Relay Setting Principles for Transmission Line Protection

2/26/2019
Relay Setting Principles for

Transmission Line Protection
Chen Jianping
Group Leader
Relay Protection Dept., Power Dispatching
Center, YNPG.
Self-Introduction
Profile:
Leader of relay settings calculation
group in Relay Protection Dept. of
Yunnan Power Dispatching Center,
now is responsible of relay settings
Chen Jianping
calculation, relay settings checking
and relay calculation management
Yunnan, Kunming for the power system of 220kV and
+86 18313774382
591779338@qq.com
above in YNPG.
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CONTENTS 1 Basic relay setting principles
Detail relay setting principles of 220kV -500kV

2
transmission line
3 Key points of transimission line relay setting
Basic relay setting principles

Part 1
1. Four characteristics of relay protection
2. Basic relay setting principles
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1.1 Four characteristics of relay protection
1）Selectivity
2）Sensitivity
3）Speedability
4）Reliability
1） Selectivity
The relay protection device should cut off the

faulty components from the power system in the
smallest possible range, minimize the power outage
range, and ensure that the non-faulty part of the
system can continue to operate.
Protection on 2QF should act preferentially!
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2） Sensitivity
Refers to the fault occurrs, regardless of the

location and the type of the short circuit, and whether
there is transition resistance in the fault positon, relay
protection devices should have sharp reaction.
xs max
xs min
3）Speedability
Refers to the fault occurs, the relay protection

device should be able to quickly remove the fault
component , to improve the stability of the power
system and reduce damage of fault components.
System Stability Equipment Safety
Power swing, System splitting Thermal effect,

Equipment burned down
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4） Reliability
Refers to the fault occurs, if the fault occurs in

the protective range of the relay protection device,
the relay protection device should not refuse to act; if
the fault occurs outside the protection range of the
relay protection device, the relay protection device
should not act.
k

What shall we do to guarantee the four characteristics of relay
protection?
Selectivity and sensitivity are guaranteed by

relay setting.
Reliability is guaranteed by the reasonable
configuration of relay protection devices, its
technical performance and quality, and normal
operation and maintenance.
Speedability is guaranteed by the
configurated full-line quick-action protection, fast-
break protection of phase and ground distance
protection, and current fast-break protection.
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The focus of relay setting
Selectivity
Relay
Setting Sensitivity
Speedability
11
1
Basic relay setting principles
Part
1. Four characteristics of relay protection
2. Basic relay setting principles
12
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1.2 Basic relay setting principles
1）Concept of cooperation
《220kV～750kV电网继电保护装置运行整定规程》（行标）
《Setting guide for 220 kV～750kV power system protection equipment 》
Protection in the power system should cooperate with

each other. The so-called cooperation means that in the
two-dimensional plane (the abscissa represents protection
range, and the ordinate represents action time), the setting
value curve of the upper relay protection (multi-fold line)
should not intersect with the setting value curve of the next
relay protection, and the gap between them is the matching
coefficient.
13
《南方电网220kV～500kV系统继电保护整定计算规程》
《Setting guide for 220 kV～500kV power system protection equipment of CSG》
According to the actual situation of the cooperation, it

can usually be divided into three types: complete
cooperattion, incomplete cooperation, and no cooperation.
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 Complete cooperation
It means that the two adjacent protections can
cooperate both in protection range and action time, that is,
the selectivity requirement is met.
k
I
Z set1
II
t Z set 1
III
Z set 1
t1III
t2III
t1II t2II t3II

t1I t2I t3I
15
 Incomplete cooperation
It means that the two adjacent protections can just
cooperate in action time, but not in protection range.
k
I
Z set 1
II
t Z set 1
III
Z set 1
t1III
t2III
t1II
t2II t3II
t1I t2I t3I
16
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 No cooperation
It means that the two adjacent protections can't
cooperate both in protection range and action time, that is,
the selectivity requirement cannot be met.
k
I
Z set1
II
t Z set 1
III
Z set 1
t1III
t2III
t1II t2II t3II

t1I t2I t3I
17
2）Basic principles
The setting of relay protection should meet the

requirements of reliability, speedability, selectivity and
sensitivity.
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2）Basic principles
If speedability, selectivity and sensitivity can't be met at

the same time, the following 4 principles should be followed:
（1）The local grid obeys the entire grid;
（2）The lower grid obeys the upper grid;
（3）Local problem should be solved by itself;
（4）Try to take care of the needs of the local grid and the
lower grid.
19
1 Basic relay setting principles

