvs: 1959- latvia _ 34 saqme,
1998 wlebSi sasamarTlom
saqarTvelo _ 27 saqme,
sul gansaxilvelad miRebul
azerbaijani _ 19 saqme,
837 saqmeze gamoitana gadawy-
vetileba, rac weliwadSi daax- estoneTi _ 17 saqme,
loebiT 20 saqmes Seadgens. somxeTi _ 11 saqme.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
67
#1(34)
aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom
strasburgSi ama Tu im qvey-
nis winaaRmdeg Sesuli sar-
Celebis raodenoba yovelT-
vis adekvaturad ar asaxavs am
qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebis
mdgomareobas. is faqti, rom,
magaliTad, strasburgSi xSi-
rad Sedis saqmeebi skandina-
viis qveynebidan, imas ki ar
niSnavs, rom am qveynebSi ada-
mianis uflebebs naklebad
icaven, aramed imas, rom aq
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba kar-
gadaa ganviTarebuli da mkac-
rad reagirebs xelisuflebis
mier adamianis uflebebis
darRvevis TiToeul faqtze.
meore reforma
da me-14 oqmi
me-14 oqmis miReba adamianis
uflebaTa evropis sasamarT-
los rigiT meore seriozuli
reformaa. es reforma, kerZod,
tipur saqmeebze sarCelis gan-
saxilvelad miRebis gamarti-
vebisakenaa mimarTuli. es da-
aCqarebs saCivrebis ganxilvis
process. am reformis auci-
lebloba jer kidev ramdenime
wlis win iyo aSkara. es, erTi
mxriv, evrosabWos wevri saxel-
mwifoebis ricxvis gazrdasTan
iyo dakavSirebuli, meore
mxriv ki _ sarCelebis raode-
nobis matebasTan. magaliTad,
dReisaTvis evrosasamarTloSi
gansaxilvelad Sesulia 118 000
saqme, maTgan 27 000 _ ruseTidan.
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlo-
baSi ruseTma araerTxel
gadado me-14 protokolis
ratifikacia. xdeboda evro-
sasamarTlos reformirebis
blokireba ruseTis mier. is
rCeboda erTaderT qveynad,
Solidarität
samarTali
romelic winaaRmdegobas
uwevda reformis dawyebas.
pirvelad es sakiTxi ruseTis
dumaSi 2006 wlis dekemberSi
ganixileboda. maSin am doku-
mentis miRebas mxolod 27-ma
deputatma dauWira mxari.
parlamentarebma CaTvales,
rom protokolis zogi debu-
leba ewinaaRmdegeba ruseTis
kanonmdeblobas da ruseTis
moqalaqeTa interesebs. ru-
suli wyaroebis mtkicebiT,
protokoli dRis wesrigSi xel-
meored mas Semdeg Seitanes,
rac misi naklovanebebi aRmo-
ifxvra.
me-14 protokoli mowodebu-
lia gaamartivos da daaCqaros
saqmeebis ganxilva, maT Soris
ukve dagrovili saqmeebisac.
meore reformamde, anu me-14
oqmis miRebamde, mosamarTles,
romelsac saqme gadaecemoda,
mxolod `momxseneblis“ fun-
qcia hqonda, saqme ki sabolood
yvela SemTxvevaSi mosamarT-
leTa 3-wevrian komitets an
7-wevrian palatas unda Sees-
wavla da gamoetana gadawyve-
tileba saCivris miRebis an
uaryofis Sesaxeb. mxolod
amis Semdeg dadgindeboda
(saCivris miRebis SemTxvevaSi)
palatis sxdomis TariRi. axla
ki mosamarTles, romelsac
saqme gadaecema, SeuZlia
damoukideblad gamoitanos
saboloo gadawyvetileba
saCivris miuReblobis Sesaxeb
(oqmis me-7 muxli), rac mosa-
marTleebs uamrav dros gamo-
uTavisuflebs, romelic mi-
saRebad miCneuli sarCelebis
ganxilvas daeTmoba.
izrdeba sami mosamarTlisgan
Semdgari komitetis uflebebic.
}'vh'mksr
68
mas SeuZlia gamoitanos
gadawyvetileba, Tu sarCelis
sagania evrosasamarTlos
praqtikaSi ukve damkvidrebuli
konvenciis debulebaTa ganmar-
tebisa da gamoyenebis sakiTxebi
(oqmis me-8 muxli).
me-14 oqmis mniSvnelovani
siaxlea agreTve ama Tu im
qveynis mier evrosasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis Seusruleb-
lobis gamo (oqmis me-16 muxli)
evrosabWos ministrTa komi-
tetisaTvis strasburgis
sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis
SesaZleblobis miniWeba. es
aspeqti aiZulebs wevrsaxel-
mwifoebs, maT Soris ruseTs,
bolomde Seasrulon evrosa-
samarTlos gadawyvetilebebi.
saqme is aris, rom am droisaT-
vis strasburgSi ukve gamota-
nilia 115 gadawyvetileba,
romlebSic ruseTis xelisuf-
leba miCneulia pasuxismgeb-
lad Zaladobriv gauCinare-
bebSi, sikvdiliT dasjaSi
sasamarTlo ganaCenis gareSe,
agreTve saTanado gamoZiebis
CautareblobaSi. amave dros
ruseTi akuratulad ixdis
masze dakisrebul Tanxebs,
magram bevr SemTxvevaSi xeli-
sufleba ar uzrunvelyofs
efeqtian gamoZiebas da
damnaSaveTa pasuxisgebaSi
micemas. oqmis miRebam
evrosasamarTlos gadawyveti-
lebebis bolomde Sesrulebac
unda uzrunvelyos.
es is nabijia, romelsac didi
xania velodiT, ambobs holi
kartneri, Human Rights Watch-is
direqtori evropasa da cent-
ralur aziaSi. axla evropis
sasamarTlo ufro met adamians
gauwevs daxmarebas rogorc ru-
seTSi, aseve mTel msoflioSi.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

mSvidobiani
Sekrebis
Tavisufleba
evropuli konvenciis mixedviT
Tea wulukiani
mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisuf-
leba da am gziT azris gamo-
xatva demokratiuli sazo-
gadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
faseulobaa. Tavad arsi
demokratiisa mosazrebebis
Riad gamoxatvis gziT proble-
mebis gadaWraSi mdgomareobs.
mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavi-
suflebas adamianis uflebaTa
da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa
dacvis evropuli konvenciis
(`konvencia~) me-11 muxlis
pirveli punqti uzrunvel-
yofs. evropuli sasamarTlos
winaSe wardgenili saCivari
Tu erTdroulad exeba Sek-
rebis Tavisuflebas da Sekre-
bisas azris gamoxatvis Tavi-
suflebas (konvenciis me-10
muxli), evropuli sasamarT-
lo saqmes, rogorc wesi, mxo-
lod me-11 muxlis kuTxiT
ganixilavs, romelic msgavs
SemTxvevebSi specialur
normas warmoadgens.1 marT-
lac, Sekrebis Tavisufleba
gansxvavebul azrTa
gamoxatvas isaxavs miznad da
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
69
solidaroba
konvenciis me-10 muxliT
uzrunvelyofil uflebasac
gulisxmobs.
demokratiulma saxelmwifom
ara mxolod unda uzrunvel-
yos mSvidobiani Sekrebis
Tavisufleba sakanonmdeblo
doneze, aramed Tavi unda
Seikavos misi pirdapiri Tu
arapirdapiri gziT SezRud-
visagan (negatiuri valdebu-
leba)2 da, saWiro SemTxvevaSi,
zomebic ki miiRos imisaTvis, rom
kerZo pirebma ar xelyon erT-
maneTis uflebebi am sferoSi
(pozitiuri valdebuleba)3 .
saxelmwifos pozitiuri
valdebulebis naTeli magali-
Tia policiis movaleoba uz-
runvelyos wesrigi manifes-
taciisa da kontrmanifesta-
ciis SemTxvevaSi.4 evropuli
sasamarTlos azriT, manifes-
tantTa or jgufs Soris
SesaZlo Zaladobis faqtebi
am jgufTagan romelimesTvis
Sekrebis akrZalvis mizezad
ver gamodgeba. policiis val-
debulebaa Cadges or mtru-
#1(34) samarTali

lad ganwyobil jgufs Soris, debas SeiZleba avtomaturad fos mxridan Carevas saWiro-
uzrunvelyos wesrigi da ori- ar niSnavdes. aseT SemTxve- ebs.11 garda amisa, Tu Tavad
ves Seuqmnas pirobebi Sekrebis vebSi daskvnebis gakeTebamde konkretuli adamiani ar sCa-
normalurad Casatareblad.5 saxelmwifos mxridan unda dis kanonsawinaaRmdego qme-
Sefasdes faqti garemoebaTa debas Sekrebis msvlelobisas,
mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisuf- erTobliobis zogadi konteq- misi Sekrebis Tavisuflebis
lebis dacvis mizania gareT stis gaTvaliswinebiT.9 aseve, SezRudvas ar amarTlebs ma-
Tu WerqveS Sekrebilma adami- manifestantebis mier saxelm- nifestaciisas aqa-iq warmo-
anebma Tavisuflad gamoxaton wifoSi arsebuli wyobis Sec- Sobili incidentebi.12 yvelas,
TavianTi mosazrebebi sityviT, vlis moTxovna avtomaturad qveynis moqalaqea is Tu ucxo-
JestiT an Tundac siCumiT.6 ar niSnavs erovnuli usafrT- eli, aqvs mSvidobiani Sekrebis
konvenciis me-11 muxli icavs xoebisTvis zianis miyenebas, Tavisufleba, maT Soris amg-
yvela mSvidobian Sekrebas, Tuki Sekreba mSvidobianad vari Sekrebis organizebis
eqneba mas politikuri, soci- mimdinareobs.10 arc saxeli- ufleba (rasac, sxvaTa Soris,
aluri, religiuri, kultu- suflebo Senobis Sesasvle- krZalavs saqarTvelos kanoni13).
ruli Tu sxva xasiaTi. es mux- lis blokireba niSnavs avto- da bolos, zogierTi gansakuT-
li icavs Sekrebis Tavisufle- maturad wesrigis im xarisxiT rebuli gamonaklisis garda,
bas Sekrebis formisda miuxe- darRvevas, romelic saxelmwi- konvenciis me-11 muxli ar uz-
davad _ iqneba es mdgomare Tu
mjdomare aqcia, msvleloba,
manifestacia, piketi (romel-
sac, sxvaTa Soris, krZalavs
saqarTvelos kanoni7), Senobis
dakaveba protestis niSnad Tu
sxv. konvenciis me-11 muxli
icavs agreTve e.w. spontanur
Sekrebebs da gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebiT ekideba maTTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs (ix.
qveviT). rac Seexeba Sekrebi-
sas gamonaTqvamTa Tu trans-
parantTa Sinaarss, evropulma
sasamarTlom araerT gadawy-
vetilebaSi miuTiTa, rom
Sekrebis Tavisufleba ar gu-
lisxmobs mxolod maamebeli
Sinaarsis sityvebis gamoyene-
bas da rom saxelmwifos eva-
leba ar SezRudos Sekrebis
Tavisufleba mxolod im mi-
zeziT, rom Sekrebis ganmavlo-
baSi Semawuxebeli, kritikuli,
uxeSi, SemaSfoTebeli, arale-
gitimuri an miuRebeli azrebi
da moTxovnebi gaismis8. maga-
liTad, manifestantebis mier
mezobeli saxelmwifos dro-
Sebisa da liderebis suraTebis
dawva da am saxelmwifos reJi-
mis damxobis mxardamWeri
sityvebi Zaladobisken mowo-

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

70

runvelyofs Sekrebis Tavisuf-
lebiT sargeblobis uflebas
kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebul
teritoriaze an SenobaSi,
romelsac Tavis mxriv icavs
konvenciis pirveli damatebi-
Ti oqmis pirveli muxli. 14
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos,
rom Sekrebis Tavisufleba
(mdgomare Tu mjdomare aqcia,
msvleloba, manifestacia,
piketi, Senobis okupacia Tu
sxv.) usazRvro ar aris. kerZod,
konvenciis me-11 muxlis me-2
punqti adgens im mizanTa nus-
xas, romelTa gamoc, gamonak-
lis SemTxvevebSi, saxelmwifos
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
aqvs ufleba Sekrebis Tavisuf- vis, uwesrigobis an
leba SezRudos. mizanTa es danaSaulis aRsakveTad,
nusxa aris amomwuravi da janmrTelobisa Tu
saxelmwifos mier maTi viwro moralis an sxvaTa
interpretacia unda moxdes. uflebebisa da Ta-
kerZod, me-11 muxlis me-2 visuflebebis dasacavad.
punqtis Tanaxmad: es muxli ver daabrko-
lebs saxelmwifos, am
`dauSvebelia [mSvidobi- uflebis ganxorcieleba-
ani Sekrebis Tavisufle- ze daawesos kanonieri
bis] SezRudva garda im SezRudvebi SeiaraRebuli
SemTxvevisa, roca es gaT- Zalebis, policiis an
valiswinebulia kanoniT saxelmwifo administra-
da aucilebelia demok- ciis warmomadgenlis
ratiul sazogadoebaSi mimarT~.
erovnuli uSiSroebis an
sazogadoebrivi usafr- unda aRiniSnos, rom Sekrebis
Txoebis interesebisaT- Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
faqti TavisTavad konvenciis
me-11 muxlis darRvevas ar
niSnavs. imisaTvis, rom dadgin-
des mocemuli SezRudva aris
Tu ara darRveva, unda moxdes
misi Sefardeba im mizanTan,
romelsac is emsaxureba. mxo-
lod interesTa amgvari awon-
vis Sedegad adgens evropuli
sasamarTlo, dairRva Tu ara
konvenciis me-11 muxli. awonvis
meqanizmi ki SemdgomSi mdgo-
mareobs: pirvel yovlisa
mowmdeba iTvaliswinebda Tu
ara mocemul SezRudvas kanoni.
Tu SezRudva ukanonoa, me-11
muxlis darRveva aSkaraa da
momdevno kriteriumebis mixed-
viT Semowmeba ar xdeba saWiro15;
Tu SezRudva kanonieria, mow-
mdeba emsaxureboda Tu ara is
im mizanTagan Tundac erT-
erTs, romlebic me-11 muxlis
me-2 punqtSia CamoTvlili;
dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi
dgindeba iyo Tu ara mocemu-
li SezRudva aucilebeli
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
anu daculi iyo Tu ara Tana-
fardoba SezRudvasa da im
mizans Sors, romelsac is emsa-
xureboda.16 am sakiTxebis
Sefasebisas, evropuli sasa-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
71
#1(34)
marTlo amowmebs, ramdenad
saTanado da sakmaris argumen-
tebs eyrdnoboda saxelmwifo
organoebis gadawyvetileba
Sekrebis Tavisuflebis Sez-
Rudvis Sesaxeb da efuZneboda
Tu ara is saqmis garemoebaTa
misaReb Sefasebas.17
Sekrebis Casatareblad nebar-
Tvis aucileblobis an xeli-
suflebis organosTvis winas-
war Setyobinebis kanoniT dad-
genili wesi, rogorc aseTi,
ar ewinaaRmdegeba konvenciis
me-11 muxls.18 mTavaria, nebar-
Tvis Tu Setyobinebis proce-
durebi ar iyos zedmetad
rTuli19, Zviri an sxva mxriv
Znelad Sesasrulebeli da
xelisuflebis organoebis
mier Sekrebis Tavisuflebis
arapirdapiri gziT SezRudvis
iaraRad ar iqnes gamoyenebu-
li20.
evropul sasamarTlos araerT
gadawyvetilebaSi uTqvams, rom
sazogadoebriv adgilebSi ga-
marTulma Sekrebam SeiZleba
gamoiwvios yoveldRiuri cxov-
rebisaTvis Cveuli ritmis
moSla da gareSe pirTa ukma-
yofileba21. amitomac demok-
ratiul sazogadoebaSi mniS-
vnelovania procesis TiTo-
eulma monawilem daicvas
dadgenili wesebi.22 Tu kanoni
iTvaliswinebs Setyobinebis an
nebarTvis proceduras, Sek-
rebis organizators evaleba
daemorCilos am wess.23 am wesis
dacviT gamarTuli Sekreba
kanonieri Sekrebaa da, aqedan
gamomdinare, informirebul
xelisuflebas evaleba miiRos
Sesabamisi zomebi misi norma-
lur pirobebSi Catarebisa da
monawileebis usafrTxoebisaT-
vis. ukanono Sekrebis dros
xelisuflebis organoebs
Solidarität
samarTali
gonivrulad ver moeTxovebaT
saTanadod Seasrulon is po-
zitiuri valdebulebebi, ro-
melTac maT konvenciis me-11
muxli akisrebs. evropulma
sasamarTlom araerTxel aR-
niSna, rom mniSvnelovania xe-
lisuflebis organoebs mieceT
SesaZlebloba winaswar miiRon
moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebisaT-
vis saWiro zomebi, uzrunvel-
yon adgilze samedicino daxma-
rebis SesaZlebloba, SeimuSa-
von fexiT mosiaruleTaTvis,
kerZo avtomanqanebisa Tu
sazogadoebrivi transporti-
saTvis alternatiuli moZra-
obis gzebi, da sxv.24 es Tavad
Sekrebis monawile pirTa
interesebSic Sedis. Tumca
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom,
rodesac organizatori
kanonis dacviT atyobinebs
Sesabamis organos Sekrebis
TariRis, xangrZlivobisa da
sxva monacemebis Sesaxeb, am
organos ar aqvs ufleba daad-
ginos, ramdeni dRis xangrZ-
livobaa sakmarisi Sekrebis
monawileTa azris gamosaxa-
tad da am gziT SezRudos
maTi Tavisufleba.25
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom zo-
gierT SemTxvevaSi evropuli
sasamarTlo Sekrebis ukano-
nobas ar miiCnevs Sekrebis
Tavisuflebis SezRudvisaT-
vis sakmaris mizezad.26 ukano-
no Sekrebebis SemTxvevaSic ki
manifestantTa daSlis gadaw-
yvetilebis misaRebad gaTva-
liswinebuli unda iqnes
me-11 muxlis me-2 punqtSi
CamoTvlili saWiroebebis
(miznebis) arseboba-ararsebo-
bis sakiTxic (erovnuli
uSiSroebis an sazogadoebri-
vi usafrTxoebis interesebi,
uwesrigobis an danaSaulis
aRkveTis aucilebloba, jan-
}'vh'mksr
72
mrTelobisa Tu moralis dacva,
mesame pirTa uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis dacva).
magaliTad, saqmeSi `oia atamani
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg~, sasa-
marTlom miiCnia, rom im Sek-
rebis daSla policiis mier,
romelic ukanono iyo, radgan
prefeqturisaTvis winaswari
Setyobinebis gareSe tarde-
boda, arRvevda konvenciis
me-11 muxls, vinaidan momitin-
geebi ar uqmnidnen safrTxes
sazogadoebriv wesrigs, Tu
ar CavTvliT avtomanqanebis
moZraobisaTvis xelSeSlas
ormocdaaTiode momitingis
mier. garda amisa, Sekreba sul
naxevari saaTis dawyebuli
iyo, rodesac policiam is
daSala. evropulma sasamarT-
lom policiis amgvari `mouT-
menloba~ gasaocrad miiCnia
da kidev erTxel aRniSna, rom
momitingeTa mxridan Zalado-
bis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi
mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo
organoebma garkveuli Semw-
ynarebloba gamoiCinon mSvi-
dobiani Sekrebebisadmi. wina-
aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Sekrebis
Tavisuflebis cneba azrs
moklebuli xdeba.27
Tmenis valdebulebis kuTxiT
iqna aseve Sefasebuli saCiv-
rebi `balCiki da sxvebi Tur-
qeTis winaaRmdeg~, `eva mol-
nari ungreTis winaaRmdeg~ da
`sisi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg~.
eva molnaris saCivari iman
gamoiwvia, rom ungrulma poli-
ciam daSala manifestacia,
romlis Sesaxebac, kanonis
moTxovnisda miuxedavad,
organizatorebma ar acnobes
xelisuflebis organoebs
sami dRiT adre. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi kanoni aZlevda poli-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

