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Page1
Contents
2. LTEPhysical layer Basic concepts and processing procedures
--Basic concepts of physical layer and channel structure
Introduction
Random access
Page2
Downlink Physical Channel Processing
Logical
Channels RLC
Transport
MAC Channels
PHY
Physical
Channels Radio
Channel
Channel Channel
Bandwidth Bandwidth
Frequency
Uplink Downlink
Duplex Spacing
Page4
Comments1
A separate uplink and downlink channel are utilized,
enabling a device to transmit and receive data at the same
time (assuming the device incorporates a duplexer). The
spacing between the uplink and downlink channel is
referred to as the duplex spacing.
Page5
Comments 2
Normally the uplink channel (mobile transmit) operates on the lower
frequency. This is done because higher frequencies suffer greater
attenuation than lower frequencies and therefore it enables the
mobile to utilize lower transmit levels.
Page6
Transmission Modes
Time Division Duplex
Downlink
and Uplink
Asymmetric Frequency
TDD
Allocation
Page7
Comments
TDD mode enables full duplex operation using a single
frequency band and time division multiplexing the uplink
and downlink signals. One advantage of TDD is its ability
to provide asymmetrical uplink and downlink allocation.
Depending on the system, other advantages include
dynamic allocation, increased spectral efficiency, as well as
the improved use of beamforming techniques - this is due
to having the same uplink and downlink frequency
characteristics.
Page8
LTE Release 10 Bands
Band Duplex FDL_low(MHz) FDL_high(MHz) NOffs-DL NDL FUL_low(MHz) FUL_high(MHz) NOffs-UL NUL
1 FDD 2110 2170 0 0-599 1920 1980 18000 18000-18599
2 FDD 1930 1990 600 600-1199 1850 1910 18600 18600-19199
3 FDD 1805 1880 1200 1200-1949 1710 1785 19200 19200-19949
4 FDD 2110 2155 1950 1950-2399 1710 1755 19950 19950-20399
5 FDD 869 894 2400 2400-2649 824 849 20400 20400-20649
6 FDD 875 885 2650 2650-2749 830 840 20650 20650-20749
7 FDD 2620 2690 2750 2750-3449 2500 2570 20750 20750-21449
8 FDD 925 960 3450 3450-3799 880 915 21450 21450-21799
9 FDD 1844.9 1879.9 3800 3800-4149 1749.9 1784.9 21800 21800-22149
10 FDD 2110 2170 4150 4150-4749 1710 1770 22150 22150-22749
11 FDD 1475.9 1500.9 4750 4750-4999 1427.9 1452.9 22750 22750-22999
12 FDD 728 746 5000 5000-5179 698 716 23000 23000-23179
13 FDD 746 756 5180 5180-5279 777 787 23180 23180-23279
14 FDD 758 768 5280 5280-5379 788 798 23280 23280-23379
15,16 FDD Reserved Reserved
17 FDD 734 746 5730 5730-5849 704 716 23730 23730-23849
…
Page9
Comments
The LTERadio interface, namely the E-UTRA(Evolved - Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access), is able to operate in many different radio
bands. The table illustrates the Release 10 frequency bands as well as
other parameters which are used to identify centre frequencies. FDD
requires two centre frequencies, one for the downlink and one for the
uplink. These carrier frequencies are each given an EARFCN (E-UTRA
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number) which ranges from 0 to
65535. In contrast, TDD only has one EARFCN.
Page10
Carrier Frequency EARFCN
Calculation
FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL - NOffs-DL)
eNB
Page12
Carrier Frequency EARFCN Data
Configuration
(FDD) Band 3:
(↓) 1840~1860MHz
(EARFCN:1550~1750)
(↑) 1745-1765MHz
Page14
LTE Frame Structure( Type 1 FDD)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ts= 1/(15000x2048)
= 32.552083ns
Page15
Comments1
The type 1 radio frame structure is used for FDD and is
10ms in duration. It consists of 20 slots, each lasting
0.5ms. Two adjacent slots form one subframe of length
1ms. For FDD operation 10 subframes are available for
downlink transmission and 10 subframes are available for
uplink transmission, with each transmission separated in
the frequency domain.
Page16
Comments2
The figure illustrates the FDD frame structure, as well as highlighting
the slots and subframe concept. In addition, it illustrates how the slots
are numbered 0 to 19.
Sampling rate is 307200 per radio frame, Tsis the time of 1 sample
Page17
Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix
Radio Frame = 10ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ts
7 OFDM
Symbols (Normal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cyclic Prefix)
Ts
6 OFDM Symbols
(Extended Cyclic 0 1 2 3 4 5
Prefix)
CP(Cyclic
Prefix)
Page18
Comments
In LTE,it was chosen to have two different cyclic prefix sizes, namely
“Normal” and “Extended”. In order to facilitate these, two different
slot formats are available. The figure illustrates the 7 and 6 ODFM
symbol options. Obviously, to facilitate a larger cyclic prefix one of the
symbols is sacrificed, thus the symbol rate is reduced.
