CU06997 Fluid Dynamics, formulas

Henk Massink , 1-2-2013

Definitions (Wikipedia)
Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids move and the forces on them. (Fluids
include liquids and gases.) Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest,
and fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion.

Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of fluid mechanics dealing with fluid

flow: fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. It has several sub disciplines itself,
including aerodynamics (the study of gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in
motion).

The course Fluid Dynamics will mainly cover fluid flow and a bit of fluid statics. In the course we only
deal with water (fresh and salt), we don’t deal with other liquids ore with gases.
Water is a incompressible fluid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics

Contents
CU06997 Fluid Dynamics, formulas......................................................................................................... 1
Definitions (Wikipedia) ........................................................................................................................ 1
Principal symbols / units ......................................................................................................................... 2
Fluid statics .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Visualisation flow, streamlines, streaklines, streamtube........................................................................ 4
Total Head or Bernoulli’s Equation.......................................................................................................... 4
Turbulent and Laminar flow, Reynolds Number ..................................................................................... 6
Laminar flow in pipes and closed conduits ............................................................................................. 7
Turbulent flow in pipes and closed conduits .......................................................................................... 7
Frictional head losses ......................................................................................................................... 7
Local head losses ................................................................................................................................. 9
Partially full pipes .............................................................................................................................. 11
Culverts.............................................................................................................................................. 11
Open channel flow ................................................................................................................................ 13
Frictional head losses, turbulent flow .............................................................................................. 13
Subcritical and Supercritical flow ...................................................................................................... 15
Hydraulic structures .......................................................................................................................... 16
Sewers ................................................................................................................................................... 17

1
Principal symbols / units
A= Wetted Area [m2] Natte doorsnede
Cross-sectional area of flow
b= width [m] Breedte
C= Chézy coefficient [m1/2/s] Coefficient van Chezy
Cv = velocity coefficient [-] Snelheidscoëfficiënt
Cc = contraction coefficient [-] Contractiecoëfficiënt
d, D = diameter [m] Diameter
Dm = Hydraulic mean depth [m] Gemiddelde hydraulische diepte
E= Energy [J] =[Nm] Energie
Es = specific energy [m] Specifieke energie
F= Force [N] Kracht
Fr = Froude Number [-] Getal van Froude
g= gravitational acceleration [m/s2] Valversnelling
H= head [m] Energiehoogte
hf , ∆H = frictional head loss [m] Energieverlies tgv wrijving
hL = local head loss [m] Lokaal energieverlies
kL = local loss coefficient [-] Lokaal energieverlies coëfficiënt
kS = surface roughness [m] Wandruwheid
L= length [m] Lengte
m= mass [kg] Massa
n= Manning’s roughness coefficient [s/m1/3] Coëfficiënt van manning
p* = piezometric pressure [N/m2]= [Pa] Piezometrische druk
p= pressure [N/m2] Druk
P= wetted perimeter [m] Natte omtrek
Ps = crest height [m] Stuwhoogte
Q= discharge, flow rate [m3/s] Debiet, afvoer
q= discharge per unit channel width [m3/ms] Debiet per m breedte
R, r = radius [m] Straal
R= Hydraulic radius [m] Hydraulische straal
Re = Reynolds Number [-] Getal van Reynolds
Sc = slope of channel bed to give critical flow [-] Bodemverhang voor grenssnelheid
Sf ,I = slope of hydraulic gradient [-] Energieverhang
S0 = slope of channel bed [-] Bodemverhang
Ss = slope of water surface [-] Drukverhang, verhang water
u,v = velocity [m/s] Stroomsnelheid
V= mean velocity [m/s] Gemiddelde stroomsnelheid
V= volume [m3] Volume
ū= average velocity [m/s] Gemiddelde stroomsnelheid
y= water depth [m] Waterdiepte
yc = critical depth [m] Kritische waterdiepte
yn = normal depth [m] Normale waterdiepte
z= height above datum, potential head [m] Afstandshoogte
δ= boundary layer thickness [m] Dikte grenslaag
λ= friction factor [m] Wrijvingsfaktor
µ= absolute viscosity [kg/ms]=[N s/m2] Absolute viscositeit
ν= kinematic viscosity [m2/s] Kinematische viscositeit
ρ= density of liquid [kg/m3] Soortelijk gewicht
τ0 = shear stress at solid boundary [N/m2] Schuifspanning
ξ = (ksie) Loss coefficient [1] Verliescoëfficiënt
µ= contraction coefficient [1] Contractiecoëfficiënt