CONTENTS

2
transmission line protection
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Detail relay setting principles

Part 2 of 220kV -500kV transmission
line protection
1. Differential Protection(87)
2. Distance Protection(21)
3. Zero-sequence Overcurrent Protection(50/51G)
21
2.1 Differential Protection(87)
1）Operation characteristic
M
1QF 2QF
N
 Id：The differential current, it's the sum
k1 k2
of the two current vectors

 
IM IN
 Ir：The restraint current, it's the
difference of the two current vectors
Id
 K：The ratio braking coefficient
I d  IM  IN

K I r  IM  IN

I dz I d  I dz

Ir I d  K  Ir
22
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2）Setting Principles
《Setting guide for 220 kV～500kV power system protection equipment of CSG 》
(1）The setting values of the differential protection

(including split phase differential protection and zero
sequence differential protection) on both sides should be
consistent；
(2）The setting value of split phase differential
protection should escape the steady-state capacitive current
of the line (taking into account of the high anti-compensation),
usually, the high value with no time delay should not be
larger than 600A, and the low value with time delay should
not be larger than 480A ;
23
（3）The setting value of the zero sequence differential

protection should be set according to the sensitivity of the
high-resistance ground fault, and the primary value should
not be larger than 600A.
（4）If the setting value of split phase differential
protection and zero sequence differential protection can't
escape the the steady-state capacitive current of the line ,
compensation of capacitance current should be considered.
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Part 2 of transmission line protection
25
2.2 Distance Protection(21)

M IC F U FC N
KZ
G G
IB U FB
IA U FA
U C U BU A IF
l
Z1 , Z 2 , Z 0 , Z s , Z m
Z1  Z s  Z m , Z 2  Z1 , Z 0  Z s  2Z m
Phase-Ground Fault：U m   U F   Z 1 ( I  k  3 I0 ) Ground Distance Protection
Phase-Phase Fault： U m   U F   Z 1 I m  Interphase Distance Protection
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1）Configuration
Ground Distance Interphase Distance

Protection Protection
Stage 1 Stage 1
Stage 2 Stage 2
Stage 3 Stage 3
27
2）Operation characteristic
1
Z set
2
Circular characteristics Quadrilateral characteristics
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3）Setting Principles A. Ground Distance Protection
 Stage 1
（1）Stage 1 should reliably escape the grounding fault
on the opposite side busbar of this line;
（2）For the line below 5 km, in order to prevent wrong
tripping when fault outside this line, stage 1 should be
disabled;
（3）For the line below 20km, the reliability coefficient K
should be set according to the following formula:
 5
K k  0.7  1  
 L
29
 Stage 2
（1）Stage 2 should guarantee sufficient sensitivity of
metal grounding fault on the opposite side busbar of this line;
（2）Stage 2 should consider cooperation with adjacent
line protections，to cooperate with stage 1，pilot protection
or stage 2 of the next line;
（3）The protection range of stage 2 should generally
not exceed the other side busbars of adjacent transformers .
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 Stage 3
line protections，to cooperate with stage 2 or stage 3 of the
next line;
（3）Stage 3 should consider escape the minimum load
impedence of this line;
（4）Stage 3 should consider escape power swing, its
time setting should be larger than 2s.
31
3）Setting Principles B. Interphase Distance Protection
 Stage 1
（1）Stage 1 should reliably escape the grounding fault
on the opposite side busbar of this line;
（2）For the line below 5 km, in order to prevent wrong
tripping when fault outside this line, stage 1 should be
disabled;
（3）For the line below 20km, the reliability coefficient K
should be set according to the following formula:
 5
K k  0.8  1  
 L
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 Stage 2
line protections，to cooperate with stage 1，pilot protection
or stage 2 of the next line;
（3）The protection range of stage 2 should generally
not exceed the other side busbars of adjacent transformers .
33
 Stage 3
line protections，to cooperate with stage 2 or stage 3 of the
next line;
（2）Stage 3 should consider escape the minimum load
impedence of this line;
（3）Stage 3 should consider escape power swing, its
time setting should be larger than 2s.
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I
Z set 1
t Z setII 1
III
Z set 1
t1III
t2III
t1II t2II t3II