The use of the extended cyclic prefix is intended for scenarios when
the range of the cell needs to be extended, e.g. for planning purposes.
Extended CPcan solve more ISI so it can serve far users but consume
more resources.
Page19
Type 2 TDD Radio Frame
Special GP (Guard Period)
Subframe DwPTS (Downlink
UpPTS (Uplink
Pilot Time Slot)
Pilot Time Slot)
0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
Page20
Comments 1
The type 2 radio frame structure is used for TDD. One key addition to
the TDD frame structure is the concept of “special subframes”. This
includes a DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Time Slot), GP(Guard Period) and
UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot). These have configurable individual
lengths and a combined total length of 1ms.
For TDD operation the 10 subframes are shared between the uplink
and the downlink. A 5ms and 10ms switch-point periodicity is
supported however subframes 0 and 5 must be allocated to the
downlink as these contain the PSS(Primary Synchronization Signal)
and SSS(Secondary Synchronization Signal), as well as the broadcast
information in subframe 0.
Page21
Comments 2
There are various frame configuration options supported for TDD. The
table illustrates the different options. Configuration options 0, 1, 2 and
6 have a 5ms switching point and therefore require 2 special
subframes, whereas the rest are based on a 10ms switching point. In
the table, the letter “D” is reserved for downlink transmissions, “U”
denotes subframes reserved for uplink transmissions and “S” denotes a
special subframe with the three fields DwPTS, GPand UpPTS.
need time to switch between UL & DL transmission, so it user
special frames.
Page22
OFDMA in LTE
Frequency
Channel OFDMA
Bandwidth
E.g. 3MHz
PRBconsists of 12
subcarriers for 0.5ms
Time
Page23
Comments
The E-UTRAdownlink is based on OFDMA. As such, it enables
multiple devices to receive information at the same time but on
different parts of the radio channel. In most OFDMA systems this is
referred to as a “Subchannel”, i.e. a collection of subcarriers.
However, in E-UTRA, the term subchannel is replaced with the term
PRB(Physical Resource Block).
Page24
Physical Resource Blocks and
Resource Elements
Radio Frame = 10ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Subframe
Slot 8 Slot 9
Physical Resource
Block
NSCRBSubcarriers = 12
NRBDL
Resource
Element
NSymbDL
Page25
A PRB(Physical Resource Block) consists of 12 consecutive subcarriers
and lasts for one slot, i.e. 0.5ms. The figure illustrates the size of a
PRB.
Page26
Comments2
The PRBis used to identify an allocation. It typically includes 6 or 7
symbols, depending on whether an extended or normal cyclic prefix is
configured.
For traffic channel basic unit is rb that is the basic unit for enodb to
allocate resources Traffic channels
Page27
Downlink PRB Parameters
For Normal CP
Page28
Comments
The different configurations for the downlink E-UTRA PRB
are illustrated in table.
Page29
Control channels resources
REG& CCEare basic units for control channels scheduling ,
such as PHICH, PCFICH & PDCCH
Page30
Contents
2. LTEPhysical layer Basic concepts and processing procedures
--Basic concepts of physical layer and channel instruction
Introduction
Random access
Page31
Downlink Physical Channels & Signals
PBCH(Physical Broadcast Channel)
Reference Signal
Synchronization channel
Page32
Comments
There are a number of downlink Physical Channels in LTE.These include:
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) - This channel is used for resource
allocation.
PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) - This channel is part of the HARQ
process.
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) - This channel carries the DL-SCH.
Page33
Uplink Physical Channels & Signals
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
Reference Signal
Page34
Comments
There are a number of Uplink Physical Channels in LTE.These include:
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) - This channel carries the
Random Access Preamble. The location of the PRACH is defined by higher
layer signaling, i.e. RRCsignaling.
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) - This is the main uplink channel
and is used to carry the UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) Transport
Channel. It carries both signaling and user data, in addition to uplink
control. It is worth noting that the UEis not allowed to transmit the
PUCCH and PUSCH at the same time.
Page35
Synchronization signals
Get PCI
Page36
Comments
PSSis sent in 2 same format in subframe 0 & 5. by sending
same data In the 2 symbols to make slot synch. But we know
whci is subframe 0 and which 5.
After UEread SSS& PSSit can calculate the PCI of the cell.
Page37
PSS and SSS Location for FDD
Extended CP 0 1 2 3 4 5
PSS(Primary
Bandwidth Synchronization
Sequence)
Normal CP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 72
62 Subcarriers
Subcarriers
Bandwidth
SSS(Secondary
Synchronization
Sequence)
Slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Radio Frame
Repeated in
slots 0 and 10
Page38
Comments
In LTEthere are two synchronization sequences, known as
the PSS(Primary Synchronization Signal) and the SSS
(Secondary Synchronization Signal). The location of these
is dependent on the transmission mode, i.e. FDD or TDD,
as well as the use of the normal or extended cyclicprefix.
