KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS o Hindi lamang pinaglaban ang

I. KASAYSAYAN KALAYAAN, kundi PAGKATAO o

 Salaysay na may saysay ng isang pangkat ng identity
tao na iniuulat sa kanyang sariling wika c. KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS
 Passed on from what people heard; dialogue of  Epiko, awit, korido
each person  Not 1-to-1 correspondence with reality, but gives
 SHARED CONSENSUS lessons (values) from events
 Individually, we have our own kasaysayan.  PROBLEM: naniniwala tayo sa sinasabi
o Espanyol (promises) ng foreigners
 Kasaysayan in their POV (friars) c1. HISTORICAL NARRATIVE
o Amerikano - must have in writing history
 Wrote history of America in PH - Elements
o Jose Rizal  Timeline
 Started writing kasaysayan in - Fernand Braudes (French)
Filipino’s POV o Social Time
a. BIPARTITE VIEW OF KASAYSAYAN  Pakikipag-ugnayan sa ibang tao
 Dilim ---> Liwanag  Mabagal bec attitude ng tao,
 Kastila said PH had nothing before they came, kaisipan, panlasa
even vices came from them  Pagbabago sa loob ng isang
 Kastila stole our identity lipunan
 Learned wrong by retrieving treasures of o Political time
Filipinos  Madalas nakikita
o Florante at Laura  Mabilis change
 Francisco Balagtas  Immediate effect to society; if
o Pasyon rebellion, baka diff president
 Epic o Geographical Time
 Born everyone singing and  Nagbabago ang heograpiya
praising  Pinakamabagal
 Tinaksilan and pinatay  Ex: now may Sierra Madre,
 Resurrection which affects culture, etc.
 Went back to all epics and stories to prove Dilim  Happened millions of years
– Liwanag is wrong (influence buhay ng tao)
 SOLUTION: Return to who we are (epics,  Ex: Central Luzon has diff way
stories) to plant rice than Ifugaos (rice
b. TRIPARTITE VIEW OF KASAYSAYAN terraces)
 Liwanag ---> Dilim ---> Liwanag o Bec of these changes in 3 types, dito
(precolonial) *Friar’s POV pumapasok importance of timeline
*Filipino’s POV - pinalimot ang  Evidences
liwanag na meron o Primary
ang PH  Artifacts (man-made)
 Jose Rizal’s 3 books  Fossils (natural)
o Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas with  Eyewitnesses accounts
Annotations [Liwanag]  Authors may write to
o Noli (Nolo) [Dilim] clear their name
o El Fili [Liwanag]  SOLUTION: compare
 Fighter (Simon) with other sources
 Simon o Internal Criticism
o Failed bec of vengeance  Sulat
o Should think for kapakanan ng bayan o External Criticism
like Bonifacio  Others against
 Bonifacio (Katipunan)  Epics and legends (values of
o Initiation people)
 Kalagayan noon [Liwanag]  Ex: rhino remains in Cagayan
 Ngayon [Dilim] Valley 700,000 BC suggest
 Kinabukasan [Liwanag] animals were systematically
slaughtered with tools
 BC = Before Christ
  BP = Before present/ 1950 (year o Original Filipino race in the Philippines
carbon-dating machine was o Callao Man
invented)  67,000 BP
o Secondary  Metatarsal found by Armand Mijaros in
 Perspective Callao Cave in Cagayan, with butchered
o ONE only; based on facts animals
o Combination of all OPINIONS  Sure homo erectus but not sure if homo
 Leah Salonga said mabait si sapiens
Marcos (bec she was supported  Believed to be population where Tabon
since young) Man came from
 People got mad but o Laguna Copperplate Inscription
opinion lang niya  900 AD
 Need to BALANCE opinions of  Oldest written document to come from
everyone, through their eyes, so the Philippines
we can write a NARRATIVE  Prehistoric
about what happened  Before 900 AD
o CSI Film [Tony Candlewell]  Protohistoric
c2. THEORIES ON THE PEOPLING OF THE PH  After 900 AD
 Wave Migration Theory (H. Otley Beyer) o Prehistoric (67,000 BP) is too far from
o PH was populated with different waves of Protohistoric (900 AD) to claim that they are
migration, from Negritos, Indonesians, then our ancestors
Malays  Austronesian
o DEBUNKED by F. Landa Jocano o Auster (South in Latin)
 Negritos/Aetas 1. Wilhelm Schmidt
 Tabon man  Theory of Primitive Monotheism
o oldest person revealed  Used linguistics (similar Austronesian
 Tabon man fossils should be them, language)