2
Fluid statics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_statics

F
General pressure intensity p=
A

p = Pressure [Pa=N/m2]
𝐹 = Force [N]
𝐴 = Area on which the force acts [m2]

Newton Force F=m∙g

𝐹 = Force [N]
𝑚 = Weight [Kg]
𝑔 = earths gravity [m/s2]

𝐹 𝜌∙𝑔∙𝐴∙𝑦
Fluid Pressure at a point 𝑝= = =𝜌∙𝑔∙𝑦
𝐴 𝐴
𝑝
Pressure Head 𝑦=
𝜌∙𝑔

p= Pressure [Pa=N/m2]
𝜌= fluid density [Kg/m3]
𝑔= earths gravity [m/s2]
𝑦= distance surface to point [m]

𝜌𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 [Kg/m3]

𝜌𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1025 [Kg/m3]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_head

Potential Head 𝑧
𝑧= height above datum [m]

Piezometric Head 𝑧1 + 𝑦1 = 𝑧2 + 𝑦2
𝑧= height above datum [m]
𝑦= distance surface to point [m]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometric_head

𝑢2
Velocity Head (3)
2∙𝑔

𝑢 = Fluid Velocity [m/s]

𝑔 = earths gravity [m/s2]

3
Visualisation flow, streamlines, streaklines, streamtube
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamlines,_streaklines,_and_pathlines

Flow rate / Discharge [4] 𝑄 =𝑢∙𝐴

𝑄 = Flow rate [m3/s]
𝑢 = Fluid Velocity [m/s]
𝐴 = Wetted Area [m2]

In hydrology, the discharge or outflow of a river is the volume of water transported by it in a certain
amount of time. Has to do with the outflow of a catchment area.
The flow rate in fluid dynamics and hydrometry, is the volume of fluid which passes through a given
surface per unit time.

Wetted Area of a filled pipe A  1/ 4    D2

𝐴 = Wetted Area [m2]
𝐷 = Diameter pipe [m2]

Continuity equation 𝑢1 ∙ 𝐴1 = 𝑢2 ∙ 𝐴2 = 𝑢3 ∙ 𝐴3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

(Principle of conservation of mass)

Total Head or Bernoulli’s Equation

Mechanical energy 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝐸𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝑑 + 12𝑚 ∙ 𝑢2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐸 = Energie [J=Nm] 𝑚∙𝑔
= 𝑑 + 2𝑔 = 𝑚∙𝑔
𝑝
𝑑 =𝑧+𝑦 =𝑧+ [𝑚]
𝜌∙𝑔
𝑢2
Total Head / Energy [m] 𝐻 =𝑦+𝑧+
2∙𝑔

p
y= = Pressure Head [m]
ρ∙g
𝑧 = Potential Head [m]
u2
2g
= Velocity Head [m]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_head

4
 𝑢12 𝑢22
Bernoulli’s Equation 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 + = 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 + = 𝐻 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑢12 𝑢22
Modified Bernoulli’s Equation 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 + = 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 + + ∆𝐻1−2
2𝑔 2𝑔

p
y = ρ∙g = Pressure Head [m]
𝑧 = Potential Head [m]
2
u
2g
= Velocity Head [m]
∆𝐻 = Head Loss [m]
𝑔 = earths gravity [m/s2]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_Principle

Momentum equation 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌 ∙ 𝑄(𝑉2𝑥 − 𝑉1𝑥 )

𝐹= Force [N]
𝜌= fluid density [Kg/m3]
𝑄= Flow rate [m3/s]
𝑉1 = Mean velocity before [m/s]
𝑉2 = Mean velocity after [m/s]

Pitot 𝑢 = 2√2𝑔 ∙ ℎ
𝑢 = Fluid Velocity [m/s]
𝑔 = earths gravity [m/s2]
h = Difference in pressure [m]

Discharge small orifice 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑣 ∙ 𝐶𝑐 ∙ 𝐴0 ∙ 2√2𝑔 ∙ ℎ

𝑄= Flow rate [m3/s]
𝐴= Wetted Area [m2]
𝐶𝑣 = velocity coefficient (0,97-0,99) [-]
𝐶𝑐 = contraction coefficient (0,61-0,66) [-]
𝑔= earths gravity [m/s2]
h= Difference in pressure [m]
2 3 3
2
Discharge large orifice 𝑄 = ∙ 𝑏 ∙ √2𝑔 ∙ (ℎ22 − ℎ12 )
3

