ORGANOGÉNESIS

PAOLA ESCOBAR RAMOS

MSC. CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS
BIÓLOGA
DOCENTE
 ORGANOGÉNESIS
➤ Mayor reorganización del embrión, al final de la neurula
➤ Eje del cuerpo, polaridad animal – vegetal sustituida por la
simetría bilateral
➤ Eje anterior y posterior
➤ Diferenciación de las capas germinales:
➤ Ectodermo: sistema nervioso y piel
➤ Endodermo: epitelio del tubo digestivo y respiratorio
➤ Mesodermo: sistema esquelético, muscular, circulatorio y
tejido conjuntivo
➤ Capas germinales daran origen a los órganos, ORGANOGÉNESIS
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ORGANOGÉNESIS
Page 178

Gastrula Neurula Organogenesis

Epidermis Epidermis
Epidermal Stomodeum Mouth (anterior)
ectoderm Proctodeum Cloacal opening
Extraembryonic membranes
Forebrain Telencephalon Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon Thalamus
General Neural plate Midbrain Mesencephalon Optic lobes
ectoderm ectoderm Hindbrain Metencephalon Cerebellum
Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord Spinal cord Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Neural crest Ectomesenchyme
ectoderm Visceral skeleton
Cranial muscles
Teeth (part)
Other

Dermatome Dermis
Epimere Somite Myotome Axial and limb musculature
Sclerotome Vertebral column
Pronephric tubules
Mesomere
General Pronephric duct Kidney and
(intermediate Nephrotome
mesoderm Mesonephric tubules urogenital ducts
mesoderm)
Renal cortex
Fin/Limb bud Paired appendages
 Diencephalon Thalamus
General Neural plate Midbrain Mesencephalon Optic lobes
ectoderm ectoderm Hindbrain Metencephalon Cerebellum
Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata

Neural crest
Spinal cord
ORGANOGÉNESIS
Peripheral nervous system
Spinal cord Spinal cord

Ectomesenchyme
ectoderm Visceral skeleton
Cranial muscles
Teeth (part)
Other

Dermatome Dermis
Epimere Somite Myotome Axial and limb musculature
Sclerotome Vertebral column
Pronephric tubules
Mesomere
General Pronephric duct Kidney and
(intermediate Nephrotome
mesoderm Mesonephric tubules urogenital ducts
mesoderm)
Renal cortex
Fin/Limb bud Paired appendages
Somatic hypomere Parietal peritoneum Peritoneum
Genital ridge Gonads
Hypomere
(lateral plate) Blood vascular Heart, vessels
Mesentery Mesenteries
Splanchnic hypomere
Extraembryonic
membranes

Mouth (posterior) Mouth (posterior)

Pharynx and derivatives
Foregut Pharyngeal pouches
Posterior foregut Esophagus Esophagus
Lung buds Tracheal tube
Stomach Stomach
General Liver diverticulum Liver/gallbladder
Midgut Midgut
 Renal cortex
Fin/Limb bud Paired appendages
Somatic hypomere Parietal peritoneum Peritoneum
Genital ridge Gonads
Hypomere
(lateral plate)
ORGANOGÉNESIS
Splanchnic hypomere
Blood vascular
Mesentery
Heart, vessels
Mesenteries
Extraembryonic
membranes

Mouth (posterior) Mouth (posterior)

Pharynx and derivatives
Foregut Pharyngeal pouches
Posterior foregut Esophagus Esophagus
Lung buds Tracheal tube
Stomach Stomach
General Liver diverticulum Liver/gallbladder
Midgut Midgut
endoderm Pancreas Pancreas
Intestine Small and large intestines
Hindgut Allantois Urinary bladder
Hindgut
Urogenital sinus Cloaca