but only fossilized bones remain  Missionaries went to diff islands
 Tabon man are women bec bones are 2. Peter Bellwood
stronger; calcium comes from mother,  Used Schmidt’s
but cannot determine skin color  Southern Yangtze River
 Indonesians ---> Madagascar
 Maragtas by Pedro Monteclaro ---> Eastern Island
o Document/narrative of 10 3. Wilhelm Solheim II
Bornean datus migrating to island  Borneo
of Panay and bartering it for ---> Islands
golden salakot and kwintas, then ---> Madagascar
went to different places o Most recent
o FORGERY  China
 W. Henry Scott ---> Taiwan
 Dubious bec can’t find ---> Batanes (stayed 1000 years)
texts and sources but ---> Palawan (outrigger canoe)
Monteclaro said based ---> West
on what he read  Proof is language
 F. Landa Jocano o Rice
 No evidence of salakot  Nasi Goreng (Indonesia)
and kwintas  Nasing Puti (Pampanga)
 Malays  Religion is also the same
 Perak man c3. PANANAMPALATAYA AT RELIHIYON
o 11,000 BP  Pananampalataya
o Oldest known Malays o Anumang pananalig na may kalikasang
 Tabon man nasa loob ng isang tao
o 45,000-42,000 BP  Relihiyon
o Oldest known Filipinos o Pananampalatayang naitatag sa isang
 Perak man can’t be ancestors of institusyon
Tabon man  2 larangang pangunahing pag-aaral sa
 Core Population Theory (F. Landa Jocano) pananampalatayang Pilipino
 o Larangang Pangkasaysayan
 Ileto at Rafael
 Relihiyon ng Kastila
o ginamit para sa kolonisasyon ng
Pilipinas
o ginamit ng Pilipino laban sa Kastila
 Schumacher
 Relihiyon sa Pilipinas
o Resulta ng pagkakamali at
kaguluhang politikal na naka-ugat
sa kontrobersyang politikal ng
Espanya
 3 books
 Pasyon and Revolution
o Salita ni Kristo ang rason at
ginamit to reach out to others and
revolusyon
 Contracting Colonialism
o Wika ginamit against Kastila
o Pasyon and Revolution and
Contracting Colonialism looks at
indigenous and reaction to
Christianity (Ileto at Rafael)
 Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism:
Its Historical Causes
o Napabayaan ng Kastila ang
pagturo ng relihiyon kaya naging
synchretic
o Pagkakamali (Schumacher)
o Larangang Sikolohikal
 Phenomena and Their Interpretation
(Jaime Bulatao)
 Split-level Christianity
o Synchretism
o Ex: bring home communion, let
chicken eat to win in sabong
 Anituism
o Zeus A. Salazar
o Religion of Filipinos before Kastila
o Diff from Paganism (Kastila called some this
for living in outskirts, not center)
o Manipulasyon sa mga espiritung tinatayang
umiiral sa buong kapaligiran
o Concept of Anito
 Pananampalataya ng sinaunang
Pilipino
 Binibigyan ng “offerings” at
gumagawa ng “rituals” upang
mabigyan ng “blessings”
o Pumpwolff
 Student of Wilhelm Schmidt
 Anitu
 Protoaustronesian term
 Souls of people who went ahead
 Anito
 Tagalog/Indones
 Ghosts from Gőtze
 Vatu/Nitu
 Melanesyano, Fijiano
 Stein (stone)
 Studied dialects of Bikol, Bisaya,
Tagalog, etc., and found out different
terms that are potential anito
 Bikol – diwata, divata
 Bisaya – anito, diwata, umalagad
 Tagalog – anito
o Ang Kwento ng Pajo
 Ginamit ang alamat ng Pajo tree upang
maipakita sa mga tao ang
kasinungalingan nito at ang katotohanan
ng Diyos
 Luis de Jesus (Rekolekto, 1681)
 Nagalit kasi anito raw sa puno
 Sabi niya ay demonyo, hindi anito
 Exorcised tree with Christ on the
cross, went up and got mango, ate it
then went down
 Cut the tree
 People followed him believing he is
more powerful than anito
o Luis thought he converted people
to Christianity, but did not really
remove belief of anituism
o Manipulasyon
 Naka-ugat sa teoryang nilikha ng tao ang
kanyang sinasamba
o Pakikipagkapwa
 Value of anituism
 Naka-ugat sa paniniwalang ang “iba” ay
hindi iba sa sarili kundi magkatulad
lamang; may tungkulin ang bawat isa na
panatilihin ang kaginhawaan ng bawat
isa
 Ex: we call strangers “ate” or “ale”
 How we relate to anito
 Mutual responsibility between anito and
tao
 Alagaan ang isa’t isa, or else, walang
pakikipagkapwa
 Some anitos di na napapansin kasi di
nakakapagbigay ng kaginhawaan
 Need bigyan kaginhawaan para
bigyan sila
o Sandugo/Sanduguan
 Institutionalized pakikipagkapwa
 Official na ugnayan between 2 people, 2
anito, etc.