cias Sekrebis daSlis ufle-
bas. evropuli sasamarTlos
azriT, manifestaciis daSlis
gamarTleba mxolod im mize-
ziT, rom Sekrebis Sesaxeb
Setyobineba ar hqondaT Sesa-
bamis organoebs miRebuli,
Zneli iqneboda, Tuki Tavad
manifestantebi ar arRvevd-
nen kanons Sekrebis mimdina-
reobisas. sasamarTlom Seamow-
ma policiis qmedeba da ga-
damwyveti mniSvneloba mianiWa
im faqts, rom policiam momCi-
vans da sxva manifestantebs
ramdenime saaTis ganmavlo-
baSi acala gamoexataT Tavi-
anTi protesti, miuxedavad
Sekrebis ukanonobisa da bu-
dapeStis centraluri xidis
paralizebisa. am mizeziT man
konvenciis me-11 muxlis dar-
Rveva ar cno dadgenilad da
iqve aRniSna, rom Tmenis val-
debuleba ar niSnavda, rom
ukanono Sekrebis arcerT
SemTxvevaSi Setyobinebis
wesis daucvelobas ar unda
gamoewvia Sekrebis daSla.
marTlac, ukanono SekrebaSi
monawileobisTvis Sefardebu-
li administraciuli saxdeli
sasamarTlom ar miiCnia me-11
muxlis darRvevad saqmeSi
`ciliberbergi moldovis
winaaRmdeg~ da aSkarad dau-
sabuTeblad cno momCivnis
saqme.28 sasamarTlom mniSvne-
lovnad CaTvala is faqtic,
rom Sefardebuli administ-
raciuli saxdeli SesaZlo
saxdelebs Soris minimaluri
iyo (3 evros odenobis
jarima).29
rac Seexeba saqmes `sisi saf-
rangeTis winaaRmdeg~, momCi-
vani safrangeTis teritori-
aze ukanonod mcxovreb im
ucxoelTa jgufs ganekuTv-
neboda, romelmac koleqti-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
uri qmedebebis gziT sakuTari
uflebebis dacva gadawyvita.
jgufma parizis erT-erTi
eklesiis Senoba daikava Sesa-
bamisi saeklesio pirebis
nagulisxmevi TanxmobiT.
eklesiaSi mRvdelmsaxureba
amiT ar Seferxebula da arc
mrevls gamouTqvams raime
pretenzia. Semdeg Sekrebis
ramdenime monawilem SimSi-
loba gamoacxada da saavad-
myofoSic ki moxvda janmr-
Telobis gauaresebis gamo.
daaxloebiT samasi adamianis
mier eklesiis okupacia or
Tves gagrZelda, ris Semdegac
prefeqtma miiRo gadawyveti-
leba ucxoelTa evakuaciis
Sesaxeb. evropulma sasamarT-
lom, mTavrobis argumentebis-
da miuxedavad, miiCnia, rom
aqciis mocemul formas icavda
konvenciis me-11 muxli da
rom evakuaciis gadawyveti-
leba Sekrebis Tavisuflebis
SezRudvas warmoadgenda. es
SezRudva efuZneboda kanons,
radganac, teritoriuli erTe-
ulebis kodeqsis Tanaxmad da
saxelmwifosa da eklesias So-
ris SeTanxmebis (1905 w.)
safuZvelze, prefeqts hqonda
sruli uflebamosileba sazo-
gadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis
saqmeSi, maT Soris religiur
kultebTan mimarTebaSi. rac
Seexeba SezRudvis mizans,
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
prefeqtis gadawyvetileba
evakuaciis Sesaxeb miznad isa-
xavda wertili daesva aRmsareb-
lobisaTvis gankuTvnili Se-
nobis grZelvadiani okupaci-
isTvis im pirebis mier, rom-
lebic winaaRmdegobaSi imyo-
febodnen frangul kanonTan.
aqedan gamomdinare, mocemuli
gadawyvetileba wesrigis
dacvas isaxavda miznad da es
mizani legitimuri iyo. mTav-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
73
solidaroba
robis mier dasaxelebuli
meore mizani evropulma sasa-
marTlom ar miiCnia legitimu-
rad, radgan is ar Sedioda
me-11 muxlis me-2 punqtSi
mocemul nusxaSi. kerZod,
mTavroba miiCnevda, rom Sek-
rebis Sewyveta gamarTlebuli
iyo momCivnis da mis Tanamo-
nawileTa aralegaluri
mdgomareobiT. evropulma
sasamarTlom xazi gausva, rom
yvelas, qveynis moqalaqes Tu
ucxoels, aqvs rogorc Sekre-
bis Tavisufleba, aseve Sekre-
bis organizebis uflebac. man
miiCnia, rom eklesiis orTvi-
ani okupacia iyo mSvidobiani
da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
an aRmsareblobisaTvis pir-
dapiri safrTxe ar Seqmnila,
oRond mere da mere am Sekre-
bam moSimSile monawileebi-
saTvis saxifaTo xasiaTi
miiRo da eklesiaSi sanitaru-
li mdgomareoba damafiqrebe-
li Seiqna. marTalia, policiis
mier evakuaciis ganurCevlad
uxeSi manera, evropuli sasa-
marTlos azriT, ar Seesabame-
boda im meTods, romlis go-
nivruli molodinic arsebobs,
roca saqme Sekrebis Tavisuf-
lebas exeba, magram saxelmwi-
fos SiSi, rom situacia Zalian
swrafad gauaresdeboda da
aqcia mSvidobian xasiaTs
didxans ver SeinarCunebda, ar
iyo safuZvels moklebuli.
amasTanave, Sekrebis xangrZ-
livad mimdinareobis, masme-
diaSi misi saTanadod gaSuqe-
bisa da samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis mxardaWeris gamo
momCivans da sxva monawileebs
saSualeba miecaT srulad
gamoexataT da xelisuflebis
yuramde mietanaT TavianTi
protesti. amdenad, sasamar-
Tlom CaTvala, rom Sekrebis
Tavisuflebis SezRudva ori
#1(34)
Tvis Semdeg manifestantebis
evakuaciis formiT iyo Tana-
zomieri im miznisa (janmrTe-
lobis dacva, wesrigi), romel-
sac saxelmwifo isaxavda.
arsebobs gansakuTrebuli
SemTxvevebi, rodesac winas-
war Setyobinebis an nebarT-
vis procedurisgan manifes-
tantebi gaTavisuflebulad
SeiZleba CaiTvalon. am Sem-
TxvevaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba
e.w. spontanuri Sekrebebi30.
spontanuria Sekreba, rodesac
mimdinare an axlad momxdari
movlenisadmi dauyovnebeli
reaqcia xdeba saWiro demons-
traciis saxiT. Tu Setyobine-
bisaTvis (an nebarTvis aRebi-
saTvis) kanoniT gaTvaliswi-
nebuli vadis dacva am demon-
stracias azrs daukargavs,
Seutyobinebloba (an nebarT-
vis uqonloba) SeiZleba epa-
tioT manifestantebs, Tuki
isini sxvagvarad ar arRveven
kanons, Tuki Sekreba mSvido-
biania da ar iwvevs imaze met
Seferxebebs, rac bunebrivad
Tan axlavs sazogadoebriv
adgilas gamarTul nebismier
manifestacias.31 Tumca erTi
dilis ganmavlobaSi Cqaros-
nuli avtomagistralis ram-
denjerme sruli blokireba
ar CaiTvala evropuli sasa-
marTlos mier im Seferxebad,
romelic bunebrivad Tan ax-
lavs sazogadoebriv adgilebSi
gamarTul manifestaciebs.32
yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac
Sekrebis Tavisuflebis Sez-
Rudva me-11 muxlis me-2 punq-
tSi CamoTvlil arcerT mizans
ar emsaxureboda, miuxedavad
imisa, rom saxelmwifos aseTi
miznebi moSveliebuli hqonda
sakuTari poziciis gasamya-
reblad. magaliTad, saqmeSi
`galstiani somxeTis winaaR-
Solidarität
samarTali
mdeg~ momCivani erT-erTi po-
litikuri xasiaTis demonst-
raciis Semdeg Sekrebis adgi-
lidan asiode metrSi samoqa-
laqo tansacmelSi gamowyo-
bilma orma pirma daakava, ro-
melTac mas policiis sabuTi
aCvenes. policiis ganyofile-
baSi Sedga oqmi, romlis Tanax-
madac momCivani dakavebul
iqna Sekrebis adgilze, moZra-
obis gadaketvisa da Sekrebisas
antisocialuri qcevisaTvis.
momCivnis qmedeba dakvalifi-
cirda wvrilman xulignobad
somxeTis adaministraciul
samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis
Tanaxmad (sazogadoebriv adgi-
lebSi lanZRva-gineba, moqa-
laqeebze Seuracxmyofeli
gadakideba da sxva amgvari
moqmedeba, romelic arRvevs
sazogadoebriv wesrigsa da
moqalaqeTa simSvides). sasa-
marTloebma gaiziares poli-
ciis argumentebi da momCivans
samdRiani patimroba miusajes
Sekrebisas moZraobis Sefer-
xebisa da zedmeti xmaurisaT-
vis. evropulma sasamarTlom
ar gaiziara mTavrobis mosaz-
reba, rom momCivani Sekrebis
adgilidan moSorebiT da am
Sekrebisgan damoukideblad
aferxebda moZraobas da xulig-
nobda, radgan policiisa da
erovnuli sasamarTloebis
mixedviT, swored Sekrebaze
xulignobisa da antisocialu-
ri qcevisaTvis iqna is daka-
vebuli. sasamarTlom pirvel
yovlisa aRniSna, rom Sekrebis
kanonieri da mSvidobiani
xasiaTi sadavo ar iyo. arc is
gamomdinareobda saqmis masa-
lebidan, rom xelisuflebis
organoebs mocemuli Sekrebis
daSla hqondaT gadawyvetili
an monawileebisaTvis, maT
Soris momCivnisaTvis, imis
miTiTeba, rom daetovebinaT
Sekrebis adgili moZraobis
}'vh'mksr
74
Seferxebis gamo. rac Seexeba
Sekrebis Tavisuflebis
SezRudvasa da mizans Soris
Tanazomierebas, mTavroba miiC-
nevda, rom SezRudva aucile-
beli iyo momCivnis ukanono
qmedebebis aRsakveTad da so-
cialuri uwesrigobis Tavi-
dan asacileblad. momCivnis
ganmartebiT ki, misi dakaveba
da sasjeli miznad isaxavda
momaval manifestaciebSi misi
monawileobis Tavidan acilebas,
radgan is opozicioneri
aqtivisti gaxldaT. sadavo
Sekrebamde masTan Sinac mi-
sula policia da cdilobda
daerwmunebina igi ar mieRo
SekrebebSi monawileoba. garda
amisa, mas ar SeeZlo gadaeketa
moZraoba, radgan 30000-kaci-
ani manifestaciis gamo quCa
isedac gadaketili hqonda
policias. rac Seexeba mis
mier yviriliT warmoTqmul
sityvebs, es mocemul situa-
ciaSi ver CaiTvleboda anti-
socialur qmedebad, radgan
misi sityvebi ar Seicavda uxam-
sobas da Sekrebis yvela mona-
wile zustad misnairad xma-
urobda. evropulma sasamar-
Tlom aRniSna, rom Zalado-
bisken mowodebisaTvis adami-
anis dasja SeiZleboda dasaS-
vebad yofiliyo miCneuli
konvenciis me-11 muxlis me-2
punqtis kuTxiT. unebarTvo
SekrebaSi monawileobisaTvis
sanqciis gamoyenebac ar iyo
Seusabamo am muxlis moTxov-
nebTan. Tumca mSvidobiani
Sekrebis Tavisufleba imde-
nad didi mniSvnelobis mqonea,
rom ar SeiZleba adamianis
dasja, Tundac minimaluri
administraciuli saxdeliT,
im SekrebaSi monawileobisaT-
vis, romelic ar yofila akr-
Zaluli da romlis mimdina-
reobis dros monawiles ar
Caudenia ukanono saqcieli.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

evropulma sasamarTlom
miuReblad CaTvala momCivni-
saTvis iseTi mkacri sasjelis
SerCeva, rogoricaa samdRi-
ani patimroba 33 mitingis
mimdinareobisas `moZraobis
Seferxebisa da zedmeti xmau-
risaTvis~. amasTanave, sasamar-
Tlom SeniSna, rom saqmis masa-
lebi ar Seicavda arc erT
miTiTebas momCivnis mier am
ori qmedebis Cadenis garemo-
ebebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa,
mravalaTasiani mitingis gamo
quCa TviT policiam gadaketa
mitingis dawyebamde. evropul-
ma sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom
momCivnis dapatimreba ukve
gadaketil quCaze yofnisa da
amgvarad moZraobis `Seferxe-
bisTvis~ sxva araferi iyo,
Tu ara misi dasja SekrebaSi
monawileobisaTvis. rac See-
xeba xmaurs, araferi miuTi-
Tebda imaze, rom momCivani
Zaladobisken mouwodebda
vinmes an misi sityvebi uxam-
sobas Seicavda. mravalaTasi-
an politikur mitingze gark-
veuli xmauris ararseboba ki
sasamarTlom warmoudgenlad
miiCnia. sabolood, sasamarT-
lom daadgina, rom momCivani
mxolod mitingze yofnisa da
aqtiurobisaTvis iqna dasjili
da ara _ Sekrebisas raime
ukanonobis, Zaladobisa da
uxamsobis CadenisaTvis. amde-
nad, Sekrebis Tavisuflebis
SezRudva am SemTxvevaSi me-11
muxlis darRvevad CaiTvala.
msgavs darRvevas hqonda adgi-
li saqmeSi `ezelini safran-
geTis winaaRmdeg~, sadac
momCivani, advokati, sasamar-
Tlo xelisuflebis kritiki-
sadmi miZRvnil manifestaci-
aSi monawileobda. man marTl-
msajulebis mimarT am gziT
gamoxatuli upativcemulo-
bisaTvis disciplinaruli
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
saxdelis saxiT sayveduri
daimsaxura. evropulma sasa-
marTlom daadgina: miuxedavad
imisa, rom momCivanma bolomde
miiRo monawileoba kanonier
manifestaciaSi, romelmac
met-naklebad mSvidobianad
Caiara, momCivnis winaaRmdeg
post factum gamoyenebuli saxdeli
warmoadgenda Sekrebis Tavi-
suflebis SezRudvas konven-
ciis me-11 muxlis gagebiT.
momCivans, rogorc advokats,
prokuratura sayvedurobda,
rom is ar gamoeyo manifestan-
tebs, romlebic marTlmsaju-
lebisadmi Seuracxmyofeli
gamonaTqvamebiT gamoirCeod-
nen, maSin, roca Tavad iyo
marTlmsajulebis msaxuri. es
ewinaaRmdegeboda advokatis
profesiis Sesaxeb kanons,
romlis Tanaxmadac samsaxuris
gareTac advokats marTlmsa-
julebis pativiscema moeTxo-
veba. evropulma sasamarTlom
miiCnia, rom, marTalia, gamo-
yenebuli saxdeli yvelaze
lmobieri iyo kanoniT gaTva-
liswinebul saxdelebs Soris,
magram ar arsebobda misi saWi-
roeba demokratiul sazogado-
ebaSi. marTlac, amgvari sanqci-
ebis gamoyenebas advokatebis
mier TavianTi poziciis saja-
rod gamoxatvisagan Tavis
Sekaveba SeiZleba gamoewvia.
es ki, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sek-
rebis monawile advokati mSvi-
dobianad monawileobda mani-
festaciaSi, ar Seesabameboda
konvenciis me-11 muxls.
evropuli sasamarTlos pre-
cedentebis Tundac es mcire
mimoxilva gviCvenebs, rom kon-
venciis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad,
Sekrebis Tavisufleba SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes yvela sazoga-
doebriv adgilas da arsebobs
Sekrebis Catarebis SesaZleb-
lobisa da misi kanonierebis
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
75
solidaroba
prezumpcia. romelime qveynis
kanonSi Cadebuli zogadi
xasiaTis akrZalva romelime
sazogadoebriv adgilas an
garkveuli raodenobis pir-
TaTvis Sekrebis Catarebis
Sesaxeb ver iqneba me-11 muxlis
Sesabamisi.34 sazogadoebriv
adgilebSi ki, sxva adgilTa
Soris, rogorc Senobis gare
perimetri, ise misi Sesasvle-
lic igulisxmeba. Tu romelime
sazogadoebriv adgilas (Cqa-
rosnul magistralze, magali-
Tad) an romelime dadgenil
radiusSi35 dagegmili Sekreba
im problemebs wamoWris,
romelTa amomwuravi nusxac
mocemulia konvenciis me-11
muxlis me-2 punqtSi, xelisuf-
lebis Sesabamis organos, ro-
melic Setyobinebas Rebulobs,
SeuZlia gamoiyenos Tavisi
uflebamosileba da Tanazo-
mierebis principis dacviT
SezRudos romelime konkre-
tuli Sekrebis Catarebis Tavi-
sufleba adekvatur mizezebze
dayrdnobiT. zogadi xasiaTis
kanonismieri akrZalva SeuZ-
lebels xdis TiToeul SemTx-
vevaSi cal-calke iqnes awo-
nil-dawonili Sekrebis konk-
retuli momentisaTvis Sekre-
bis monawileTa interesebi
(protestis gamoTqma, magali-
Tad) da danarCeni mosaxleo-
bis interesebi (daubrkoleb-
lad imoZraon manqaniT, maga-
liTad). am awon-dawonvis ga-
reSe ki Znelad Tu iqneba xeli-
suflebis qmedeba konvenciis
me-11 muxlTan Sesabamisi36,
romelic sxvadasxva interesTa
erTmaneTTan saukeTeso Sexa-
mebis valdebulebas akisrebs
xelisuflebas da miuReblad
Tvlis radikaluri akrZalvi-
Ti xasiaTis gadawyvetilebe-
bis gamotanas.
#1(34) sekularizmi

religiisa
da politikis
urTierTobis
axali formebi

giorgi cxadaia

postsekularizmis globaluri manifestaciebi

saqarTveloSi marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos

Soris damokidebulebis ganxilvis dros xSirad mxedvelobidan
gvrCeba postsekularuli mdgomareobis Taviseburebebi. es
ukanaskneli ara mxolod qveynis politikuri istoriis
garkveul etaps gulisxmobs, aramed globalur perspeqtivasac
sekularizmis gaazrebaSi, razedac am werilSi gveqneba saubari.
pirvel etapze SevecdebiT swored globaluri movlenebi
ganvixiloT. aman SeiZleba TavisTavad migviyvanos religiisa da
politikis fenomenis filosofiur gaazrebasa da, sabolood,
qarTuli sociopolitikuri realobis axlebur ganxilvasTan.

postsekularuli mdgomareoba, Cveni aTvliT, 2001 wlis 11 seqtem-

bris teraqtze gacilebiT ufro adre iwyeba. imisaTvis, rom
ukeT warmogidginoT im procesebis qronologia, romlebzec
qvemoT meqneba saubari, sawyis wertilad 1979 weli avirCie. ra
moxda aseTi gansakuTrebuli am wels? 1979 wlis 11 Tebervals
iranis xelisuflebaSi revoluciis gziT movida aiaTola xomenei,
20 noembers meqas masjid al-haramis meCeTi daikaves islamistma
mebrZolebma, 24 dekembers ki sabWoTa kavSiri SeiWra avRaneTSi.
samive am movlenam met-naklebi gavlena moaxdina mTeli regionis
politikaze da amave dros xeli Seuwyo religiis aRqmis tradi-
ciuli CarCos darRvevas. imave wels britaneTis premier-minis-
tri gaxda konservatori margaret tetCeri, xolo aSS-is prezi-
dentad ori wlis Semdeg, 1981 wels, airCies respublikeli ronald