Page40
Comments
Unlike other systems, the LTEair interface does not employ a frame preamble.
Instead it utilizes various RS(Reference Signals) to facilitate coherent
demodulation, channel estimation, channel quality measurements and timing
synchronization etc. Fundamentally there are three types of downlink
reference signals:
UE Specific.
Page41
RS Measurement
After receiving all necessary system messages, UEstart to
measure RSfor cell selection and reselection
The following quantity should be evaluated for UEidle status
measurement
RSRP:RSreceiving power
RSRQ:RSreceiving quality
Page42
Comments
RSRP(Reference Signal Received Power )
Page43
Cell Specific Reference Signals
One Antenna Port
Page44
Comments
In LTE,the cell specific reference signals are arranged in a two dimensional
lattice of time and frequency. This has been done so that they are equidistant
and therefore provides a minimum mean squared error estimate for the
channel. In addition, the spacing in time between the Reference Symbols is an
important factor for channel estimation and relates to the maximum Doppler
spread supported, i.e. speed. In LTE, this works out at 2 Reference symbols per
slot.
The location of the RSsis dependent on the number of antennas and use of a
Normal CPor Extended CP.The figure illustrates the two options.
Page45
Cell Specific Reference Signals
Two Antenna Port Configuration
x R x R R x R x
R RSsymbol for antenna port 0
R RSsymbol for antenna port 1
R x R x x R x R
x R x R R x R x
R x R x x R x R
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1
Page46
LTEis designed to operate with multiple transmit antennas for MIMO, or
Transmit Diversity. The concept of reference signals is used to define
different patterns for multiple antenna ports. The figure illustrates the
concept for two antennas. The RSpattern corresponding to a given
antenna port enables the device to derive channel estimation.
Page47
Cell Specific Reference Signals
Four Antenna Port Configuration
R RS symbol for antenna port 0
R RS symbol for antenna port 1
R RS symbol for antenna port 2
R RSsymbol for antenna port 3
x x R x x R R x x R x x x x x x R x x R x x x x
R x x R x x x x R x x R x R x x x x x x x x R x
x x R x x R R x x R x x x x x x R x x R x x x x
R x x R x x x x R x x R x R x x x x x x x x R x
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 3
Page48
Comments
LTEsupports up to four cell-specific antenna ports (0 to 3). As such,
the device is required to derive up to four separate channel estimates.
The figure illustrates the configuration for four antenna ports.
Antenna port “2” and antenna port “3” both have a reduced number
of reference symbols. This is to reduce the reference signal overhead.
It does also have a negative impact on the system since the lack of
reference signals will mean that in high mobility, i.e. fast channel
variations, the channel estimation will not be as accurate. This
however can be offset by the fact that spatial multiplexing MIMO
with 4 antennas will mostly be performed in low mobility scenarios. In
addition, like the single antenna port configuration the location of the
reference signals is offset based on the Physical Cell ID.
Page49
Contents
2. LTEPhysical layer Basic concepts and processing procedures
--Basic concepts of physical layer and channel instruction
Introduction
Random access
Page50
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
Page51
Comments
Along with synchronization information the eNB also
schedules a MIB (Master Information Block) over the
logical BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel). This is mapped
into the transport BCH (Broadcast Channel) and ultimately
into the PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel).
Page52
MIB to PBCH Mapping (FDDand
Normal CP)
MIB
CRC
Bandwidth
Channel
System
Coding Rate
Matching
Scrambling
Modulation PBCH
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Mapping to REs
10ms Frame
Page53
Comments
The coded BCH TB (Transport Block) is mapped into four
subframes within a 40ms interval. This 40ms timing is
blindly detected by the UEand the information within the
subframe is assumed to be self decodable. This means
that it is not dependent on information in subsequent
transmissions of Transport Blocks on the PBCH. The PBCH
is located in 4 symbols of slot 1 only (symbols 0, 1, 2 and
3).
Page54
PCFICH (Physical Control Format
Indicator Channel)
CFI OFDM Symbols
k allocated to
PDCCH
Channel
Coding
(Block1/16)
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Mapping to REs PCFICH
NRBDL
k=k
k = k + NDL)/2 ∙ NRB/2
RB sc
k = k + 2NDL)/2 ∙ NRB/2
RB sc
DL RB
k = k + 3NRB)/2 ∙ Nsc /2
Page55
Comments1
The control area within a PRBis grouped into multiple REG(Resource
Element Group), with one REGcontaining four Resource Elements. It
is worth noting that the REGdoes not use Resource Elements
assigned to Reference Signals.
The PCFICH requires four REGs, i.e. 16 Resource Elements, which are
distributed over the channel bandwidth. The location of these varies
depending on the system bandwidth (NSC
RB) and the N cell. Thefigure
ID
illustrates the processes involved in mapping the CFI (Control Format
Indicator) to the correct REGs.
