Regression Analysis of Physical and Cognitive Factors

towards Passing Abilities of Futsal Athletes in Padjadjaran University

Leonardo Lubis,1 Muhammad Afan Maulana,2Nandina Oktavia3

1,3
Department of Basic Medicine Science, Division of Anatomy,
UniversitasPadjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Medicine, UniversitasPadjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract Commented [M1]: Mohon disebutkan tempat dan waktu

penelitian, jumlah kata maksimal 250 kata.

Futsal is a variation offootball played on a smaller field. Futsal has the fastest
development among other indoor sports. With the development of futsal, the
number of clubs and futsal athletes are increasing. Futsal athlete need to master
several basic playing techniques to play futsal, and one of them is passing. There
are 2 factors that affect futsal athletes playing skills; physical factors and mental
factors; one of them is cognitive factors. This study aims to determine the effect of
physical and cognitive factors on the ability of passing techniques in Unpad futsal
athletes, and determine which factors have greater influence. Cross-sectional
analytic study was conducted involving 33 participants from Padjadjaran University
futsal athletes listed as members of the Futsal UKM FK Unpad and amateur futsal
club, La Coruna FC. Physical factors data; consisting of body muscle mass
percentage, leg muscle percentage, total body fatpercentage, and legs subcutaneous
fat percentageare measured with Body Impedance Analysis tool, while cognitive
factors; consisting of attention, short term memory, and spatial ability, are
measuredrespectivelyby grid concentration test, digit span test, and spatial ability
test. Athlete’s passing ability is measured using 30 seconds pass and stop test. Data
is then processed by regression analysis.Regression analysis showed the percentage
of leg muscles has the highest significance value for athlete’s passing ability. (β =
0.6, P <0.05). Leg muscles percentage and attention level are the physical and
cognitive factors which have greater role inthe passing ability in futsal athletes.

Keywords: physical factor,cognitive factor, futsal, passing ability,

Analisis Regresi Faktor-faktor Fisik dan Kognitif

1
 terhadap Performa Teknik Dasar Passing Atlet Futsal Unpad

Abstrak Commented [M2]: Isi mohon disesuaikan dengan perbaikan

abstrak Inggris, jumlah kata maksimal 200 kata.

Futsal adalah bentuk variasi olahraga sepak bola yang dimainkan di lapangan yang
lebih kecil. Futsal memiliki perkembangan yang paling pesat di antara olahraga
indoor yang lain. Seiring berkembangnya futsal, klub dan atlet futsal pun semakin
banyak. Ada beberapa teknik dasar yang harus dikuasai oleh atlet futsal, salah
satunya adalah passing. Ada 2 faktor yang mempengaruhi atlet futsal dalam
menjalankan kemampuan teknik bermainnya, yaitu factor fisik dan faktor mental;
yang salah satunya disusun oleh factor kognitif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
menentukan factor fisik dan kognitif mana yang memiliki pengaruh lebih besar
terhadap kemampuan teknik dasar passing pada atlet futsal Unpad. Penelitian
analitik cross sectional dilakukan melibatkan 33 peserta dari atlet futsal yang
tergabung dalam UKM Futsal FK Unpad dan mahasiswa Unpad yang tergabung
dalam klub futsal amatir La Coruna FC. Data factor fisik, berupa persentase masa
otot tubuh, persentase masa otot kaki, persentase lemak tubuh total, dan persentase
lemak subkutan kaki, diambil dengan bantuan alat Body Impedance Analysis,
sedangkan factor kognitif, berupa konsentrasi, memori jangka pendek, dan
kemampuan spasial, diukur masing-masing dengan grid concentration test, digit
span test, dan spatial ability test. Kemampuan passing atlet diukur dengan
menggunakan test passing and stop selama 30 detik. Data kemudian diolah dengan
analisis regresi linier. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukan persentase otot kaki
memiliki nilai signifikansi paling tinggi terhadap kemampuan passing atlet. (β =
0,6, P < 0,05). Persentase otot kaki dan tingkat konsentrasi atlet futsal merupakan
factor fisik dan kognitif yang memiliki peran lebih besar terhadap kemampuan
teknik dasar passing pada atlet futsal.