𝑄= Flow rate [m3/s]

𝑏= Width orifice [m2]
𝑔= earths gravity [m/s2]
h1 = Difference in pressure from top [m]
h2 = Difference in pressure from bottom [m]

5
Turbulent and Laminar flow, Reynolds Number
𝜇
Kinematic viscosity 𝜐=
𝜌

𝜇 = Absolute viscosity [kg/ms]

𝜐 = Kinematic viscosity [m2/s] water, 20°C= 1,00 ∙ 10−6
𝜌 = Density of liquid [kg/m3]

𝑢.𝑙
Reynolds Number, basic 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜈

𝑢= velocity [m/s]
𝜐= Kinematic viscosity [m2/s] water, 20°C= 1,00 ∙ 10−6
𝑙= Length fluid / surface [m]
𝑅𝑒 = Reynolds Number [1]

𝜌∙𝑉∙𝐷 𝑉∙𝐷
Reynolds Number, filled pipe 𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇 𝜈

𝑉.4∙𝑅
Reynolds Number, other 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜈

𝜇= Absolute viscosity [kg/ms]

𝜐= Kinematic viscosity [m2/s] water, 20°C= 1,00 ∙ 10−6
𝜌= Density of liquid [kg/m3]
𝑉= Mean velocity [m/s]
D= Hydraulic diameter= 4*R [m]
R= Hydraulic Radius = D/4 [m]
𝑅𝑒 = Reynolds Number [1]

𝑅𝑒 > 4000 Turbulent flow

𝑅𝑒 < 2000 Laminar flow

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity#Kinematic_viscosity

𝐴
Hydraulic Radius 𝑅=
𝑃

R = Hydraulic Radius [m]

𝐴 = Wetted Area [m2]
𝑃 = Wetter Perimeter [m]
1
𝐴 ∙𝜋∙𝐷 2
Hydraulic radius of a filled pipe 𝑅 = 𝑃 = 4 𝜋∙𝐷 = 14 ∙ 𝐷 [𝑚]

1 1
𝐴 ∙𝜋∙𝐷 2
Hydraulic radius of a 50% filled pipe 𝑅=𝑃= 2
1 ∙ 4 𝜋∙𝐷 = 14 ∙ 𝐷 [𝑚]
2

6
Hydraulic Diameter 𝐷 =4∙𝑅
R = Hydraulic Radius [m]
𝐷 = Hydraulic Diameter [m]

Laminar flow in pipes and closed conduits

32∙𝜇∙𝐿∙𝑉
Frictional head loss (laminar flow) ℎ𝑓 =
𝜌∙𝑔∙𝐷2

ℎ𝑓 = frictional head loss [m]

𝜇= Absolute viscosity [kg/ms]
𝐿= Length between the Head Loss [m]
𝑉= mean velocity [m/s]
D= Hydraulic Diameter [m]
𝜌= Density of liquid [kg/m3]
𝑔= earths gravity [m/s2]

4∙𝜇∙𝑉
Wall shear stress (laminar flow) 𝜏0=
𝑅

τ0 = shear stress at solid boundary [N/m2]

𝜇= Absolute viscosity [kg/ms]
𝑉= mean velocity [m/s]
R= Hydraulic Radius [m]

Turbulent flow in pipes and closed conduits

𝑢 2
Head loss / Energy loss ∆𝐻 = 𝜉 ∙ 2𝑔

∆𝐻 = Head Loss [m]

𝑢2
= Velocity Head [m]
2g
𝜉 = Loss coefficient [1]
𝑔 = earths gravity [m/s2]

Frictional head losses

𝐿 𝑢2 𝑢2
Darcy-Weisbach ∆𝐻𝑓 = 𝜆 ∙ ∙ = 𝜉𝑓 ∙
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔

∆𝐻𝑓 = Head Loss due to friction [m]

𝜆 = Friction coefficient [1]
𝑢2
2g
= Velocity Head [m]
D = Hydraulic Diameter 4R [m]
𝐿 = Length between the Head Loss [m]
𝑔 = earths gravity [m/s2]

7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy%E2%80%93Weisbach_equation

1 𝑘𝑠 2,51
Colebrook-White transition formula = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( + )
√𝜆 3,70∙𝐷 Re∙ √𝜆

𝜆= Friction coefficient [1]

D= Hydraulic Diameter [m]
kS = surface roughness [m]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_friction_factor_formulae

