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R2 1
Av
R1 1 R2
[1 (1 )]
Aod R1
APPLICATION 2:
INVERTING OP-AMP WITH FINITE DIFFERENTIAL-
MODE GAIN
EXERCISE
The inverting op-amp shown in
this Figure, has parameters are
R1 = 20kΩ, R2 = 200kΩ and
Aod = 5 x 104. The output
voltage is vo = -4.80V
i. Determine the closed-loop
voltage gain.
ii. Find the input voltage.
APPLICATION 3:
SUMMING OP-AMP
inverting amplifier accept two or more inputs and produce a
weighted sum.
op-amp adjusts itself to draw total input current iin through Rf (iin = if)
Analysis:
RF RF RF
vO ( v I 1 vI 2 vI 3 )
R1 R2 R3
SUMMING OP-AMP
EXERCISE
Consider the ideal summing op-amp
with parameters R1 = 40kΩ, R2 = 20kΩ,
R3 = 60kΩ and RF = 120kΩ.
i. Determine vo for vI1= -0.25V, vI2=
+0.10V vI3= +1.5V.
SPECIAL CASES: Summing op-amp
1. If R1 = R2 =……= R then:
ii. There are various resistors are used at the input of the
summing amplifier to give a weighted sum. This can be
used to change a binary number to a voltage in an AC
(digital to analog converter)
R
b1 b2 b3 b4
vo VREF
2 4 8 16
2R
4R
8R
EXERCISE
8R
APPLICATION OF SUMMING OP AMP:
DAC – DIGITAL ANALOG CONVERTER
Rf
APPLICATION OF SUMMING OP AMP:
DAC – DIGITAL ANALOG CONVERTER
2R 2R
Req
2R 2R R
2R 2R
Rf
VREF
I1 when RF R
2R
I1 2 I 2 4 I 3 2 N 1 I N vo VREF b1 b1 ...... bN
N
2 2 2
Thevenin Example: R-2R Ladder
EXERCISE
vO RL
v I R L RS
Voltage Follower / Buffer
Amplifier
• High input impedance.
• Low output impedance.
• Voltage gain = 1
Vout Vin
Vout
Av 1
Vin
APPLICATION 2: VOLTAGE-TO-CURRENT CONVERTER
v1 v2 vL iL Z L i1 i2
(1)
Analysis:
IDEAL CASE:
R4 R
2
R3 R1
Op-amp integrator
Op-amp Differentiator
INTEGRATOR
V REF
V in 0 t
+V out (max)
V out 0 t
V out (max)
Comparator Waveforms
Comparator
• Remember that the comparator is configured in
open-loop, making the gain very high. This is open-
loop configuration.
• This makes the comparator very susceptible to
unwanted signals (noise) that could cause the
output to arbitrarily switch states.
Comparator - Application
• Over-Temperature Sensing circuit
Comparator - Application
• Analog to Digital Converter
Frequency Response Of Op-Amp