FIGURE 5.17 Organogenesis. The three primary germ layers are delineated during gastrulation and neurulation.Thereafter,
they become differentiated into various body regions, and these regions produce the major organs of the vertebrate body.The embryonic
origin of each organ or part of an organ can be traced back to these specific germ layers. In general, ectoderm produces the skin and
nervous system; mesoderm the skeleton, muscle, and circulatory system; and endoderm the digestive tract and its visceral derivatives.
 ORGANOGÉNESIS
➤ Dos capas germinativas originan un órgano, por eje:
➤ Tubo digestivo: endodermo y mesodermo
Endodermo: epitelio interno y la capa secretora
Mesodermo: musculo liso y capas externas
➤ Papel cooperativo del mesodermo con el endodermo y
ectodermo
 HISTOGÉNESIS
➤ Espacio extracelular, ambiente inmediato alrededor de la
celula
➤ Matriz extracelular
➤ Células asociadas a manera de hojas, capas o grupos
➤ Conjunto de células especializadas con función común
➤ Tejido
➤ Clivaje (capas germinativas) diferenciación de los tejidos
➤ Histogénesis
➤ Epitelio, tejido conectivo o conjuntivo, muscular y nervioso
 EPITELIO
➤ Proviene del ectodermo epidermal
➤ Epitelio formado por epidermis y dermis
➤ De naturaleza y origen diferentes
➤ Epidermis es delgada. Se hallan pelos, plumas o glándulas
➤ Dermis es gruesa, fibrosa y uniforme
➤ La piel en peces y anfibios: provista de elementos glandulares
➤ Puede existir melanina
➤ Anfibios y vertebrados terrestres la piel cambia por la pérdida
de agua
 EPITELIO
➤ Anfibios y vertebrados terrestres la piel cambia por la pérdida
de agua
➤ Se tornó seca e impermeable
➤ En los vertebrados superiores, epitelio rico en queratina
➤ Engrosamiento de la capa córnea: verrugas (Anfibios)
almohadillas en la base de los dedos (vertebrados
terrestres)
 EPITELIO
➤ En los vertebrados superiores, epitelio rico en queratina
➤ Crestas de fricción (Primates)
➤ Relieves contorneados
 connecting ducts (figure 6.12b). The mucous glands tend to
be smaller, each being made up of a little cluster of cells that
Mucus release their product into a common duct. The poison glands
Dermis gland
(granular glands) tend to be larger and often contain stored
secretions within the lumen of each gland. Secretions of poison

Muscle
EPITELIO glands tend to be distasteful or even toxic to predators. How-
ever, few persons handling amphibians are bothered by this
secretion, nor need they be concerned, because it is potentially
harmful only if eaten or injected into the bloodstream.
Chromatophores may occasionally be found in the
amphibian epidermis, but most reside in the dermis. Capil-
➤ En los vertebrados superiores, epitelio rico en queratina (a)
lary beds, restricted to the dermis in most vertebrates, reach
hic09617_ch28.qxd 6/7/00into thePM
1:10 lower part
Page of the epidermis in amphibians, a feature
564
serving cutaneous respiration.

Escamas o escudos córneos (Reptiles)

kar24239_ch06_212-239.qxd 12/22/10 3:43 PM Page 224 Stratum Leydig cell
Reptiles
➤ corneum
The skin of reptiles reflects their greater commitment to a
Transitional
layer Epidermis
564 terrestrial
PART 3 existence.
The Diversity Keratinization
of Animal Life is much more extensive,
and skin glands are fewer than in amphibians. Scales are
Plumas (Aves)
Stratum

➤ basale
Mucous
Chromatophore present, but these are fundamentally different from the der-
mal scales of fishes, which are built around bone of dermal
gland Poison
gland Dermis origin. The reptilian scale usually lacks the bony undersup-
port or any significant structural contribution from the der-
mis. Instead, it is a fold in the surface epidermis, hence, an
Scale
epidermal scale. The junction between adjacent epidermal
(b)
scales is the flexible hinge (figure 6.13a). If the epidermal
Epidermis
scale is large and platelike, it is sometimes termed a scute.
FIGURE 6.12 Amphibian skin. (a) Section through an
adult frog skin.A basal stratum basale and a thin, superficial
Additionally, epidermal scales may be modified into crests,
stratum corneum are present.The transitional layer between spines, or hornlike processes. Dermis
them includes a stratum spinosum and a stratum granulosum. Although not usually associated with scales, dermal
(b) Diagrammatic view of amphibian skin showing mucous and bone is present in many reptiles. The gastralia, a collection
poison glands that empty their secretions through short ducts to of bones in the abdominal area, are examples. Where dermal
the surface of thePulp
epidermis. bones support Melanophores
Osteoderm the epidermis, theyFlexible
are called
hinge osteoderms,
caps
shed Figure 28-3
Section of the skin of a reptile showing the overlapping epidermal scales.