Page56
Comments 2
The PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) is
used to inform the UEabout the number of OFDM symbols
used for the PDCCH in a subframe (1,2,3 or 4). This channel
consists of 32bits which are cell-specific and scrambled
prior to modulation and mapping.
Page57
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control
Channel)
Page58
Comments
The PDCCH control area size is defined by the PCFICH, i.e.
1, 2 or 3 OFDM symbols. The PDCCH carries scheduling
assignments and other control information. The figure
illustrates the downlink control region. In addition, it shows
how the size of the region can vary per subframe.
Page59
PDCCH Location
Page60
Comments
PDCCH can occupy 4 symbols only in LTEbandwidth network
of 1.4 MHZ, which is very rare
Page61
PHICH (Physical Hybrid Indicator
Channel) ACK/ Up to eight PCFICH
NACK ACK/NACK per
PHICH
PHICH Group
Mapping
Group 0 Equation
Repetition 1/3
Modulation
Orthogonal
Sequence Scrambling
Layer
Mapping
Precoding
DL For normal CP
Ngroup
PHICH
2 N g(NDLRB/8) For extended CP
Where: Ng = 1/6, ½, 1 or 2
Page62
Comments
The PHICH carries HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) ACK/NAKs and is transmitted in PHICH groups. A
PHICH group consists of up to eight ACK/NACK processes and requires three REGsfor
transmission. Each PHICH within the same PHICH group is separated through different
orthogonal sequences.
Page63
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared
Channel)
Page64
Comments
The PDSCH is used to send various Transport Channels,
such as the PCH and DL-SCH. The figure illustrates PDSCH
mapping for one subframe. In this example the PDSCH
symbols are mapped, avoiding the control region and
symbols reserved for reference signals.
Page65
PDSCH Location
Page66
Comments
The PDSCH occupy all other resources other than other
physical channels.
Page67
Uplink LTE Physical Channels
Reference
signal
Page68
Comments
There are a number of Uplink Physical Channels in LTE.These include:
PRACH(Physical Random Access Channel) - This channel carries the Random Access
Preamble. The location of the PRACHis defined by higher layer signaling.
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) - This channel carries UCI (Uplink Control
Information) such as ACK/NAKs in response to downlink transmission, as well as
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) reports. It also carries scheduling request indicators
and MIMO codeword feedback.
PUSCH(Physical Uplink Shared Channel) - This is the main uplink channel and is used
to carry the UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) Transport Channel. It carries both
signaling and user data, in addition to UCI.
Page69
PUCCH & PUSCH
Page70
Comments
If UEhave a PDSCH it handle HARQ & ACK/NACK through it
and if it has no so it handle them through PDCCH.
Page71
UL Physical channels location
Page72
Comments
We cannot put 2 different PUCCH at the same TSbecause in UL we are
using SC-FDMA and the frequency is continous for 1 user in the UL
If there is more so we can take another 180 khz for other PUCCH, which is
determined by the eNodeB according to Ues amount
At the middle of each slot there is DM-RS which his used to decode the UL
Signal.
SRSis the last symbol of each subframe and use entire frequency band, it
send dummy signal to make channel estimation for the UL channel.
Page73
PRACH (Physical Random Access
Channel)
CP Sequence
Page74
Comments
The random access procedure is used in various scenarios,
including initial access, handover, or re-establishment. Like
other 3GPP systems the random access procedure
provides a method for contention and non-contention
based access. The PRACH (Physical Random Access
Channel) includes RA (Random Access) preambles
generated from ZC(Zadoff-Chu) sequences. The figure
illustrates the basic structure of the PRACH preamble. This
is effectively an OFDM symbol.
Page75
PRACH Guard Period
UE - A UE - B
eNB
UE - A CP Sequence
UE - B CP Sequence
UE “B” delay
due to distance eNB Access Window
Page76
Comments
The Guard Period is required since the eNB does not know
when the preambles will arrive. The figure illustrates an
example with two UEs. The first is next to the eNB
therefore there is very little delay. In contrast UE“B” is
some distance from the eNB, as such the initial access
preamble is delayed, i.e. there is a round trip delay. The
eNB must allocate a large enough window such that the
preambles from UEat the edge of the cell don’t arrive
outside of this window.
Page77
Random Access Preamble Parameters
Preamble Allocated TSEQ TCP TCP (µs) TGT TGT Max. Max Cell
Format Subframes (Ts) (Ts) (Ts) (µs) Delay Radius
Spread (km)
(µs)
Page78
Comments
As well as the position of the PRACH, four PRACH frame
formats for FDD are also defined. These contain a CP
(Cyclic Prefix) and Zadoff Chu sequence. The formats are
designed to enable efficient operation in different
scenarios. For example, the varying length of CPcan be
employed to counter either small or large delay spread
effects due to the mobile’s position.
