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Laporan pengamatan Laboratorium BIOKIMIA

Tugas dibuat dengan kertas HVS A4, tulis tangan.

Minimal 3 lembar HVS.

Ukuran pinggir: 3-3-3-3 cm

Boleh sertakan foto dari hasil kunjungan labor.

Dikumpulkan pada pertemuan selanjutnya: 12 September 2014


FLAMMABILITY (Fire Hazard)
Fire is a chemical reaction of:

Starting
Gases + smoke +
Fuel + Oxygen
temperature heat

Heat from the reaction


Self sustaining reaction
3 components are needed to start fire

STARTING TEMPERATURE
Ignition temperature.
Exp: cigarette

Flammable substance Oxidizing substance


Exp : fuel, organic solvent Exp: oxygen, air (21% O2)
If one of the 3 component is missing,
the fire will go out or impossible to start.

This is the basis of fire fighting.

1.  Cool below the ignition temperature.


2.  Prevent access of oxygen.
3.  Take away the fuel.
Flash point < 37oC
is a material that “easily” ignites (mudah terbakar).
1.  Non combustible: sand, sodium chloride, etc.

2.  Combustible: paper, wood, textile, etc.

3.  Flammable: ethanol, acetone, phosphorus, dust / fine


powder of cellulose, etc.

4. Very flammable: diethylether, pentane, etc.

Classification is based on ignition temperature = starting temperature


and the volatility.
FLAMMABILITY (NFPA scale)
4) Flash Point Below 73 ° F and Boiling Point Below 100 ° F:
this substance is very flammable, volatile or explosive depending on its state.
Extreme caution should be used in handling or storing of these materials.
3) Flash Point Below 100 ° F:
flammable, volatile or explosive under almost all normal temperature conditions.
Exercise great caution in storage or handling of these materials.
2) Flash Point Below 200 ° F:
moderately heated conditions may ignite this substance. Caution should be
employed in handling.
1) Flash Point Above 200 ° F:

this substance must be preheated to ignite. Most combustible solids would be in


this category.
0) Will Not Burn: substances that will not burn.
FLASH POINT:

minimum temperature at which a solvent


gives off enough vapor to form a mixture with
air that can burn.

IGNITION POINT:

minimum temperature at which the


reaction / fire starts.
Boiling Flash Ignition Flammable limits
Compound point (oC) point (oC) temperature (oC) volume % in air
Lower Upper
Acetaldehyde 21 -37.8 175 4 60
Acetone 56.7 -17.8 465 2.6 12.8
Carbon disulfide 46 -30.0 80 1.3 50
Diethylether 35 -45.0 160 1.9 36
Ethyl alcohol 78.3 12.8 365 3.3 19
n-Hexane 68.9 -21.7 225 1.1 7.5
Methyl alcohol 64.9 11.1 385 6.7 36
Pentane 36.1 -40.0 260 1.5 7.8
Toluene 110.6 4.4 480 1.2 7.1

For flash point see the:


1. MERCK INDEX
2. Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, (2 Vols.)
Know The Properties of
The Material You Are
Working With
Oxidizers
"   Oxidizers produce
oxygen that supports
and accelerates fires
"   Examples: Nitric Acid,
Oxygen
"   Hazards: Increase
intensity of fires, may
react like explosives
Organic Peroxides
"   Examples: Hydrogen
Peroxides, Peracetic
Acid
"   Hazards: Unstable and
explosive in fires,
extremely flammable,
may be shock and
friction sensitive
Corrosives
"   Liquids or solids that
destroy human tissue
"   Examples: Hydrochloric
Acid, Nitric Acid, Picric
Acid
"   Hazards: Can be
oxidizers, water
reactive, unstable,
poisonous
Explosives
"   Explosives require, licenses, permits
and special storage arrangements
Compressed Gas
"   May be flammable, non-
flammable, liquefied, or
cryogenic
"   Examples: Propane,
hydrogen, oxygen and
liquid nitrogen
"   Hazards: May be
flammable, may support
combustion (oxidizer),
high expansion ratios,
B.L.E.V.E.
Flammable Solids
"   Alkali metals that burn
under certain
conditions
"   Examples:
Magnesium, Sodium,
Phosphorous
"   Hazards: Ignite easily
and burn violently, may
react with water and
air, produce toxic or
corrosive vapors
Flammable and Combustible
Liquids
"   Give off concentrations of vapor which form an
ignitable mixture with air