Embryo
Feather Sheath
filament slough
Leathery shell
Layers:
Outer
Skin Chorion
Dermal Hinge Inner
Hinge surface Epidermis
core Basal
Feather Dermis
follicle Allantois
Rest Renewel Shed Rest
(a) Dermal (b)
papilla Yolk sac
(a) (b) (c)
FIGURE 6.13 Reptile(d)skin. (a) Epidermal scales. Extent of projection and overlap of epidermal scales varies among reptiles and
even along the body of the same individual. Snake body scales (top) and tubercular scales of many lizards (bottom) are illustrated. Between
FIGURE 6.16 Feather growth. Molting and developmental scalessequence of feather
is a thinned area ofreplacement.
epidermis, a(a) The old
“hinge” featherskin
allowing is shed (molt),(b) Skin shedding. Just before the old outer layer of epidermis is
flexibility.
and a new feather filament soon grows out of the follicle as a result of the
shed, cell basal
proliferation at its base.
cells produce (b, c)epidermal
an inner Successivegeneration.White
stages in spathe blood cells collect in the splitting zone to promote separation of new
development. Note that some tissues necessary for initial development
from old (sheath,
outerpulp caps) now lose this function and are sloughed off as
epidermis.
 EPITELIO
➤ Células muy unidas y con poca matriz extracelular (ME)
➤ El epitelio está formado por: la Capa Basal y la Superficie
Apical
➤ Capa basal, base del epitelio y se compone por dos
estructuras:
➤ Lámina basal, derivada del tejido epitelial
➤ Lámina reticular, derivada del tejido conectivo
➤ Superficie apical o luz, es la cara opuesta a la capa basal
membrana basal
➤ Células epiteliales con polaridad distinta
EPITELIO
➤ Superficie apical o lumen
➤ Polaridad distinta
➤ Secreción o exocitosis
➤ Endocitosis
➤ Microvellosidades o cilios
➤ Membrana basal, ancla las
células en hojas
➤ Barrera selectiva
➤ Regula comportamiento,
señalización
EPITELIO

➤ Dos tipos de epitelio:

➤ Laminar y glandular
➤ Epitelio de revestimiento
(cavidades del cuerpo,
conductos o vasos sanguíneos)
EPITELIO

➤ Glándula, células
especializadas
➤ Tejido glandular
➤ Gl. Exocrina
➤ Gl. Endocrinas
➤ Mayoría de las células: mucus
o mucosal
➤ Reconocimiento celular
EPITELIO: TIPOS Y FUNCIONES DE LAS SECRECIONES