 Pakikipagkapwa tungo sa kaginhawaan
 Responsibility ng Espanyol sa Pilipino
 Not just economically well, dapat state
na no need to ask for more
 WELL-BEING
 Legaspi nakipagsandugo sa atin
 Gov. gen. ng PH 1565
c4. ESKRIMA/KALI (film)  Continuity and Change
 Art of the bum c5. REDUCCION
 Eskrima (fighting stick) ---> Kali (came from  “reduce” or “to gather”/”to defeat”
KERIS which means patalim)  Method used to spread Christianity
o KRIS (present term of Keris) o Previous method was one tribe to another,
 Any asymmetrical dagger with but when gone back to the first tribe,
blade-like pattering Christianity was already forgotten
 Variants of Kali o SOLUTION: gather people to one place
o Gising  Pueblo
o Kalahating tulog o Referred to people before but evolved to
o Tulog town
 Blade of Kali o Reduccion was the term before
o Symbolizes snake (underworld) o Can also be Poblacion
 Handle of Kali  Ex: Manila Cathedral
o Symbolizes “sarimanok” (messenger)  Bajo La Campana
 Panday o If rinig bell, gather around
o Creates weapons  Mga institusyong ipinakilala ng mga Espanyol
o Ginamit ng Kastila to make santo, o Encomienda
simbahan, etc.  Lupang bigay sayo if you help sakop
 Bayani the place
o Eskrima masters who went underground  Encomendero
or hid during Spanish colonization  Provide Evangelization and
 If reject offer of Christianity, you Proteccion (if may pirates,
can be killed bec tingin sa kanila organize people to fight pirates) to
is sugo ng demonyo Indigenas
 Kung pumigil sa pagspread ng  Tributo en Trabaho forzado
Christianity, devil o Tributo in the form of forced
 Tago bec rejected not the labor as payment for
Kastila but the offer evangelism and protection,
 Tago also bec sanay sa but not really equal
malayang buhay o Tributo
o “ang bida ng dating lipunan ay naging  Inutos ni Carlos V noong 1522 ang
kontrabida ng bagong lipunan” pagkolekta ng buwis
o Warriors during precolonial time  Halagang ginagamit sa pagpapatakbo
o Belong in Maharlika ng pamahalaan
 Babaylan o Polo y Servicio
o Matatalinong babae/priestesses  Construction of infrastructure
(masters of epikos, constellations, and  Ex: Intramuros made under forced
weapons) labor
o Siniraan ng Kastila at tinawag na bruha  Lalaki na may edad 16-60 kailangang
o Ginawan ng Kastila ng kumbento upang magtrabaho para sa pagsasaayos ng
magbago ng ugali kolonya sa loob ng 60 araw sa isang
 Sistema ng Lipunan taon
o Maguinoo  Kababaihang 16-60 ay magtrabaho sa
o Maharlika/timawa simbahan sa loob ng 60 araw sa isang
o Alipin taon
 Classification of Alipin o Bandala
o Namamahay  For Kastila to sustain their stay in the
 Household servant Philippines
 Walang bahay  Lahat ng ani ng mga Indio ay ibebenta
 Can’t be sold by maharlika sa pamahalaang Espanyol
o Saguiguilid  Binibili sa murang halaga
 Slave worker  Utang na di binabayaran
 Lives with maharlika o Monopolyo
 Can be sold by marhalika  “absolute control” ng pamahalaan sa
o Bulislis produksyon at pagbebenta ng mga
 Alipin ng alipin partikular na produkto o pagkakakitaan
  Tabako, sabong, sugal  Ended in 1815
 Focused on production of tobacco  Mexican revolution right after led by
kaya di nagproduce rice Hidalgo (secular priest)
 Bumaba produksyon  Reason why Spain natakot sa secular
 Galit ang Espanyol sa Chinese bec priest
hindi macontrol ang opium o Encomienda to Hacienda
 British monopolyo ng opium sa  Hacienda divided into Inquilinatos
Hong Kong (managed by Inquilinos)
o Kalakalang Galyon  Inquilino turned into middle class kasi
 Dala ng tobacco yumaman (Jose Rizal’s father) =
 Kalakalang Maynila-Acapulco BIGGEST CHANGE
 Hindi lahat kasali  Inquilinatos divided among “kasamas”
 Polave (bungkal and tanim sa lupa)
 Tree only grown if may marble  Religious orders as owners pa rin because
 Used for Galleon ships para encomienda is given to who helps sakop
matibay the place, but once dead, given to friars
d. 3 REAKSYON NG PILIPINAS SA PAG-IISIP NG o End of Tobacco monopoly and other
KASTILA monopolies
 Pagtanggap  Privatization instead
 Pagtanggi o Steam ship was invented to chase Muslims bec
o Pagtanggal no wind before
o Remontado  Tobacco plantation in Norte ran by
 Pumunta sa bundok at bumalik Muslims
o Indigenous people  Political Development
 Ifugao, Kalinga – North o Liberals vs. conservatives (pro-monarchy) in
 Igorot – generic na pagpunta sa bundok Spain (constant political battle)
dahil ayaw sa Reduccion  Leader always changes, that’s why Kastila
 Stayed as they were until from PH may be poor when gone to Spain
Americans/present  In effect, nangungurakot sa mga
 Pag-aalsa Pilipino
o Rebellion ≠ Revolution o Changes in rulers bring new Spanish
Mga pag-aalsang Pilipino bago ang Pambansang employees
Himagsikan ng 1896; Uri ng Pag-aalsa o Filipinos deprived of positions given to
 Pag-aalsang politikal Spaniards who don’t know anything
 Pag-aalsang relihiyoso o Graft and corruption
o Babaylan tinawag na bruha  Countryside = poverty
 Pag-aalsang agraryo  People alis pueblo
o Prayle owned lupa and singil  Go to mountains
*see table for list of pag-aalsa  Raid goods in pueblo
e. 19th CENTURY  Tulisang Aso
 Starts at 1780, not 1800 o Patay after salakay
 1776 (Cause)  Tulisang Bulbol
o Revolution in America o Steal only
o Britain and Spain were threatened o “Tulisanes” multiplied in provinces prompting
 1780 (Effect) formation of “guardia civil” which committed
o Issuance of cedula (royal decree galing sa hari) more abuses
o Centralization of government  Guardia civil
 Religious orders dapat malapit sa  Tambay/walang trabaho kaya
gobernador heneral para mas ugnay sa binigyan posisyon