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

76

reigani. reiganis arCevam kar-
dinalurad Secvala sekularis-
tuli dasavleTis saxe. reiganis
prezidentoba konservatori
saSualo fenisa da qristianu-
li jgufebis mxardaWeras
emyareboda. misi ritorika
gamoirCeoda religiuri
leqsikiT da aRtyinebiT.
dasavleTSi momxdarma mov-
lenebma xeli Seuwyo socio-
logebis mier sekularizmsa
da religiis momavalze Sexe-
dulebebis gadasinjvas. 80-iani
wlebis bolos cnobilma ameri-
kelma sociologma piter ber-
germa aRiara, rom mTel rig
sferoebSi religiis mniSvne-
loba dasavlur sazogadoebaSi,
gansakuTrebiT anglo-ameri-
kul samyaroSi, araTu Semcir-
da, aramed radikalurad gai-
zarda. mogvianebiT germaneli
sociologi hans ioasi am
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
mdgomareobis aseT ganmarte-
bas gvaZlevs: `postsekularu-
li~... ar aRniSnavs religiuro-
bis uecar zrdas misi epoqalu-
ri Semcirebis Semdeg, aramed
im adamianebis msoflmxedve-
lobis cvlilebaze migvaniS-
nebs, romlebsac iqamde egonaT,
rom religiis fenomeni gaqrobis
pirasaa“. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT,
Seicvala saxelmwifos mier
religiis aRqmac (gansakuTre-
biT, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT
iranisa da, gansxvavebuli
xarisxiT, amerikis magaliTeb-
sac). xelisuflebis legiti-
muroba ufro metad gaxda
damokidebuli SemarTuli da
damuxtuli religiuri
jgufebis aqtivobaze. erTi
sityviT, gaizarda saxelmwifos
mier sakuTari Tavis aRqma.
saxelmwifos mier religiis
rolis gaazrebis garda, jon
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
77
solidaroba
hopkinsis universitetis pro-
fesoris hent de vrisis (2006)
mosazrebiT, Seicvala Tavad
religiebis xasiaTic. Tu aqamde
religiebi popularul, demok-
ratiul mxardaWeras efuZne-
bodnen, axla isini ukve indi-
vidualisturni da spontanur-
nic gaxdnen. garda amisa, re-
ligia ukve aRiqmeba, rogorc
„problema“, romelzec muSa-
oben kvleviTi centrebi, Jur-
nalistebi da filosofosebi.
saerTaSoriso presis Jurna-
listebma axali religiuro-
bis individualizmi, islamist
teroristebze dakvirvebiT,
advilad SeamCnies. magaliTad,
olivie rois (2005) sityvebiT:
„rac marTali iyo al-qaidas
pirveli Taobis mimarT, mar-
Tldeba meore Taobis SeTxve-
vaSic: miuxedavad imisa, rom es
adamianebi axloaRmosavluri
#1(34)
an samxreTaziuri ojaxebidan
arian, umetesi maTgani evro-
paSi dabadebuli vesternize-
buli muslimia, romlebic
Semdgom radikaluri islamis
mimdevrebi xdebian“. gacilebiT
saocari ambavi ki sul axlaxan
daibeWda, 2010 wlis 27 ianvars,
„niu-iork TaimsSi“. statiaSi
saubaria erT Cveulebriv ala-
bamel biWze, romelic al-qai-
das somalis organizaciis erT-
erTi mTavari lideri gaxda.
hent de vrisi Tavis eseiSi
„Teologiur-politikuris win,
garSemo da miRma“ saubrobs
axali mediis rolze postse-
kularizmis ideis ganviTare-
baSi, islamisti teroristebisa
da 70-iani wlebis memarcxene
teroristebis msgavsebebze.
misi saboloo daskvna ki tra-
diciuli religiebis TandaTa-
nobiT dasustebaze miuTiTebs
da individualisturi, dasav-
luri amboxis ideis sasargeb-
lod metyvelebs. cota xniT
kvlav gverdze gadavdoT qar-
Tul realobaSi postsekula-
rizmis Ziebis mTavari sakiTxi
da im filosofiur wanamZRv-
rebze visaubroT, romlebic
aqamde religiisa da politikis
urTierTobas agvarebda.
religiis socialuri rolis
gaazreba da politikis sfe-
rosTan urTierTobis filo-
sofiuri implikaciebi
hent de vrisis kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani kotribucia
postsekularizmis kvlevaSi
spinozas damsaxurebisTvis
xazis gasmaa. globaluri moce-
mulobebis kvaldakval izr-
deba iseT filosofiur Car-
Coze moTxovnileba, romelic
axal realobas adekvaturad
gadmoscems. sxvadasxva humani-
taruli da socialuri mecni-
Solidarität
sekularizmi
erebis sferoSi ganmanaTleb-
lobis mkacri sekularizmisa
da franguli laicizmis gavle-
nis Tavidan asacileblad
ganmanaTleblobis moRvaweTa
sakvanZo debulebebis axle-
buri gaSuqebaa saWiro. iqneb
swored maTSi imaleba is
konceptualuri uxerxulo-
bebi, romlebmac mTel rig
sferoebSi mecnierebi Secdo-
maSi Seiyvana da religiis
gaqroba awinaswarmetyvele-
bina? spinozas „Teologiur-
politikuri traqtati“ Tana-
medrove postsekularisturi
da postmodernuli dekonst-
ruqciis perpeqtivebiT sainte-
reso istoriuli wyaroa. vri-
sis azriT, spinozas gansakuT-
rebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom hobsis „socialuri kon-
traqtis“ idea masSi amoyira-
vebulia. spinozasTan adami-
anebis TanamSromloba isedac
aucileblobiT gamowveuli
paqtia, amitom mTavari aqcenti
gadatanilia am moCvenebiTi
erTobis SenarCunebaze, romel-
sac mudmivad elodeba desta-
bilizacia da destruqcia. aq
Semodis mediis gansakuTrebu-
li rolic, radgan wamyvani
brZola percefciebis da efeq-
tebis Seqmnaa da ara logiku-
ri operaciebi. swored amas
emsaxureba amazrzeni, Tavis
mokveTis amsaxveli videoebi,
romlebsac teroristebi
internetiT avrceleben, an
koaliciisa da natos jarebis
mier Zalis demonstrireba
sahaero dabombvebiT. media Car-
Tulia percefciaTa brZolis
sayovelTao omSi, romelic,
rogorc Cans, adamianuri
arsebobis erT-erTi
fundamenturi formaa.
religiasa da politikas Soris
damokidebuleba scildeba
transcendenturisa da amqvey-
}'vh'mksr
78
niuris dapirispirebis Teolo-
giur farglebs da albaT am
wreSi Caketilobam Tu ganma-
naTleblobis gulubryvilo
sekularisturma paTosma
adekvatur gansjaSic SegviSa-
la xeli. Tumca profanulisa
da sakraluris am Teologiu-
ri Tu filosofiuri dualiz-
mis SenarCunebis pirobebSic
jer kidev socialuri mecni-
erebis erT-erTi fuZemdeb-
lisTvisac ukve naTeli iyo
religiis sazogadoebrivi
xasiaTi da misi „funqciuri“
adgili (sityva „funqciuri“
am SemTxvevaSi funqcionaliz-
mis epistomologiis gamo Se-
vinarCuneT). saubaria emil
diurkhaimis (1912) naSromze
„religiis elementaruli
formebi“, romelic religiis
sakiTxisadmi sociologiuri
midgomis erT-erTi umniSvne-
lovanesi adreuli nimuSia.
diurkhaimi mTeli skrupulo-
zurobiT ikvlevs ra, misi az-
riT, CvenTvis cnobili yvelaze
adreuli religiis, totemiz-
mis, Taviseburebebs, midis
daskvnamde, rom religiis
saxiT, adamianis cnobierSi
Tavad sazogadoebis yovlis-
momcveli Zala Semodis. es
eTanxmeba rogorc spinozas
mier sazogadoebis Teologi-
ur-politikur gaazrebas,
aseve Tavad bibliur versiasac,
sadac socialobis pirveli
forma (da, Sesabamisad, reli-
giis SesaZleblobac) mxolod
maSin Cndeba, rodesac adami-
anebs gamoaZeveben edemis
baRidan da isini amqveyniur
samyaroSi dasaxldebian. es
bibliuri alegoria qristia-
nuli religiisTvis (da, SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, yvela sxva mono-
Teisturi religiisTvisac)
mTavar ganmsazRvrel niSnad
iqca.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

miuxedavad imisa, rom qristi-
anul religiaSi imTaviTve
mocemulia saero da sasuli-
ero cxovrebis sekularistu-
li gamijvnis principi, er-sa-
xelmwifoebSi warmoqmnili
specifikuri politikuri
sferosgan sasuliero sferos
gamijvna mainc mtkivneul
procesad iqca. ganmanaTleb-
lobamde evropul sazogado-
ebebSi religiisa da politikis
sferoTa urTierTmimarTebebi
calke ganxilvis sagania, ro-
melic Cvens amJamindel inte-
ress scildeba, radgan Cven
swored is mkveTrad Camoyali-
bebuli diqotomia gvaintere-
sebs, romelic Tanamedrove
saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnis
principad iqca. sxvanairad
rom vTqvaT, Cven gvaintere-
sebs sekularizmis, rogorc
eri-saxelmwifos erT-erTi
mTavari ganmsazRvreli prin-
cipis genealogiuri suraTis
danaxva. am ukanasknelSi ki,
vfiqrob, dagvexmareba frangi
filosofosis Jan-luk nansis
(2007) esei „eklesia, saxelmw-
ifo da winaaRmdegoba“.
nansi erTmaneTisgan gamoar-
Cevs heteronomiul da avto-
nomiur aspeqtebs, romlebic
religiasa da politikas axa-
siaTebs. kerZod, igi miiCnevs,
rom religia heteronomiulia,
radgan Tavis TavSi Seicavs
„sxvasTan“, „ucxosTan“, SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, sazogadoebasTan
damokidebulebis moments, xo-
lo politika cdilobs indi-
videbs avtonomiuroba misces,
radgan misTvis amosavali wer-
tilia, mocemulobaa moqala-
qeebis calkeuli interesebi
da am interesebis agregatuli
gamoxatvis formebi (yovel
SemTxvevaSi, ritorikis done-
ze mainc). nansi ambobs, rom
„Tu avtonomia ewinaaRmdegeba
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
heteronomiulobas demokrati-
is reprezentaciis yvela doneze,
heteronomia avtonomias ewi-
naaRmdegeba afeqtebiT. afeqti
imTaviTve heteronomiulia, da
albaT Cven isic unda vTqvaT,
rom afeqti aris heteronomia“.
es demokratiuli dualizmi,
misi azriT, damaxasiaTebeli
iyo berZnuli polisisa da
ganmanaTleblobisTvis, magram
igi amave dros, qristianulic
aris, radgan qristianoba gu-
lisxmobs sferoebis am gayo-
fadobas („keisars keisrisa
da RmerTs RmrTisa“).
sekularistuli principi,
nansis TqmiT, darRveuli iyo
romSi, da swored romauli
sistema SeiZleba miviCnioT
samoqalaqo religiis adreul
formad (Sesabamisad, parale-
lebi italiur faSizmTan).
samoqalaqo religiis sxva
formebi, anu politikis mier
afeqtis gamoyeneba radikalur
SemTxvevebSi, evropis istori-
aSi (da ara mxolod) tragiku-
lad mTavrdeboda. aqedan ga-
momdinare, orive SesaZleb-
loba ori sferos gayofis da
gaerTianebis amowurulia, da
nansi Tvlis, rom dRevandeli
brZola adamianuri arsebobis
formebis ufro zogadi dapi-
rispirebaa, vidre eklesiasa
da saxelmwifos Soris kon-
frontacia. Tu mis mosazre-
bas daveyrdnobiT, maSin Tama-
mad SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom
postsekularistul pirobebSi
religiis aRqmis an religiuri
aqtivobis transformaciis mi-
zezi (Tundac religiuri
jgufebis kooperaciis gazrdisa
da politikis lobirebaSi
CarTvis) ara imdenad religiis
mier revanSis aRebis mcdelo-
baa, ramdenadac „socialobis“
dabruneba axali, aratradi-
ciulad „transcendenturi“
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
79
solidaroba
koncefciebis formiT. es reli-
giuri jgufebi ufro metad
sakuTari Tavis sazogadoeb-
rivi cxovrebis doneze gamo-
xatvis SesaZleblobebze arian
koncentrirebulni da ara tra-
diciuli dogmebis an swavle-
bebis dacvaze, rogorc es iyo
Suasaukuneobriv religiur
omebSi. nansi iyenebs haidege-
ris termins „Tanayofnas“
(Mitsein) imisaTvis, rom aRniS-
nos swored es Sinagani dapi-
rispirebebi, adamianis soci-
aluri bunebis gamoxatule-
baSi rom Cndeba.
saqarTvelos SemTxveva _
samoqalaqo religiebi da
postsekularizmi
qarTul sazogadoebaSi reli-
giisa da saxelmwifos damo-
kidebulebebis wina planze
wamoweva daemTxva religiuri
arsebobis formebis globalur
transformacias da qarTul
politikaSi saxelmwifoebri-
vi modernizaciis process.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi gardaiq-
mna religiuri organizaciis
tradiciuli forma, meore
SemTxvevaSi ki saxelmwifom
daiwyo sakuTari „sarwmuno-
ebis“ Seqmna. orive mdgomare-
obas daupirispirda politi-
kuri sajaro sivrce, romelic
politikuri opoziciis
aqtivobam gaaCina.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
postsekularizmi saxelmwifos
mier religiuri jgufebisad-
mi damokidebulebis Secvlaa,
rac mixeil saakaSvilis xeli-
suflebaSi mosvlas ukavSir-
deba. sapatriarqosa da marT-
lmadidebeli eklesiis rolis
gaaqtiurebac im ideologiur
safuZvlebs unda davukavSi-
roT, razedac saakaSvili sa-
#1(34)
kuTari xelisuflebis dafuZ-
nebas apirebda. pirvel yovlisa
es iyo nacionalizmis Tavise-
buri gageba, romelic gulis-
xmobda gelaTis taZarSi ficis
dadebas da eklesiis, rogorc
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobi-
sa da nacionalizmis erT-erTi
sayrdenis, gaZlierebas. iqam-
de, rogorc saxelmwifoebriv,
aseve sasuliero donezec, ar-
sebobda moTxovnileba saero
da sasuliero institutebis
gaZlierebisa. postsabWoTa
viTarebaSi da fragmentire-
bul sazogadoebaSi centra-
lizaciis moTxovnileba orive
mimarTulebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,
warmatebiT ganxorcielda.
miuxedavad saxelmwifosa da
eklesias Soris aRmocenebu-
li Tanxmobisa, uTanxmoebeb-
mac iCina Tavi, Tumca ara uSu-
alod sapatriarqos an pat-
riarqis, aramed radikalurad
ganwyobili konservatoruli
da religiuri jgufebis mi-
zeziT. amasTanave, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi
sekularizmis politikuri
moTxovna arasdros yofila.
xelisuflebis ritorika, ub-
ralod, religiuri xasiaTis
spinozistur „afeqtTa“ samo-
qalaqo religiis an, iurgen
habermasis sityvebiT Tu
vityviT, „konstituciuri
religiis“ mimarTulebiT ga-
damisamarTeba iyo.
konstituciuri wyobilebis
dafuZnebis mcdeloba saqarT-
veloSi drois mxolod Zalze
mcire monakveTSi SeimCneoda
da is iseve swrafad Seicvala
nacionalistur-religiuri
ritorikiT, rogorc safrange-
Tis revoluciis monapovari
_ napoleonis diqtaturiT.
Sedegad, religiuri da xeli-
suflebis nacionalisturi
narativi TiTqos erTmaneTs
Solidarität
sekularizmi
daupirispirda, magram sinam-
dvileSi orives gacilebiT
ufro seriozuli metoqis
winaaRmdeg mouwia gamosvla.
opoziciuri Zalebis politi-
kur arenaze gamoCenam Tavad
es demokratiuli politikuri
arena Seqmna imiT, rom masSi
individualisturi, egoistu-
ri interesebis manifestacia
moaxdina. marTalia, opozicia
rogorc religiuri, ise nacio-
nalisturi narativis Tavis
xelSi moqcevas cdilobda,
magram patriarqisa da xeli-
suflebis mimarT misi moTxov-
nebis arsi saboloo jamSi
demokratiuli, individua-
listuri da ekonomikuri iyo
(saparlamento mmarTveloba,
partiuli pluralizmi, ekono-
mikuri keTildReoba, damna-
Save xelisuflebis wevrebis
dasja, mediis Tavisufleba da
a.S.). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am
mxriv opoziciuri protestebi
„anarqiuli“ iyo. am anarqiis
wyarod ki is preideologiuri
mdgomareoba iqca, romelic
postsabWoTa SevardnaZiseul
saqarTveloSi dominirebda
da romelic centralizaciis
winaaRmdeg gamovida.
opoziciur xmebze zemoqmede-
bis kuTxiT xelisufleba da
eklesia Tanabrad uZluri
aRmoCnda. imis Semdeg, rac
patriarqma xalxs daSlisken
mouwoda, politikosebis raRac
nawilma mainc gadaketa rkinig-
za, xolo mTavrobis naciona-
listur da militaristul
ritorikas ki maTze iotiso-
dena gavlenac ar mouxdenia.
zemoaRniSnuli ar niSnavs imas,
rom brZola religiasa da po-
litikas Soris damTavrda. pi-
riqiT, am brZolam sruliad
unikaluri postsekularuli
xasiaTi SeiZina. dRes saqarT-
veloSi erTmaneTs ebrZvis re-
}'vh'mksr
80
ligiuri Tanayofnisa da Ta-
nacxovrebis moTxovnileba
da politikuri, egoisturi,
avtonomiuri anarqia. orive
maTganis gansakuTrebuli Tvi-
seba is aris, rom lokalize-
bulni ar arian romelime Za-
lauflebriv institutSi,
magaliTad, eklesiaSi, saxel-
mwifoSi an opoziciur ZalebSi.
orive gafantulia yvela
maTganSi da gacilebiT ufro
fundamentur dapirispirebas
warmoaCens _ adamianuri „me“-s
dapirispirebas sakuTar Tav-
Tan an sakuTari Tavis wyvetil
arsebobasTan sazogadoebaSi.
daskvna
adamianuri yofierebis reli-
giur da politikur aspeqtTa
dapirispirebis ganxilviT
davrwmundiT, rom mimdinare
procesebi mxolod calkeul
sazogadoebaSi warmoqmnili
gansxvavebuli rRvevebis Se-
degi ki ar aris, aramed erTi
globaluri sistemis koncep-
tualuri sociologiuri da
filosofiuri fundamentis
moSlisa. rTulia imisi Tqma, Tu
ra gansazRvravs am sistemuri
krizisis erTianobas: globa-
luri sabazro ekonomikis
yovlismomcveli buneba,
globaluri mediis xasiaTi
Tu dasavluri politikuri
mowyobis postkoloniuri do-
minireba? yvela SemTxvevaSi
Cveni amocana tradiciuli da-
pirispirebebis CarCodan Tavis
gamoyvanaa. es ki ara mxolod
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos da-
pirispirebis sekularistuli
analizisgan Tavis daRwevas
gulisxmobs, aramed socialuri
da kulturuli movlenebis
axlebur ganxilvasac. mxolod
amgvari redefeniciiT SeiZleba
konceptualuri gaugebrobis-
gan Tavis daRweva.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
 TOLERANCE solidaroba

qristianoba
pluralistul
samyaroSi
eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos centraluri
komitetis sxdomaze warmoTqmuli sityva
(adis-abeba, 1971 w.).

mitropoliti giorgi xodri

pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebam msoflioSi erTianobis SegrZneba

gaaZliera. meore msoflio omis Semdeg ki Cven daviwyeT
`planetarizaciis~ procesi, romlis ganviTarebaSic mTavari
dabrkoleba religiur rwmenaTa mravalgvaroba Cans. gaerTianebis
mzardi moTxovnileba religiaTSoris dialogs imperatiuls xdis,
Tuki Cven gvsurs gaveqceT aRmavlobis stadiaSi myof religiaTa
faqtiur sinkretizms, romelTagan TiToeuls universalobaze
aqvs pretenzia. religiaTa am aRorZinebisa da maTi mravlobiTobis
pirobebSi, roca ar arsebobs araviTari niSani saxarebis miRebisa,
Cndeba SekiTxva: Tavidanve iseTi eqskluziuri iyo qristianoba
sxva religiebTan mimarTebaSi, rogorc es aqamde iTvleboda?

es kiTxva mniSvnelovania ara mxolod qristianuli misiis

TvalsazrisiT, aramed msoflio mSvidobisTvisac. Tumca arc
imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom es upiratesad praqtikuli problemaa:
aq saubaria Tavad WeSmaritebis bunebaze. Tuki qristes WeSmari-
teba SemozRudulia mxolod istoriuli eklesiis sazRvrebiT,
maSin sulieri cxovreba erTi unda iyos; magram is (sulieri cxov-
reba) sul sxvagvari iqneba, Tuki WeSmariteba ar aris SezRuduli
amgvarad da sxvadasxva gziT moicavs mTel samyaros. praqtikaSi,
da Tavad SinaarsiTac, siyvaruli gansxvavebuli iqneba imis
mixedviT, eqskluziuria qristianoba Tu inkluziuri.

Cveni azriT, es ar aris mxolod saRvTismetyvelo problema. igi

moicavs religiis fenomenologias, SedarebiT kvlevas am sferoSi,
religiis fsiqologias da religiis sociologias. es damatebi-
Ti disciplinebi Zirs uTxris im, garkveuli azriT, legalistur
dogmatizms, romelic didi xani batonobda qristianul qveyneb-

Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü

81
#1(34) TOLERANCE

Si da profesional TeologTa adgili aqvT iq warmarTebs varT” (17:27-28). magram

mier sxva religiebis arcodnas gankuTvnili. kornilius warmarTuli samyarosadmi
efuZneboda. TviT problema asisTavis Sesaxeb Txrobidan qristianTa amgvari Riaoba ar
araqristianebSi qristes Cven vgebulobT: `yvela xal- niSnavda misTvis raimegvari
myofobisa, pirvel yovlisa, xSi misi (uflis) moSiSi da saRvTismetyvelo statusis
imitom warmoiSva, rom maTSi simarTlis moqmedi saTnoa miniWebas, radgan `xeliT
(araqristianebSi. _ mTargm.) misTvis~ (saq. 10:35); `[RmerTma] qmnilni RmerTebi ar arian~
WeSmariti sulieri cxovrebis gardasul TaobebSi neba (19:26). am azriT pavle sakmaod
magaliTebi gamovlinda. ami- uboZa yvela xalxs, evloT kategoriulia: `kerpi araferia
tom RvTismetyvelTa msjelo- TavianTi gziT, Tumc imowmeb- am qveynad” (1 kor. 8:4).
bebi sxva religiebTan qristi- lad arasodes dautovebia
anobis damokidebulebis Tavisi Tavi~ (14:16-17). ioane RvTismetyvelis gamoc-
sakiTxze azrs moklebuli warmarTebSi arsebobda molo- xadebaSi, romelic aseve ekle-
iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki maT dini da Zieba `Seucnobeli siologiis mwvervalad SeiZ-
ar SeuZliaT SemoqmedebiTad RmerTisa~ (17:23), romelic leba miviCnioT, warmarToba
da kritikulad SeiTvison `Sors rodia TviTeuli Cven- gaigivebulia sicruesTan
`gareqristianuli masala~ ganisgan: vinaidan misiT (21:8; 22:15). am mxriv axal
sakuTari Teologiuri muSao- vcocxlobT da vmoZraobT da aRTqmaSi araviTari inovacia
bisas. RvTismetyveleba mud-
mivi ormxrivi gacvla unda
iyos bibliur gamocxadebasa
da cxovrebas Soris, raTa
unayofoni ar davrCeT. ufro
metic, Tuki uflis morCileba
niSnavs mis erTgulebas yvel-
gan, sadac ki misi myofobis
kvals vxedavT, _ qristianuli
istoriis farglebs miRma, _
maSin Cven valdebulni varT
gamovikvlioT WeSmariti suli-
eri cxovreba araqristianeb-
Tanac. es aris sakiTxi qristes
myofobisa qristianuli isto-
riis gareT. CvenTvis ganmac-
vifrebeli saxarebiseuli su-
liskveTebis arseboba araqris-
tianebSi gvaiZulebs iseTi ek-
lesiologia da misiologia
ganvaviTaroT, romlebSic suli
wmindasa da mis moqmedebas
upirvelesi adgili uWiravs.