Kata Kunci: faktor fisik, faktor kognitif, futsal, passing

2
Introduction

Exercise is a form of physical activity. WHO defines exercise as a planned,

structured, and repetitive form of physical activity that aims to enhance or maintain

one or more components of physical health or fitness.1 Sport is a competitive form

of exercise.

Futsal is avariation in sports, precisely football, played on a smaller field than

football, and usually use an indoor field.2 Futsal is one of the fastest growing sports

in the world, and according to FIFA, futsal is declared as indoor sports with the

fastest development in the world.2

Futsal athletes are influenced by several factors that play a role in their ability to

play futsal. There are 4 main factors that influence the ability of athletes, including

futsal athletes, to play well.These factors are technical ability, tactics or strategy,

physiological or physical conditions, and mental orpsychological conditions.3

Physical and mental factors affect the ability of athletes to execute their technical

skills and tactical instruction in the game.

There are several basic techniques needed by futsal athletes to play futsal. 4 basic

techniques that must be mastered well by futsal athletes are passing, dribbling,

shooting, and control.4 Physical factors and cognitive factors of futsal athletes have

an influence on how well these athletes perform basic futsal techniques.

Anthropometric profile of an athlete, including futsal athletes, is one of the physical

factors that determines the athlete's technical abilities.5 The right composition of

3
physical factors, such as muscle mass and fat mass, will help futsal athletesto

maximize their technical ability of playing futsal.

Cognitive ability is one of the mental abilitiesinfluencing athletes. Cognitive ability

also has a large role in the performance of futsal athletes in carrying out their games.

Cognition is the process of getting, storing, processing and using

information.6Cognitive ability can also be defined as the ability of a person to

obtain, store, process, and use the information he has received.6

Futsal athletes play futsal in the context of sports.It means that they have the

ultimate goal of winning and achieving titles and trophies as much as possible,

because an athlete's main goal is to achieve victories.7 The world of sports,

including futsal, has a number of competitions, both at local, national international,

and from various age categories.8 Increasing the performance of athletes is the best

way to improve the number ofvictories that can be achieved. The ability to perform

basic futsal techniques wellcan be a good first step in improving the performance

of athletes in the field. Improving these abilities, of course, must be supported by

factors influencing them, including physical factors and cognitive factors of the

athlete.

This study aimsto analyze the effect of physical and cognitive factors on passing

abilitiesin Padjadjaran University futsal athletes, and to determine which physical

and cognitive factors that have greater influence on passing abilities

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Methods

This study is an analytical study with a cross sectional study design. The research

has received permission from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine,

Padjadjaran University.

This study involved subjects from futsal athletes who are currently listed as

members of the Futsal UKM of Unpad FK and amateur futsal club La Coruna FC.

The sampling method used is random sampling with the minimum number of

samples needed, with a value of r = 0.5, based on the calculation of the formula is

20 people. The inclusion criteria in this study were UKM Futsal FK Unpad futsal

athletes and Unpad futsal athletes listed as members of the La Coruna FC club who

attended routine training at least once a week, and aged 17-23 years. Subjects who

were willing to take part in the study were 33 people, consisting of 23 men and 10

women.

The study was conducted on Saturday, November 10, 2018, at the C6 Building,

Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University at 08.00 to 12.00. Research subjects

have been asked to have breakfast a maximum of 1 hour before the study takes

place.

Physical factors of futsal athletes are measured using 2 instruments. Height

measurement is done by using a microtoisethat had been calibrated. Measurements

of other physical factors such as Body Mass Index (BMI), percentage of total

muscle mass, percentage of foot muscle mass, percentage of total body fat mass,

and percentages of feet subcutaneous fat, were performed using Bioimpedance

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Analysis, Karada Body Composition Scan.9 Data was taken in the form of a

numerical scale.

Cognitive factors measured wasattention, short term memory, and spatial ability.

Attention is measured using the Grid Concentration Test.10This test use 10x10

boxes containing numbers 00 to 99. Participants were asked to connect the smallest

to the largest number as much as possible within a minute time frame. The biggest

number that was successfully linked by the athlete is the recorded score.

