Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Part I: Wireless LAN Fundamentals
2
Wireless
Local-‐Area
Networks
• Aunque
las
redes
inalámbricas
empezaron
a
penetrar
en
el
mercado
en
la
década
de
1990,
la
tecnología
se
estudia
desde
el
1800.
• A
pesar
de
que
estos
descubrimientos
son
interesantes,
nos
pudiéramos
preguntar
cómo
se
relacionan
las
redes
de
área
local
inalámbricas
(WLAN,
wireless
local-‐
area
networks
)
• En
las
LAN
estándar,
los
datos
se
propagan
por
cables
en
forma
de
señales
eléctricas
como
por
ejemplo,
un
cable
Ethernet.
• El
descubrimiento
que
hizo
Hertz
permite
transferencia
de
datos
por
vías
aéreas,
como
señales
eléctricas,
sin
cables.
• Por
lo
tanto,
la
relación
entre
la
WLAN
y
las
LAN
es
que
una
WLAN
es
una
red
local
que
no
necesita
cables
para
transferir
datos
entre
disposiIvos,
y
esto
existe
gracias
a
las
tecnologías
y
descubrimientos
de
Herschel,
Maxwell,
Ampere,
y
Hertz.
Esto
se
logra
a
través
de
las
radiofrecuencias
(RF).
3
Wireless
Local-‐Area
Networks
• Con
la
RF,
el
objeIvo
es
enviar
la
mayor
canIdad
de
datos
posible
y
lo
más
rápido
posible.
7
Bandwidth
in
a
wireless
network
• When
referring
to
bandwidth
in
a
wireless
network,
the
standard
unit
of
measure
is
the
Hertz
(Hz).
• A
Hertz
measures
the
number
of
cycles
per
second.
• One
Hertz
is
one
cycle
per
second.
• In
radio
technology,
a
CiPzens'
Band
(CB,
Banda
de
los
ciudadanos)
radio
is
pre^y
low
quality
(baja
calidad).
It
uses
about
3
kHz
of
bandwidth.
FM
radio
is
generally
a
higher
quality,
using
about
175
kHz
of
bandwidth.
• Compare
that
to
a
television
signal,
which
sends
both
voice
and
video
over
the
air.
The
TV
signal
you
receive
uses
almost
4500
kHz
of
bandwidth.
8
EnPre
electromagnePc
spectrum
• Figure
shows
the
enPre
electromagnePc
spectrum.
NoPce
that
the
frequency
ranges
used
in
CB
radio,
FM
radio,
and
TV
broadcasts
are
only
a
fracPon
of
the
enPre
spectrum.
Most
of
the
spectrum
is
governed
by
folks
like
the
FCC.
This
means
that
you
cannot
use
the
same
frequencies
that
FM
radio
uses
in
your
wireless
networks.
10
The
2.4-‐GHz
range
• With
802.11b
and
802.11g,
the
energy
is
spread
out
over
a
wide
area
of
the
band
(la
energía
se
ex5ende
en
una
amplia
zona
de
la
banda).
With
802.11b
or
802.11g
products,
the
channels
have
a
bandwidth
of
22
MHz.
This
allows
three
nonoverlapping
(no
superpuestos),
noninterfering
channels
to
be
used
in
the
same
area.
• The
2.4-‐GHz
range
uses
direct
sequence
spread
spectrum
(DSSS,
espectro
ensanchado
por
secuencia
directa)
modulaPon.
Data
rates
of
1
Mbps,
2
Mbps,
5.5
Mbps,
and
11
Mbps
are
defined
for
this
range.
11
5
GHz
• The
5-‐GHz
range
is
used
by
the
802.11a
standard
and
the
new
802.11n
drai
standard.
In
the
802.11a
standard,
data
rates
can
range
from
6
Mbps
to
54
Mbps.
802.11a
devices
were
not
seen
in
the
market
unPl
2001,
so
they
do
not
have
quite
the
market
penetraPon
as
2.4-‐GHz
range
802.11
b
devices.
• The
5-‐GHz
range
is
also
subdivided
into
channels,
each
being
20-‐MHz
wide.
A
total
of
23
nonoverlapping
channels
(Canales
no
superpuestos)
exist
in
the
5-‐GHz
range.
• The
5-‐GHz
ranges
use
Orthogonal
Frequency
Division
Mul5plexing
(OFDM,
Mul5plexación
por
división
de
frecuencia
ortogonal
).
Data
rates
of
6,
9,
12,
18,
24,
36,
48,
and
54
Mbps
are
defined.
12
ModulaIon
Techniques
and
How
They
Work
• El
proceso
de
modulación
es
la
variación
en
una
señal
o
un
tono
llamado
señal
portadora
(tone
called
a
carrier
signal).