tradiciuli midgomis
saSiSroebani

CavixedoT axali aRTqmis

wignSi `mociqulTa saqme~, _
am upirveles eklesiologiur
wignSi, _ raTa gavigoT ra

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

82

ar aris Semotanili Zvel
aRTqmasTan SedarebiT, sadac
winaswarmetyvelebi warmar-
Tobas `sisaZagles~ uwodeben.
amasTanave, mociquli pavle
areopagSi qadagebisas gamoT-
qvams Sexedulebas, romlis
Tanaxmadac aTenelebi Tayvans
scemen WeSmarit RmerTs, ar
aRiareben ra mas samyaros
Semoqmedad. uflis saxe ar
iyo maTTvis gancxadebuli.
sxva sityvebiT, isini qristi-
anebi iyvnen, oRond Tavad
ver xvdebodnen amas. pavle
maT ucnob RmerTs saxels
arqmevs. saxeli, saTanado
atributebTan erTad, ukve
uflis gancxadebaa. Cven aq
vpoulobT warmarTobasTan
dadebiTi damokidebulebis
marcvals, romelic mis srul
uaryofasTan erTad Tanaar-
sebobs. amgvari damokidebu-
leba ki iudaizmidan iyo
namemkvidrevi. amiT aixsneba
is viTarebac, roca qristiani
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
apologetebi Tavidanve or
sxvadasxva poziciaze idgnen.
erTi mxriv, maTi RvTaebebi
gaigivebuli iyo adamianuri
xeliT Seqmnil xisa da qvis
gamosaxulebebTan da RmerT-
Tan mebrZol eSmakebad aRiqme-
bodnen. meore mxriv, arsebob-
da ufro pozitiuri da ink-
luziuri midgomac. magram
mtruli da TavdacviTi po-
zicia ufro metad gamyarda
momdevno qristian apolo-
getTa cnobierebaSi eklesiis
oficialuri doqtrinis Camo-
yalibebis kvalobaze. eklesi-
am da qristianobam Tavis
aRorZinebis xanas miaRwia
aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi,
eresebis winaaRmdeg brZola
ki yvela drois apologetTa
gonebaSi aRagznebda mtrobas
cdomilebaTa winaaRmdeg,
romelic xSirad ukidures
siZulvilamdec midioda.
ufro metic, qristianTa
Seuwynarebloba erTmaneTis
mimarT aseve aisaxa araqris-
tianul religiebTan maT
urTierTobebzec. saqme ar-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
83
solidaroba
Cevanamdec mivida: sxva adami-
ani an unda gadavarCinoT an
movklaT! ucnauri warmodge-
naa WeSmaritebaze, romelic
daSorebulia siyvaruls!
meore mxriv, rogorc aRvniS-
neT, apologetikaSi sxva ten-
denciac arsebobda, romelic
pavles mier areopagSi gamov-
lenili midgomis gagrZele-
bas warmoadgenda. am tenden-
ciisaTvis Tvalis midevneba
SesaZlebelia dawyebuli wm.
iustine filosofosiT, misi
cnobili gamoTqmidan `logos
spermatikos~1, romelic jer
kidev qristes mosvlamde arse-
bobda warmarTebSi. yvela,
vinc am logosis Tanaxmad
cxovrobda, qristianebi arian.
am apologeturi tradiciis-
Tvis ar arsebobs WeSmarite-
ba, romelic ar aris damoki-
debuli uflis pirdapir moq-
medebaze. klimenti aleqsand-
rieli, romelic amave mimar-
Tulebis cnobili warmomad-
genelia, mTel kacobriobas
moiazrebs erT mTlianobad,
romelic ufalma Seiyvara.
eyrdnoba ra ebraelTa mimarT
epistoles 1:1 muxls, igi
amtkicebs, rom sityvebi
`RmerTi, romelic ZvelTagan
mravalgzis da mravalgvarad
elaparakeboda mamebs~, _
ekuTvnis ara mxolod isra-
els, aramed mTel kacobri-
obas. kacobrioba mTlianad
aris CarTuli `aRzrda-gans-
wavlis~ procesSi (`pedagogia~:
gavixsenoT, pavlesTvis rjuli
`pedagogs~ warmoadgenda,
moswavles ki _ israeli).
aq saubari ar aris bunebriv an
racionalur kanonze, radgan
`RvTis logosi... awesrigebs
Cvens samyaros da, pirvel
#1(34)
yovlisa, am mikrokosmoss _
adamians _ suliwmindis meSve-
obiT~ (Protreptikos, 1,5). am RvTa-
ebrivi mzrunvelobis procesSi
mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs
filosofia. aleqsandrieli
moZRvari (klimenti) ara mxo-
lod ar eWvobs, rom mas safe-
xuris mniSvneloba aqvs qris-
tianuli filosofiisken
svlisas, aramed aswavlis
kidec, rom `is elinebs
mieniWaT erTgvari rjulis
saxiT~ (Stromata, 5,8,3). warmar-
Tuli da elinisturi filo-
sofiebi _ es gafantuli frag-
mentebia erTi mTlianisa, ro-
melic aris logosi (qriste).
origenec miuTiTebda filo-
sofiis mniSvnelobaze, ro-
gorc WeSmariti RvTis codnaze.
misi azriT, zogierTi qris-
tianuli swavleba ar gansx-
vavdeba berZenTa swavlebis-
gan, Tumca ukanasknels ar aqvs
iseTive gavlena an iseTive
mimzidveli araa. am tradici-
aSi origenes originaluri
wvlili imaSi mdgomarebs, rom
igi RvTaebriv elementebs
xedavda warmarTul religi-
ebsa da berZnul miTologiaSi.
eklesiis Semdgomi mamebic
pativiscemiT epyrobodnen
antikur sibrZnes, Tumca,
marTalia, sifrTxiliTa da
garkveuli daTqmebiT. wm.
grigol nazianzelis azriT,
zogierTma filosofosma,
magaliTad, platonma da
aristotelem `suliwmindis
anarekli daiWires~ (Orat., 31,5;
ÐG 36, 137 3c). miuxedavad kerp-
Tayvanismcemlobis mkveTri
kritikisa, igi ar SeuSinda
imis Tqmas, rom kacobriobis
religiur cxovrebaSi xedavs
`uflis xels, romelsac ada-
Solidarität
TOLERANCE
mianebi WeSmarit RmerTamde
mihyavs~.
raTa metismetad ar gavzar-
doT wm. mamaTa citatebis es
CamonaTvali2, neba momeciT am-
jerad Cveni yuradReba war-
moSobiT dasavleli netari
avgustines Sexedulebebs
mivapyroT. is Tvlida, rom
kacobriobis istoriis sawyis
etapzeve arsebobdnen adami-
anebi, _ rogorc israelSi,
aseve mis farglebs miRmac, _
romlebic xsnis saidumlos
Tanaziarni iyvnen, da is cod-
na, romelsac isini flobdnen,
faqtobrivad qristianuli
religia iyo, Tumca maTTvis
qristianuli rwmena, rogorc
aseTi, ar iyo gacxadebuli.
mTeli es mimarTuleba xsene-
buli tendenciisa SeiZleba
Sejamdes netari ieronimes
sityvebiT: `arsebobs mxolod
erTi RmerTi, romelic Tavidan
bolomde, ikonomiis gansxva-
vebuli formebiT, moemarTeba
kacobriobis dasaxmareblad~
(Adv. Haer., 3,12,13).
yuradRebis miRma unda davto-
voT sxva religiebisadmi qris-
tianuli azris damokidebu-
lebis istoriis Tundac mokle
mimoxilva. sakmarisia vTqvaT,
rom berZnulenovan bizantiur
aRmosavleTSi islamTan damo-
kidebuleba, wm. ioane damaske-
lis kvalobaze, garkveuli
doziT, uaryofiTi iyo. ase-
Tive iyo dasavleTis pozicia,
ramdenime gamonaklisis, maga-
liTad, abeliarisa da niko-
loz kuzelis garda.3
eWvgareSea, sxva religiebis
uaryofiTi Sefaseba eyrdno-
ba eklesiologias, romelic
dakavSirebulia konkretul
}'vh'mksr
84
istoriul gamocdilebasa da
istoriis gansazRvrul
SexedulebasTan. naTelia,
rom im tipis Teologia,
romelsac wm. Toma aqvineli
aviTarebda da romelic amar-
Tlebs urwmunoTa sikvdils
(am azrs adre wm. bernard
klervoselic gamoTqvamda),
Tanadrouli iyo jvarosnuli
laSqrobebisa, romelmac
ganapiroba mkacri gamijvna
rogorc qristianobasa da
islams Soris, aseve qristia-
nul dasavleTsa da qristi-
anul aRmosavleTs Soris.
mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT
isic, Tu rogor uwyobda xels
arabul-bizantiuri omebi
aRmosavleTSi `oikumenes~
eklesiasTan gaigivebas. sxva
sityvebiT, SeiaraRebulma brZo-
lam, romelSic monawileobda
Suasaukuneobrivi qristiano-
ba _ laTinuri da bizantiuri
_ Sedegad eklesiologiis
`istorizacia~ mogvitana, anu
eklesiam sakuTar cnobiere-
baSi qristianul naciaTa so-
ciologiuri forma SeiTvisa,
romlis Tanaxmadac, qristia-
nuli samyaro, rogorc dasav-
luri, aseve aRmosavluri, mSvi-
dobis, sinaTlisa da sibrZnis
samefo iyo, araqristianuli ki
_ omebisa da sibnelis samyaro.
amgvar midgomas bukvalurad
imeorebs cnobili muslimuri
gamijvna muslimTa (Dar el Islam)
da urjuloTa (Dar el Kufr) samya-
roebs Soris. igive exeba ekle-
siasac, romelic aRiqmeba,
rogorc muslimuri Umma, anu
statistikuri da sociologi-
uri parametrebis mqone Temi.
eklesiis gareTa sferos gadar-
Cena sWirdeba. urwmunoebi,
eretikosebi da ganxeTqile-
baSi myofni eklesiaSi unda
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

moviyvanoT misioneruli gziT,
prozelitizmiT an kultur-
uli kolonializmiT, rodesac
ukve devna da omi aRar aris
SesaZlebeli, _ raTa amgvarad
miviRoT `erTi samwyso da
erTi mwyemsi~.
oficialuri, instituciona-
luri eklesia samyaros centri
xdeba, misi istoria ki im isto-
riad iqceva, romelsac gan-
sazRvravs dasavleTis gamoc-
dileba. danarCeni samyaro
araistoriulia manam, sanam
is ar aiTvisebs am dasavlur
gamocdilebas. ufro metic,
umowyalo logikasa da teqno-
logiur determinizms damor-
Cilebuli dasavleTi samyaros
batonobisaTvis aris ganwiru-
li. istoriis am filosofiam,
Tavis mxriv, saRvTismetyvelo
azrovnebasac daamCnia Tavisi
kvali, mis zogad mimarTule-
basa da meTodologias. amri-
gad, ganviTarebadi qveynebis
religiebi, romlebic Semoq-
medebiTi civilizaciis dina-
mikis miRma aRmoCndnen, _ maga-
liTad, induizmi, budizmi, is-
lami da aRmosavlur-marTl-
madidebluri qristianobac ki,
_ imyofebodnen ra istori-
ulad arqaul epoqaSi, maRal
stadiaze unda gadavidnen, is-
toriaSi unda CaerTon qristi-
anobis umaRlesi ierarqiuli
religiuri modelis gaTavise-
biT. danarCeni samyaro ekle-
siis droebiT kontinuumSi
unda Sevides xsnis miRebiT,
risi miRwevac SeiZleba cxov-
rebis qristianuli wesis gavr-
celebiT, romelic dasavleTis
avtoritets efuZneba.
zemoT aRwerili midgoma
gamoxsnis istoriis Sesaxeb
me-19 saukunis protestantiz-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli war-
modgenidan momdinareobs,
romelic meore msoflio omis
Semdeg saerTo gaxda mTeli
dasavluri qristianobisTvis.
Zalze Zlieri aqcenti iqna das-
muli xsnis movlenaTa Tanmim-
devrobaze, romlis Sedegadac
qriste Zveli aRTqmiseuli da,
zogadad, adamianuri istoriis
dasasrulad aRiqmeba.
amrigad, saeklesio rwmenisa
da cxovrebis esqatologiuri
ganzomileba CrdilSi eqceva.
RmerTi, rasakvirvelia, isto-
riis SigniT imyofeba, oRond
gvaviwydeba, rom RvTaebrivi
movlena istorias xsnis. magram
amaze mogvianebiT. amjerad ki
imisi aRniSvna minda, rom
istoriis sworxazovani aRqma
`monoliTur~ eklesiologiur
midgomasTan aris dakavSirebu-
li, romelic, samarTlianad
uaryofs ra berZnul-aziur
warmodgenas maradiuli cik-
luri Semobrunebis Sesaxeb,
Tavis mxriv, ugulebelyofs
maradiuli istoriis upira-
tesobis ideas, romelic ekle-
siis Sesaxeb imgvar warmodge-
nas efuZneba, romlis Tanax-
madac qriste aRiqmeba `ara
mxolod qronologiurad,
aramed aseve, _ da pirvel
yovlisa, _ ontologiurad~.
cxadia, msgavsi eklesiologia
da gamoxsnis sworxazovani ga-
geba gansakuTrebul misione-
rul midgomas gulisxmobs.
eklesiis msaxureba am SemTx-
vevaSi an karitatiuli da huma-
nitaruli xasiaTis `keTil
saqmeebs~ ukavSirdeba, an aRmz-
rdelobiT-konfesiur da so-
ciologiur saqmianobas imaT
Soris, vinc jer kidev ar Sesu-
la eklesiur erTobaSi. am az-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
85
solidaroba
riT, WeSmariteba eklesiis
sazRvrebSia. mis miRma ki
cdomileba iwyeba. amgvari
midgomisgan Tavis daRwevis
gza, rasakvirvelia, ar unda
veZeboT axali meTodebis gamo-
yenebiT, magaliTad, `feradi~
episkoposebis xeldasxmiT an
adgilobrivi wes-Cveulebebi-
sa da tradiciebis adaptaciiT.
es yovelive aRqmuli iqneba
rogorc sulieri imperializ-
mis ufro metad daxvewili
forma. samsjavroze gamodis
Tavad arsi misiis RvTismety-
velebisa.
aq aRwerili midgomisgan sru-
liad Tavisufal erT-erT
magaliTs warmoadgens nesto-
rianuli eklesiis misione-
ruli tradicia. igi TiTqmis
unikaluri Zalisxmevis de-
monstrirebas axdens, rome-
lic mimarTulia mis garSemo
arsebuli religiebis sulieri
ganviTarebisken maTi Signi-
dan `srulyofis~ gziT (mag.,
budizmi tibetsa da CineTSi),
amasTanave ar `aucxoebs~ am
religiur tradiciebs saku-
Tari Tavisgan.
aseTi saxis misia mTel qmnile-
bas sulierad aRiqvams. meso-
potamiis sparsul eklesiaSi
Cven vxvdebiT aseTive gabedul
mcdelobebs islamisadmi mid-
gomaSi. magaliTad, muhamedis
profetuli xasiaTis gansaz-
Rvra nestorianul teqstebSi
misi (muhamedis) uwyebis gansa-
kuTrebul analizs efuZneba.
Tumca am SemTxvevaSi ieso qris-
tes ontologiuri unikalu-
robisa da centraluri mniSv-
nelobis daCrdilva ar xdeba.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan ga-
momdinareobs Semdegi: Tana-
#1(34)
medrove RvTismetyveleba
`gamoxsnis istoriis~ sakuTa-
ri gagebidan unda gamovides,
raTa misTvis naTeli gaxdes
RvTaebrivi `ikonomiis~ azri.
qristes ikonomia ar SeiZleba
mis istoriul gamovlinebam-
de iqnes dayvanili _ igi mxo-
lod imaze miuTiTebs, rom Cven
Tavad varT RvTis moqmedebis
Tanamonawileni. aqedan
momdinareobs maradisobasa
da suliwmindis moqmedebaze
miTiTebebic. Tavad ikonomiis
cneba, es aris cneba saidum-
los Sesaxeb. `saidumlos~
vuwodebT movlenas, romelic
TviT am movlenaSi sunTqavs.
es miuTiTebs agreTve RvTis
Tavisuflebaze, romelic Tavis
providenciul da gamomxsnel
qmedebebSi arcerTi movleniT
ar aris SezRuduli. eklesia
mxolod iaraRia erTa gamoxsnis
am saidumlosi. igi yvela adami-
anisadmi RvTaebrivi siyvaru-
lis niSania, ar aris samyaros
mowinaaRmdege da arc misgan
gamijvnis momxrea. is misi
nawilia. eklesia TviT cxov-
rebis sunTqvaa, im cxovrebisa,
romelic man SeiTvisa da miiRo.
da es mTlianad kacobriobis
sicocxlea, maSinac ki, roca
kacobrioba amas ver acnobi-
erebs. es swored is aris, rasac
origenem `kosmosis kosmosi~
uwoda. Tuki Ze RmerTi `ekle-
siis kosmosia~, maSin naTelia,
rom eklesiis saqme im saidum-
los meSveobiT aResruleba,
romelic ufalma sxvadasxva
dros kacobriobis istoriaSi
daTesa. sxva religiebTan
mimarTebaSi misi amocanaa
samyaros gaacnos da gamokve-
Tos im RmerTis religia,
romelic maTSivea dafaruli,
saidumlos saboloo aRmoCenis
winaTgrZnobiT.
Solidarität
TOLERANCE
xsenebuli ikonomia ar war-
moadgens siaxles. misi sawyisi
am samyaros SeqmnaSia, romelic
RvTis kenozisis4 gamovlenaa.
kosmosi Tavis TavSi uflis
niSnebs atarebs iseve, rogorc
Zveli aRTqmiseuli iakobi
angelozTan brZolis Semdeg.
rjulis mocemamde RmerTi
aRTqmas debs noesTan. es kacob-
riobasTan dialogis amosava-
li wertilia. aq saqme gvaqvs
kosmiur dialogTan, romelic
abraamTan dadebuli aRTqmis-
gan damoukideblad grZeldeba.
am aRTqmaSi cxovroben erebi,
romlebic ar icnoben morw-
muneTa mamis _ abraamis _ mi-
marT warmoTqmul sityvas. wm.
werili gvauwyebs, rom am erebs
angelozebi icaven. maTze
saubrisas origene aRniSnavs,
rom swored am angelozebma
auwyes Sobis Rames mwyemsebs
qristes amqveynad movlineba da
amgvarad aRasrules Tavisi
misia. diax, rasakvirvelia,
magram qriste Tavad aRasru-
lebs noeseul aRTqmas, avsebs
mas macxovnebeli SinaarsiTa
da mniSvnelobiT, Tavad gax-
da ra WeSmariti aRTqma Rmer-
Tsa da kosmoss Soris. mesia-
nuri prototipi ukve Cadebu-
lia am ZvelaRTqmiseul per-
sonaJSi, romelic `momavlis
aCrdils~ warmoadgens.
erebis gamorCeva naTeli xdeba
abraamis mowodebis Semdgom.
abraami, tovebs ra Tavis sam-
Soblos, aRasrulebs pirvel
gamosvlas. meore gamosvlas
ki israelis eri aRasrulebs,
roca is qanaanisken mimaval
gzaze udabnoSi mogzaurobs.
es mogzauroba gagrZelda
manam, sanam ieso ar mialur-
smes `karibWis miRma~ _
rogorc ucxo da gandevnili.
}'vh'mksr
86
am meore gamosvlis dros
israeli ikonomiis saidumlos
ganicdis. aRTqmuli miwisken
mimavali israeli, romelic
RmerTma zRvaSi daxrCobas
gadaarCina, gamoxsnil
kacobriobas ganasaxierebs. es
qristes mier gamoxsnili ek-
lesiis saxec aris. gamorCeva
_ nawilobrivia, radgan am
gamorCevis saSualebiT iko-
nomiis saidumlo mTel kacob-
riobaze vrceldeba.5 israeli
gamoxsnilia rogorc proto-
tipi da mTeli kacobriobis
warmomadgeneli. ufro metic,
Zveli aRTqma gviCvenebs, rom
israeli dakavSirebulia sxva
erebTanac, sadac aseve arse-
bobda `sxvadasxva dros da
sxvadasxvagvarad datovebu-
li~ uflis kvali _ kerZod,
warmarTul erebSi mcxovreb im
adamianebSi, romlebsac ekle-
siis mamebi wminda da marTal
adamianebs uwodeben.6
amrigad, israelis gareTac
SegviZlia qristes realobis
winasaxeebze saubari, ramac
Tavisi gamoxatuleba pova
rogorc pirovnebebSi, aseve
swavlebebSi. am SemTxvevaSi
araviTari mniSvneloba ar
aqvs im garemoebas, aris Tu
ara mocemuli religia isto-
riuli. arc imas aqvs mniSvne-
loba, acnobierebs Tu ara igi
Tavis SeuTavseblobas saxare-
biseul swavlebasTan. qriste
yvelgan dafaruli rCeba saku-
Tar simdableSi. saxarebis
nebismieri `wakiTxva~ aris
`qristes wakiTxva~. swored
qristea is sinaTle, romelic,
rogorc RvTis madli, ewveva
xolme brahmans, budists an
muslims sakuTari wminda
werilebis kiTxvisas. yoveli
mowame, romelic ewama
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