PARACRINA

ENDOCRINA AUTOCRINA
 TEJIDO CONECTIVO
➤ Hueso, cartílago, tejido conectivo fibroso, adiposo y
sanguíneo.
➤ Variedad de funciones en diferentes contextos:
➤ Adiposo: almacén de lípidos
➤ Hueso y cartílago: sostén
➤ Sangre: transporte de gases
➤ Definido por:
➤ Funcionalidad
➤ Tipos de células
 TEJIDO CONECTIVO
➤ Si se aislan cada célula se denota gran cantidad ME
➤ Excepto tejido adiposo
➤ Consistencia del ME determina:
➤ Propiedades físicas
➤ Rol
➤ Por ejemplo: ME del tejido óseo, dura
➤ ME de la sangre, líquida
 TEJIDO CONECTIVO
➤ Tipos de tejido conectivo: General y Especial
➤ Tejido conectivo general, distribuido en todo el cuerpo. Forma
mas común, conectivo fibroso
➤ Refuerzan los epitelios de muchos órganos corporales
➤ Tendones
➤ Ligamentos
➤ Dermis
➤ Fibroblastos y ME rico en proteínas
 TEJIDO CONECTIVO
➤ Tipos de tejido conectivo: General y Especial
➤ Tejido conectivo especial: hueso, cartílago, sangre y tejido
hematopoyético
➤ Dos tipos de tejido hematopoyético
➤ Mieloide: parte interna del hueso
➤ Linfoide: bazo
 TEJIDO CONECTIVO
➤ Tejidos conectivos, pueden mineralizarse o endurecerse
➤ Fe, Mg y Ca, se depositan en la ME
➤ Esmalte, dentina y ganoina
➤ Mineralización especial: calcificación
➤ Carbonato de calcio, invertebrados
➤ Fosfato de calcio, vertebrados
➤ Mineralización especial: osificación exclusiva de los
vertebrados. Fosfato de calcio se deposita en la matriz
orgánica
 TEJIDO CONECTIVO: CARTÍLAGO
➤ Cartílago hialino: sustancia flexible de aspecto translúcido y
vítreo
➤ Condrocitos
➤ Condroitin sulfato
➤ Sin vasos sanguíneos
➤ ME, colágeno
➤ Duro pero flexible
➤ Tiburones, cartílago calcificado (sales de Ca en la matriz del
cartílago)
➤ El cartílago es abundante en el embrión y en el animal joven
 TEJIDO CONECTIVO: HUESO

➤ Osteocitos, equilibrio
➤ Osteoblastos, genesis del hueso
➤ Osteoclastos, renuevan hueso existente
➤ Fosfato de calcio
➤ Con vasos sanguíneos, tejido vascular (Médula ósea)
 TEJIDO MUSCULAR
➤ Tendón, extremo de los músculos
➤ Células largas o fibras musculares
➤ Cilíndricas y multinucleadas
➤ Paralelas
➤ 5 y 10 μm
➤ Mioblastos
➤ Se fusionan, miotubos
TEJIDO MUSCULAR
➤ Miotubos se diferencian en un
fibra muscular madura o
miofibra
➤ Miofibrilla, subunidades de las
miofibras
➤ Series repetidas de sarcómeros
➤ Sarcómeros unidades
funcionales del músculo
estriado
TEJIDO MUSCULAR
➤ Tres tipos de fibras
➤ Lisas, estriadas y cardiaca
➤ Fibras lisas: tubo digestivo,
tráquea, bronquios y vejiga
➤ Fibras cardíacas
➤ Fibras estriadas: ampliamente
distribuidas en el cuerpo
➤ El trabajo de las fibras
depende de la cantidad de
mitocondria
 TABLE 5.2 Neural Crest Derivatives
CRESTAS NEURALES
Peripheral nervous system
Including dorsal root (spinal) and autonomic ganglia, and their
postganglionic neurons
➤ Evolución de los vertebrados
Hormone-producing cells
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla ➤ Gran variedad de estructuras
Calcitonin cells
Schwann cells
en el adulto, por ejemplo:
Parts of meninges
Branchial cartilage cells
➤ Células craneales
Chromatophore cells (except in retina and central nervous system)
Odontoblasts
➤ Células de Schwann
Dermis of facial region
➤ Celulas pigmentarias
Vasoreceptors
Sensory capsules and parts of neurocranium
➤ Células secretora de hormonas
Cephalic armor and derivatives (implied)
Heart
Connective tissue
➤ Cartílago
Smooth muscle of outflow septa
➤ Hueso de la mandibula inferior
thickenings of the surface ectoderm that sink inward to form
specific sensory receptors (figure 5.28). Sensory fibers of the
➤ Odontoblastos
spinal nerves departing from along the length of the spinal
cord arise embryologically from neural crest cells. Cranial
nerves arise from neural crest cells and ectodermal placodes in
the embryo. In fishes and amphibians, placodes contributing to
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PLACAS ECTODERMALES
Placas ectodermales diferentes
Otic Otic
placode vesicle ➤5.3 Placodes and Their Derivatives
TABLE
Placode Derivative
Lateral lines
Dorsolateral de las crestas
Lateral line Lateral line mechanoreceptors and electroreceptors
Optic placode Otic Vestibular apparatus
Dorsolateral
placodes
Cranial nerve
➤
Epibranchial
Pero con interacciones
Sensory nerve ganglia

embriológicas comunes
Cranial nerve Sensory nerve ganglia, VII, IX, X
Olfactory Sensory epithelium
Optic Lens of eye