Page79
PRACH FDD Formats
Subframe 1ms Subframe 1ms
Fo m at 3
r
Forma t
2
For m 1
at
6
For m 0
PRB
at
Page80
Comments
For FDD format 0, 1 2 or 3 can be configured. The figure
visualizes the different formats. It is worth noting that
they can occupy more than a subframe and in addition
the guard period is not specified.
Page81
PRACH Configuration
Subframe Subframe Subframe
0 1 2
RB24
839
Subcarriers
1.25kHz
(6RBs) PRACH Frequency
C Offset (0 to 94
ZC
P Resource Blocks)
RB0
Page82
Comments
The actual PRACH channel utilizes 6 PRBs, i.e. it occupies
1.4MHz of uplink channel capacity.
Page83
PUCCH Formats
PUCCH Description Modulation Bits per
Format Type subframe
1a ACK/NACK BPSK 1
ACK/NACK+SR
1b ACK/NACK QPSK 2
ACK/NACK+SR
2 CQI/PMI or RI QPSK 20
(CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(Extended CP only)
Page84
Uplink Reference Signals
Page85
Comments
In addition to the higher layer control and data being sent on the uplink,
lower layer Reference Signals are also required. Like other Reference Signals
these require good auto correlation and cross correlation properties. In
addition, there needs to be a sufficient number of sequences to minimize
interference.
Page86
Downlink Channel/ Uplink Channel Mapping
NA S L ayer ESM EMM IP ESM EMM IP
Logical
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH CCCH DCCH DTCH
Channels
MAC Layer
Transport
BCH PCH DL-SCH RACH UL-SCH
Channels
Page87
Comments
There are various options for multiplexing multiple bearers
together, such that Logical Channels may be mapped to
one or more Transport Channels. These in turn are
mapped into Physical Channels.
In order to facilitate the multiplexing from Logical Channels
to Transport Channels, the MAC Layer typically adds a LCID
(Logical Channel Identifier).
Page88
Contents
2. LTEPhysical layer Basic concepts and processing procedures
--Basic concepts of physical layer and channel instruction
Introduction
Functions of physical Channels and signals overview
Functions of DL & UL Physical channel
--Physical layer procedures of LTE
Cell search
System Information reception
Random access
Data reception and transmission procedures
Page89
Initial Procedures
Uplink Synchronization
Complete
PLMN/Cell RACH
Power On Cell Search
Selection Process
Downlink Synchronization
Complete
Page90
Comments
The LTEdevice needs to perform an LTEAttach procedure, i.e.
transition from the LTEDetached to LTEActive State, to connect to the
EPC(Evolved Packet Core) and ultimately services.
In order to access a cell the device must find and synchronize to the
cell. It is then able to decode the System Information messages and
perform PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) and Cell Selection. Once
this has been completed, the device is in a position to access the cell
and establish a RRCconnection, i.e. a SRB(Signaling Radio Bearer).
Page91
Functions and steps of cell search
Page92
Comments
We get PCI from SSS & PSS, also used in slot and frame sych.
Because at the beginning UE do not know where is the slot &
frame of OFDM symbol
Page93
Cell Search
Frame - 10ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5MHz (25
Resource
Blocks)
PSS
SS
PBCH
Page94
Comments
The downlink in LTEis based on scalable OFDMA with channels
ranging from 1.4MHz to 20MHz (Note that not all bandwidths are
available at the different frequency bands). Initially the UEis unaware
of the downlink configuration of the cell, unless it has stored
information from when it was previously attached. Assuming no
information, the synchronization process must be quick and concise.
The figure illustrates the location of the PSSand SSS.
In order for the UEto identify the cell and synchronize with the
downlink transmission, the eNB sends synchronization signals over the
centre 72 sub-carriers. For FDD mode (using a normal CP) this is in the
first and sixth subframes of each downlink frame.
Page95
Physical Cell Identities
eNB eNB
eNB
504 Unique Cell
Identities PSS- One of 3 Identities
Page96
Comments
These synchronization signals comprise of the PSS(Primary
Synchronization Signal) and SSS(Secondary Synchronization Signal).
Together they enable the UEto become downlink synchronized and
identify the Physical Cell Identity. There are 504 unique physical cell
identities, divided into 168 cell identity groups each containing three
cell identities (sectors).
PCI = 3*SSS+PSS
To avoid interference adjacent cells should not have the same PCI so
that the scrambling of data to be different.
Page97
PSS Correlation
Subframe
PSS0
PSS1
PSS2
Correlation
Page98
Comments
The device cross correlates 3 possible PSSswith the
received signal. The figure illustrates the cross correlation
results. In this example PSS1is found.