local government instead of maestro from o More corruption
in Rome  Symbol of Spanish oppression
o British also ayaw mapasukan ng Kastila kaya  Filipinos, not Spaniards
strengthened army/navy  Cultural Developments
e1. DEVELOPMENTS o Educational reforms of 1860s
 Economic Development  Indios allowed to enter school
o Manila Acapulco Galleon Trade (with Mexico) o Steps:
 Hawak ng prayle  Maestro
  No fixed number of years o Architecture
 Colegio  Bahay kubo ---> Bahay-na-bato
 4 years leading to “Bachiller en Artes”  Bahay-na-bato
 High school o symbol of wealth
 Ateneo Municipal o many Chinese own a house
 Universidad like this, married to Filipina
 4 years or more o prevents air circulation unlike
 Bachiller (4 yrs) Bahay Kubo
 Licenciado (2 yrs)  24 lighthouses created to guide ships
 Doctorado (2 yrs) o Propaganda movement
 Many illustrados were Chinese mestizo
 Religious Developments
 Death of GOMBURZA led to many
o Development of anti-clerical sentiments (formed
Illustrados questioning Spanish rule
bec higher grades than Kastila but still called Tu
 Participated by exiles and students of
(informal 3rd person) instead of Usted (3rd
European universities (UST)
person with respect))
 Wanted reforms only, not independence
 Secularization
o 1896 Revolution
 Paring Pilipino ready for position
 Supposedly peaceful reforms only
 If parokya is self-supporting, dapat
 1892 La Liga Filipina that led to exile of
bigay ng prayle to secular priests, but
Rizal in Dapitan
doesn’t happen
 Execution of Rizal in 1896
 Jesuits left/Recollects went to  Bec of these, revolution started
Mindanao
 2 groups
 Absence = secularization
 Eskrimador
 De-secularization
 Bahay-na-bato (Illustrados)
 Bumalik Jesuits e2. 3 SALAYSAY
 Naging assistants ang secular priests
 Ibang kaisipan sa Sala, Kasalanan, Krimen,
again
Kriminalidad
 Re-secularization
 Kriminalidad at Pananampalatayang Kristiyano
 Pedro Pelaez headed re- o Salaysay na Panlipunan
secularization movement  Tao ay centered sa pakikipag-kapwa sa
 Secular priest ---> parish priest anito, pinuno, bayan
[FILM]  PAKIKIPAGKAPWA
 1558 = religious orders came o Salaysay na Eklesiyastiko
 2 important people for Spanish colonization  Superstitions lamang belief ng taong
o Miguel Lopez de Legaspi Pilipino
 1559 = Panay (second Spanish  MGA MAKASALANAN ang Pilipino
settlement) o Salaysay na Sibil
o Andres de Urdaneta  Tao dapat maglingkod sa monarkiya
 1568 = death  MGA KRIMINAL ang Pilipino
o Both came back after Magellan was o Both institutions (Eklesiyastiko and Sibil)
defeated want to impose Bagong Nakaraan/Krimen at
o Both from Mexico Kasalanan bilang Konsepto
o Legaspi died then Urdaneta went back to o Panlipunan tumanggi ---> Pagbalikwas ng
Mexico Bayan
 Reduccion  “Kasalanan” at “Krimen” bilang
 Positive aspect of colonialization panlaban sa kawalang pakikipag-kapwa
o Influences that make up a Filipino ng mga kolonisador
 European influence  Salaysay na Panlipunan (from Filipino)
 Mexican influence o Tao/mamamayan
 Native influence  Pakikipagkapwa
 Chinese influence  Anito
o Manila Acapulco Trade  Pinuno
 Chinese goods were actually traded, o Manifests kagalingan ng anito
not Filipino goods  Bayan
 Chinese became rich o If pinuno may pakikipag-
 Rise of Chinese mestizo kapwa with anito, may
 pakikipagkapwa with bayan
also
 Kaayusan Panlipunan/ Kaginhawahang
Panlahat
 “sala” if di naganap
 Salaysay na Eklesiyastiko (from Prayle)
o Tao/Infilies
 Walang paniniwala
 Makasalanan if pananampala-taya is
diff from Katoliko
 Humartolos/Hamartiya
 Sumala
o Bagong nakaraan
 Ang bayang nasa dilim, hawak ng
demonyo, dapat linisin, “sala” sa lahat
o Bagong kasalukuyan
 Bayang nilinis sa “Kasalanan”/ Bayan
ng Diyos
 Salaysay na Sibil
o Tao/Infilies
 Kriminal kapag:
 Di tumira sa reduccion
 Di nagbayad tributo
 Walang polo y servicios
 Di naglingkod sa monarkiya
o Bagong nakaraan
 Bayang walang batas, pamahalaan,
kalinangan, kaayusan
o Bagong kasalukuyan
 Bayang kinupkop ng hari at/o reyna
 “Krimen” ang hindi pagsunod sa kanila
 Year Pag-aalsa Namuno Sanhi Kinahinatnan
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-16 na Dantaon (Political)
1544-1545 Pag-aalsa nina Lakandula at  Legaspi (Northern side of  Natigil ang pag-aalsa dahil
Lakandula at Soliman Sulayman Pasig River) nakipag- sa paghimok (persuasion)
(Sulayman)  Pinuno ng kasundo kay Lakandula ng Kastila about pagbigay
Maynila (Malate area) pero di ng pribilehiyo
natupad
 Pagpataw ng tributo
 Pagbigo ng Espanyol sa
pangakong karapatan
bilang mamamayan
1587-1588 “Sapakatan Magat Salamat  Paalisin ang mga  Not successful
(conspiracy) sa  Anak ni Espanyol sa Maynila  Martin Pangan
Tondo” sa pamumuno Lakandula (gobernadorcillo)
ni Magat Salamat Agustin de Legaspi nagtraydor and
 Pamangkin ni sinumbong sa Kastila
Lakandula  Death of Salamat and
 Pinsan ni Legaspi
Salamat o Legaspi
 Sent navy to  Binitay
drive Kastila  Tinali sa kabayo
away around Intramuros
 Hinati body sa 4
corners of
Intramuros
 Kastila gave privileges to
datus (ginoo) para di na
mag-alsa
o Can opt not to pay tax
o Collect tax
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-17 na Dantaon (Religious)
1621-1622 Tamblot sa Bohol; Tamblot  Panunumbalik ng  Nasupil ng pwersa ng
Bankaw sa Leyte  Babaylan katutubong relihiyon Kastila
Bankaw  Girls required to go to
 Babaylan kumbento
 Lalaki  Babaylan shifted from girl
to boy
 Giginhawa ang buhay
kung bumalik sa dating
relihiyon
1629-1631 Pag-aalsa ni Magalat Magalat  Pagpataw ng buwis o  Pinatay ng sariling
(1596) sa Tuguegarao, Tributo sundalo bec promised
Cagayan (Magalat  Polo y servicios reward from Gob. Hen.