Short-term memory is measured using Digit Span test.11 This test is divided into 2

parts, Digit Span Forward test and Digit Span Backward test. The Digit Span

Forward is done by asking the athlete to repeat the sequence of numbers read by the

examiner. There are 8 items to be read. Athletes will be given a score of 2 when

answering correctly, and given a score of 0 when answering incorrectly. If the

athlete is unable to answers the sequence of numbers with the same sum of number

twice, then the test is considered to have been completed. The Span Backward digit

is done by repeating the sequence of numbers mentioned by the examiner, but sorted

in reverse. The number of questions is 8 questions that will be read by examiner.

Athletes will be given a score of 2 when answering correctly, and given a score of

0 when answering incorrectly. If the athlete is unable to answers the sequence of

numbers with the same sum of number twice, then the test is considered to have

been completed. The results of the two tests are then combined, and the total score

are recorded.

6
Spatial ability tests were carried out using the spatial ability test sheet adopted from

Paul Newton.12 Participants were asked to answer 45 question items, which

consisted of form matching, group rotation, combining shapes, cube display in 3D,

2D shapes, 3D shapes, and map. Participant is given 20 minutes to answer those

question. The question that is answered correctly gets a score of 1, and the one

answered incorrectly gets a score of 0. The total score is taken by summing the

score obtained.

The test of the basic futsal techniques covers aspects of passing technique. The

passing test was carried out with 30 seconds pass and stop tests. Athletes are asked

to pass to the wall as much as possible from a distance of 2 meters for 30 seconds.

Every time before passing the ball, the participant must control the ball first using

the kicking foot. The amount of passing that can be done is calculated and recorded.

The data obtained will be processed using IBM Statistical Product and Service

Solution (SPSS) software. Data analysis used is linear regression analysis. Before

that, a normality test and descriptive data test will be conducted. The normality test

is carried out on variables with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Variables with normal data

distribution will be processed with Pearson test analysis, while variables with

abnormal data distribution will be processed with Spearman test analysis. Variables

that have significant value (P <0.25) are taken and continued to be analyzed by

linear regression analysis.

Results

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Results of the research listed in Table 1 show the characteristics of futsal athletes

Table 1 Characteristic of Participants

N Median Minimum Maximum
Total Body Fat 33 20,2 11,7 31,2
(%)
Leg 33 21,6 12,8 39,2
subcutaneous
fat (%)
Total body 33 33,7 25 37,6
Skeletal muscle
(%)
Legs skeletal 33 51 36,1 54,6
muscle (%)
BMI (Kg/m2) 33 22,1 17 26
Spatial Ability 33 35 27 40
Short-term 33 20 10 28
memory
Attention 33 10 5 20
Passing Ability 33 21 12 23

Table 2 Bivariat analysis of physical factors towards passing ability

Total Legs Total Legs BMI
Body Subcutaneous Body Muscle
Fat Fat Muscle
Passing Spearman -,716 -,723 ,734 ,735 ,256
Ability Correlation
P-Value ,000* ,000* ,000* ,000* ,252
N 33 33 33 33 33
*P-value is significant (P<0,25)
Table 3 Bivariat analysis of cognitive factors towards passing ability
Short- Spatial Attention
term Ability
Memory
Passing Spearman ,155 ,150 ,245
Ability Correlation
P-Value ,390 ,404 ,169*
N 33 33 33
*P-value is significant (P<0,25)
After bivariate analysis had been done, the total body fat physical, subcutaneous

fat, total body muscle, and subcutaneous muscle foot variables met the criteria for

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entry in linear regression analysis,whereas for cognitive factor variables, only the

concentration fulfills the criteria to enter the stages of linear regression analysis.

(P<0,25)

Table 4 Regression analysis of physical and cognitive factors towards passing

ability
Predictors β Value P Value Confidence Interval

Physical Factors Minimum Maximum

Legs Muscle ,600 ,000* ,096 0,504
Total Body -,249 ,221 -,405 ,098
Fat
Cognitive Factors
Attention ,314 ,076 0,33 0,637
*P-value is significant (P<0,05)

With multiple linear regression analysis, physical factors that meet the classic

assumption test requirements are the percentage of legs muscle and total body fat.