WeSmaritebisTvis, TiToeuli
adamiani, romelic idevneba
im rwmenis gamo, romelsac
igi WeSmaritebad miiCnevs,
iRupeba qristesTan erTobaSi.
muslimi mistikosebi, romle-
bic tanjuli siyvarulis
Sesaxeb mowmoben, WeSmaritad,
mociqul ioaneseul aRape-
siyvaruls7 ganicdidnen. Tuki
xe nayofiT icnoba, maSin
eWvgareSea, rom yvela erSi
suliT glaxaki da mdabali
adamiani, romelic uflisaT-
vis da misdami swrafviT
cxovrobs, ukve iRebs im
mSvidobas, romelsac RmerTi
aZlevs yvela Tavis moyva-
ruls (lk. 2:14).8
`xorcieli~ israelisa da isto-
riuli eklesiis gareT moqme-
di es RvTaebrivi energia qris-
tes aRdgomis Sedegia, rome-
lic yovelives aRavsebs
qristes sisavsiT. qristem,
romelzec naTqvamia, rom
`yvelaferi damkvidrda masSi~
(kol. 1:17), da romlis mosvlam
amqveynad mTeli kacobrioba
miiyvana WeSmarit arsebobamde,
gamoiwvia sulieri ganaxleba
da ikonomia, romelsac (am
ikonomias. _ mTargm.) SeuZlia
adamianis sulebze mzrunve-
lobis sakuTar Tavze aReba,
sanam is (qriste. _ mTargm.) ar
mova meored. amasTan narCun-
deba eklesiis Suamavluri
funqcia. magram RvTis
Tavisufleba imgvaria, rom
mas SeuZlia winaswarmetyvel-
Ta aRZvra axali aRTqmis
`sociologiuri~ sazRvrebis
miRmac, iseve, rogorc manamde
israelis gareT aRZravda
maT. Tumca `sakurTxevlis~
miRma profetuli msaxurebisa
da sibrZnisken msgavsi mowo-
debebi idumal kavSirSia
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
qristes ZalauflebasTan da
aranairad ar ewinaaRmdegeba
RvTis ikonomiis unikaluro-
bas. qristes sisavse SesaZloa
daiCrdilos, daifaros adami-
anuri codvebis istoriaSi.
adamianebi SeiZleba ver xedav-
dnen, rom eklesia RvTis
didebis matarebelia. is, rac
xilulia, Zalian xSirad ar
warmoadgens miTiTebas uflis
samkvidros realobaze.9 magram
RmerTi agzavnis xolme mowmeebs
(ZvelqarTulad _ mowameebs.
_ mTargm.) maTTvis, visac ar
SeuZlia sakuTari codvebiT
SebRaluli qristes saxis xilva.
am mowmeTa saSualebiT ufals
ufro meti Zalis gamovlena Se-
uZlia, vidre Cven warmogvid-
genia, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ra
bibliis miRmieri religiuri
uwyebani. Tumca WeSmariti
sisavse qristes meored mosvlis
dros gacxaddeba. xsnis gange-
buleba Tavisi sisavsiT aRs-
ruldeba am dros, rogorc
yovelive amqveyniuris WeSma-
riti azris Sesaxeb ukanaskne-
li gamocxadeba. qristes
ikonomia azrs kargavs RvTis
sulis ikonomiis gareSe.
`iqneba ukanasknel dReebSi, _
ambobs RmerTi, _ movafen Cemi
sulisagan yvela xorcs~ (saq.
2:17). es unda gvesmodes
rogorc miTiTeba amqveynad
suliwmindis mofenis univer-
salur xasiaTze. rogorc moci-
qulTa saqmeSia aRniSnuli,
morwmuneni gaocdnen, rom
`sulis wmidis madli moefina
TviT warmarTTac~ (10:45).
RvTis suli yvelgan moqmedebs
da yovelives aRavsebs ikono-
miis wyalobiT, gansxvavebiT
Zis ikonomiisgan. wm. irineosi
logossa (qristes. _ mTargm.)
da suliwmindas uwodebs
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
87
solidaroba
`RvTis or xels~. es niSnavs,
rom Cven ara mxolod maTi
hipostasuri damoukideblo-
ba unda vamtkicoT, aramed
isic, rom suliwmindis mos-
vla amqveynad ar aris daq-
vemdebarebuli Zisadmi, ar
aris ubralod logosis fun-
qcia. `sulTmofenoba, _ ambob-
da vl. loski, _ aris ara `gag-
rZeleba~ Ze RmerTis ganxor-
cielebisa, aramed misi Sedegi:
qmnileba SemZle gaxda suliw-
mindis miRebisa~. ori ikono-
mia erTmaneTis mxardamWeria.
RvTis suli _ es sxva nugeSi-
nismcemelia, paraklitosi.
misi wyalobiT qristes Sinaga-
ni realoba vlindeba aqve da
axla. da rogorc irineosi
ambobs: `sadac sulia, iq aris
eklesiac~ (Adv. Haer., 3.24; ÐG
7, No1. 966c)10. suli moqmedebs
da sakuTar energias gadmos-
cems gansakuTrebuli ikono-
miis wyalobiT da am Tvalsaz-
risiT Cven SegviZlia araqris-
tianuli religiebi ganvixi-
loT im sivrceebad, sadac es
suli moqmedebs.
yvela adamiani, romelmac
suliwmindis moqmedeba
ganicada, miekuTvneba RvTis
ers. eklesia mxolod dasaw-
yisia mTeli kacobriobis
xsnisa. `qristeSi icocxlebs
yvela~ (1 kor. 15:22) _ im er-
Tobis wyalobiT, romelsac
eklesias vuwodebT. amJamad
eklesiaa am momavali erTo-
bis saidumlo _ maTi erTobi-
sa, romlebic inaTlebian
eklesiisa da misi `siZis~ mier,
nikoloz kavasilas mSvenieri
gamoTqma rom gamoviyenoT. im
momentSi, roca Cven qristes
sxeulSi erTmaneTTan vurTi-
erTobT, aseve dakavSirebul-
ni varT yvela im adamianTan,
#1(34)
visac RmerTi ixutebs gulSi
Tavisi macocxlebeli siyva-
ruliT. yvela maTgani evqa-
ristiul barZimSi imyofeba,
qristes erTian sxeulad
qcevis molodinSi, rodesac
yvela niSani gauCinardeba
RvTis taxtisa da kravis
winaSe (gamocx. 22:3).
Tu Cven SegviZlia amgvari
Teologiis gaziareba, maSin
rogor mogviwevs qristianu-
li misiisa da qristianuli
samyaros konkretuli mid-
gomis gansazRvra araqris-
tianuli samyarosadmi?
1. qristiani, romelmac icis,
rom, uflis gangebiT, didi
religiebi RvTaebrivi mowya-
lebis skolebs warmoadgenen,
Rrma mSvidobiTa da sulgr-
ZelobiT iqneba ganwyobili maT
mimarT. igi morCili iqneba am
gangebisa, uflis mosvlis ime-
diTa da xsenebuli ikonomiis
saidumloTi ganmsWvaluli,
romelsac TandaTanobiT srul-
yofilebisken da qristeSi
aRdgenisken mivyavarT.
2. arsebobs msoflio reli-
giuri Tanamegobroba, romel-
sac SeuZlia Cveni qristia-
nuli gamocdilebis gamdid-
reba _ Tuki SevZlebT imis
danaxvas, rasac is flobs. am
SemTxvevaSi saubaria ara imaze,
rom unda CavwvdeT araqris-
tianuli wminda werilebis
istoriul, bukvalur da obi-
eqtur azrs, aramed ufro imas
vgulisxmobT, rom es werilebi
qristes realobis Suqze unda
vikiTxoT, radgan, rogorc
suliwmindisgan mowyvetil
sityvas SeuZlia dafaros
Cvengan RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba
Zveli aRTqmis wminda werilSi,
romelTan mimarTebaSic qriste
Solidarität
TOLERANCE
erTaderT gasaRebs warmoad-
gens, aseve gvaqvs SesaZleb-
loba sxvadasxvagvarad
mivudgeT araqristianul
religiebsa da maT wminda
werilebs: an rogorc isto-
riul da sociologiur feno-
menTa mkvlevarni, saTanado
kritikuli cnobierebiT aRWur-
vilni, an WeSmaritebis garCevis
mizniT _ suliwmindis
sunTqvis Sesabamisad.
3. sxvadasxva religiaSi Cven
vxvdebiT calkeul qarizmatul
adamianebs, romlebsac maTi
sakuTari rwmenisTvis damaxa-
siaTebel garegnul niSnebze
ufro Rrmad wvdomis unari
aqvT, ramdenadac sulieri
cxovreba kanonebsa da wesebze
ufro Rrma realobas warmo-
adgens, Tumca xSirad xdeba
xolme sulierebis Canacvleba
`moweseobiT~. Cvenc swored
simboloebsa da istoriul
formebze ufro Rrma wvdoma
da religiuri adamianebis
siRrmiseuli intenciebis
aRmoCena unda SegveZlos,
SevufardebT ra RvTaebrivis
maTeul aRqmas Cveni qristia-
nuli imedis obieqts. es niS-
navs, rom RmerTze saubrisas
apofatikuri meTodi unda
gamoviyenoT _ da ara mxolod
qristianTa Soris, rakiRa viciT,
rom ufalTan dakavSirebuli
yvela cneba sinamdvileSi
kerpia. amgvari meTodi unda
gamoviyenoT maSinac, roca
RvTis Sesaxeb msjelobebi
gvxvdeba araqristianuli
religiebis wminda werilebSi.
roca gvsurs sxva religiis
mimdevars gavugoT, Cven ar
unda ganvixiloT igi rogorc
mocemuli religiis tipuri
mimdevari. Cven mas im adami-
anad unda aRviqvamdeT, ro-
melsac SeuZlia gvaswavlos
}'vh'mksr
88
da raRac Tavisic gvauwyos
RvTis Sesaxeb.
4. urTierToba aris komuni-
kaciis conditio sine qua non
(`aucilebeli piroba~. laT.).
amitom SeuZlebelia qristi-
anuli mxridan raimegvari ur-
TierTkavSiri erTgvari `moq-
cevis~ gareSe, anu yovelgvari
konfesiuri siamayisa da kul-
turuli an istoriuli upira-
tesobis grZnobis daZlevis
gareSe. amgvari Tavmdabloba
iTxovs qristes msgavs TviT-
realizacias sxvaTa meSveobiT.
qristianul samyaros, _ su-
liwmindis cecxliT ganwmen-
dil, uflis glaxak da aseve
saxarebiseuli uZlurebiT, _
SeuZlia gaRebisa da micemis
riskis sakuTar Tavze aReba
erTi da imave ubraloebiT.
qristianobam misken mimarTu-
li gamowvevani unda aRiqvas
rogorc Zmuri Segoneba da
unda SeZlos maTSi, _ Tundac
urwmunoebis niRbiT, _ sicruis
Tamami uaryofis danaxva, risi
gakeTebac qristianebs didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi ar SeeZloT
an ar surdaT.
5. aseTi ganwyobis pirobebSi
ukve SesaZlebelia komunika-
cia. am SemTxvevaSi qristes
saxe efuZneba mis kenotur
TviTdamcrobas, mis istoriul
realobas da mis sityvebs. es
ara mxolod eklesiaSi adami-
anebis dabrunebis sakiTxia.
isini sakuTari nebiT movlen,
Tuki Tavs ise igrZnoben, ro-
gorc mSobliur saxlSi. mniS-
vnelovani amocana ki imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom gamovavli-
noT sxva religiebSi qristo-
logiuri faseulobebi da mivu-
TiToT maT qristeze, rogorc
gamaerTianebel Zalaze da
aseve mis siyvarulze, romlis
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

ZaliTac SesaZlebelia yove-
live amis aRsruleba. WeSma-
riti misiis TvalsazrisiT,
`misioneruli aqtivoba~
ubralod sasaciloa. Cveni
amocana mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom viaroT qristes gziT,
romlis amocnoba sxva
religiebis aCrdilebSic
aris SesaZlebeli.
`veZebe RamiT Cems sarecelze
Cemi sulis Seyvarebuli,
veZebe igi da ver vipove.
avdgebi-meTqi da movivli
qalaqis
quCebsa da moednebs.
movZebni-meTqi Cemi sulis
Seyvarebuls...
Semomxvdnen mcvelni,
qalaqis Semomvlelni.
_ xom ar ginaxavT Cemi sulis
Seyvarebuli?~
(qebaTa qeba 3:1-3).
araqristianul konteqstSi
damowmeba niSnavs miTiTebas
RvTisadmi, romelic sxvebma
ukve Seicnes rogorc moyvaru-
li mama. rogorc ki isini siZis
megobrebi gaxdebian, aRar iq-
neba Zneli misi (qristes. _
mTargm.) xseneba. eklesiis mTe-
li misioneruli saqmianoba ki
religiis (araqristianuli re-
ligiis. _ mTargm.) RameSi mTvle-
mare qristes gaRviZebisken iq-
neba mimarTuli. mxolod erTma
RmerTma icis, SeZleben Tu
ara adamianebi WeSmariti da
diadi sapaseqo trapezis er-
Toblivad aRsrulebas, sanam
zeciuri ierusalimi gamoCnde-
ba. magram Cven ukve viciT, rom
Cvens saxeebze areklili qristes
silamaze aris aRTqma Cveni
saboloo Serigebisa.
Targmna da
SeniSvnebi daurTo
daviT TinikaSvilma
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
mTargmnelis SeniSvnebi:
1
am ideis Semcveli wm. iustine filosofosis yvelaze cnobili msjelobebi
Semdegia.: `isini, romlebic logosis Tanaxmad cxovrobdnen, qristianebi
arian, Tumca isini uRmerToebad miaCndaT. elinebs Soris aseTebi iyvnen:
sokrate, heraklite da maTi msgavsni, xolo barbarosTa Soris: abraami, ana-
nia, azaria, misaeli, ilia da bevri sxva” (apologia, par. 46). aseve sxva ad-
gilas wm. iustine wers: `yvelaferi, rac ki odesme kargi uTqvamT filoso-
fosebsa da kanonmdeblebs, yovelive es gamoTqmulia logosis Wvretis Se-
degad, romelic aris qriste~ (apologia, par. 2:10).
2
miuxedavad avtoris amgvari TavSekavebisa (rac sruliad bunebrivia mis mier
warmoTqmuli sityvis formatisa da moculobis gamo) da aseve imisaTvis,
rom mkiTxvelisTvis ufro damajerebeli iyos `sxvebisadmi~ wm. mamaTa amg-
vari “gaxsnili” damokidebulebis dominanturoba adreul eklesiaSi, auci-
leblad migvaCnia ara mxolod analogiuri Sexedulebebis warmodgena,
aramed aRniSnul sakiTxze sxvadasxva patrologTa Semajamebel msjelobaTa
gaxsenebac:
wm. klimenti romaeli wers, rom warmarTebi qvel da sagmiro saqmeebsac ki
aRasrulebdnen: “...warmarTebisganac movitanoT magaliTebi: mravalma mefem
da winamZRolma, mindobilma misnis naTqvams, ubedurebis Jams sikvdils
misca Tavi, rom sakuTari sisxliT gadaerCinaT sxvebi. mravali gaSorda
Tavis qalaqs, raTa metad aRar yofiliyo iq mSfoTvareba...~
(wm. klimenti romaeli. korinTelTa mimarT pirveli epistole. Tavi 55 //
Jurn. “gza sameufos” danarTi #3, Tb., 1997, gv. 48).
wm. basili didma, rogorc cnobilia, warmarTTa qveli saqmeebis aRweras
mTeli traqtatic ki miuZRvna Semdegi saTauriT `axalgazrdebs imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor miviRoT sargebloba warmarTuli sibrZnisgan~.
wm. ioane damaskelis TqmiT `gareSe~ (anu araqristianul) sibrZneSi, marTa-
lia, aris raRac miuRebeli, magram maTgan SesaZlebelia `wminda oqros~
gamorCevac, romlisganac `udidesi Zlierebis SeZenas SevZlebT~
(wm. ioane damaskeli. marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi
gadmocema. Targmani Zveli berZnulidan. Tavi 90, Tb., 2000, gv. 190)
wm. grigol RvTismetyveli erT-erTi Tavisi mowafisaTvis daweril poemaSi
`saTnoebis Sesaxeb~ imis Taobaze saubrobs, Tu rogor SeuZlia qristians
sakuTari Tavis aRzrda warmarT filosofosTa cxovrebaTa da qcevaTa
magaliTebiT (Åï. Èëàðèîí Àëôååâ. Æèçíü è ó÷åíèå Ñâ. Ãðèãîðèÿ Áîãîñëîâà.
Ãëàâà 2).
aqve saintereso unda iyos wm. ioane oqropiris (romelic warmarTuli
samyaros erT-erT mkacr kritikosadaa miCneuli) Semdegi sityvebi: `...Tu
wm. werilidan ver swavlobT, maSin iZulebuli var warmarTebisgan mogiy-
vanoT magaliTebi...” (Òâîðåíèÿ, òîì 7, ñ. 201).
imave wm. mamis azriT, warmarTebi damnaSaveni arian imaSi, rom “sakuTari
filosofosebisaTvis yuris gdeba ar surdaT, da imaSic, rom gansajes sok-
rate, anaqsagora, piTagorelebi da sxvebi (!!!)”
(Òâîðåíèÿ, òîì 5, 1899, ÑÏá., ñ. 773).
Tumca obieqturobisaTvis isic unda aRiniSnos, rom eklesiis zogierTi
Zveli mamis mier calsaxad dagmobilia warmarTuli sibrZne, rogorc yovlad
usargeblo. magaliTad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, wm. ioane oqropirTan (ix.
misi ganmarteba maTes saxarebisa, saubari 1:4), aseve wm. makari didTan (ix.
misi 42-e saubari) da sxv. magram am garemoebis Sesaxeb marTebulad msjelobs
patrologi, arqimandriti porfiri: “...arc imas vmalavT, rom zogierTi wm.
mama Zveli filosofosebis mimarT sakmaod Seuracxmyofel gamoTqmebsac ar
eridebod.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
89
#1(34) TOLERANCE

a. magaliTad, wm. ioane oqropiri platonsa da sokrates zogierTi mcdari

azrisTvis TiTqmis SeSlilebs uwodebs da ambobs, rom isini mxolod amao
didebas eZiebdnen da sxva araferi ainteresebdaT. cxadia, es gadaWarbebaa.
magram mamebis umetesoba qeba-didebas asxams Zvel filosofosebs qristia-
nul moZRvrebasTan miaxloebuli swavlebisTvis” (arqimandriti porfiri
(popovi). mamaTa avtoritetisa da maTi Txzulebebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
// saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, #3, Tb., 1988, gv. 40).

analogiurad msjelobs patrologi, prof. ediSer WeliZec: `sazogadod

unda aRiniSnos, rom eklesiis mamaTa damokidebuleba antikuri azrovne-
bisadmi xSirad mcdarad aris gagebuli. rodesac esa Tu is saeklesio piri
uaryofs, magaliTad, gareSe sibrZnes, uaryofs, Cveulebriv, im pirTa winaSe,
romlebic xsenebul sibrZnes saboloo WeSmaritebad saxaven...~
(ediSer WeliZe. wm. Teofile antioqieli // krebulSi: `sityva marTlisa
sarwmunoebisa~. tomi 1, Tb., 1990, gv. 51).

aseve sxva cnobili patrologis, episkopos ilarion alfeevis, miTiTebiT,

swored imis gamo, rom eklesiis mamaTa umravlesoba antikur filosofias
ganixilavda rogorc qristianuli WeSmaritebisaken mimaval gzas, `Zveli qris-
tianuli taZrebis karibWeebSi mowameebisa da wmindanebis gverdiT gamosa-
xulni iyvnen sokrate, platoni da aristotele...~ (È. Àëôååâ. Òàèíñòâî
Âåðû, ãë. 1).

da bolos dainteresebul mkiTxvels vurCevdiT amave Temaze dawerili

brwyinvale narkvevis gacnobas, romlis avtoria kardinali anri de lubaki.
rogorc cnobilia, igi kritikulad dadgenili patristikuli teqstebisa
da samecniero gamokvlevebisgan Semdgari seriis (300-mde tomi) `qristi-
anuli wyaroebis~ TanadamfuZnebelia (kardinal Jan danielusTan erTad).
statiis mopoveba SesaZlebelia internetSi. misi saTauria: “Îòöû Öåðêâè
î Ðåëèãèÿõ ×åëîâå÷åñêèõ“.

3
Tumca msgavsi gamonaklisebis gamovlena TviT aRmosavlur saqristianoSic
SeiZleba. magaliTad, qristianuli eklesiis erT-erTi udidesi moRvawe, wm.
grigol palama (XIV s.), romelic jer aTonis mTaze eweoda berul cxovrebas,
mogvianebiT ki qalaq Tesalonikis arqiepiskoposi gaxda, wm. ioane damaske-
lis antiislamuri suliskveTebisgan gansxvavebiT, mkveTrad gamoxatul
keTilganwyobasa da pativiscemas avlenda muslim TeologebTan mimarTebiT.
am sakiTxze cnobili Tanamedrove marTlmadidebeli Teologi, albaneli ar-
qiepiskoposi anastasi, Tavis erT-erT naSromSi wers: “...wm. grigol palama
yvelanairad cdilobs ar Seuracxyos mosaubreTa religiuri grZnobebi.
marTalia, SeTanxmeba ver iqna miRweuli, magram pativiscema da urTierT-
dafasebis ganwyoba maT Soris SenarCunebuli iyo: `dasasruls muslimi
liderebi wamodgnen, pativis migebiT gamoemSvidobnen Tesalonikis arqi-
episkoposs da gaemgzavrnen~

(To the Atheist Chionai, 246). zogjer ki, roca wm. grigoli amCnevda, rom
Tanamosaubreni rTul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, igi maSinve didi TavazianobiTa
da delikaturobiT cdilobda uxerxuli situaciis ganmuxtvas moxdenili
iumoriT: `me isini kvlav gavamxiarule (I made them cheerful again) da Tava-
ziani RimiliT mivuge imams: `am sakiTxze rom erTi Sexeduleba gvqonoda,
maSin rwmenac xom erTi gveqneboda?~ (Letter to David the Disypatos).

amrigad, ori gansxvavebuli religiis warmomadgenelTa Soris iseTi

megobruli atmosfero iyo SenarCunebuli, rom amis Sedegad dialogis
monawile erTma muslimma Tavisi imedi Semdegi sityvebiTac ki gamoxata:
`aucileblad dadgeba dRe, rodesac Cven Tanxmobas mivaRwevT~
(Letter to David..., 233) (Archbishop Anastasios (Yannoulatos). Facing the World:
Orthodox Christian Essays on Global Concerns. Geneva, WCC Publications, 2003,
p. 110).

4
kenozisi _ damdableba, damcroba.