Colebrook-White and Darcy Weisbach

𝑘𝑠 2,51∙υ ℎ𝑓
𝑉 = −2√2𝑔 ∙ 𝐷 ∙ 𝑆𝑓 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( + ) with 𝑆𝑓 =
3,70∙𝐷 D √2𝑔∙𝐷∙𝑆𝑓 𝐿

𝑉= mean velocity [m/s]

D= Hydraulic Diameter [m]
kS = surface roughness [m]
𝜐= Kinematic viscosity [kg/ms] water, 20°C= 1,00 ∙ 10−6
Sf = slope of hydraulic gradient [-]
hf = frictional head loss [m]
𝐿= Length between the Head Loss [m]
𝑔= earths gravity [m/s2]

8
Local head losses

(𝑉1 −𝑉2 )2
Sudden Pipe Enlargement ∆𝐻𝑙 =
2𝑔
𝐴 2 𝑉2 𝐴1 2
∆𝐻𝑙 = (1 − 𝐴1 ) ∙ 2𝑔1 𝜉𝑙 = (1 − )
2 𝐴2

∆𝐻𝑙 = Head Loss due to sudden pipe enlargement [m]

𝜉𝑙 = Loss coefficient due to sudden pipe enlargement [1]
𝐴= Wetted Area [m2]
𝑉= Mean Fluid Velocity [m/s]
𝑔= earths gravity [m/s2]
1= Before enlargement
2= After enlargement

2 2
Sudden Pipe Contraction ∆𝐻𝑙 = (𝐴𝐴1 − 1) ∙ 2𝑔
𝑉2
2
𝐴1 ≅ 0,6 ∙ 𝐴2

𝑉22
∆𝐻𝑙 = 0,44 ∙
2𝑔
∆𝐻𝑙 = Head Loss due to sudden pipe contraction [m]
𝑉 = Mean Fluid Velocity after sudden pipe contraction [m/s]
𝑔 = earths gravity [m/s2]

𝐴1
Tapered Pipe Enlargement 𝜉𝑡 = 𝑛 ∙ ( − 1)2
𝐴2

∆𝐻𝑡 = Head Loss due to tapered pipe enlargement [m]

𝜉𝑠 = Loss coefficient due to tapered pipe enlargement [1]
𝐴= Wetted Area [m2]
1= Before enlargement
2= After enlargement
𝑛= factor which depends on the widening angel α

9
 𝑣1 2
Submerged Pipe Outlet ∆𝐻𝑜 = 1 ∙
2𝑔

∆𝐻𝑜 = Head Loss due to submerged pipe outlet [m]

𝑣1 = Mean Fluid Velocity before pipe outlet [m/s]
𝜉𝑜 = 1 Loss coefficient due to submerged pipe outlet [1]
𝑔 = earths gravity [m/s2]

𝑣2
Pipe Bends ∆𝐻𝑏 = 𝜉𝑏 ∙
2𝑔

∆𝐻𝑏 = Head Loss due to pipe bend [m]

𝑣 = Mean Fluid Velocity [m/s]
𝜉𝑏 = Loss coefficient due to pipe bend [1]
𝑔 = earths gravity [m/s2]

Tabel 4.5 only applies for α = 90o and a smooth pipe.

With α = 90o and a rough pipe, increase ξ with 100%

With α = 45o use 75% ξ900

With α = 22,5o use 50% ξ900

Smooth and rough pipes are explained further on.

10
Partially full pipes
1 2 2∙ℎ 𝐷 2
𝐴𝑝 (ℎ) = ∙ 𝐷 ∙ arccos(1 − ) − ( − ℎ) ∙ √ℎ ∙ 𝐷 − ℎ2
4 𝐷 2
1 2 2∙ℎ
4 ∙ 𝐷 ∙ arccos (1 − 𝐷 ) 𝐷
𝑅𝑝 (ℎ) = 2 − ( − ℎ)
√ℎ ∙ 𝐷 − ℎ2 2

𝐴𝑝 = Wetted Area partially filled pipe [m2]

𝑅𝑝 = Hydraulic radius partially filled pipe [m]
h= water level partially filled pipe [m]
D= Diameter pipe [m]

Culverts
v 2c
Culvert submerged 1 ΔΗ tot  ξ tot 
2g
 tot  (ξ i  ξ w  ξ u  ....)
2
1 
 i    1
 
l
w   
4R
u  1

∆𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 = Total Head Loss Culvert [m]