Revolt) Francisco Tello
1643 Pedro Ladia sa Pedro Ladia  Hinimok ni Ladia ang mga  Kaagad napigilan matapos
Bulacan  Taga-Malolos taga-Malolos na mag-alsa madakip at patayin si
laban sa pamahalaan ng Ladia
Kastila
1649-1650 Pag-aalsa ni Juan Ponce Sumuroy  Ayaw ipadala Visayan  Pinatay
Sumuroy, anak ng and Pedro Caamug laborers (taga-Samar) to
isang Babaylan at ni Cavite for shipbuilding
Pedro Caamug, isang
Datu, Samar, Leyte,
Bicol...
1660 Pag-aalsa nina Francisco Maniago  Forced buying of  Hindi tinuloy dahil
Francisco Maniago Andres Malong pamahalaan sa produkto gantimpala sa pagsuko
ng Pampanga at ni ng katutubo, lalo na rice  Macapagal ang
Andres Malong  Forced labor nagsumbong saan
nagtago si Maniago
1663 Pag-aalsa ni Tapar, Tapar  Ibalik ang katutubong  Dinakip at pinakain sa
isang kabibinyag na  Panay relihiyon buwaya si Tapar
Babaylan mula sa
Oton, Iloilo
1680  Pinasabog yung place of
ritual ng mga Babaylan
 Sinunog mga Babaylan na
unang nahuli
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-18 na Dantaon (Agraryo)
1718 Pag-aalsa ni Francisco Rivera  Gobernadorcillo
Francisco Rivera sa  Alyas “Papa Rey” Bustamante gusto ibalik
Cagayan (Pope and King) economic system
(Magtangaga Revolt)  Trade with Thailand but
ayaw ng friars bec they
are conservative
(Thailand = Buddhist)
 Ayaw ikalat Kristiyanismo
1719 Pag-aalsa ni Juan Juan Caragay  Stop alkalde mayor using  Killed alkalde but slain by
Caragay sa Dagupan force to collect tribute and Juan Ramos
draft labor
1744-1829 Pag-aalsa ni Francisco Dagohoy  Brother is former  Nasupil ang pag-aalsa
Francisco Dagohoy Babaylan but ayaw ibless
sa Bohol (Longest and give Kristiyanong
rebellion) libing nung namatay sa
duel
1745 Pag-aalsa ng mga Jose de la Vega  Usurpation of Filipino  Failed
(Agraryo) Maginoo ng Silang, Francisco Santos de lands
Cavite (umabot Medina
hanggang Bulacan at
Batangas)
1762 Diego Silang sa Diego Silang  Pagpataw ng tributo  Pinatay ang mga Silang
Ilocos at Juan dela Gabriela Silang  Binitay at hinati-hati
Cruz Palaris sa Juan dela Cruz katawan ni Palaris
Pangasinan Palaris
1785 Pag-aalsa ni Labutao, Labutao  Imposition against  Killed
isang kalinga, at ni Baladdon monopolyo ng tobako
Baladdon, isang
Babaylan sa Cagayan
1787 Pag-aalsa ni Andres Andres Magtanong  Monopolyo ng tobako  Hanged
Magtanong at Francisco Malibiran  Bodies quartered
Francisco Malibiran  Heads put on stake
dahil sa monopolyo
ng tobako
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-19 na Dantaon (Agraryo)
1807 Pag-aalsa ni Padre Padre Mateo  Government monopoly of  Failed
Mateo Basi manufacturing
1822 Pag-aalsa nina Luis Luis de los Santos
de los Santos Juan Sinestre
(Panang) at Juan
Sinestre (Juan Upay)
sa Cavite
 Continuation of
1745 pag-aalsa
1832-1841 Pagbubuo at pag- Apolinario de la Cruz  Gusto maging prayle pero  Binaril at pinagputul-putol
aalsa ng Cofradia sa ayaw dahil Indio siya ang kamay
pamumuno ni
Apolinario de la Cruz
sa Tayabas
 1860 Pag-aalsa ni Casimiro Casimiro Camerino  Against land grabbing of
Camerino sa Cavite friars
1870-1871 Pagbuhay ni Januario Januario Labios  Nagpalit gobernador
Labios sa Cofradia ni heneral from dela Torre
Apolinario de la Cruz (liberal) to a conservative
one
o Tanggal benefits
1872 Pag-aalsa sa Cavite
Puerto (last rebellion
before Cavite Mutiny)

 Cavite Mutiny
o Brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal
o GOMBURZA was executed in connection to this
 Led to shared consciousness na even if matalino (Burgos = 8 degrees) or same level with Kastila, executed
pa rin
 From 1574-1872, hindi nabigay ng Espanyol ang ginhawa despite sandugo
 All failed pag-aalsa = failed pakikipagkapwa
American Colonization
1896
 Himagsikan
 Pamahalaang Sibil corrupted both Filipinos and
Spaniards
1897
 Tejeros Convention
o April
o Cavite
o People were angry that Bonifacio won
as DILG kasi di naman siya abogado
o BUT Bonifacio was in fact the one who
goes to BIG wars. Cavite yung duwag.