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

90
 solidaroba

5
avtoris am azrs ganamtkicebs Tavad pavle mociqulis Semdegi mistikuri
sityvebi: `ara msurs, Zmano, ar icodeT es saidumlo (raTa Tqvensave gansjas
ar daeyrdnoT), rom israelis sibrmave nawilobrivia, droebiTi, vidre ar
Semova warmarTTa mTeli simravle. da ase mTeli israeli cxondeba...~ (rom.
11, 25-26).

netari Teodorite kvireli ki am muxlis ganmartebisas wers: `mociquli

`mTels israels~ uwodebs morwmuneebs, iqnebian isini iudevelebi Tu war-
marTebi~, anu `axali israeli~ qristianuli gagebiT, romelSic ar moiazreba
mxolod ebraeli eri. sxva adgilas pavle mociquli israelis gandgomasTan
(anu ebraelTa mier iesos uaryofasTan) dakavSirebiT naTlad aRniSnavs, rom
`maTi dacemisagan aris warmarTTa xsna~ (rom. 11:11), anu yovelive RvTis
brZnuli Canafiqrisa da gangebis mixedviT aResruleba.

6
aq avtori aRar asaxelebs maT, arada, maTi dasaxeleba ar iqneboda interes-
moklebuli ara mxolod sekularuli mkiTxvelebisTvis, aramed bevri
eqskluzivisti morwmunisTvisac. rCeuli (ebraeli) eris miRma RvTisTvis
saTno adamianebi iyvnen: (1) iobi, romelic iyo warmarTi, magram romelsac
wm. werili axasiaTebs rogorc `ubiwos, samarTliansa da RvTismoSiSs” (iobi
1:1), ris gamoc eklesia samarTlianad ganakuTvnebs iobs Zveli aRTqmis
marTalTa ricxvs;
(2) melqisedeki, romelic iyo warmarTuli qalaqis, salimis, mefe da amave dros
`uzenaesi RmerTis mRvdeli~ (dab. 14:18);
(3) iaTori, midiameli (anu araiudeveli) mRvdeli, moses simamri (gamos. 2:16);
(4) sabas dedofali (3 mef. 10:1; 2 neSt. 9:1), romelic cxovrobda da mefobda
eTiopiaSi;
(5) raxab meZavi (isu nave 2:1), romelzec iakob mociquli wers: `gana rwmeniT ar
gamarTlda meZavi raxabic...?~ (iak. 2:25), mociquli pavle: `rwmeniT meZavi
raxabi ar daiRupa...~ (ebr. 11:31);
(6) neemani, asureli mxedarTmTavari, romelic mowiwebiT sTxovda Semweobas
uflis winaswarmetyvels (4 mef. 5,1 da Semd.); da bolos, Tavad qriste Tavisi
amqveyniuri moRvaweobis dros warmarTebSi zogjer iseT rwmenas xedavda,
romelsac ebraelebSic ki ver poulobda (ix. maT. 8,10).

7
berZnuli sityva `aRape~ Teologiur teqstebSi gamoiyeneba RvTaebrivi
siyvarulis aRsaniSnavad, xolo `filia~ _ megobruli da dedmamiSviluri
siyvarulia, `erosi~ ki _ qalsa da mamakacs Soris arsebuli siyvaruli.

8
am azrTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa aseve qristes sityvebi, rom igi amgvar
adamianebs `Tavis~ mSvidobas miscems, romelic ar hgavs ama qveynis mSvidobas
(ioane 14:27).

9
anu xSirad Znelia qristianTa qcevebis mixedviT adekvaturi warmodgenis
Seqmna RvTaebriv realobasa da mis myofobaze maT Soris. swored Tavisi
drois uRirs qristianebs mimarTavda pavle mociquli Semdegi sityvebiT:
`Tqvens gamo igmoba RmrTis saxeli warmarTTa Soris~ (rom. 2:24).

10
sxva marTlmadidebeli Teologic, mitropoliti ioane ziziulasic, imow-
mebs am adreuli wm. mamis, irineos lionelis (Haer. 3, 24:1) xsenebul sityvebs,
qristes Semdeg sityvebTan erTad `qari sadac surs, qris, da gesmis misi xma,
magram ar ici, saidan modis da saiT midis; asevea sulis mier yvela Sobilic~
(in. 3:8) (ix. John Zizioulas. Being As Communion. New-York, SVS Press, 1997, p. 190).

Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü

91
#1(34) TOLERANCE

evrosabWos saparlamento
asambleas rekomendacia:
saxelmwifo, religia,
sekularoba da
adamianis uflebebi
kaxaber kurtaniZe

„saqarTvelos moqalaqeni,
romelTa uryevi nebaa
daamkvidron demokratiuli
sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba,
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba,
socialuri da samarTlebri-
vi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyon
adamianis sayovelTaod aRi-
arebuli uflebani da Tavi-
suflebani, ganamtkicon saxel-
mwifoebrivi damoukidebloba
da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobi-
ani urTierToba, eyrdnobian
ra qarTveli eris mravalsa-
ukunovani saxelmwifoebrio-
bis tradiciebsa da saqarTve-
los 1921 wlis konstituciis
ZiriTad principebs, saqveynod
acxadeben am konstitucias“.
konstituciis preambula

„religiisa da demokratiis
Sesaxeb 1396-e rekomendaci-
aSi (1999 w.), [evrosabWos]
asamblea acxadebda, rom ar-
sebobs „garkveuli religiuri
aspeqti bevr im problemaSi,
romelsac Tanamedrove sazo-

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

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gadoeba [awydeba], rogori-
caa... fundamentalisturi
moZraobebi da teroristuli
aqtebi, rasizmi da qsenofo-
bia, eTnikuri konfliqtebi~.
es gancxadeba dRes ise aqtua-
luria, rogorc arasdros.
Seicvala aRniSnuli mdgoma-
reoba 1999 wlidan aTi wlis
Semdeg?! albaT ki _ uareso-
bisaken. saqarTveloc, raRa
Tqma unda, ar iyo da ar aris
gamonaklisi. Tumca, Cemi
Rrma rwmeniT, SeiZleboda
bevrad Tu ara, odnav ukeTesi
mdgomareoba mainc gvqonoda
(magram am „cotas“ arcTu
mcire mniSvneloba eqneboda
zogadad saxelmwifoebrivi
stabilurobisa da ganviTare-
bisaTvis), Cvens eklesias brZo-
la rom ar gamoecxadebina
liberalizmisaTvis. xolo
misi aseTi poziciis umTavre-
si mizezi martivia: mas ara
aqvs sakmarisad gacnobiere-
buli arc liberalizmis, arc
konservatizmis da arc tra-
dicionalizmis mniSvnelobebi.
aris sxva mizezebic, obieqtu-
ri, subieqturi, „tradiciuli“
da ase Semdeg. magram amaze ar
vapireb sagangebod saubars _
isini isedac cxadia da moma-
bezrebelic Tavisi sicxadiT.
da mainc zogi es mizezi Tavis-
Tavad warmoCndeba qvemore
teqstSi...
dokumenti imdenad mkafioa
da martivad aRsaqmeli, rom,
vfiqrob, komentars namdvi-
lad ar saWiroebs. ubralod,
minda dokumentis sababiT
ramdenime saWirboroto Tema
movniSno. amisaTvis dokumen-
tisave teqsts davesesxebi...
dokumenti ar akonkretebs
religiis cnebas. es TiTqos
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
evrosabWos saparlamento asamblea
rekomendacia 1804 (2007 w.) *
saxelmwifo, religia, sekularoba
da adamianis uflebebi
1. saparlamento asamblea aRniSnavs, rom religia evropuli
sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. amis mizezia,
erTi mxriv, zogi religiis saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ar-
sebobis istoriuli faqti, xolo, meore mxriv, am religi-
ebis gavlena evropis istoriaze. dResdReobiT religiebis
ricxvi Cvens kontinentze kvlav izrdeba eklesiebisa da
sarwmunoebebis farTo speqtriT.
2. organizebuli religiebi, rogorc aseTi, sazogadoebis ga-
nuyofeli nawili da erTobebia, aqedan gamomdinare, isini
aRqmuli unda iqnes institutebad, romlebic religiis
Tavisuflebis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebma daaarses da
romlebic amave moqalaqeebs moicavs. garda amisa, isini un-
da aRiqmebodes organizaciebad, romlebic samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoebis nawilia _ samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa mTeli Ta-
visi potencialiT, da romlebmac unda uxelmZRvanelon
eTikuri da samoqalaqo sakiTxebis daregulirebas, sakiT-
xebisa, romlebic garkveul rols asrulebs nacionalur
sazogadoebaSi, iqneba es religiuri Tu sekularuli sazo-
gadoeba.
3. evrosabWo unda aRiarebdes viTarebaTa am mdgomareobas,
miesalmebodes da pativs scemdes religias mTeli misi mra-
valferovnebiT, rogorc evropis moqalaqeTa garkveuli
nawilis eTikuri, moraluri, ideologiuri da sulieri ga-
moxatulebis formas, Tavad religiebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebisa da mocemuli qveynis viTarebaTa gaTvalis-
winebiT.
4. asamblea kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom evropis erT-erTi
saziaro Rirebuleba, romelic scildeba nacionalur saz-
Rvrebs, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnaa. es aris sa-
zogadod miRebuli principi, romelic demokratiuli
qveynebis politikasa da institutebSi upiratesad aris
gavrcelebuli. magaliTad, ganaTlebisa da religiis Sesa-
xeb 1720-e rekomendaciaSi (2005 w.), asambleam aRniSna, rom
`TiToeuli adamianis religia, im arCevanis CaTvliT, rom
saerTod ar hqondes religia, mkacrad piradi saqmea~.
* asambleis debati 2007 wlis 29 ivniss (27-e sxdoma) (ixileT dokumenti 11298,
kulturis, mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis komitetis angariSi, reportiori:
batoni De Puig). teqsti adaptirebulia asambleis mier 2007 wlis 29 ivniss
(27-e sxdomaze).
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
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#1(34) TOLERANCE

gaugebaria da cxadi araa,

zogadad qristianobas gani-
5. asamblea aRniSnavs, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuflebisa da re-
xilavs calke religiad Tu
ligiis Tavisuflebis dacvasTan erTad, adamianis ufle-
kerZod aRebul qristianul
baTa evropuli sasamarTlo aRiarebs calkeuli qveynebis
konfesiebsac religias uwo-
uflebas, aawyon da aamoqmedon kanonmdebloba saxelmwi-
debs. aseve, mag., me-7 muxlSi
fosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb adamianis
dokumentis CamonaTvalSi
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis debulebebis Sesabamisad
(„yvelaze aqtiurebi Canan
(ETS No. 5). asamblea agreTve aRniSnavs, rom dResdReobiT
kaTolikeebi, marTlmadide-
evrosabWos wevr qveynebSi saxelmwifosa da religiur
beli eklesiis wevrebi, evan-
institutebs Soris sxvadasxva donis gamijvna SeiniSneba
gelistebi da muslimebi“) mar-
da es konvenciasTan srul SesabamisobaSia.
Tlmadideblebs moixseniebs
6. bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi evropaSi RvTismsaxureba
eklesiis wevrebad, kaToli-
SesamCnevad Semcirda. religiur msaxurebas kviraSi er-
keebs da evangelistebs _ ara.
Txel mainc xuTidan erT evropelze naklebi eswreba, ma-
muslimebic arian am CamonaT-
Sin, roca oci wlis win es maCvenebeli orjer da kidev
valSi yovelgvari sxva gansaz-
metad didi iyo. amavdroulad, evrosabWos faqtobrivad
Rvrebis gareSe (me-6 muxlSi
yvela wevr qveyanaSi TvalsaCinoa muslimuri Temebis
martivad „muslimuri Temebia“
mzardi gaZliereba.
naxsenebi). amave dros, rome-
7. globalizaciam da axali sainformacio-sakomunikacio
li marTlmadideblebi igu-
teqnologiebis swrafma ganviTarebam zogi jgufi gansa-
lisxmeba, berZnuli Tu
kuTrebulad warmoaCina. Tumca ueWvelia, rom ukanasknel
orientaluri? xom SeiZleba
wlebSi Cvens sazogadoebebSi religia kvlav gaxda deba-
aseTma ganusazRvrelobam
tebis mTavari sagani. yvelaze aqtiurebi Canan kaTolike-
gaugebroba an sulac gulis-
ebi, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wevrebi, evangelistebi
wyroma gamoiwvios morwmune-
da muslimebi.
Ta Soris? saqmec es aris: jer
8. asamblea aRiarebs kulturaTSorisi dialogisa da misi
erTi, evrosabWo ar zrunavs
religiuri ganzomilebis mniSvnelobas da surs, rom am
angariSi gauwios „ama Tu im
sferoSi daxmareba gauwios evrosabWoseul gasagebad Ca-
religiuri jgufis mzard
moyalibebuli strategiis dagegmvas. Tumca, eklesiisa da
sensitiurobas“ (Sdr. 18)
saxelmwifos gamijvnis principis fonze, igi miiCnevs,
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
rom interreligiuri da aRmsareblobaTSorisi dialogi
da, am SemTxvevaSi, maTi Tanas-
saxelmwifoebis an evrosabWos saqme ar aris.
worobis aRiarebis xarjze.
9. religiisa da demokratiis Sesaxeb 1396-e rekomendaciaSi
meorec, evrosabWos asamblea
(1999 w.), asamblea acxadebda, rom arsebobs `garkveuli re-
ar ereva morwmuneTa TviT-
ligiuri aspeqti bevr im problemaSi, romelsac Tanamed-
identifikaciis procesSi
rove sazogadoeba [awydeba], rogoricaa... fundamentalis-
(Sdr. `TiToeuli adamianis
turi moZraobebi da teroristuli aqtebi, rasizmi da qse-
religia, im arCevanis CaTvliT,
nofobia, eTnikuri konfliqtebi~. es gancxadeba dRes ise
rom saerTod ar hqondes re-
aqtualuria, rogorc arasdros.
ligia, mkacrad piradi saqmea~
10. mmarTveloba da religia erTmaneTSi ar unda airios. Tum-
(4). igi inarCunebs distancias
ca religia da demokratia urTierTSeuTavseblebi ar ari-
da me-8 muxlSi aRniSnavs,
an da SesaZlebelia, rom religiebma Zalze sasargeblo
„interreligiuri da aRmsareb-
socialuri roli iTamaSon. sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari
lobaTSorisi dialogi saxel-
problemebis mogvarebisas samoqalaqo avtoritetebs re-
mwifoebis an evrosabWos saq-
ligiebis daxmarebiT SeuZliaT mniSvnelovanwilad Seam-
me ar aris“. magram aseTi damo-
ciron da aRmofxvran is, rac religiur eqstremizms kve-
kidebuleba ar niSnavs gulg-
bavs, Tumca am gziT yvela problemis gadawyvetas ver SeZ-
rilobas da dauintereseb-
leben.
lobas. metic, zogadad mTeli
dokumentis da gansakuTrebiT

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

94
 solidaroba

me-20, 21 e da 22 e muxlebis
Tanaxmad, evrosabWo zrunavs
11. mTavrobebma yuradReba unda miaqcion religiuri sazo-
religiebTan TanamSromlobi-
gadoebebis gansakuTrebul unars xeli Seuwyon mSvido-
saTvis. oRond am muxlebSi
bas, TanamSromlobas, tolerantobas, solidarobas, kul-
naTlad Cans, rom es „Careva“
turaTSoris dialogsa da evrosabWos mier mxardaWerili
kulturaTSorisi dialogis
Rirebulebebis gavrcelebas.
xelSewyobas gulisxmobs da,
12. ganaTleba ucodinrobis, stereotipebis, aseve religie-
amasTan erTad, religiebs TiT-
bisa da maTi xelmZRvanelebis Sefasebisas gaugebrobis wi-
qos aTanabrebs arasamTavro-
naaRmdeg brZolis mTvari iaraRia da warmmarTvel rols
bo organizaciebTan („uamravi
asrulebs demokratiuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi.
religiuri da humanitaruli
13. skola bunebrivi adgilia kulturaTSorisi dialogisaT-
organizaciaa warmodgenili
vis da, amasTan erTad, qmnis tolerantuli qcevis safuZ-
evrosabWoSi arasamTavrobo
vels; mas SeuZlia efeqtianad ebrZolos fanatizms bavS-
organizaciebis monawileob-
vebisTvis ZiriTadi religiebis istoriisa da filosofiis
rivi statusis safuZvelze“).
zomieri da obieqturi swavlebiT. mediasa da ojaxebsac
gavimeoreb: es ar niSnavs, rom
SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanon am saqmeSi.
evrosabWo indiferentulia
14. religiebis Sesaxeb codna kacobriobis istoriisa da ci-
religiebis mimarT (rasac,
vilizaciaTa Secnobis ganuSorebeli nawilia. es codna
sul mcire, Tavad am dokumen-
gansxvavdeba romelime konkretuli religiuri rwmenisa
tis arseboba mowmobs).
da praqtikisagan. is qveynebic ki, sadac erTi religiuri
piriqiT, „3. evrosabWo unda...
aRmsarebloba Warbobs, valdebulni arian yvela religiis
pativs scemdes religias mTeli
safuZvlebi aswavlon.
Tavisi mravalferovnebiT...
15. gansxvavebuli situaciebi Tanaarsebobs evropaSi. zog
religiebs Soris arsebuli
qveyanaSi kvlav Warbobs erTi sarwmunoeba. religiis war-
gansxvavebebisa da mocemuli
momadgenlebma, SesaZloa, politikuri roli iTamaSon,
qveynis viTarebaTa gaTvalis-
rogorc, magaliTad, episkoposebma gaerTianebuli same-
winebiT“. oRond es pativisce-
fos lordTa palataSi. zogma qveyanam akrZala religiuri
ma gulisxmobs religiebTan
simboloebis tareba skolaSi. evrosabWos wevri ramdenime
SeZlebisdagvarad Tanabar
qveynis kanonmdebloba kvlav Seicavs anaqronizmebs im xa-
distancirebas da maTTan
nidan, rodesac religia metad mniSvnelovan rols Tama-
mimarTebas adgilobrivi
Sobda Cvens sazogadoebebSi.
kulturuli, istoriuli da
16. religiis Tavisufleba daculia adamianis uflebaTa ev-
politikuri konteqstis gaT-
ropuli konvenciis me-9 muxliTa da adamianis uflebaTa
valiswinebiT, calkeuli
sayovelTao deklaraciis me-18 muxliT. Tumca es Tavi-
religiebis WeSmariteba-ara-
sufleba ganusazRvreli araa: Tu religiis doqtrina an
WeSmaritebis sakiTxs ki ar
praqtika danarCen ZiriTad uflebebs SeewinaaRmdegeba,
ganixilavs. umaRles Rirebu-
maSin is miuRebeli iqneba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SezRudve-
lebad dadgenilia adamianis
bi, romelTa dadgenac SeiZleba amgvari TavisuflebisaT-
uflebebi („16. Tu religiis
vis, isinia, romlebsac `kanoni daawesebs da aucilebelia
doqtrina an praqtika danar-
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sajaro usafrTxoebis inte-
Cen ZiriTad uflebebs Seewi-
resebis uzrunvelsayofad, sajaro wesrigis, janmrTelo-
naaRmdegeba, maSin is miuRe-
bisa Tu zneobis dasacavad, anda sxvebis uflebebisa da
beli iqneba“) da es viTareba
Tavisuflebebis dasacavad~ (konvenciis 9.2 muxli).
gadaxedvas ar eqvemdebareba
17. arc saxelmwifoebma unda dauSvan iseTi religiuri prin-
miuxedavad imisa, rom „1. reli-
cipebis gavrceleba, romelTa praqtikuli ganxorciele-
giebis ricxvi Cvens kontinen-
bac adamianis uflebebs daarRvevs. Tuki amasTan dakavSi-
tze kvlav izrdeba eklesi-
rebiT arsebobs eWvebi, maSin saxelmwifoebi valdebulni
ebisa da sarwmunoebebis
arian mosTxovon religiur liderebs, rom maT
farTo speqtriT“ da, „rom
ukanasknel wlebSi Cvens

Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü

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#1(34) TOLERANCE

sazogadoebebSi religia kvlav

erTmniSvnelovani pozicia daikavon adamianis uflebebis gaxda debatebis mTavari
(rogorc adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciaSia mo- sagani“ (7).
cemuli) upiratesobis sasargeblod yovelgvar religi-
ur principTan SedarebiT. amasTan erTad, „4. asamblea
18. rogorc asambleam araerTxel ganacxada, adamianis erT- kidev erTxel adasturebs,
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ufleba gamoxatvis Tavisuf- rom evropis erT-erTi sazi-
lebaa. 1510-e rekomendaciaSi (2005 w.) gamoxatvis Tavisuf- aro Rirebuleba, romelic
lebasa da religiur rwmenaTa pativiscemis Sesaxeb asamb- scildeba nacionalur saz-
lea gamoTqvams azrs, rom `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, ro- Rvrebs, eklesiisa da saxel-
gorc is aris daculi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon- mwifos gamijvnaa“. magram
venciis me-10 muxliT, metad ar unda SeizRudos im miz- „dResdReobiT evrosabWos
niT, rom angariSi gauwios ama Tu im religiuri jgufis wevr qveynebSi saxelmwifosa
mzard sensitiurobas~. da religiur institutebs
19. manam, sanam gacnobierebuli gvaqvs Cveni movaleoba, rom Soris sxvadasxva donis gamij-
pativi vceT sxvebs, da, rom movaleni varT win aRvudgeT vna SeiniSneba da es konvenci-
gaumarTlebel upativcemlobebsa da Seuracxyofebs, asTan srul SesabamisobaSia“
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, raRa Tqma unda, ver SeizRudeba (5). amrigad, TiToeul
romelime konkretuli religiuri sazogadoebis zogier- saxelmwifos SeuZlia Tavad
Ti dogmis an Sexedulebisadmi pativiscemisa da daTmobis gansazRvros religiebTan
gamo. mimarTebaSi Tavisi gansakuT-
20. rac Seexeba evrosabWosa da religiur sazogadoebebs rebuli politika sakuTari
Soris urTierTobas, garkveuli nabijebi ukve gadaidga kerZo tradiciis, ganviTare-
ufro mWidro urTierTobis xelSesawyobad. bisa da miznebis gaTvaliswi-
21. amasTan dakavSirebiT damaxsovrebuli iqneba, rom reli- nebiT. oRond mTavaria „23.2.
giurma liderebma ramdenime SemTxvevaSi mimarTes asamb- gamoricxos yovelgvari
leas warsulSi da man, Tavis mxriv, Tanxmoba ganacxada Careva religiur saqmeebSi,
religiuri sazogadoebebis mier mowyobil ZiriTad kon- magram religiuri organiza-
ferenciebs daswreboda. metic, ukve uamravi religiuri ciebi ganixilos rogorc sa-
da humanitaruli organizaciaa warmodgenili evrosab- moqalaqo sazogadoebis nawi-
WoSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis monawileobrivi li da mouwodos maT aqtiuri
statusis safuZvelze. roli iTamaSon mSvidobis,
22. asamblea miesalmeba ministrTa komitetis winadadebas, erTad muSaobis, toleran-
rom eqsperimentul safuZvelze moewyos `religiuri mi- tobis, solidarobis, kul-
marTulebiT kulturaTSorisi dialogis yovelwliuri turaTSorisi dialogisa da
gacvla-gamocvla~ evropaSi tradiciulad arsebuli re- evrosabWos Rirebulebebis
ligiebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenleb- gavrcelebis saqmeSi“.
Tan erTad.
23. aqedan gamomdinare, asamblea ministrTa komitets urCevs: es yvelaferi, ra Tqma unda,
exeba saqarTvelosac. Cven
23.1. uzrunvelyos, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli varT evropelebi, radgan
konvenciis me-9 muxlisa da adamianis uflebaTa sayo- varT saqarTvelos moqalaqe-
velTao deklaraciis me-18 muxlis dadgenilebaTa Se- ebi. xolo es niSnavs, rom
sabamisad religiurma sazogadoebebma daubrkoleb- umaRlesi Rirebuleba aris
lad SeZlon religiis Tavisuflebis arsebiTi ufle- (unda yofiliyo) adamianis
bis gamoyeneba evrosabWos yvela wevr qveyanaSi; Tavisufleba, gagebuli img-
varad, rogorc gansazRvravs
amas konvencia adamianis
uflebebis Sesaxeb. Tavad
eklesia SeiZleba ufro

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

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maRla ayenebdes, vTqvaT,
siyvarulis mcnebas an
marTlmadideblobisadmi
erTgulebas, magram saxelm-
wifo ase ver moiqceva. misi
pirveladi saqme araa religi-
ur/moraluri mcnebebi, mag-
ram igi maT SeiZleba efuZne-
bodes kanonTwarmoebisas.
xolo mas Semdeg, rac mcnebe-
bi kanonad, an, ufro zustad,
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebe-
bis damcvel kanonad formdeba,
isini gadainacvlebs, pirda-
piri gagebiT, mxolod reli-
giuri jgufis SigniT da pri-
vatul sferoSi, xolo iribad
_ zogadad sociumSi. ara
marTlmadidebluri msofl-
mxedvelobidan gamomdinare
„moqalaqeoba?“ (Zvel qarTu-
lad es sityva niSnavs cxov-
rebas, politeia), anu anaqro-
nistul (bizantiur/rusul)
principebze koncentrirebu-
li cxovreba, aramed adami-
anis uflebebze mimarTuli
kanonia evropeli moqalaqi-
saTvis uzenaesi niSnuli
(Sdr.15). Tuki „moqalaqeobaY“
da moqalaqeoba ki ar daupi-
rispirdeba, aramed Seavsebs
da gaamdidrebs erTmaneTs,
maSin pirveli („moqalaqe-
oba?“) xdeba saSuri. es,
sxvebTan erTad, igulisxmeba
me-11 muxlSi (Sdr. „23.6. amo-
icnos da gaavrcelos keTili
praqtikis magaliTebi, rom-
lebic religiuri sazogado-
ebebis liderebTan dialogs
Seexeba“).
amasTan erTad, igive me-11 mux-
li saxelmwifoebs mouwodebs
yuradRebiT moeqcnen reli-
giebis pozitiur potencials
„mTavrobebma yuradReba unda
miaqcion religiuri sazoga-
doebebis gansakuTrebul
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
23.2. gamoricxos yovelgvari Careva religiur saqmeebSi,
magram religiuri organizaciebi ganixilos rogorc
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis nawili da mouwodos maT
aqtiuri roli iTamaSon mSvidobis, erTad muSaobis,
tolerantobis, solidarobis, kulturaTSorisi dia-
logisa da evrosabWos Rirebulebebis gavrcelebis
saqmeSi;
23.3. xelaxla daadasturos religiisgan politikisa da
kanonis damoukideblobis principi;
23.4. ganagrZos kulturaTSorisi dialogis religiuri
mimarTulebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWeba, gansakuT-
rebiT ki religiur liderebTan da humanisturi da fi-
losofiuri samyaroebis warmomadgenlebTan Sexved-
rebis mowyobiT;
23.5. konsultaciis procesidan gamoricxos yoveli daj-
gufeba, romelic naTlad ar uWers mxars evrosabWos
ZiriTad Rirebulebebs, kerZod, adamianis uflebebs,
demokratiasa da kanonis uzenaesobas;
23.6. amoicnos da gaavrcelos keTili praqtikis magali-
Tebi, romlebic religiuri sazogadoebebis lidereb-
Tan dialogs Seexeba;
23.7. ganixilos institutis daarseba, sadac ganisazRv-
reba silabusebi, swavlebis meTodebi da saganmanaT-
leblo masala evrosabWos wevri qveynebis religiuri
memkvidreobis Sesaswavlad; amgvari silabusebi Sed-
genili unda iqnes evropaSi tradiciulad arsebuli
sxvadasxva religiis warmomadgenlebTan mWidro Ta-
namSromlobiT.
24. garda amisa, asamblea ministrTa komitets urCevs wevri
saxelmwifoebi waaxalisos Semdegi qmedebebisTvis:
24.1. moawyon maswavleblebisTvis dawyebiTi da samsaxu-
rebrivi treningkursi religiebis obieqturi, zomi-
eri swavlebis xedviT _ religiebisa, romlebic dRes
arseboben da romlebic warsulSi arsebobdnen, _ da
moiTxovon adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb treningkursi
yvela religiuri liderisTvis, gansakuTrebiT maT-
Tvis, visac saganmanaTleblo roli akisria da axal-
gazrdebTan aqvs saqme;
24.2. kanonmdeblobidan TandaTanobiT amoiRon, Tuki ase-
Ti iqneba xalxis neba, elementebi, romlebic, SesaZ-
loa, diskriminaciuli aRmoCndes demokratiuli re-
ligiuri pluralizmis TvalTaxedviT.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
97
#1(34)
unars xeli Seuwyon mSvido-
bas, TanamSromlobas, tole-
rantobas, solidarobas,
kulturaTSoris dialogsa
da evrosabWos mier mxardaWe-
rili Rirebulebebis gavrce-
lebas“.
dokumenti Zalian did mniSv-
nelobas aniWebs ganaTlebis
rols sazogadoebis Semza-
debaSi religiuri eqstremiz-
mis dasaZlevad. amitom
saxelmwifoebi faqtobrivad
valdebulni arian aswavlon
religiebis safuZvlebi
obieqturad, distancirebuli
poziciidan („14. religiebis
Sesaxeb codna kacobriobis
istoriisa da civilizaciaTa
Secnobis ganuSorebeli nawi-
lia. es codna gansxvavdeba
romelime konkretuli reli-
giuri rwmenisa da praqtiki-
sagan. is qveynebic ki, sadac
erTi religiuri aRmsareb-
loba Warbobs, valdebulni
arian yvela religiis safuZ-
vlebi aswavlon“). es erTgva-
ri problemaa, radgan Znelia,
Tu SeuZlebeli ara, araTu
kadrebis, aramed amgvari
saxelmZRvaneloebis momzade-
bac ki. es, ase vTqvaT, jer
kidev modernuli midgomaa,
romlis mixedviTac SesaZle-
belia neitraluri codnis
warmoeba. magram Tanamedrove
gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom
neitraluri araTu humanita-
ruli, aramed teqnikuri cod-
nac ki ar arsebobs. miukerZo-
ebeli midgoma faqtobrivad
SeuZlebelia. subieqtis _
Tavisi kulturuli Tu sxva
wanamZRvrebis gamo _ amogdeba
„obieqturi“ Semecnebis
procesidan ganuxorcielebe-
li proeqtia. magram es yove-
live ar modis winaaRmdego-
Solidarität
TOLERANCE
baSi dokumentis zogad
poziciasTan, radgan, jer
erTi, dokumenti erTjerad
movlenas ki ar aRwers, ara-
med igi demokratizaciis
dausrulebel process
gulisxmobs. da meore: igi
aRiarebs qveynebis sxvadasx-
vagvar sawyis toposs da mud-
mivi ganviTarebis gzas
demokratiulobisaken. xolo,
amasTan dakavSirebiT, iZleva
saxelmwifo-eklesiis urTi-
erTobis gansxvavebuli
inerpretaciis arsebobis
saSualebas mTavari Rirebu-
lebebis CarCoebSi. amasTan
erTad, me-14 muxli avalde-
bulebs im qveynebs, „sadac
erTi religiuri aRmsareb-
loba Warbobs... yvela reli-
giis safuZvlebi aswavlon“.
anu, araTu dakmayofildnen
da calmxrivad xeli Seuwyon
isedac „moWarbebul“ aRmsa-
reblobebs, aramed valde-
bulni arian izrunon, raTa
gaacnon am „aRmsarebelT“
sxva religiebis safuZvlebi.
xolo es im mizniT unda
gakeTdes, rom „pativi vceT
sxvebs da... win aRvudgeT
gaumarTlebel upativcemlo-
bebsa da Seuracxyofebs“ (19)
da Tavidan iqnes acilebuli,
an Semcirdes mainc, gaugeb-
roba „stereotipebis, aseve
religiebisa da maTi xelmZR-
vanelebis Sefasebisas“ (12) _
gaugebroba, romelic ZiriTa-
di mizezia iseTi movlenebi-
sa, „rogoricaa... fundamenta-
listuri moZraobebi da tero-
ristuli aqtebi, rasizmi da
qsenofobia, eTnikuri konfliq-
tebi“ (9) da fanatizmi (13).
sainteresoa me-15 muxli: „gan-
sxvavebuli situaciebi Tana-
arsebobs evropaSi. zog qve-
}'vh'mksr
98
yanaSi kvlav Warbobs erTi
sarwmunoeba. religiis warmo-
madgenlebma, SesaZloa,
politikuri roli iTamaSon,
rogorc, magaliTad, episko-
posebma gaerTianebuli samefos
lordTa palataSi. zogma qve-
yanam akrZala religiuri
simboloebis tareba skolaSi.
evrosabWos wevri ramdenime
qveynis kanonmdebloba kvlav
Seicavs anaqronizmebs im
xanidan, rodesac religia
metad mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobda Cvens sazogado-
ebebSi“. saqarTveloSi arse-
bobs saxelmwifosa da
eklesias Soris dadebuli
konkordati, romelic kons-
tituciis me-9 muxls efuZ-
neba: „saxelmwifo aRiarebs
qarTuli marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis gansakuTrebul
rols saqarTvelos istori-
aSi, amasTan erTad acxadebs
rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis
srul Tavisuflebas, eklesi-
is damoukideblobas saxel-
mwifosagan“. am muxlSi aris
bundovani fraza „gansakuT-
rebuli roli“. dRemde gaur-
kveveli rCeba ras niSnavs es
„gansakuTrebuloba“ Tavad
dadebuli konkordatis
fonzec. yoveldRiurobaSi ki
cxadze cxadia _ gvaqvs
marTlmadideblobis
„siWarbe“ yvela mimarTule-
biT. rogoric ar unda iyos
konkordati da masSi anaqro-
nistuli midrekilebebi
(Tuki isini masSi aRiniSneba)
evrosabWos am rekomendaciis
Tanaxmad, romelic daasru-
lebs dokuments, wevri qvey-
nebi valdebulni arian, „24.2
kanonmdeblobidan TandaTa-
nobiT amoiRon, Tuki aseTi
iqneba xalxis neba, elemente-
bi, romlebic, SesaZloa,
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

diskriminaciuli aRmoCndes
demokratiuli religiuri
pluralizmis TvalTaxedviT“.
vfiqrob, aseve mniSvnelova-
nia me-16 muxli: „Tu religiis
doqtrina an praqtika danar-
Cen ZiriTad uflebebs Seewi-
naaRmdegeba, maSin is miuRe-
beli iqneba“. praqtikaSi Seg-
viZlia vigulisxmoT RvTis-
msaxurebac, anu rituali.
xolo Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
im garemoebas, rom ritualebi
garkveulwilad gansazRvra-
ven kidec adamianis cnobiere-
bas da socialur yofaqcevas,
maSin, vfiqrob, SegviZlia
miviCnioT, rom bizantiur-
rusuli ritualebi sulac
araa umniSvnelo socialur/
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis
eTosis warmoebis saqmeSi.
eklesiis ritualebi atareben
garkveul ideologias da
`[ritualSi monawileebis
sxeulebi] drosa da materiaSi
axorcieleben maradiul da
univTo WeSmaritebas. SegviZ-
lia vTqvaT, isini aqtualize-
ben ideologias~1 _ da isini
aqtualizeben mas swored
saxelmwifo/socialur
sivrceSi2. es garemoeba ar
gulisxmobs saxelmwifos
mxridan Carevas eklesiis
Sida, miT umetes, liturgiul
cxovrebaSi (eklesiuri swav-
lebis Tanaxmad, kanonikuri
da dogmaturi swavleba
dafuZnebulia swored litur-
giul gamocdilebaze). evro-
pul saxelmwifos ar aintere-
sebs eklesiis „Sida“ cxovreba,
magram igi zrunavs demokra-
tiuli faseulobebis win
wamowevasa da aqtualizebi-
saTvis. xolo, rac Seexeba
Tavad marTlmadidebel ekle-
sias, misi tradiciis mixed-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
viT, msaxureba SeiZleba erT konceptia. me-2 muxlSi
pirovnebaze, kerZod, mRvdel- mkafiod xazgasmulia garemo-
msaxurze, ki ar iyos orien- eba, rom religiis institu-
tirebuli, aramed _ morwmune tebs igive moqalaqeebi
sazogadoebaze. vfiqrob, Seadgens. moqalaqeebi ki ar
marTlmadideblur tradici- SeiZleba darCnen saxelmwi-
as sakmao saSualeba moeZeveba fos mxridan zrunvis gareSe.
saimisod, raTa moxdes litur- Tuki romelime zemoT naxse-
giis dRevandeli tipis ko- nebi instituti Tavis Sida-
reqtireba am mimarTulebiT. ganawesiT Zalmomreobs Tavis
wevrze, saxelmwifo ver
dabolos, saxelmwifo val- dauSvebs, an ar unda dauSvas
debulia mosTxovos religiur es _ rac ar unda „maRali“ da
liderebs, „rom maT erTmniS- „maradiuli“ Rirebulebis
vnelovani pozicia daikavon saxeliT moqmedebdes pirveli.
adamianis uflebebis (rogorc mTavari Rirebuleba saxelmwi-
adamianis uflebaTa evropul fosaTvis Tavad adamiania.
konvenciaSia mocemuli) xolo is religiuri dajgu-
upiratesobis sasargeblod feba, romelic araTu mxolod
yovelgvar religiur prin- jiutobs, aramed „naTlad ar
cipTan SedarebiT“ (17). vfiq- uWers mxars evrosabWos
rob, rom saqarTvelo ar ZiriTad Rirebulebebs,
asrulebs am valdebulebas kerZod, adamianis uflebebs,
da mis am damokidebulebas demokratiasa da kanonis
ver gaamarTlebs veraviTari uzenaesobas“, saerTod unda
motivi: „gamoxatvis Tavisuf- gamoiricxos TanamSromlobi-
leba, raRa Tqma unda, ver dan (23.5). vfiqrob, es ukanas-
SeizRudeba romelime konk- kneli saxelmwifos mxridan
retuli religiuri sazoga- aRmkveT da iZulebiT Ronis-
doebis zogierTi dogmis an Ziebebsac unda gulisxmob-
Sexedulebisadmi pativisce- des, magram es Cemi azria...
misa da daTmobis gamo“ (19).
ra Tqma unda, dokumenti
daskvnisaTvis ki: gamijnulo- aRZravs sxva safiqralsac. me
ba, rogorc vnaxeT, saSuri, Sevecade mxolod CemTvis
magram mainc relatiuri umTavresi aRmeniSna...
1
S. Collins, The Body in Theravada Buddist Monasticism, Religion and the Body, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press 2000, 188
2
Sdr.: `ar iqneboda zedmeti, rom gveTqva: rituali aris ufro meti soci-
umisaTvis vidre sityvebi azrovnebisaTvis. [...] SeuZlebelia socialuri ur-
TierTobebis arseboba simboluri aqtebis gareSe” (M. Douglas, Purity and Danger.
An Analysis of the Concept of Pollution and Taboo, London: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1966,
62). aseve: `ritualebi unda gavigoT, rogorc socialuri wesrigis simboluri
formulirebis saxeebi~ (Edmund Leach, Political Systems of Highland Burma, London
1954, 62). aseve: `samyaro aris ganuyofeli subieqtisagan, magram iseTi subieq-
tisagan, romelic aris am samyaros proeqcireba, da subieqti ganuyofelia
samyarosagan, magram iseTi samyarosagan, romelsac Tavad subieqti proeqci-
rebs~ (Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1962,
430).
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
99
#1(34) orientiri

mRvdeli
maqsimilian
kolbe
- gamowveva
nacistebisTvis
daviT TinikaSvili

franciskanelTa polisi

1910 wels 16 wlis raimond kolbe franciskanelTa ordenis

wevri gaxda. amis Semdeg igi romSi agrZelebs swavlas. mas 1915
wels doqtoris xarisxi mianiWes filosofiaSi pontifikalur
grigorianas universitetSi, Teologiis doqtoris xarisxi ki
1919 wels wm. bonaventuras pontifikalur universitetSi miiRo.

1918 wlis 28 aprils xeli daasxes mRvdlad da saxelad maqsimi-

liane daarqves. swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg igi mSobliur
poloneTSi brundeba. aq maqsimiliane kolbe ramdenime wels
eklesiis istoriasac aswavlida sasuliero seminariaSi. igi
krakovSi qristianul Jurnals afuZnebs, romlis tiraJmac male
45000 cals miaRwia. Jurnalis garSemo mcire saZmo Semoikriba,
ZiriTadad, franciskaneli mRvdlebi da eriskacebi.