I
t1 t I
2 t I
3
35

Part 2 of transmission line protection
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2.3 Zero-sequence Overcurrent Protection(50/51G)
T1 A k B T2
Z0T1 A Z01 Z01 B Z0T2
 
I 01  I 02
 
U0
U A0  U B0
I0
 
Ir  3 I0
  
U r  3U 0 r 0 3U 0
37
1）Configuration
500kV Lines 220kV Lines
Define time（1 Stage）

Define Time（2 Stages）
Inverse time（1 Stage）
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2）Setting Principles A. 500kV Lines
 Define Time
（1）To guarantee sufficient sensitivity of metal
grounding fault on the opposite side busbar of this line;
（2） To cooperate with pilot protection, define time
stage ,or stage 2 of ground distance protection of the next
lines;
（3）To escape the other side busbars of adjacent
transformers ;
（4）To escape the zero sequence current of
discrepancy state.
39
2）Setting Principles A. 500kV Lines
 Inverse Time
（1）Adopt IEC normal inverse time characteristic;
0.14
t(I0 )  I 0 0.02
Tp
( ) 1
Ip
（2）Usually don't use direction;

（3） The reference current Ip takes a reference value
of 300A, and the time constant Tp takes value of 1s.
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2）Setting Principles B. 220kV Lines
 Stage 1:
（1）To guarantee sufficient sensitivity of metal
grounding fault on the opposite side busbar of this line;
（2） To cooperate with pilot protection, stage 1 ,or
stage 2 of ground distance protection of the next lines;
（3）To escape the other side busbars of adjacent
transformers ;
（4）To escape the zero sequence current of
discrepancy state.
41
2）Setting Principles B. 220kV Lines
 Stage 2:
（1）To escape the maximum unbalanced current in
maximum load state;
（2）Reliably start when high resistance ground fault
happened in this line, and the primary value should not be
larger than 300A, the secondary value should not be smaller
than 0.08In.
（3）To cooperate with stage 1 or stage 2 of the next
lines.
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t1Ⅱ tⅡ
2
tⅠ t tⅠ t tⅠ
1 2 3
t1Ⅱ
t t Ⅱ
2
tⅠ
1 tⅠ2 tⅠ3
43
1 Basic relay setting principles

CONTENTS

2
transmission line protection
44
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Key points of transimission line

Part 3 relay setting
1. Basic considerations
2. Key points of transimission line relay setting
45
3.1 Basic considerations
 Accuracy of primary equipment parameters

（一次设备参数的准确性）
 Rationality of relay setting modeling
（整定计算建模的合理性）
 Completeness of drawings and other materials
（二次图纸资料的完整性）
 Proficiency of guides using
（规程运用的熟练性）
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（1）Accuracy of primary equipment parameters