o Aguinaldo’s government system is good
reputation to foreigners (external/no
pakikipagkapwa) kasi Americans di
recognize ang pre-occupation ni
Aguinaldo
 Trying to prove na existing siya
 Local governments
o Same style of government system na
nakuha from Kastila (corrupt)
1898
 Kastila limited to Intramuros because central
government was here
 Filipinos nanalo na sa provinces
 Aguinaldo declared surrender then went with
Goyo to Hong Kong
 Germany, French, British (and sometimes Dutch
nasa Indonesia)
o Eyed for Philippines bec weakest colony
in 19th century was Spain
 Wala na Mexico, so PH na
o Sends reports of what’s happening sa
PH to their own country
 U.S.
o Malaking part ng investments is in Cuba
 Ex: sugar, cigar
o Cuban Revolution
 Can’t produce products for U.S.
 Colony of Spain na nagrebel
o U.S.S. Maine
 Sumabog sa port ng Cuba
 U.S. blamed Cuba for it pero di
naman talaga nila fault
 Reason why U.S. was at war
with Spain
o Inuna outposts (Cuba, PH)
o Battle of Manila Bay
 Pacific fleet
 May 1, 1898
 Declaration of Philippine Independence (from
Spaniards)
o June 12, 1898
o Why Kawit, Cavite?
 Kasi surrounded ang Intramuros
 Ayaw ng Kastila pumasok si
Aguinaldo sa Intramuros
 Dapat U.S. papasok sa
Intramuros para equal race ang
makatalo sa Kastila
 Spain = talo na nga sa Cuba
from Latin Americans, dapat
equal race makatalo
 Filipinos were viewed as inferior
race kaya di worthy
 Mock Battle of Manila
o August 13, 1898
o Kunwari laban U.S. and Spain pero no
bala tumama
o Para dating is Spain didn’t give up PH
without a fight
o U.S. and Spain secretly joint plan of
transferring control of Manila (city
center) while keeping Philippine
Revolutionary Army led by Aguinaldo
out of the city center
 Treaty of Paris
o December 10, 1898
o Spain relinquishing nearly all remaining
Spanish Empire, esp Cuba, and ceding
Puerto Rico, Guam and PH to U.S.
 1776
o American revolution from British
 Uncle Sam
 U.S. personification
 John Bull
 Britain personification
 Bipartite View
o Kastila
 Kristanisasyon (rehash) as way
to civilize PH
o U.S.
 No civilization to civilization
 White Man’s Burden
 U.S. and British believe
they (white) have the
responsibility na idala
ang black to civilization
 Americans established themselves as rulers of
PH starting 1898
 PH-American war
o Ended 1902
 America’s POV
o Ended 1913
 Filipino’s POV
 Battle of Bud Bagsak in
Mindanao by Moros (last battle)
 The establishment of an independent
Philippines, however, became a long struggle
from both the elite and non-elite Filipinos
o Political elite
  Filipinos sent politicians to U.S.
in order to diplomatically work
for the independence of the
Philippines
o Non-elite
 Struggle ranged from diff social
movements to continuous
resistance on the diff levels of
society
 U.S. president William McKinley
o Issued benevolent assimilation
 Dec 21, 1898
 “future control, disposition, and
government of PH ceded to
U.S.”
 Did not declare PH’s
independence
 Applied U.S. government to PH
(White House)
1899
 Start of Philippine-American War
o February
o Fiilipino was shot by an American
beside Pasig River
 1899-1902
o Countryside yung wars
 Hamletting
o Method used by Americans
o Transform pueblo into military camp
o Entrance/exit hinarangan, need may
pass
o Pag lumabas ng pueblo, di na
makakabalik
o Inalis mga Pilipino far from fields,
sinunog ng Americans para di na
matulungan mga Pilipino sa labas
 Gen. Miguel Malvar
o Last Filipino General to surrender to
Americans
o Surrendered para stop na war within
pueblo
 Others continued war
o Amigo warfare
 Morning nasa pueblo, friends
with Americans
 Alam ng soldiers ano
mga supplies
 Evening meeting for guerrilla
warfare (di pa alam ng
Americans at that time)
 Ambush platoons
 Papaputok twice then
retreat para mag-aaim
palang Americans, wala
na Filipinos
 Justification: need to colonize
kasi acting like children (di
marunong warfare)
o UP
 Handled by Americans
(pumasok Thomasites
establishing public schools)
 Built 1908
 State university (but Chartered
university before)
 Guerrilla/Conventional Warfare
o Declared on Nov 15, 1899
American troops Filipino troops
o Antonio Luna
 Best known for this
 Siya nagsabi na guerrilla
warfare dapat, but no one
listened
1901
 “Sedition Law” of 1901 outlawed any Philippine
advocacy of independence
1907
 “Flag Law” of 1907 prohibited the display of the
Philippine flag
 Macario Sakay
o Execution, people may PH flag outside
para balutan bangkay, but pinagbawalan
flag
 These became occasions for the rise of creative
ways of resistance expressed through literature
and popular culture
o Kahapon, ngayon at bukas
 Title of a play
 Actors wore red, blue, yellow,
white, dikit-dikit to show flag,
then disperse when Americans
enter
1913
 End of war
1918
 November 1918, the Philippine Legislature
created the Commission of Independence, “for
the purpose of studying all matters related to the
negotiation and organization of the
independence of the Philippines
o PH assembly
 Looking out for interest ng PH
o Thoughts of Filipinos fully controlled na
by Americans, kaya Americans thought
pwede nang pakawalan
 Composed of 11 senators headed by Manuel L.