Olfactory placode ➤ En vertebrados, la placas

ectodermicas membranesoriginan
Brain
most of the extraembryonic of amniotes, but
Cranial have yolk sacs.
Epibranchial
nerve
receptores
Extraembryonic sensoriales
membranes appear early and continue
placodes to enlarge throughout development, keeping pace with the
enlarging metabolic needs of the growing embryo. At birth or
Olfactory epithelium hatching, the young individual breaks free of these mem-
branes and must depend on its own internal organs to meet
FIGURE 5.28 Ectodermal placodes in a its nutritional (digestive tract) and respiratory (lungs) needs.
representative vertebrate. There are two paired sets of The four extraembryonic membranes and their origins in
ectodermal placodes, the dorsolateral and the epibranchial reptiles, birds, and mammals are summarized in table 5.4 and
placodes, as well as the olfactory and the optic placodes.All form discussed in detail in the following subsections.
sensory organs or receptors.
Reptiles and Birds
origin. Although integrated harmoniously in the adult, In birds and generally in reptiles, the extraembryonic mem-
these unique derivatives distinguish vertebrates from all branes form soon after the basic germ layers are established.
other chordates. The germ layers that contribute to the extraembryonic mem-
brane are continuous with the germ layers from the body of
Extraembryonic Membranes the embryo, but they spread outward, extending away from
the embryo. The bilaminar splanchnopleure of endoderm
While the embryo is in the ovary (teleosts) or during its and splanchnic mesoderm form one membrane sheet that
MEMBRANAS EMBRIONARIAS
➤ Provienen de las capas germinales y crecen alrededor del
embrión en desarrollo
➤ Función:
➤ Aislar productos de desecho
➤ Transporte de nutrientes
➤ Intercambio de gaseoso
➤ Crea un ambiente acuático donde el embrión flota sin que la
gravedad lo afecte
MEMBRANAS EMBRIONARIAS
➤ Amniotas, reptiles, aves,
mamíferos
➤ Amnio, bolsa cerrada llena
de líquido
➤ Corion, encierra todas las
estructuras embiológicas
➤ Alantoides, vejiga
embrionaria. Órgano
respiratorio
➤ Placenta,
➤ Anamniotas, peces y anfibios
pero con saco vitelino
 CELOMA
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➤ Peces, anfibios y reptiles

Coelomic fold

Cavidad pericardial, corazón

Coelom Pericardial cavity Lung bud
Pleuroperitoneal cavity
➤
Heart

Cavidad pleuroperitonial,
Liver Serosa Transverse
(a) Fish septum Liver Transverse
(d) Mammal (embryo)
septum ➤
vísceras
Pericardial
Pleuroperitoneal cavity Lung
cavity Serosa
Lung Pleural
cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Liver Serosa Heart
Transverse

Septum transversal, separa los

Scrotum
(b) Amphibian septum

Pericardial
➤
cavity

compartimientos
Pleuroperitoneal cavity Lung Pericardial cavity Liver Transverse septum
Diaphragm
Coelomic fold

Heart (e) Mammal (adult)

Liver Serosa Transverse

En algunos reptiles, los

septum
(c) Lizard
➤
FIGURE 5.34 Body cavities. The coelom, arising in the hypomere, becomes divided by a fibrous transverse septum into
pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities in fishes (a), amphibians (b), and most reptiles (c). In embryonic mammals, a coelomic fold grows
past the posterior face of the lung and makes contact with the transverse septum (d), thus separating the pleural cavity from the
peritoneal cavity.This fold subsequently becomes invested with muscle primordia and together with the transverse septum becomes the
pulmones se dividen, la
cavidad pleural
muscular prehepatic diaphragm of the adult (e). In the males of some species, a posterior extension of the coelom through the body wall
produces the scrotal pouch (scrotum) that receives the testes.