Parameters of the components are the
fundation of relay calculation. The accuracy
Offline calculation of the parameters directly affects the
correctness and adaptability of the settings.
L-3 T-3
T-1 T-2 I II
L-1 L-2
G1 I II I II
T-4
III L-4
I f I II LD
IG1 xn1 L1
xn 2
V
G1
V
L1
G2
47

jX G1(1) jX T1 jX L1 jX L 2 jX I jX II jX L 4 jX T4
jX III
Positive sequence IG 1a (1) IL1a (1) I fa (1)
Z LD
equivalent circuit E1 
VG1a (1) VL1a (1) V fa (1)
jX G2(1)
E2
jX G1(2) jX T1 jX L1 jX L 2 jX I jX II jX L 4 jX T4
jX III
Negative sequence IG 1a (2) IL1a (2) I fa (2)
jX G2(2) Z LD
equivalent circuit 
VG1a (2) VL1a (2) V fa (2)
jX T1 j 3 xn1 jX L1(0) jX L 2(0) jX I jX II j 3 xn 2 jX L 3(0) jX T3
Zero sequence IG 1a (0)  0 IL1a (0) I fa (0) jX III

equivalent circuit 
VL1a (0) V fa (0)
VG1a (0)  0
48
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Equipment Parameters Key points
Rated Capacity、Rated Voltage、 Xd'' should use the

Generator
Transient reactance Xd'' saturated value
Short circuit impedances of

Rated Capacity、Rated Voltage、
three sides should be
Transformer Wiring group、Short circuit
conversed by capacity
impedance
(1)Impedence of 110kV and

above line should be
Positive sequence impedence、
measured;(2)Zero
Line Zero sequence impedence、
sequence mutual
Rated current
inductance should be
considered.
49
（2）Rationality of relay setting modeling
The model we constructed for relay calculation should

reflect actual situation of power grid as much as possible.
It means that we should set several operation modes in
our model to represent different state of our power grid, for
example, rainy season and dry season. This work
concluds three aspects, transformer neutral point
grounding mode setting, generator operation mode setting,
regular break point setting.
50
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Model Key point
The arrangement of the neutral point

grounding operation of the transformer
should meet the requirements of the
neutral point insulation of the transformer,
1）Transformer
and try to keep the zero sequence
neutral point
impedance of the substation basically
grounding mode
unchanged and the zero sequence
setting
integrated impedance of any short circuit
point of the system is not more than three
times the positive sequence integrated
impedance.
51
Model Key point
2）Generator Generator operation mode setting should

operation mode basically follow the actual operation state of the
setting power grid, and then do some simplification.
For the ring network, we usually set break point
3）Regular break
in normal state, and our model should reflect
point setting
the normal break point.
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（3）Completeness of drawings and other materials
A. Blue drawings for B. White drawings C. Instruction manual

construction from manufacturer from manufacturer
53
（3）Completeness of drawings and other materials
A. Blue drawings for Shows the connection outside the

construction relay devices
B. White drawings Shows the internal structure of the

from manufacturer relay devices
C. Instruction manual Shows the function logics of the relay

from manufacturer devices
How do relay protections work?
Correct setting values
54
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（4）Proficiency of guides using
55
（4）Proficiency of guides using
To be proficient with our setting guides!
Reasonable setting values
56
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Key points of transimission line

Part 3 relay setting
1. Basic considerations
2. Key points of transimission line relay setting
57
3.2 Key points of transimission line relay setting
1）Relay setting should consider simple metal fault of a single device

as the basis for calculation and verification.
2）The operation time difference between adjacent protections should
be 0.4s-0.5s for integrated circuit protection devices, and be 0.2s-0.5s
for microcomputer protection devices.
t1II  t 2I  t
3）In the same protection device, the sensitivity of the locking,
starting, direction discrimination and selection of auxiliary components
should not be less than the sensitivity of the main components such
as measurement and discrimination.
4）The next-level voltage grid shall be set according to the setting
limit requirements stipulated by the upper level voltage grid . If
necessary, in order to ensure the safety of the grid and the power
supply of important users, an appropriate disassembly point may be
set to shorten the fault removal time.
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5）For pilot protections(differential protection, pilot distance protection,

pilot direction protection), the primary pick up value of both sides
should be consistent. And for fibre pilot protection, their pilot
identification codes should be corresponding.
Side A Side B
FO.LocID 7012 FO.LocID 1072
FO.RmtID 1072 FO.RmtID 7012
59
6）For distance protection:

