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SCIENCE SCRAPBOOK FORM 2

2010

Support
and
Movement
NAMA:MUHAMMAD HAZIQ HILMI BIN IBRAHIM
TING:2E3(AL-MU’MIN)
NAMA GURU:CIK MARNISAL FARINA BINTI MOKHTAR
Support and Movement
 All living things need a support system to
provide them with support , movement and
to help them survive in a given environment.
 The support system in humans and animals
consists of the skeleton or skeletal system
and muscular system
 There are three basic types of support
system in animals.
They are :
a) Exoskeleton
b) Endoskeleton
c) Hydrostatic skeleton
Exoskeleton

The skeleton which is outside the body is called an exoskeleton.

example animals such as insects, spiders, crabs, prawns, snails, and milipedes, the
skeleton is a hard, outer skin or shell outside the body.

 Invertebrates such as crab, lobster, cockles, mussels, snails, beetles and


grasshoppers have a hard outer skin. This is called the exoskeleton.

 The exoskeleton of garden snails, mussels and crabs is a hard shell.

 The exoskeleton of crabs, lobster, and snails consists of mainly of calcium


carbonate. This is a hard substance that protects the soft body of the animal

 The outer covering of the exoskeleton of insects such as cockcroaches,


centipedes, bees and grasshoppers is called the cuticle.

 The cuticle is made of chitin. It is hard and impermeable to water.


The function of exoskeleton
1. To support the body and give it shape

2. To protect soft body tissues from damage

3. To prevent the body from drying out

4. To provide a surface for the muscles to attach themselves and to allow


movement
Endoskeleton
A skeleton which is inside the body is called an endoskeleton.Human beings, fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have an endoskeleton.

The function of endoskeleton are;


1. To support the weight of the body

2. To maintain the shape of the body

3. To protect the soft organs inside the body such as the brain, heart, lungs and
spinal cord

4. To allow the muscle in the human body a place to attach themselves.

5. To enable the limbs to move


Hydrostatic skeletons.
Some invertebrates such as earthworms, leeches and caterpillars maintain their
shape by the pressure of the liquid inside them. These organisms have hydrostatic
skeletons.

 The hydrostatic skeleton is a muscular wall that encloses the body cavity of the
animal.

 The high pressure acts on the inner walls of the animal’s body to support its
body and maintain its shape
The human support system

1. The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones.

2. The main parts of the human skeletal system are the skull , backbone, ribs,
girdles and limbs.

a) The skull protects the brain

b) The backbone supports the upper part of

the body and also protects the spinal cord.

c) The arrangement of the bones allows the

backbone to turn and twist.

The pectoral girdle supports the head and

the arms

d) The pelvic girdle supports the whole

weight of the body. It also protects

certain organs

e) The limb bones allow the hands and legs

to move easily
Support in land vertebrates

1. The backbone of four - legged land vertebrates such as the camel and the horse
either curve upwards or downwards. The curve enables the backbone to withstand the
heavy load acting on the animal

2. Big land animals such as elephant and the rhinoceros need strong and big pectoral
and pelvic girdles to support their body weight

3. Big animals that have short legs with larger cross sections are more stable and can
also support a heavier load.
 The deer and antelope with hollow long bones can move faster. This is
especially important to vertebrates such as birds.

 Hollow bones are stronger and lighter than compact bones. Therefore, land
vertebrates benefit from the strength of their hollow bones without having bear
the extra weight of solid bones.

Support in aquatic vertebrates

1. The support system of aquatic vertebrates is not same as land vertebrates


because life in water is very different from life on land.

2. Aquatic vertebrates such as whales and dolphins have smaller and lighter
endoskeletons than land vertebrates.

3. This is because a large part of their body weight is supported by water


buoyancy. Water buoyancy helps aquatic animals to move in water.

4. The pelvic girdles of many aquatic vertebrates are very small of non-existent. They are
adapted only for swimming in water.

5. Whales have small skeletons when compared to their body size because a
large part of their body weight is supported by water buoyancy.

Support in aquatic vertebrates

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