Page99
Comments
UEuse predefined sequence to make correlation with the detected signal
if found so UEknow that there is PSS
PSS is the same for subframes 0 & 5 so UE can know where we are
Page100
Contents
2. LTEPhysical layer Basic concepts and processing procedures
--Basic concepts of physical layer and channel instruction
Introduction
Functions of physical Channels and signals overview
Functions of DL & UL Physical channel
--Physical layer procedures of LTE
Cell search
System Information reception
Random access
Data reception and transmission procedures
Page101
System Information Reception Process
Why is the system information reception procedure required ?
The UE configures each layer’s parameters based on the parameter
settings in the system information received on the RRC layer before
requesting network camping and admission.
Page102
MIB Mapping & Delivery
MIB introduction MIB (Master Information Block)
DL-Bandwidth (6, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100)
Carried by BCCH->BCH->PBCH PHICHConfiguration (Ng and Normal/Extended)
System FrameNumber
information, including
Coded block
system frame number
DL bandwidth
Radio frame
PHICH configuration 4 symbols
1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Broadcast period: 40ms
SSS PSS PBCH
40ms PBCHTTI
PBCH Location(FDD)
Page103
Comments
Once the device has decoded the PSSand SSSit is able to:
Decode cell specific Reference Signals (since their location is based on the
Physical Cell ID).
Decode the PBCH which carries the MIB (Master Information Block).
The MIB repeats every 40ms and uses a 40ms TTI (Time Transmission Interval),
i.e. the message is interleaved over 4 frames. The MIB transmission is aligned
to the SFN(System Frame Number) such that it starts when SFNmod 4 = 0.
Page104
Comments
The MIB is always transmitted in subframe 0. The MIB carries three very
important bits of information. It indicates the downlink bandwidth, i.e. 6, 15,
25, 50, 75 or 100 Resource Blocks. This enables the device to know where it
should be looking (subcarriers) for the downlink control information. In
addition, the PHICH configuration parameter is included. This indicates that
Ng is equal to 1/6, 1/2, 1 or 2 and whether “Normal” or “Extended” PHICH
mode is being used. These are used by the device to determine the number of
PHICH groups configured on the cell and their location. Finally, the SFNis also
included.
In addition, the PBCHis layer mapped and precoded. As such, the PBCHcan
employ transmit diversity over multiple antennas ports.
Based on the MIB the UEis able to decode the PCFICH. This identifies the
number of OFDM symbols assigned to the downlink control region in the
Page105
SIB Information
Type Contents
SIB1 Cell selection and camp related parameters,SI period for other SIBs
SIB2 Common physical channel configuration, UEtimer, uplink bandwidth
SIB3 Common parameters for cell reselection
Intra-frequency neighbor list; Neighbor reselection parameters; Neighbor
SIB4
black list
Inter-frequency list and corresponding cell reselection parameters
SIB5 Inter-frequency neighbor list and corresponding cell reselection parameters
Inter-frequency black list
SI SIB6 UMTS frequency list
SIB7 GSM frequency list
SIB8 CDMA2000 frequency list and neighbor list
SIB9 Home eNodeB information
SIB10 ETWS(Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) primary notification
SIB11 ETWSsecondary notification
SIB12 CMAS(Commercial Mobile Alert System) notification
SIB13 MBMS(Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) control information
Page106
Comments
ETWS: Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System
CMAS: Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS), also known as
the Personal Localized Alerting Network (PLAN), is an alerting
network designed to disseminate emergency alerts to mobile
devices such as cell phones and pagers.
Page107
SIB Mapping & Delivery
SIBs are mapping on BCCH->DL-SCH-> PDSCH:
SIB1 and SIB2 are mandatory, and others are optional.
Period of SIBs
SIB1: 80ms
From SIB2 to SIB8, SIB10 and SIB11: It is a flexible period, with 80,160,320,640,
1280,2560 and 5120ms.
Page108
SIB1
MNC:01
TAC:21
SI Cell ID:7B8FF00
MIB
Cell is not barred
Intra-freq
Reselection
is allowed
-128dBm(-64*2=-128)
Frequency Band 7
Page109
Comments
QRxLevMin is configured by MML: MOD CELLSEL.Its value range
configured:-70~-22, mapping actual value range:-140~-44
q-RxLevMinOffset
Parameter Qrxlevminoffset in TS 36.304 [4]. Actual value Qrxlevminoffset = IE
value * 2 [dB]. If absent, the UE applies the (default) value of 0 dB for
Qrxlevminoffset. Affects the minimum required Rx level in the cell.
When cell status is indicated as "not barred" and "not reserved" for
operator use,
Page111
-All UEs shall treat this cell as candidate during the cell selection and cell
PLMN Selection
eNB
UE
eNB may contain
upto 6 PLMN
LTEHome eNB
Identities
PLMN
Page113
Comments
The transition from LTEDetached to LTEActive can be used to describe
the processes through which the UEmust progress in order to
establish a point of attachment within the Evolved Packet Core and
ultimately connect to services. The initial processes including scanning
for downlink and uplink channels and synchronization are passive in
that the information required to achieve this is broadcast from the
eNB within the relevant E-UTRAN.