 Power swing blocking should be considered.
M N
ZL
（1）Protection at the scheduled break

EM , Z M

I k


EN , Z N
point should not be controlled by power

UM

U0

I
 
swing blocking.
（2）Fast trip protection that escaping the
EM  EN
I ZM
power swing center can not be controlled


by power swing blocking.
（3）The protection whose action time is
greater than the power swing period
should not be controlled by power swing,
and the longest power swing period can be
considered as 1.5s.
60
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 During considering distance protection cooperation between
adjacent protections, the minimum boost coefficient should be
applied.
1  K k Z AB  K k K b Z KZ 2
II I
Z KZ
I2 I1  I3 I I2 I1  I3 I

Kb   1 3 Kb   1 3
I1 I1 I1 I
1 I
1 I
1
61

 In relay setting of grounding distance protection, the zero
sequence mutual inductance impedance of double lines on the
same tower should be considered.
The existence of zero sequence mutual
inductance between lines will cause the
U m   U F   Z 1 ( I  k  3 I0 )
measurement impedance to be inconsistent

 I m   I  k  3 I0 with the positive sequence impedance of the
line, its influence of the protection range on
ground distance protection should be
considered. Stage 1 shoud be set according
U m U F to the minimum sensible impedance, and for
Zm    Z1
Im I  k  3I0 stage 2, its actual protection range should
satisfy the sensitivity requirements.
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Thank you!
63
32

Relay Setting Principles for Transmission Line Protection

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2/26/2019

Relay Setting Principles for

CONTENTS 1 Basic relay setting principles

Detail relay setting principles of 220kV -500kV

3 Key points of transimission line relay setting

Basic relay setting principles

2. Basic relay setting principles

1.1 Four characteristics of relay protection

1.1 Four characteristics of relay protection

The relay protection device should cut off the

Protection on 2QF should act preferentially!

1.1 Four characteristics of relay protection

Refers to the fault occurrs, regardless of the

1.1 Four characteristics of relay protection

Refers to the fault occurs, the relay protection

System Stability Equipment Safety

Power swing, System splitting Thermal effect,

1.1 Four characteristics of relay protection

Refers to the fault occurs, if the fault occurs in

1.1 Four characteristics of relay protection

Selectivity and sensitivity are guaranteed by

1.1 Four characteristics of relay protection

The focus of relay setting

1.2 Basic relay setting principles

Protection in the power system should cooperate with

1.2 Basic relay setting principles

According to the actual situation of the cooperation, it

1.2 Basic relay setting principles

t1II t2II t3II

1.2 Basic relay setting principles

1.2 Basic relay setting principles

t1II t2II t3II

1.2 Basic relay setting principles

The setting of relay protection should meet the

1.2 Basic relay setting principles

If speedability, selectivity and sensitivity can't be met at

1 Basic relay setting principles

Detail relay setting principles of 220kV -500kV

3 Key points of transimission line relay setting

Detail relay setting principles

2.1 Differential Protection(87)

of the two current vectors

2.1 Differential Protection(87)

(1）The setting values of the differential protection

2.1 Differential Protection(87)

（3）The setting value of the zero sequence differential

Detail relay setting principles

2.2 Distance Protection(21)

Phase-Ground Fault：U m   U F   Z 1 ( I  k  3 I0 ) Ground Distance Protection

Phase-Phase Fault： U m   U F   Z 1 I m  Interphase Distance Protection

2.2 Distance Protection(21)

Ground Distance Interphase Distance

2.2 Distance Protection(21)

Circular characteristics Quadrilateral characteristics

2.2 Distance Protection(21)

3）Setting Principles A. Ground Distance Protection

2.2 Distance Protection(21)

3）Setting Principles A. Ground Distance Protection

2.2 Distance Protection(21)

3）Setting Principles A. Ground Distance Protection

2.2 Distance Protection(21)

3）Setting Principles B. Interphase Distance Protection

2.2 Distance Protection(21)