1927 wels energiuli mRvdeli varSavidan 40 kilometris moSo-

rebiT mTeli qalaqis mSeneblobas iwyebs, romelsac `nepokala-
novs~ arqmevs (rac sityvasityviT `ubiwos qalaqs~, anu `mariamis
qalaqs~, niSnavs). ramdenime wlis Semdeg am qalaqSi ukve arsebob-
da sagamomcemlo centri: redaqcia, biblioTeka, cinkografiis
saamqro fotolaboratoriiTurT da linotipuri saamqro, didi
eklesia RvTismSoblis saxelze, Senobebi berebis sacxovrebeli
oTaxebiT, calke oTaxebi morCilTaTvis, samedicino punqti,

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

100

ramdenime samWedlo, agreTve
manqanebis sadgomi, rkinigzis
patara sadguri, romelic
saxelmwifo rkinigzas ukav-
Sirdeboda. gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo adgilebi aeroportisa
da radiosadguris mSeneblo-
bisTvisac.
aTiode wlis Semdeg nepoka-
lanovSi ukve cxovrobda 762
franciskaneli sasuliero
piri, romelTagan 13 mRvdeli
iyo, 18 _ diakoni, 527 _ beri,
122 _ axalgazrda da 82 _ mor-
Cili. unda aRiniSnos, rom,
rodesac kolbe mRvdlad
xeldasxmuli romidan
poloneTSi dabrunda, iq
mxolod asiode franciska-
neli beri moRvaweobda.
qalaqis yvela franciskanel
mkvidrs evaleboda mkacrad
daecva upovarebis aRTqma,
magram evangelizaciis efeq-
turi ganxorcielebisTvis
maT gankargulebaSi saukeTeso
teqnika unda yofiliyo. saZmos
wevrebi yvelafrisTvis mzad
iyvnen, iqneboda es saxanZro
jgufis organizeba, diriJo-
robis swavla, gramfirfitebze
musikis Cawera Tu kinematogra-
fiuli xelovnebis daufleba.
Tumca nepokalanovis indus-
triis mTavari dargi mainc
sagamomcemlo saqme iyo.
sabolood maT aTi damouki-
debeli Jurnalis gamocema
SeZles, romelTa mkiTxvelebis
saerTo raodenoba erTnaxevar
milions aRwevda. Jurnalebi
iTargmneboda italiurad,
inglisurad, frangulad,
espanurad da laTinurad.
kolbe angariSianobisa da
sxvadasxva saxis gaTvlebis
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
brwyinvale unariT iyo dajil-
dovebuli. misi goneba ganuwy-
vetliv muSaobda, aanalizebda,
angariSobda, adgenda sxvadas-
xva masStabis xarjTaRricx-
vebs. is TiTqmis yvelaferSi
erkveoda: nairgvari simZlav-
ris ZravebSi, linotipebSi,
radioaparaturaSi; icoda ra
dajdeboda ufro iafi an
ufro Zviri, icoda ra, sad da
rodis unda eyida.
igi Tavisi misiis samsaxurSi
ayenebda mecnierebisa da
teqnikis uaxles miRwevebs,
romelTa Sorisac zogierTi
teqnikuri mowyobiloba
uSualod misi gamogonebuli
iyo. misi azriT, ar arsebobda
kavSiris saSualeba, romelic
sakmarisad swrafi iqneboda.
xSirad ambobda,ana
romdoliZe
Tanamed-
rove misioneris gadaadgile-
bis saSualeba ukanaskneli
modelis TviTmfrinavi unda
iyos.
kolbes dauZleveli survili
iyo maqsimalurad gaefarTo-
ebina sakuTari moZraoba.
1930 wels igi iaponiaSi
Cadis, Tumca aravis icnobda
im qveyanaSi da iaponuri erTi
sityvac ar icoda. magram
erTi Tvis Semdeg man ukve
Jurnalis pirveli nomeri
gamosca iaponur enaze erTi
meTodisti mTargmnelis dax-
marebiT (romelmac, sxvaTa
Soris, didi xalisiT miiRo
kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba,
mRvdlis saocari Rvawlis
Semyurem) da erTi Zveli
sabeWdi manqanis saSualebiT,
romelze beWdvac ukve ise
iyo gaZnelebuli, rom mama
maqsimilians araerTxel
gausisxlianda xelis TiTebi
muSaobis dros.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
101
solidaroba
dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad
man 1931 wels nagasakTan
axlos daamTavra patara
qalaqis mSenebloba, romelsac
`mariamis baRi~ uwoda (iapo-
nurad `mugenzai no sono~).
mas gamudmebiT tanjavda Tavis
tkivili. filtvebi TiTqmis
ganadgurebuli hqonda mZime
formis tuberkulozis gamo.
rodesac iaponiaSi igi erTma
eqimma gasinja, aRmoCnda, rom
misi filtvebis oTxi mexuTedi
dazianebuli iyo. eqimma uTxra,
namdvili saswaulia, aseTi
filtvebis patroni dRemde
cocxali rom xar da energi-
uladac Sromobo. magram
yvelaze ucnauri eqimisTvis
is iyo, rom filtvebis mdgo-
mareoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi
ar icvleboda, _ arc uares-
deboda da arc umjobesdeboda.
mRvdeli maqsimiliane kolbe
Ria adamiani iyo, romelsac
SeeZlo saxarebiseuli urTi-
erToba hqonoda gansxvavebuli
rwmenisa da kulturis adami-
anebTan. igi, bevri `xisti~
misionerisgan gansxvavebiT,
adgilobriv kulturul da
religiur wes-Cveulebebsa da
rwmena-warmodgenebs pativs
scemda, cdilobda mieRo da
gaeTavisebina yvelaferi, rac
maTSi kargi iyo. igi sintoiz-
msa da budizmTan dialogs
awarmoebda, rogorc qristi-
anobis damajerebeli da
kompetenturi warmomadgeneli
(is xom doqtoris xarisxs
flobda Teologiasa da
filosofiaSi!). Sedegad man
bevri guliTadi megobari
SeiZina budist berebs Soris
da maTSi qristianuli
rwmenisadmi pativiscemac
gaaRviva.
#1(34)
iaponiis Semdeg igi cota xans
ruseTSic imyofeba: jer
cimbirSi, Semdeg moskovSi.
mas aqac undoda Tavisi Jur-
nalis rusul enaze gamocema.
rusuli enis swavla daiwyo
da, rogorc gadmogvcemen,
marqsistuli literaturac
daamuSava. papi ioane XXI I I -is
msgavsad, isic cdilobda ra-
Rac sasargeblo epova imgvar
ideologiur moZRvrebebSic
ki, romlebic mas, saboloo
jamSi, borotebad miaCnda.
saocaria, magram aseT masS-
tabur proeqtebs igi TiTqmis
usaxsrod axorcielebda. igi
mxolod mowyalebis imedad
iyo, romelsac Tavad sTxovda
sxvebs da arcTu uSedegod.
TviT mis mier Sesrulebuli
saqmeebi miuTiTebda mis Sesa-
niSnav organizatorul niWsa da
uzarmazar sulier energiaze,
romelic WleqiT daavadebul
mis sxeulsac gadaecemoda,
roca fizikurad muSaobda
mSeneblobaze Tu stambaSi.
kolbe xSirad ambobda, rom
undoda moecva mTeli msoflio.
awyobda gegmebs indoeTsa da
arabul qveynebSi analogiuri
qalaqebis dasaarseblad. ra
iyo misi mizani? ra da: `mTeli
dedamiwa unda CaiZiros qris-
tianul gamocemebSi (wignebSi,
JurnalebSi, gazeTebSi), yvela
enaze da yvela qveyanaSi...
mTeli qveyniereba unda gaex-
vios qaRaldis erT did fur-
celSi, romelzec aRbeWdili
iqneba sicocxlis sityvebi,
raTa sicocxlis sixaruli
daubrundes am qveyanas~.
aseTi gaxldaT adamiani, ro-
melic nacizmma sakuTar
msxverplad aqcia. man Sesa-
niSnavad icoda, rac eloda.
Solidarität
orientiri
igi pirvelad Tavis Tanamoaz-
reebTan erTad daapatimres.
mama maqsimiliane amxnevebda
megobrebs, axla sxva misiis
aRsasruleblad mivdivarTo,
eubneboda maT.
omis dawyebis Semdeg qalaq
nepokalanovSi wiTeli jvris
hospitali ganTavsda, sadac
ltolvilebi dasaxldnen. maT
Soris ramdenime aTasi ebra-
elic iyo. amis gamo es qalaqi
nacistebisTvis erT-erT
yvelaze saeWvo adgilad iqca.
rodesac mRvdeli pirveli
patimrobidan gaaTavisufles,
man, ltolvilebis saWiroeba-
Ta ukeT dakmayofilebis miz-
niT, maSinve qalaqis reorga-
nizebas mihyo xeli, moawyo
samedicino punqtebi, afTiaqi,
hospitali, sasadiloebi da
yvelaferi, rac saWirod
CaTvala Seqmnil viTarebaSi.
sityva gankacda
1940 wels nacistebma sakon-
centracio banaki moawyves
samxreT poloneTis qalaq
osvencimSi (Oswiecim), romel-
sac germanelebi auSvics
(Auschwitz) eZaxian. maqsimilian
kolbe, raki man uari ganac-
xada germaniis moqalaqeobis
miRebaze (misi mama germaneli
iyo, tipuri germanuli
gvaria kolbe), dapatimres
1941 wlis 17 Tebervals,
braldebiT, rom igi _ mRvdeli,
Jurnalisti, energiuli
gamomcemeli _ nacisturi
ideologiisTvis saSiSi
inteleqtuali iyo.
kolbes Rrmad swamda, rom
misi msaxureba axla osvenci-
}'vh'mksr
102
mis sakoncentracio banakSi
iyo saWiro. mas sxvebze meti
tanjvis gadatana mouxda,
radgan mRvdeli gaxldaT.
banakSi misi nomeri 16670 iyo.
mas mZime samuSao daakisres:
aTrevinebdnen xreSsa da
qvebs krematoriumis kedlis
asaSeneblad, Tanac es tvirTi
sirbiliT unda mietana daniS-
nulebis adgilas. yovel aT
nabijSi mcvelebi idgnen
xelketebiT xelSi, romlebic
muSaobis ritms akvirdebod-
nen. waforxilebis SemTxve-
vaSi mas sastikad, gonebis
dakargvamde scemdnen, da es
araerTxel momxdara.
garSemo myofni xedavdnen,
Tu rogor sdioda mas sisxli
sxeulidan samuSaos Sesru-
lebis dros. roca savele
hospitalSi mis dawvenas
ganizraxavdnen, yovelTvis
romelime sxva patimarze
miuTiTebda: `me SemiZlia
mocda. ai, mas ufro sWirdeba
gadayvana...~ sxvebis gasamxne-
veblad igi xSirad ambobda,
rom amqveynad yvelafers,
tanjvasac ki, aqvs Tavisi
dasasruli, xolo gza Rirse-
uli didebisken mxolod mZime
jvarze gadis.
rodesac nacistebma mas
saSinlad dasaxiCrebuli
gvamebis gadatana daavales
kremaciisTvis, garSemo myofT
esmodaT rogor CurCulebda
igi: `wmindao mariam, iloce
CvenTvis!~, da Semdeg: “Et Verbum
caro factum est”, rac niSnavs
`sityva gankacda~ (anu Ze Rmer-
Tma adamianuri sxeuli miiRo).
xSirad, roca banakSi adamian-
Ta tanjuli SeZaxilebi
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

ismoda, igi mSvidad da dama-
jereblad imeorebda sityvebs,
romlebic mxneobas hmatebda
yvelas: `siZulvili mxolod
angrevs da anadgurebs,
siyvaruli ki aRaSenebs!~
patimrebi mas ase mimarTav-
dnen: `Cveno Zvirfaso mama!~.
gamowveva
nacistur ideologias
erT-erT dRes me-14 blokidan
erTi patimari gaiqca. am faqtis
gamo sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi
yvela blokis patimarebi
fexze daayenes mwyobrSi. me-14
blokis patimrebi ki mTeli
dRis manZilze, ivlisis mwveli
mzis qveS, uZravad idgnen
moedanze da mcvelTa fizikur
Seuracxyofas itandnen.
osvencimis banakSi arsebuli
wesis mixedviT, Tu patimari
gaiqceoda, pasuxismgebloba
yvelaze nawildeboda: yoveli
meaTe patimari sikvdilis
saknebSi unda gaeSvaT.
amrigad, rodesac yvela
blokis patimari dabrunda
samuSaodan, daiwyo yoveli
meaTe adamianis SerCeva,
romlebic SimSiliT unda
daxociliyvnen bunkerebSi,
sadac haeri TiTqmis ar iyo.
erTma maTganma, polonelma
serJantma, sasowarkveTili
yvirili daiwyo, colsa da
Svilebs axsenebda. uceb
yvelam dainaxa, Tu rogor
gamovida rigidan mRvdeli
maqsimiliane da mcvels
uTxra, rom am kacis
magivrad gaeSvaT bunkerSi.
moxda saswauli: Txovna
daakmayofiles.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
bevrs ar gaugonia misi
sityvebi, magram aRniSnaven
erT detals. mRvdeli
gamodis rigidan da pirdapir,
gabeduli nabijiT miemarTeba
Tavisi sisastikiT cnobil
germanel mcvelTan (mas fricSi
erqva), romelic gakvirvebu-
lia patimris aseTi gabedu-
lebiT. mama maqsimiliane
cdilobda Seexsenebina
misTvis, rom bolos da
bolos yvelani adamianebi,
pirovnebebi varT (nacisti
mcvelebisTvis ki patimrebi
mxolod nomrebi iyvnen). `ra
unda am binZur polonels?~ _
daiyvira mcvelma. `me mRvdeli
var... ukve asakovani (igi 47
wlis iyo) da minda am adamianis
nacvlad gamiSvaT, radgan mas
coli da Svilebi hyavs~.
yvelaze daujerebeli is iyo,
rom misi SeTavazeba gaTva-
liswines. daujerebeli
imitom, rom swored TanagrZ-
nobis amgvar gamovlinebas
ebrZodnen nacistebi am
banakebSi. sakoncentracio
banakebs unda daemtkicebina,
rom eTikuri warmodgenebi
adamianebis Zmobisa da soli-
darobis Sesaxeb moraliste-
bisa da fanatikosi morwmu-
neebis monaCmaxia, rom arsebobs
mxolod erTi zneobrivi
cneba _ rasa, da, rom dabali
rasebi `arasrulfasovanni~
arian.
nacisturi ideologiis Tanax-
mad, adamianuroba _ es
iudaur-qristianuli gamona-
gonia. sakoncentracio banaki
ki imis mtkicebuleba unda
yofiliyo, rom adamianuroba,
TanagrZnoba da humanuroba
mxolod adamianis garegnuli
niRabia, romelic advilad
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
103
solidaroba
SeiZleba Camoixsnas garkve-
ul pirobebSi.
amrigad, sakoncentracio
banaki realurad iyo filo-
sofiuri Widilis sivrcec.
is, rom germanelma mcvelma
miiRo es msxverpli (mas,
wesiT, orive maTgani unda
gaeSva sikvdilis sakanSi),
riTic TanagrZnobas Sesabamisi
Rirebuleba da wona mieca, es,
ubralod, daujerebeli iyo.
magram maqsimilian kolbes
zneobrivma Zalam gaimarjva.
uZlurebis Zala
SerCeuli patimrebi SiSvlebi
Cayares bnel saknebSi, raTa
SimSiliT daxociliyvnen _ am
droidan maT arc sakvebs
aZlevdnen da arc wyals.
bruno vorgovici, banakis
mamasaxlisis TanaSemwe (Tar-
jimani), maTi ukanaskneli
dReebis TviTmxilveli iyo.
igi ixsenebs: patimrebis
agoniis dros maqsimilian
kolbe xmamaRla kiTxulobda
locvas. locvis eqo saknis
kedlebs arRvevda. Tumca
mlocvelis xma dRiTidRe
sustdeboda da bolos Cur-
Culad iqca, magram fizikuri
sisustiT aRbeWdil bgerebSi
mainc igrZnoboda gautexeli
sulis Zaxili. am locvas
yvela sasikvdilod
ganwiruli patimari ismenda.
faSistebi yovel diliT modi-
odnen bunkeris Sesamowmeb-
lad. rodesac isini kameris
karebs aRebdnen, datanjuli
patimrebi tiriliTa da
godebiT iTxovdnen pursa da
wyals. mama maqsimiliane ara-
fers Txoulobda, araferze
#1(34)
Cioda, saknis siRrmeSi kedels
miyudebuli ijda. yvela
patimari, uklebliv yvela,
mis mimarT aSkara Tu
faruli pativiscemiT iyo
ganmsWvaluli.
bunkeris patimrebi nel-nela
tovebdnen wuTisofels. ori
kviris Semdeg mRvdelTan
erTad mxolod oTxiRa darCa
cocxali. nacistebma gadawy-
vites maTTvis momakvdinebeli
siTxe SeeyvanaT venaSi,
radgan adgilebi sWirdebodaT
saknebSi. kolbem nebayoflo-
biT da mSvidad gauSvira maT
sakuTari xeli momakvdinebeli
ineqciisTvis. gardacvalebi-
dan meore dRes misi gvami
krematoriumSi waiRes.
saocaria, magram amiT fra-
ciskaneli mRvdlis
maqsimilian kolbes sanukvari
ocneba asrulda, romelsac
igi erT-erT Tavis nawerSi
ase gadmoscems: `visurvebdi,
rom sakuTari sicocxle
mTlianad mimeZRvna ubiwo
mariamisTvis da am qveynidan
ukvalod gavmqraliyavi,
zustad ise, rogorc qari
fantavs ferfls qveynierebis
oTxiv kuTxeSi”.
mogvianebiT, osvencimSi
qadagebisas, papi ioane pavle
I I mRvdel maqsimilian
kolbeze ityvis: `es banakebi
agebuli iyo adamianebSi
rwmenis dasamsxvrevad, _
rwmenisa rogorc RmerTis,
aseve adamianebis mimarT, _ da
Solidarität
orientiri
aseve imisaTvis, rom Zireulad
moeSalaT ara mxolod ada-
mianuri siyvaruli, aramed
adamianobisa da TanagrZnobis
yvela gamovlineba. magram am
adamianma sakuTari rwmeniTa
da siyvaruliT sabolood
daamarcxa nacistebis es
mcdeloba~.
marTlac, am moRvawis cxov-
rebam TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa,
rom uzneo adamianebis mier
amqveynad mowyobil
jojoxeTSic SesaZlebelia
adamianebisadmi siyvarulis
SenarCuneba, maT mimarT
solidarobis gamoCena, Tuki
WeSmariti rwmeniT gaqvs
guli aRsavse.
eklesiam aRiara maqsimilian
kolbes saTnoebebisa da
Tavgadadebuli msaxurebis
heroikuli xasiaTi. 1971 wlis
17 oqtombers moxda misi
beatifikacia (pirveli nabiji
kanonizaciis rTul da
xangrZliv gzaze):
papma pavle VI-m marTalTa
ricxvs miakuTvna igi.
TviTmxilvelTa mogonebebisa
da mRvdlis cxovrebiseuli
garemoebebis gulmodgine
kvlevis Semdeg, 1982 wlis
10 oqtombers, im serJantis
TandaswrebiT, romlis
sicocxlec mama maqsimili-
anem ixsna osvencimSi, papma
ioane pavle I I -m igi wmida
mowamed, sirTuleebiTa da
kataklizmebiT aRsavse
Tanamedrove epoqis mfarvel
wmindanad gamoacxada.
}'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
104
 proaqcia solidaroba

ekumenuri locva
2010 wlis 25 ianvars
TbilisSi, surb eCmiaZinis
somxur eklesiaSi gaimarTa
ekumenuri locva, romelic
saqarTveloSi ukve 10 weli-
wadze metia yovelwliurad
tardeba. locvaSi ZiriTa-
dad monawileobs oTxi qris-
tianuli konfesia: romis
kaTolikuri eklesia, somxuri
samociqulo eklesia,
evangelur-luTeranuli da
evangelur-baptisturi
eklesiebi. yovel wels am
oTxidan ekumenur locvas
erT-erTi eklesia maspinZ-
lobs. wels es pativi som-
xur samociqulo marTlma-
didebel eklesias ergo.

ekumenur locvas, garda

sasuliero pirebisa da
mrevlisa, eswrebodnen
saqarTvelos reintegraciis
ministris moadgile elene
TevdoraZe, saqarTvelos
parlamentis wevri van bai-
burTi, saxalxo damcvelis
ofisTan arsebuli
tolerantobis centris
xelmZRvaneli beqa
mindiaSvili da somxeTis
saelCos warmomadgenlebi.
locvis dawyebamde somxur
eklesiaSi Sekrebel sazoga-
doebas oTxive eklesiis
winamZRvrebma sityviT
mimarTes. Sexvedra somxuri
eklesiis moZRvarma mama
narekma gaxsna. romis kaTo-
likuri eklesiis episko-
posma juzepe pazotom ga-
nacxada: `sanam Cvens qve-
yanaSi qristianebi erTad
vikribebiT, unda vuTxraT
madloba RmerTs~, evangelur-
baptisturi eklesiis episko-
posma merab gafrindaSvilma
isaubra imaze, rom eTnikuri
da religiuri mravalferov-
neba Cveni simdidrea, amgvari
Sexvedrebi qveyanas did
sikeTes moutans da mxolod
ase, qristianTa erTad loc-
viTa da muSaobiT SeiZleba
saqarTvelos momaval
ganviTarebaze zrunva.
saqarTveloSi ekumenuri
locvis erT-erTi iniciatori,
evangelur-baptisturi ekle-
siis mTavarepiskoposi malxaz
sonRulaSvili ambobs: `qristi-
anebis erTad locvis tradicia
100 weliwadze mets iTvlis.
mas dasabami evropaSi daedo.
1910 wels edinburgis Sexved-
ris monawileebi SeTanxmdnen,
rom qristianTa Soris
erTobis ararseboba asus-
tebs aramarto samisio-
nero saqmianobas, aramed
TviT am eklesiebsac, ro-
gorc qristes sxeuls.
amJamad qristianTa erTo-
bis kviris locvis litur-
gias gvTavazoben eklesiaTa
msoflio sabWo (protestan-
tebi da marTlmadideble-
bi) da romis kaTolikuri
eklesia. sxvadasxva wels
sxvadasxva eklesia wers
liturgiis ZiriTad
qargas da sTavazobs mas
qristianul eklesiebs.~
saqarTvelos marTlmadi-
debeli eklesia 1997 wlidan
aRar monawileobs ekumenur
dialogSi, Tumca misi cal-
keuli warmomadgenlebi
eswrebian ekumenur locvas.

Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü

105
 Solidarity
#1(34)

Summary
Main topic of the 1st issue of the magazine “Solidaroba” for 2010 is patriotism and national
ideology. In the rubric “Round-Table” a priest Kakhaber Kurtanidze, a historian Simon Janashia,
a philosopher Lela Gaprindashvili, a journalist Ninia Kakabadze, a writer Shota Gagarin and a
lawyer George Meladze discuss positive and negative aspects of the patriotic education. Translated
material of the discussion with participation of Martha Nussbaum, Hillary Putnam, Immanuel
Wallerstein, Michael Walzer and Charles Taylor is also dedicated to patriotism and cosmopolitism.
In addition to these discussions we also present an article “Ideology, national and others.” by
Gia Nodia, first published in the magazine “Apra” in 1998. A sociologist David Aprasidze
explores the influence of the soviet conscience, which partly expands on today’s political, social
and cultural relations.

“New stage in the activities of the European Court of Human Rights” – is the headline of the
article by Pridon Sakvarelidze where he tells the reader about the new perspectives of the ECtHR
after Russia’s ratification of the Protocol 14 to the European Convention.

A lawyer Thea Tsulukiani reviews the ECtHR case-law in respect of Article 11 of the European
Convention (right to freedom of assembly and association).

A priest Kakhaber Kurtanidze presents an article about the Council of Europe Parliamentary
Assembly recommendation #1804 (2007) - “State, religion, secularity and human rights”. The
article by George Tskhadaia also deals with secularity and relations between the church and the
State. The role of Christianity in the pluralistic world is described in the article by a metropolitan
George Khodri.

The rubric “Orienteer” explores life and activities of Maximilian Kolbe – Franciscan friar who
volunteered to die in place of stranger in the Nazi concentration camp of Auschwitz in Poland.
Our renewed rubric “Pro-Action” is dedicated to the ecumenical prayer which was held on
January 25 at the Armenian Church Surb Etchmiadin.

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

106