Before the UEcan access the network it must first select a suitable
PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) and then a suitable cell. Services
may be available to the user through a choice of several serving
networks in a given location, possibly using different types of Radio
Access Network.
Page114
Cell Selection
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
eNB Q rxlevm eas
Qqualmeas
UE eNB
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
Srxlev > 0
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) – Pcompensation
eNB Squal = Qqualmeas - (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)
Page115
Comments
For LTEthere are two cell selection procedures supported:
Initial Cell Selection - This is when the UEhas no prior knowledge of the cell.
Stored Information Cell Selection - This is when the UEhas stored information
which is used to optimize the selection process, i.e. it stored information before it
was switched off.
Once a UEhas synchronized with the cell and decoded the necessary System
Information messages, it must camp on it; or one of the surrounding cells. This is
achieved through the cell selection process. The UEis aiming to find the cell which will
provide the best quality radio link between it and the network. The figure illustrates the
S(Cell Selection) calculation.
A UEconsiders an E-UTRAN cell as a suitable cell only when the measured RSRP
and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) values of the cell are greater than
the receive (RX) level threshold (Qrxlevmin) and the RX signal quality
threshold (QQualMin) for the cell, respectively.
Page116
Cell Selection Parameters
Parameter Description
Qrxlevminoffset Offset to the signaled Qrxlevmin taken into account in the Srxlev
evaluation as a result of a periodic search for a higher priority
PLMN while camped normally in a visited PLMN.
Pcompensation max (PEMAX - PUMAX, 0), where PEMAX is the maximum allowed
power configured by higher layers.
Page117
Comments
The table identifies the parameters used as part of the Cell Selection process.
In terms of the radio channel, the UEmeasures the RSRP(Reference Signal
Received Power). The LTEdownlink contains cell specific RS(Reference
Signals) which are used for channel equalization and determining the RSRP
(Reference Signal Received Power).
The device calculates the Qrxlevmeas for each cell. It then gathers the related
Qrxlevmin and other parameters from the SI messages (each cell may provide
different parameters). Once it has gathered all the information it is able to
calculate Srxlev for each cell.
All cells that return a value of Srxlev greater than zero are considered
candidates for selection. The cell with the most positive value is selected and
becomes the camped on cell.
Page118
Physical Layer Procedure — Cell
Search
Basic Principle of Cell Search: Initial Cell Search:
Cell search is the procedure of UE synchronizes with E-
The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually,
UE doesn’t know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at the
UTRAN in time-freq domain, and acquires the serving cell
first time switch on.
ID.
UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in the
Two steps in cell search: spectrum to demodulate the synchronization signals. This procedure
Step 1: Symbol synchronization and acquirement of takes time, but the time requirement are typically relatively relaxed.
ID within Cell Group by demodulating the Primary Some methods can reduce time, such as recording the former
available network information as the prior search target.
Synchronization Signal;
Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of time-
Step 2: Frame synchronization, acquirement of CP freq domain and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the PBCH
length and Cell Group ID by demodulating the and acquires for system information, such as bandwidth and Tx
Secondary Synchronization Signal. antenna number.
After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its
About Cell ID: paging period that allocated by system. UE wakes up from the IDLE
In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises state in the specified paging period, demodulates PDCCH for
monitoring paging. If paging is detected, PDSCH resources will be
two parts: Cell Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The demodulated to receive paging message.
latest version defines that there are 168 Cell Group IDs,
3 IDs within each group. So totally 168*3=504 Cell IDs
exicsetl.l
N ID 3N ID N ID
(1) (2)
(1)
N ID
(2) represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167;
N ID
represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0
to 2.
Comments
Caution: 170 Cell ID groups are defined in the earlier
protocol version. So totally 170*3=510 Cell IDs exists,
which is mentioned in some early-written documents.
Please be noticed this differences.
Page120
Contents
2. LTEPhysical layer Basic concepts and processing procedures
--Basic concepts of physical layer and channel instruction
Introduction
Functions of physical Channels and signals overview
Functions of DL & UL Physical channel
--Physical layer procedures of LTE
Cell search
System Information reception
Random access
Data reception and transmission procedures
Page121
Initial Procedures
Uplink Synchronization
Complete
PLMN/Cell RACH
Power On Cell Search
Selection Process
Downlink Synchronization
Complete
Page122
Comments
The LTEdevice needs to perform an LTEAttach procedure, i.e.
transition from the LTEDetached to LTEActive State, to connect to the
EPC(Evolved Packet Core) and ultimately services.
In order to access a cell the device must find and synchronize to the
cell. It is then able to decode the System Information messages and
perform PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) and Cell Selection. Once
this has been completed, the device is in a position to access the cell
and establish a RRCconnection, i.e. a SRB(Signaling Radio Bearer).