Los
datos
se
añaden
a
esta
señal
portadora
en
un
proceso
conocido
como
codificación
• ModulaIon
is
what
wireless
networks
use
to
send
data.
It
enables
the
sending
of
encoded
data
using
radio
signals.
• Wireless
networks
use
modulaPon
as
a
carrier
signal,
which
means
that
the
modulated
tones
carry
data.
• La
forma
de
onda
modulada
consta
de
tres
partes
:
– Amplitude
(Amplitud):
Distancia
verPcal
entre
las
crestas
de
la
onda
– Phase
(Fase):
Indica
la
situación
instantánea
en
el
ciclo,
de
una
magnitud
que
varia
cíclicamente
– Frequency
(Frecuencia):
Número
de
repePciones
en
la
unidad
de
Pempo.
13
DSSS:
Direct
Sequence
Spread
Spectrum
Espectro
ensanchado
de
secuencia
directa
• DSSS:
Direct
Sequence
Spread
Spectrum
is
the
modulaPon
technique
that
802.11b
devices
use
to
send
the
data.
En
DSSS,
la
señal
transmiIda
se
propaga
a
través
de
todo
el
espectro
de
frecuencia
que
se
está
uPlizando.
Por
ejemplo,
un
punto
de
acceso
que
transmite
en
el
canal
1
se
propaga
la
señal
portadora
a
través
de
los
22
MHz
en
toda
la
gama
de
canales
de
2,401
a
2,423
GHz
• Para
codificar
los
datos
mediante
DSSS,
se
uPliza
un
chip
de
secuencia.
Un
chip
y
un
bit
son
esencialmente
la
misma
cosa,
pero
el
bit
representa
los
datos,
y
el
chip
se
uPliza
para
la
codificación
de
la
portadora.
Codificación
es
el
proceso
de
transformación
de
la
información
de
un
formato
a
otro.
Para
entender
cómo
los
datos
son
codificados
en
una
red
inalámbrica,
primero
debe
comprender
los
chipping
codes
.
• Chipping
Codes:
Debido
a
la
posible
interferencia
de
ruido
en
una
transmisión
inalámbrica,
DSSS
uPliza
una
secuencia
de
Chips.
Cuando
DSSS
difunde
información
a
través
de
una
gama
de
frecuencias,
se
envía
un
solo
bits
de
datos
como
una
cadena
de
chips.
Con
los
datos
redundantes
que
se
envían,
si
parte
de
la
señal
se
pierde
con
el
ruido,
los
datos
probablemente
todavía
pueden
ser
entendidos.
El
proceso
chipping
code
toma
cada
bits
de
datos
y
luego
lo
expande
en
una
cadena
de
bits.
14
Chipping
Sequence
• As
the
laptop
in
the
figure
sends
data
over
the
wireless
network,
the
data
must
be
encoded
using
a
chip
sequence
and
then
modulated
over
the
airwaves.
• In
the
figure,
the
chipping
code
for
the
bit
value
of
1
is
expanded
to
the
chip
sequence
of
00110011011,
and
the
chipping
code
for
the
bit
value
of
0
is
11001100100.
Therefore,
aier
the
data
bits
are
sent,
1001
creates
the
chip
sequence.
• Por
cada
bit
de
datos
se
envía
un
código
de
11
bits
15
Barker
Code
and
Complementary
Code
Keying
• Barker
Code:
To
achieve
rates
of
1
Mbps
and
2
Mbps,
802.11
uses
a
Barker
code.
This
code
defines
the
use
of
11
chips
when
encoding
the
data.
The
11-‐chip
Barker
code
used
in
802.11
is
10110111000.
Certain
mathemaPcal
details
beyond
the
scope
of
this
book
make
the
Barker
code
ideal
for
modulaPng
radio
waves.
In
the
end,
and
for
the
exam,
each
bit
of
data
sent
is
encoded
into
an
11-‐bit
Barker
code
and
then
modulated
with
DSSS.
• Complementary
Code
Keying:
When
you
are
using
DSSS,
the
Barker
code
works
well
for
lower
data
rates
such
as
1-‐Mbps,
2-‐Mbps,
5.5-‐
Mbps,
and
11-‐Mbps.
DSSS
uses
a
different
method
for
higher
data
rates,
which
allows
the
802.11
standard
to
achieve
rates
of
5.5
and
11
Mbps.
Complementary
code
keying
(CCK)
uses
a
series
of
codes
called
complementary
sequences.
Usa
64
palabras
de
un
código
único.
Hasta
6
bits
pueden
ser
representados
por
una
palabra
clave,
en
contraposición
con
1
bit
representado
por
un
código
Barker
16
BPSK
Binary
Phase
Shil
Keying
• Recuerde
que
la
fase
es
el
momento
entre
las
crestas
de
las
ondas.