Quezon and Sergio Osmena, they presented
independence as the national ideal of the
Filipino people
  Lobbyists o Bugaboo was the derisive term used
o Influence congressman when this potential threat was dismissed
o Ex: want CCTV, ask congressman to in discussion
create batas to build CCTV o But Quezon still saw this as a potential
o Partylist marami from lobbyists threat
1919  Commonwealth Act No. 1
 The first Parliamentary Mission was sent to the o Quezon created PH army
U.S. in 1919. This resulted to Woodrow Wilson’s o Anahaw leaf helmet
recommendation to Congress in favor of Japanese Colonization (1941-1945)
Philippine Independence [FILM]
o Parliamentary Mission 1942
 Lobbyists lobby laws in favor of  Japanese entered after bombing of open city
PH independence and attack on Pearl Harbor (in Hawaii) through
o The only Parliamentary Mission bicycles and yelled banzai (PH didn’t know it
successful was a battle cry)
1922 o Jan 2, 1942
 April 1922, 2nd mission led again by Quezon and 3 PHASES OF WWII
Osmena went to Washington. The succeeding 1. Philippine Defense Campaign
missions of 1923, 1924 and 1925 were o Dec 7-8, 1941 – May 6, 1942
unsuccessful in gaining legislation for Philippine o Attack on Pearl Harbor
Independence  Dec 7-8, 1941
1933 o Gen. Douglas MacArthur left
 Osmena-Roxas (OsRox) Commission from  March 11, 1942
1931-1933 o Bataan Death March
o succeeded in securing the passage of  April 9, 1942
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act which became o South West Pacific Area (SWPA)
a law in Jan 17, 1933  Name given to Allied supreme
o Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act military command
 Independent PH after 10 years  Last command disappeared
 Quezon when Corregidor fell on May 6
o Ayaw magpatalo sa pogi points kaya left 2. Japanese Colonization
for U.S. for the purpose of securing a 3. Philippine Liberation Campaign
“better” law, Tydings-McDuffie Act (10 o Meat of Filipino contribution
years transition period also) o Youngsters inculcated with patriotism
o Vetoed Hare-Hawes-Cutting na same and nationalism
lang naman with Tydings-Mcduffie o Hunters ROTC
 American gave independence to PH because of  Jan 15, 1942
Great Depression 1925-1933  70-80 young boys
o Cannot sustain PH anymore  Residents of San Juan
o Politically, independent during 1933, but  Raided center
people believe in 1898  Miguel Ver
1935  Military commander
 Inauguration of the PH Commonweatlh  Gustavo Ingles
o Nov 15, 1935  Intelligence officer
o Administrative body that governed PH til  Knows Bisaya and
1946 Tagalog
o Aguinaldo vs Quezon  How to avoid Japanese
 J. Edgar Hoover to get to center
 Has list of mistresses of  Nakapasok then kinuha
Quezon firearms
 Japanese Bugaboo  Underestimated bec
o There were already formal arguments of very young
the Japanese menace before passing  National Bilibid Prison
the Tydings-McDuffie Act since (broke in then freed
pumapasok na Hapon sa PH prisoners; successful on
2nd time)
o Philippine Guerrilla Movement
  No shoes and gun  Pinalitan with military
o July 4, 1942  Japan had no idea that PH is independent
 Miguel Ver died during 1898
 Revenge became idealism  Japan attacked Hawaii so no airplane can
o Aug 30, 1942 supply aid to PH
 Pugad Lawin Ambush o Hawaii connected U.S. to PH
 200 Japanese o Without Hawaii, no U.S. plane has direct
 19 Filipinos flight to PH
 Walang binuhay na o
Japanese Japan
o Hunters grew to 25000 armed men US
o Anti-Guerrilla Operations by Japanese attack
kasi strong yung Hunters
 Sona
 Arrest men, bring to Hawaii
church, keep them there
 Use of threat and torture Supply aid through plane
 High ranking officers PH
 Ingles as leader was
tortured to spill info pero
di naggive in  Japanese bombed
o Laurel o Isla ng Wake
 Caused hate sa hunters kasi di  Bombed kasabay ng Pearl
pro-Japanese Harbor
o Christmas Truce o Nichols Air base (Villamor)
 Hunters (17-18 yrs old) asked o Sangley Point, Cavite
Sakai who agreed o Clark Field, Pampanga
 Hunters felt they knew o Davao
better o Baguio
 Pride of youth o Aparri
 Marking’s Guerrillas (20-30 yrs  Intelligence reports to Japanese came from:
old) o Davao-kuo
 Killed Sakai  Japanese community in Davao
o Battle of Leyte Guld full of spies providing
 MacArthur arrived on Leyte and intelligence report tungkol sa
removed Japanese there Pilipinas
 Oct 20, 1944 o Karayuki-san
o Nasugbu Landing  Japanese prostitutes
 American troops landed in somewhere in Sampaloc, near
Nasugbu and liberated Intramuros
Batangas  American army goes to
o Shimbu Line Sampaloc
 50,000 Japanese soldiers  Karayuki-san gets info from
 Failed bec Filipino troops at American soldier by pabebe
front and back of line Dec 22, 1941
o Sept 2, 1945  Malakihang pagdating ng Japanese sa