The result from multiple linear regression analysis shows that the percentage of

subcutaneous muscle legs has a significant influence on the passing ability of futsal

athletes. (β = 0.600, P <0.05), while total body fat and attention show insignificant

level of influence (P>0,05) (Table 4)

It was found that physical factors that have the greatest positive influence on the

passing ability of futsal athletes are the percentage of legs muscle (table 2)

The cognitive factors that have the strongest positive influence on the passing

abilities of futsal athletes are attention. (table 3)

Discussion

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The results of this study indicate that good leg muscle strength is an important and

influential factor for futsal athletes to execute their passing abilities. The percentage

of skeletal muscles in the legs has a higher positive significance compared to other

factors. It means that having legs with high percentage muscle in futsal athletes will

produce necessary kick power needed for athlete to make a pass, so that the

resulting passing accuracy can be optimal.

Other results found that the concentration ability of futsal athletes had the greatest

significance compared to other cognitive factors. Athletes who have a good level

of concentration tend to be able to clearly determine which direction he will pass.13

The passing ability in futsal is one of the basic technique abilities that should be

mastered well by every futsal athlete.4 Passing can be done with all sides of the foot

according to the needs.14Generally though, passing is done with the inner side of

sole. Besides that, kick power is also important. The power of kicks in passing is

related to the distance between players who pass with players who receive it. 13

In futsal, the most dominant type of passing used is short passing.13General passing

distance in futsal is less than 10 meters.15 This passing ability in futsal is usually

closely related to ball control ability. It is known that type of combination of passing

most often done in futsal is a stop-pass, which is a type of passing between players

with a pause to control the ball briefly before passing the ball again.15

Accuracy is the most important thing that needs to be considered in passing. This

is because the purpose of passing is to deliver the ball to teammates. Kicking

accuracy when passing the ball is influenced by a number of factors, such as kicking

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technique, foot placement, kicker foot movements, and contact between feet and

balls.16 The technique of kicking in playing futsal varies, but generally, the

technique used is kicking with the inside part of foot. Kick with the inner foot is

known to have the most optimal performance for combining accuracy and kicking

power in playing futsal.13

The most influential kicking factor to produce kickingpower is muscle strength.17

Muscles that play the most important role in futsal are leg muscles, because futsal

is sport predominantly playedwith legs. Futsal is a high-intensity sport that requires

the body to work with high aerobic and anerobic pathway needs.17 Futsal athletes

also perform repeated sprint runs in a match that requires leg muscle strength.18

Increasing and maintaining excellent leg muscle strength is certainly a necessity for

futsal athletes.18

Kicking the ball when passing also requires sufficient kicking power from the leg

muscles.15 This is because the passing distance also determines the accuracy of the

passing performed by futsal athletes.16 If the direction of the passing is accurate,

but not accompanied by sufficient kick power, then the ball will not reach its

destination.

Passing performance is also influenced by cognitive factors.7Cognitive factors that

affect passing abilities are decision making ability and attention level.3,7Attention

is the concentration level of mental activity that allows a person to capture or

receive a portion of the current information available from sources in the form of

sensory systems and memory centers.6 Sports athletes, including futsal athletes

11
need this attention process in a variety of their behaviors.7 Practice of the ability of

basic playing techniques, for example, requires a certain level of attention to

learnmotoric movements of a sports technique. Amount of information and

precisionof the information that can beobtained is another example of attention

function.6,7

With good attention, futsal athletes can determine the right passing decision. As a

result, optimal passing accuracy can be achieved. Conversely, with poor attention,

the athlete is not able to determine the target of passing optimally. As a result, the

accuracy of the passing will also not be optimal.

The study limitation of this study is limited research time. In addition, the level of

stress experienced by athletes were not examined when the study takes place, and

other factors such as fatigue, as well as poor physical condition, were also not

examined. Further research needs to be carried out by considering those matters.

Larger scope research also needs to be conducted to examine the effect of cognitive

factors on spatial ability on athlete's passing ability, because it is known to differ

from the results of previous studies.7

In conclusion, passing in futsal is a basic technique that is influenced by several

factors, which are both physical and cognitive factors. The most dominant physical

factor influencing passing ability of futsal athlete is the strength of the athlete's leg

muscles, while attention is the cognitive factor that has a large role in the accuracy

of passing carried out by athletes. Considering the importance of passing skills for

12
futsal athletes, it would be good to devise training programs with intention to

increase these factors in order to improve the passing ability of futsal athletes.

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