𝜉𝑡𝑜𝑡 = Sum of Loss coefficients [1]
𝑣𝑐 = Mean Fluid Velocity Culvert [m/s]
𝜉𝑖 = Loss coefficient due to contraction [1]
𝜉𝑤 = Loss coefficient due to friction [1]
𝜉𝑜 = Loss coefficient due to outlet [1]
𝜇 = Contraction coefficient [1]
𝑔 = earths gravity [m/s2]
𝜆 = Friction coefficient [1]
R = Hydraulic Radius [m]
𝑙 = Length between the Head Loss [m]

11
Culvert submerged 2 q  m  Ac  2 g  H tot
1
m
 tot
q= Flow rate Culvert [m3/s]
𝑚= Discharge coefficient [m]
𝐴= Wetted Area Culvert [m2]
∆𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 = Total Head Loss Culvert [m]
𝜉𝑡𝑜𝑡 = Sum of Loss coefficients [1]
𝑔= earths gravity [m/s2]

Culvert partly submerged

Free flow broad crested weir
(Volkomen lange overlaat) h3  23 H
3
qv  cv  b  H 2

q= Discharge Culvert [m3/s]

b= Width weir [m]
cv=discharge coefficient free flow broad crested weir [m1/2/s]
H= Head Loss upstream [m]
h3 = Water level downstream [m]

Submerged flow broad crested weir

(Onvolkomen lange overlaat) h3  23 H
qv  col  b  h3  2 g  ( H  h3 )
1
col 
 tot
q= Discharge Culvert [m3/s]
b= Width weir [m]
col=discharge coefficient submerged flow broad crested weir [1]
H= Head Loss upstream [m]
h3 = Water level downstream [m]

Total head (H) and water level (h) measured from crest weir (bed culvert)

12
Open channel flow

𝑄 𝑉1 𝐴1 + 𝑉2 𝐴2 + 𝑉3 𝐴3
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = =
𝐴 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3

Frictional head losses, turbulent flow

Mean boundary shear stress 𝜏0 = 𝜌 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝑅 ∙ 𝑆0
τ0 = shear stress at solid boundary [N/m2]
R = Hydraulic Radius [m]
𝑆0 = Slope of channel bed [1]

Chezy 𝑉 = 𝐶 ∙ √𝑅 ∙ 𝑆𝑓

𝑉 = Mean Fluid Velocity [m/s]

R = Hydraulic Radius [m]
𝑆𝑓 = Hydraulic gradient [1]
8𝑔
𝐶 = √ 𝜆 Chezy coefficient [m1/2/s]

13
 2 1
𝑅 3 ∙𝑆02
Manning 𝑉=
𝑛
5
1
1 𝐴3
𝑄= ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑆02
𝑛
𝑃3
𝑉= Mean Fluid Velocity [m/s]
R= Hydraulic Radius [m]
𝑆0 = bed slope [1]
𝐴= Wetted Area [m2]
𝑃= Wetter Perimeter [m]
1
1/3 𝑅6
𝑛 = Mannings roughness coefficient [s/m ] 𝐶 = 𝑛

𝑉2
Specific energy 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑦 +
2𝑔

𝑉 = Mean Fluid Velocity [m/s]

p
y= ρ∙g
= Pressure Head / water depth [m]

α and β coefficient (caused by velocity distribution) assumed as 1

𝑉2
𝐸𝑠 = 𝑦 + 𝛼 ∙
2𝑔

3 𝑞2
Equilibrium / normal depth [m] 𝑦𝑛 = √ 2 2 𝑆0 = 𝑆𝑓
𝑏 ∙𝐶 ∙𝑆 0

yn = normal depth [m]

q= discharge [m3/s]
b= width [m]
𝑆0 = bed slope [1]
𝑆𝑓 = Hydraulic gradient caused by friction [1]
8𝑔
𝐶 = √ 𝜆 Chezy coefficient [m1/2/s]

1−𝐹𝑟 2
Backwater, direct step method ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦 ∙ ( )
𝑆0 −𝑆𝑓

Δx= horizontal distance from point [m]

Δy= waterdepth [m]
Fr = Froude number [-]
𝑆0 = bed slope [1]
𝑆𝑓 = Hydraulic gradient caused by friction [1]

14
Subcritical and Supercritical flow
3 𝑄2
Critical depth [m] 𝑦𝑐 = √
𝑔∙𝐵2

Critical velocity [m/s] 𝑉𝑐 = 2√𝑔 ∙ 𝑦𝑐

𝑉 𝑉
Froude Number 𝐹𝑟 = 2 =
√𝑔∙𝑦𝑐 𝑉𝑐

yc = critical depth [m]

