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Stage Crisis Significant Person Mal adaptation Malignancy Virtue

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Trust vs. Mistrust Trust vs. Mistrust Infant Withdrawal: Hope: strong belief that
characterized by even things are not going
depression, paranoia and well the will work out
psychosis. well.
Autonomy vs. Autonomy vs. Early Childhood Impulsiveness: sort of Compulsiveness: feels as Well power on
Shame and Doubt Shame and Doubt shameless wilfulness that if their entire being rides determination.
leads in later childhood. on everything they do.
Initiative vs. Guilt Initiative vs. Guilt Early Childhood Ruthlessness: without Inhabitation: nothing Courage: capacity for
mercy ventured nothing lust. action despite a clear
Sociopathy understanding.
Industry vs. Inferiority Industry vs. Inferiority Ages 6-12 Narrow virtuosity: kids Inertia: inferiority Competency
(school age stage) without life. complexes.
Identity vs. Identity vs. 18-20 years old Promisovity: tendency to Exclusion: tendency to Love: being able to put
Identity Diffusion Identity Diffusion become intimate too isolate. aside differences and
freely. antagonisms.
Intimacy vs. isolation Intimacy vs. isolation
Middle adulthood Overextension Rejectivity Care
Late adulthood Presumption Distain: become negative Wisdom
and appears to hate life.

Pre conventional Level Conventional Level Post Conventional


*moral reasoning is based on the result of the act itself *moral reasoning is based on convention or norms of
*oral reasoning is based on ending or consistent
is good or bad. society. This may include approval of others.principles. It is not just recognizing the law but the
1. Punishment / Obedience –one is motivated by fear 1. Social Approval – one is motivated by what other
principles behind the law.
of punishment. He will act in order to avoid expect in behaviour. 1. Social Contract – laws that are wrong can be
punishment. changed. One will act based on social justice and the
2. Law of Order – one is motivated to act in order to common good.
2. Mutual Benefit – one is motivated to act by the uphold law and order. The person will follow the law 2. Universal Principles – this is associated with the
benefit that one may obtain later. (You scratch my because it is the law. development of one’s conscience. Having a sets of
back I’ll scratch yours). standards that drives ones to possess moral
responsibility to make societal changes regardless of
consequences to oneself.
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) SCAFFOLDING
*Through the guidance of MKO, competent adult on a *The difference between what the child can *The support / assistance that lets the child
more advanced peer, the child can perform a higher accomplished alone, and what he can accomplish with accomplish a task he cannot accomplish
level of competency. guidance of another. independently.
*It represents a learning opportunity where a *It is not about doing the task for the child while he
knowledgeable adult such as a teacher or parent on a watches on doing shortcuts to the child.
more advanced peer can assist the child’s *When it is done appropriately, it can make a learner
development. more confidents, and eventually he can accomplish the
task without any need for assistance.

Diagram for Vygotsky (MKO, ZPD, SCAFFOLDING)

Zone of Z More M SCAFFOLDING Proximal P Knowledgeable K Development D Other O

Bronfenbrenner’s Bio-Ecological Theory Concept from the Theories

Theory/Concept Application
Freud’s content of Personality (ID) Awareness about unconsciousness and also about sexual development, formation of personality.
Erickson’s Psycho-Social Stage of Development Life is a continuous process involving learning and trials which help us to grow. It enlighten and guide us and
help us to tell us why.
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory It focuses how individual constructed knowledge.
Kohlberg’s Stage of Moral Development Develops our ability to choose right from wrong which was tied with our ability to understand and reason
logically.
Vygotsky Socio-Cultural Theory It is how the child act’s with or without guidance.
Bonfenbrenner’s Bio-Ecological System Points out the ever widening spheres of influences that shape every individual from his/her immediate family
to the neighbourhood, to the country even the world.

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