Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2010
Support
and
Movement
NAMA:MUHAMMAD HAZIQ HILMI BIN IBRAHIM
TING:2E3(AL-MU’MIN)
NAMA GURU:CIK MARNISAL FARINA BINTI MOKHTAR
Support and Movement
All living things need a support system to
provide them with support , movement and
to help them survive in a given environment.
The support system in humans and animals
consists of the skeleton or skeletal system
and muscular system
There are three basic types of support
system in animals.
They are :
a) Exoskeleton
b) Endoskeleton
c) Hydrostatic skeleton
Exoskeleton
example animals such as insects, spiders, crabs, prawns, snails, and milipedes, the
skeleton is a hard, outer skin or shell outside the body.
3. To protect the soft organs inside the body such as the brain, heart, lungs and
spinal cord
The hydrostatic skeleton is a muscular wall that encloses the body cavity of the
animal.
The high pressure acts on the inner walls of the animal’s body to support its
body and maintain its shape
The human support system
2. The main parts of the human skeletal system are the skull , backbone, ribs,
girdles and limbs.
the arms
certain organs
to move easily
Support in land vertebrates
1. The backbone of four - legged land vertebrates such as the camel and the horse
either curve upwards or downwards. The curve enables the backbone to withstand the
heavy load acting on the animal
2. Big land animals such as elephant and the rhinoceros need strong and big pectoral
and pelvic girdles to support their body weight
3. Big animals that have short legs with larger cross sections are more stable and can
also support a heavier load.
The deer and antelope with hollow long bones can move faster. This is
especially important to vertebrates such as birds.
Hollow bones are stronger and lighter than compact bones. Therefore, land
vertebrates benefit from the strength of their hollow bones without having bear
the extra weight of solid bones.
2. Aquatic vertebrates such as whales and dolphins have smaller and lighter
endoskeletons than land vertebrates.
4. The pelvic girdles of many aquatic vertebrates are very small of non-existent. They are
adapted only for swimming in water.
5. Whales have small skeletons when compared to their body size because a
large part of their body weight is supported by water buoyancy.