septum, it meets these large embryonic veins that subdi-

vide into the vascular sinusoids of the liver. As growth

Cocodrilos, tortugas y algunos

continues, the liver bulges from the confines of the trans- Lung
verse septum. The septum’s posterior wall becomes the
serosa covering the liver, and a constricted connection to Gut
Pleural cavity

Primary
➤
lagartos
the septum becomes the coronary ligament. In reptiles, bronchus
Pulmonary
the transverse septum generally lies oblique within the fold Thoracic
body rather than dorsoventrally. This results from its pos- air sac
terior shift to a position beneath the pleuroperitoneal
cavity that is situated dorsally. Lungs reside in the cranial Pleuroperitoneal
cavity
end of the pleuroperitoneal cavity, but they usually do
not become housed separately in their own coelomic
Serosa
compartments.
However, in some reptilian groups, each lung is Falciform
sequestered into a separate coelomic compartment, the ligament
Embryo Adult
pleural cavity. Pleural cavities form in crocodiles, turtles,
and some lizards as well as in birds and mammals, although FIGURE 5.35 Avian body cavities. Cross section of a
 CELOMA
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➤ Mamíferos, pliegue celomático

Coelom Pericardial cavity
Pleuroperitoneal cavity
Coelomic fold Lung bud (membrana pleuroperitonial)

(a) Fish
Liver Serosa
Heart
Transverse
septum Liver Transverse
➤ Pliegue celomático se fusiona
septum

con el septo transversal

(d) Mammal (embryo)
Pericardial
Pleuroperitoneal cavity Lung
cavity Serosa
Lung Pleural
cavity
Peritoneal cavity

Cada pulmón queda en su

Liver Serosa Heart

(b) Amphibian
Transverse
septum
Scrotum ➤
cavidad pleural
Pericardial
cavity
Pleuroperitoneal cavity Lung Pericardial cavity Liver Transverse septum
Diaphragm
Coelomic fold

Heart (e) Mammal (adult)

(c) Lizard
Liver Serosa Transverse
septum ➤ Pliegue celomático se
FIGURE 5.34 Body cavities. The coelom, arising in the hypomere, becomes divided by a fibrous transverse septum into
pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities in fishes (a), amphibians (b), and most reptiles (c). In embryonic mammals, a coelomic fold grows
musculariza, diafragma
past the posterior face of the lung and makes contact with the transverse septum (d), thus separating the pleural cavity from the
peritoneal cavity.This fold subsequently becomes invested with muscle primordia and together with the transverse septum becomes the
muscular prehepatic diaphragm of the adult (e). In the males of some species, a posterior extension of the coelom through the body wall
produces the scrotal pouch (scrotum) that receives the testes.

septum, it meets these large embryonic veins that subdi-

vide into the vascular sinusoids of the liver. As growth
continues, the liver bulges from the confines of the trans- Lung
Pleural cavity
verse septum. The septum’s posterior wall becomes the
serosa covering the liver, and a constricted connection to Gut Primary
the septum becomes the coronary ligament. In reptiles, bronchus
Pulmonary
the transverse septum generally lies oblique within the fold Thoracic
body rather than dorsoventrally. This results from its pos- air sac
terior shift to a position beneath the pleuroperitoneal
cavity that is situated dorsally. Lungs reside in the cranial Pleuroperitoneal
cavity
end of the pleuroperitoneal cavity, but they usually do
not become housed separately in their own coelomic
Serosa
compartments.
However, in some reptilian groups, each lung is Falciform
sequestered into a separate coelomic compartment, the ligament
Embryo Adult
pleural cavity. Pleural cavities form in crocodiles, turtles,
and some lizards as well as in birds and mammals, although FIGURE 5.35 Avian body cavities. Cross section of a