Veamos
el
concepto
de
BPSK
y
QPSK
18
Quadrature
Phase-‐Shil
Keying
(QPSK)
• In
BPSK,
1
bit
per
symbol
is
encoded.
This
is
okay
for
lower
data
rates.
• QPSK
has
the
capability
to
encode
2
bits
per
symbol.
This
doubles
the
data
rates
available
in
BPSK
while
staying
within
the
same
bandwidth.
• At
the
2-‐Mbps
data
rate,
QPSK
is
used
with
Barker
encoding.
• At
the
5.5-‐Mbps
data
rate,
QPSK
is
also
used,
but
the
encoding
is
Complementary
Code
Keying
CCK-‐16.
• At
the
11-‐Mbps
data
rate,
QPSK
is
also
used,
but
the
encoding
is
Complementary
Code
keying
(CCK)
CCK-‐128.
19
Orthogonal
Frequency
Division
MulIplexing
(OFDM)
• OFDM
is
not
considered
a
spread
spectrum
technology,
but
it
is
used
for
modulaPon
in
wireless
networks.
Using
OFDM,
you
can
achieve
the
highest
data
rates
with
the
maximum
resistance
to
corrupIon
of
the
data
caused
by
interference.
• OFDM
defines
a
number
of
channels
in
a
frequency
range.
These
channels
are
further
divided
into
a
larger
number
of
small-‐bandwidth
subcarriers
(Subportadoras).
The
channels
are
20
MHz,
and
the
subcarriers
are
300
kHz
wide.
You
end
up
with
52
subcarriers
per
channel.
• Each
of
the
subcarriers
has
a
low
data
rate,
but
the
data
is
sent
simultaneously
over
the
subcarriers
in
parallel.
This
is
how
you
can
achieve
higher
data
rates.
• OFDM
is
not
used
in
802.11b
because
802.11b
devices
use
DSSS.
802.11g
and
802.11a
both
used
OFDM.
The
way
they
are
implemented
is
a
liple
different
because
802.11g
is
designed
to
operate
in
the
2.4-‐MHz
range
along
with
802.11b
devices.
20
MIMO.
MulIple-‐input
MulIple-‐output
• MIMO
is
a
technology
that
is
used
in
the
new
802.11n
specificaIon.
Although
at
press
Pme,
the
802.11n
specificaPon
had
not
yet
been
raPfied
by
the
IEEE,
many
vendors
are
already
releasing
products
into
the
market
that
claim
support
for
it.
• A
device
that
uses
MIMO
technology
uses
mulIple
antennas
for
receiving
signals
(usually
two
or
three)
in
addiPon
to
mulPple
antennas
for
sending
signals.
• MIMO
technology
can
offer
data
rates
higher
than
100
Mbps
by
mulPplexing
data
streams
simultaneously
in
one
channel.
In
other
words,
if
you
want
data
rates
higher
than
100-‐Mbps,
then
mulPple
streams
are
sent
over
a
bonded
channel,
not
just
one.
Using
advanced
signal
processing,
the
data
can
be
recovered
aier
being
sent
on
two
or
more
spaPal
streams.
• With
the
use
of
MIMO
technology,
an
access
point
(AP)
can
talk
to
non-‐
MIMO-‐capable
devices
and
sIll
offer
about
a
30
percent
increase
in
performance
of
standard
802.11a/b/g
networks.
21
Sending
Data
Using
CSMA/CA
• Wireless
networks
have
to
deal
with
the
possibility
of
collisions.
This
is
because,
in
a
wireless
topology,
the
behavior
of
the
AP
is
similar
to
that
of
a
hub.
MulPple
client
devices
can
send
at
the
same
Pme.
• If
you
are
in
a
wired
network,
a
jam
signal
is
heard
by
listening
to
the
wire.
To
listen
for
a
jam
signal,
wireless
devices
need
two
antennas.
• They
can
send
using
one
antenna
while
listening
for
a
jam
signal
with
the
other.
Although
this
sounds
feasible,
especially
because
MIMO
technology
defines
the
use
of
mulPple
antennas,
the
transmiqng
signal
from
one
antenna
would
drown
out
the
received
signal
on
the
other,
so
the
jam
signal
would
not
be
heard.
• To
avoid
collisions
on
a
wireless
network,
carrier
sense
mulPple
access
collision
avoidance
(CSMA/CA,
acceso
múlPple
por
detección
de
portadora
con
evasión
de
colisiones)
is
used.
• Another
way
to
supplement
this
is
using
request
to
send
(RTS)
and
clear
to
send
(CTS)
packets.
With
the
RTS/CTS
method,
the
sending
device
uses
an
RTS
packet,
and
the
intended
receiver
uses
a
CTS
packet.
This
alerts
other
devices
that
they
should
not
send
for
a
period.
22