Page123
Purpose & scenarios of RA
Page124
Comments
RACH is used by UEto acquire DL & UL resources to send/receive data
to change from idle to connected mode
Initial attach after UEget parameter, UEuse initial access to apply for
resources.
Page126
Comments
In contention based, the UEselects one preample sequence out
of 64 sequence sent from eNodeB to UEthrough system
information msgs because before there is no connection
between UE& eNodeB.
Page127
Contention base: 1 st step
Page128
Preambles format
CP Sequence
Page129
Comments
The random access procedure is used in various scenarios, including initial
access, handover, or re-establishment. Like other 3GPP systems the random
access procedure provides a method for contention and non-contention
based access. The PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) includes RA
(Random Access) preambles generated from ZC (Zadoff-Chu) sequences. The
figure illustrates the basic structure of the PRACH preamble. This is effectively
an OFDM symbol.
As well as the position of the PRACH, four PRACH frame formats for FDD are
also defined. These contain a CP(Cyclic Prefix) and Zadoff Chu sequence. The
formats are designed to enable efficient operation in different scenarios. For
example, the varying length of CPcan be employed to counter either small or
large delay spread effects due to the mobile’s position.
Page131
Comments
In this example the initial probe is below the
noise/interference level and thus is not heard. The UE
increases its power based on a step size until a response is
heard on the PDCCH.
Page132
Contention base: 2 nd step
Page133
Comments
UL Grant is used to inform UEthe scheduling information.
Page135
Comments
It is first msg sent on PUSCH after ULgrant.
Page136
Contention base: 4 th step
Page137
Comments
From the UEID the ENodeB know the number of UEs that is
making random access.
The UE compares between the UE-ID sent and the one it have
and if they are the same so it is succeeded and if failed so the
random access is failed and it try another one
Page138
Non Contention based 1 st step
Page139
Comments
Non contention is used in HO only
eNodeB assigns preample to UEafter recieving HO request and
it transmit it through source eNodeB through HO request ACK
and HO Command.
Page140
Non Contention based 2 nd step
Page141
Comments
This random access will be successful because eNodeB assigns
different preample sequence to different UEsto guarantee high
HO SR
Page142
Non Contention based 3 rd step
Page143
Comments
- C-RNTI is assigned also in the HO command to UE, so it isnot
sent in the response msg
Page144
Random Access RRC Signaling
Procedure
UE eNB
PRACH PreambleSequence
RACH
RRCConnection Setup
DL-SCH
RRCConnection Setup Complete
UL-SCH
Signalling Radio Bearer
(RRC Connected)
Page145
Comments
The SRBis also termed the “RRC Connection”, i.e. the UEhas moved
into the RRC-Connected State. In order to achieve this signaling
between the eNB and the UEis required. The figure illustrates the
main signaling messages to establish a SRB.Note: some of these are
messages or indicators at the PHY or MAC layer.
The sequence starts with the probing of the network on the PRACH.
Once the UEhas successfully probed for uplink resources and has
been allocated these on the UL-SCH, the RRCConnection is
established through a three way signaling handshake on the UL-SCH
and the DL-SCH respectively.
Page146
Contents
2. LTEPhysical layer Basic concepts and processing procedures
--Basic concepts of physical layer and channel instruction
Introduction
Functions of physical Channels and signals overview
Functions of DL & UL Physical channel
--Physical layer procedures of LTE
Cell search
System Information reception
Random access
Data reception and transmissionprocedures
Page147
Data reception procedures of UE
UE eNodeB
Demodulate PCFICH
Demodulate PDCCH
Demodulate PDSCH
Feedback ACK/NACK
Page148
Comments
UEneed to get the PDSCH so it need to get into the scheduling resources
PCFICH Occupy 4 REGs= 16 Res and carry CFI which determine how many
symbols for PDCCH
PDCCH occupy C-RNTI, MCS, location of scheduled RBs, whether the data is
new data or redundancy version.
PDCCH can occupy 1, 2 , 4 or 8 CCEs, if data is big and channel quality is not
good so eNodeB assigns many CCEsup to 8 to send data.
Rb is the basic scheduling unit of PDSCH
Ues can be assigned continuous RBsor discrete RBs
Scheduler of MAC decides the assignment of Rb resources
Gap between Downlink PDCCH or PDSCH data and its ACK/NACK data sent
on PUCCH or PUSCH is 4 subframes for FDD using HARQ technique.
Page149
Data transmission procedures of UE
UE eNodeB
Transmit SR
UL Grant
Transmit PHR/BSR
Feedback ACK/NACK
UL Grant
UL Data or signaling
Feedback ACK/NACK
Page150
Comments
UEneed to get the PUSCHso it need to get into the scheduling
resources
UE send SRthrough PUCCH to require ULresources
PUSCH
UL Grant contain C-RNTI, MCS & location of Rb in PUSCH
PHR/BSR: Power Headroom & buffer status means How much power
Page151