Q= discharge [m3/s]
B= width [m]
Vc = critical velocity [m/s]
V= actual velocity [m/s]
Fr = Froude number [-]

Subcritical flow Fr < 1 V < Vc

Supercritical flow Fr > 1 V > Vc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froude_number

(𝑦2 −𝑦1 )3
Energy loss hydraulic jump ∆𝐸 =
4∙𝑦1 ∙𝑦2

ΔH = Energy loss hydraulic jump [m]

y1= depth supercritical flow [m]
Y2= depth subcritical flow [m]

𝑔∙𝑛2
Critical bed slope 𝑆𝑐 = 1
𝑦𝑐3

Sc = critical bed slope [-]

yc = critical depth [m]
𝑛 = Mannings roughness coefficient [s/m1/3]

15
Hydraulic structures
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir

2 3
2
Thin plate (sharp crested weirs) 𝑄𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = ∙ 𝑏 ∙ √2𝑔 ∙ ℎ12
3

3
2 2 ℎ1
Rehbock formula Q= ∙ √2𝑔 ∙ (0.602 + 0.083 ∙ ) ∙ 𝑏 ∙ (ℎ1 + 0.0012)2
3 𝑃𝑠
30𝑚𝑚 < ℎ1 < 750 𝑚𝑚, 𝑏 > 300 𝑚𝑚, 𝑃𝑠 > 100 𝑚𝑚, ℎ1 < 𝑃𝑠
Q= discharge [m3/s]
b= width [m]
h1 = pressure above crest [m]
Ps = crest height [m]

2 5
8 𝜃
Vee weirs 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 ∙ ∙ √2𝑔 ∙ tan( ) ∙ ℎ12
15 2

Q= discharge [m3/s]
𝐶𝑑 = discharge coefficient [-] θ=90°, Cd=0.59
h1 = pressure above crest [m]
θ= angle vee [°]

3
2
Rectangular broad crested weir 𝑄𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 1.705 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝐻1
ℎ1 ℎ1
Ackers 𝐶𝑓 ≅ 0.91 + 0.21 ∙ + 0.24 ∙ ( − 0.35)
𝐿 ℎ1 +𝑃𝑠

ℎ1 ℎ1
0.45 < < 0.8, 0.35 < < 0.6
𝐿 ℎ1 + 𝑃𝑠
Q= discharge [m3/s]
b= width [m]
h1 = pressure above crest [m]
Ps = crest height [m]
L= length weir [m]
Cf = friction coefficient [-]

2 3
2𝑔 2
Discharge broad-crested weir 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 ∙ 𝐶𝑣 ∙ ∙ √ ∙ 𝑏 ∙ ℎ2
3 3

Q = discharge [m3/s]
b = width [m]
𝐶𝑣 = velocity coefficient ) [-]
𝐶𝑑 = discharge coefficient [-]
h = water pressure above crest [m]

16
 3
2
Venturi flume 𝑄 = 1.705 ∙ 𝑏2 ∙ 𝐶𝑑 ∙ 𝐶𝑣 ∙ 𝑦1
Q= discharge [m3/s]
b= width [m]
𝐶𝑣 = velocity coefficient ) [-]
𝐶𝑑 = discharge coefficient [-]
y1 = pressure above crest [m]

Sewers
𝑄2
Filled pipes ∆𝐻 = 𝐿 ∙
𝐶 2 ∙𝑅∙𝐴2

∆𝐻 = Head Loss, energy loss [m]

Q = discharge pipe [m3/s]
L = length of the pipe [m]
C = Chezy coefficient [m1/2/s]
R = Hydraulic Radius [m]
A = Wetted Area, flow surface [m2]
12𝑅
Chezy coefficient 𝐶 = 18 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ]
𝑘

C = Chezy coefficient [m1/2/s]

R = Hydraulic Radius [m]
kS = surface roughness [m]

∆𝐻
Energy Gradient [-] 𝑆𝑓 = 𝑖 =
𝐿

Sf ,i = slope of hydraulic gradient [-]

L = length [m]
∆𝐻 = Head Loss, energy loss [m]

17
 3
Overflows 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝐵 ∙ 𝐻2
Q= discharge overflow [m3/s]
m= runoff coefficient (1,5 – 1,8) [m1/2/s]
B= Width crest overflow [m]
H= Head at overflow [m]
measured from top crest!!

18