"   Examples: Ethyl Ether, Toluene, Glacial Acidic Acid

"   Hazards: Ignitable and burn, hazards associated with


other chemical classes.
is the minimum temperature to start a fire.
Spontaneous ignition:
production of sufficient heat without external application of energy.

White phosphorus Spontaneous


Air ignition after a
Oily rags certain time

Oxidizing
agents Spontaneous
Organic materials (HNO3, ignition of waste
MnO4-, materials
ClO3-)
Air with 20% O2 is present everywhere.
100% Oxygen is extremely fire promoting.

Other strong oxidizing chemicals are:

Nitric acids/nitrates Should never be


Chlorates mixed with
Permanganates combustible materials
Peroxide

Waste management:
destroy these materials before disposal by specific safe reactions.
FIRE FIGHTING

Classes of Fire
Types of Fire Extinguishers

"   Stored-Pressure Water Extinguishers:


•  for use on Class A fires only (ordinary
combustibles).
•  Can NOT be used on Class B,C or D fires
•  Standard water extinguishers contain 2 1/2
gallons of water. Under normal conditions,
stream reaches 15-30 feet.
•  Discharge time is 30-60 seconds.
•  Must be protected against freezing if exposed
to temperatures less than 40 °F (4 °C).
"   Film-Forming-Fluoroprotein (FFFP) Foam
Extinguishers:

•  Designed for use on Class A and B fires.

•  They are essentially 2.5 gallon water


extinguishers with a FFFP foam additive.

•  When using this type of extinguisher on a


Class B fire, you must be careful to avoid
splashing liquid fuels.

•  The foam has the ability to make water


float on fuels that are lighter than water.
" Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishers
(bromochlorodifluoromethane)
•  Designed for Class B and C fires.

•  Hand carried extinguishers are available in sizes (2 .5 - 22) pounds.

•  Larger wheeled units are available up to 150 pounds. Stream reach


is about 8 to 18 feet. Discharge time is dependent on the size of
extinguisher.

•  Caution: when used in a confined area.

•  Halon can cause dizziness and loss of coordination. You should


immediately evacuate an area after using an extinguisher of this
type.
"   Dry Chemical Extinguishers (Hand Carried):
•  The most common extinguishers at Davis-Monthan AFB.

•  Two types available:

①  Ones rated for Class B and C fires, and


②  ones rated for Class A, B, and C fires.
•  Available from (2.5 - 30) pounds.

•  Caution: when used indoors because these extinguishers produce produce a


thick cloud of dust, which obscures vision and may cause choking.

•  They have a range of 5-20 feet, although they can be easily affected by wind.

•  Discharge time is 10-25 seconds.


Using Hand-Held Fire Extinguishers
Fight a fire only if:

²  The Fire Department has been called.

²  Everyone has left or is leaving the building.

²  The fire is small and confined to the immediate area where
it started.

²  You can fight the fire with your back to a safe escape route.

²  Your extinguisher is rated for the type of fire you are
fighting, and is in good working order.

²  You have had training in use of the extinguisher and are
confident that you can operate it effectively.
Do NOT fight a fire if:

•  The fire is spreading beyond the immediate area where it


started, or is already a large fire.

•  The fire could block your escape route.


•  You are unsure of the proper operation of the extinguisher.

•  You are in doubt whether the extinguisher you are holding is


appropriate for the type of fire.
•  If you have the slightest doubt about whether or not to fight
the fire- DON'T! Instead, get out, and close the door behind
you.

If any of these conditions are true, leave immediately, close off


the area, and leave the fire to the Fire Department.

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