 Japan surrenders USS Missouri Lingayen, Mauban, Atimonan at Siain
[PPT] Dec 24, 1941
 Thailand  Quezon, his family and kasapi ng gabinete ay
o Only place not colonized inilikas sa Corregidor
o If pumasok foreigners, deal lang  Mahalaga ang paglikas na ito bec hindi
 Bridge in River Kwai nagtagumpay si Masaharu Homma na palibutan
o Pinag-aagawan ng Axis and Allied ang USAFFE sa Manila
 Meiji Restoration o United States Armed Forces of the Far
o Reconstruct Japan into Westernized, East
modern military power
o Last samurai
 o 
Bataan
Manila
Destroy before
enter
Corregidor
o War Plan Orange
 All army will be placed in
Corregidor and peninsula of
Bataan
 Unlike other countries in Southeast Asia, hindi
nakuha ng Japan ang PH sa kabila ng 50 days
na itinakda para sa pananakop. Ikinagalit ng
Hapones
o Japanese expected PH will welcome
them like others
o Indonesia welcomed Japan bec arrival =
fulfillment of Indonesian prophecy that
yellow people will save them from Dutch
(by Joyo Boya)
 Gen. Homma
o “Dumating kami upang palayain kayo sa
mapang-aping dominasyon ng Amerika
at hayaan kayong makapagtatag ng
isang “Pilipinas para sa mga Pilipino”
bilang kasapi ng Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere at upang magkamit
kayo ng satiling pag-unlad at kultura”
(Jan 3, 1942)
 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere
 All will go to Japan’s
Legislative Assembly
 Feb and March, 1942
o Wala pang nangyayari
 April, 1942
o Death March
 May 1942
o Di pa rin sumuko si Gen. Wainwright
o Pres. Roosevelt promised convoy and
supplies but tapusin muna battle with
Europe before SE Asia
o Yamashita
 Tiger of Malaya
 Replaced Homma
 Convicted and punished in PH
 Binago ang Kaayusang Pampamahalaan
o Named Central Administrative
Organization
 Composed of the ff 15epts..:
 Interior
 Pananalapi (Bank)
 Justice
Agriculture and
Business
 Education
 Health
 Public Works and
Communication
 Pagbabagong Pang-edukasyon
o Public schools opened in March 31,
1942
o Opened schools with vocational studies
that teaches agriculture, medicine,
fishing and engineering
 Kempei-Tai
o Japanese police
Oct 14, 1943
 Jose P. Laurel declared as President of PH
under Japan
o Tried ipasok nationalism into Filipinos
despite colonization
o Made Tagalog into pambansa at opisyal
na wika
o Hindi pumayag nag awing “conscripts”
ng hukbong Hapones ang mga Pilipino
o Asked by Quezon to take presidency
kasi magiging pro-Japanese ang leader
o Not seen as “puppet leader” by Guerrilla
people
o Told by Japanese na sabihing we’re at
war
o Said we’re in “state of war” only
 Aguinaldo
o Sent letter to Guerrilla in Bataan saying
sumuko na
o Want Japanese to give him pension
o Sipsip sa Japanese
o May katana kasi Honorary Samurai
 Benigno S. Aquino and Ramon Avancena
o Mga pangalawang pangulo ni Laurel
o Aquino is a collaborator ng Japanese
(believes Japanese is the solution)
 Guerrilla Movement
o 2 primary groups
 USAFFE and ROTC
 HUKBALAHAP
o These are the groups that provided info
regarding movements of enemies in PH
o These groups ang masasabing
continued fight and freed us from
Japanese
o Nung dumating mga Amerikano,
napaalis na ng Guerrilla ang Hapon sa
Leyte
 Makapili
o Armed group of Filipinos who are pro-
Japanese
o Need money to feed family
o Covered face with paper bag
 o Traitors
 Pillbox
o Fortification
o Box with machine gun used in war
 War changed attitude of Filipinos
o Before, no need for police because
trustworthy, but war taught us robbery
 Japanese destroyed bridges, so we built
pontoon bridges
babalik sa PH thinking we should
learn Korean! Kaya nakapasok
ang Korean sa DepEd language
 Same uri naghahawak sa Pilipinas
o Political dynasty, kaya di makamove on
SOLUTION
 Paano pagkaisahin ang Dambuhalang
Pagkakahati?

PROBLEM
 Great Cultural Divide
o Spanish
 Ladino
 Bridge bet Kastila and Pilipino
 Paring Sekular
 Burgos (mas malayo pa sa
Pilipino bec educated in seminary
 Orientation is very far from nasa
baba
 Separated Bahayan/ Filipinos into:
 Estadong etniko (Ifugao)
 Estadong kolonyal (pueblo,
reduccion)
o Americans (19th century)
 Ilustrado
 Can study abroad
 Modern na ang Europe after
1789 French revolution
(liberalized) and wanted idea of
Nation State introduced sa PH
(specifically Rizal)
 Rizal forgot concept of Bayan
that evolved from Bahayan
(Spanish time pa)
 Rizal not aware of Dambuhalang
Pagkakahati
 Bonifacio
 1896 used Bayan model
 Each ay kapatid (Bayan = one
kalooban)
 That’s why called PH, Haring
Bayang Katagalugan
 Saw both Nation State and pag-
uugnay ng Haring Bayang
Katagalugan
 But 1897 Tejeros Convention,
Aguinaldo takes position
 Aware of Dambuhalang
Pagkakahati
 Pensionado
 Fulbright
 Government pays for expenses
of students studying abroad
 Koreans and Japanese sponsor
Fil. scholars in their country, then