Professional Documents
Culture Documents
POTENTIAL IN AGRICULTURE
August 2016
Esteban “Steeve” C. Godilano, earned his Ph.D. in Environmental Information Science (EIS) and
International Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca New York. USA. MSc in Space Technology focusing
in Natural Resource Development and Management, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Bangkok,
Thailand. BS Agriculture: Agronomy, Central Philippine University, Iloilo City.
DISCLAIMER
Maps used in this analysis were obtained from different sources and digitized in various
scales, in so doing, it is expected that errors could occur especially in political boundary
details. The DA-SWCCO-AMIA ICCGIS Team had minimized these errors through map
editing, rubber sheeting, or wrapping to a common base map the ICCGIS team developed
using GIS Technology and ESRI Satellite Imagery. All maps were rectified into one
common base maps and transformed into WGS 84 coordinate systems, however, no
ACCURACY STATEMENT has been made, or to verify its accuracy through ground
confirmation.
ACCURACY AND ERRORS ON THESE MAPS ARE NOT THE RESPONSIBILITY OF DA-SWCCO,
STEEVE C. GODILANO, OR THAT OF the NCCAG TEAM, NOR ARE THESE MAPS MEANT TO
RESOLVE CONFLICTING POLITICAL BOUNDARIES. ERRORS ON DIFFERENT THEMES USED
IN THE ANALYSIS IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF AGENCIES WHO DEVELOPED THE BASEMAPS;
e.g. BSWM FOR THE SOILS MAP, PAGASA FOR THE CLIMATE DATA, NAMRIA FOR
POLITICAL BOUNDARIES AT THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL. MUNICIPAL AND BARANGAY
BOUNDARIES ARE “NOT AUTHORITATIVE” ACCORDING TO NAMRIA.
THE TOOLS AND METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED IN THIS ANALYSIS HOWEVER ARE STRAIGHT
FORWARD; THE MAPS COULD BE CONSIDERED VALUABLE RESOURCES AND
INFORMATION FOR AREAS HIGHLY IMPACTED BY CLIMATE CHANGE FOR LIVELIHOOD
OPPORTUNITIES AND STRATEGIC PLANNING.
Mention of trade name or proprietary products does not indicate endorsement by DA-
AMIA or by the ICCGIS Team and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other
products that may also be suitable.
No Title Number
1 Introduction 7
1.1 Agriculture as part of the solution 7
2 Country Vulnerability to Climate Change and Level of Poverty 7
3 Department of Agriculture Using Geospatial Technology 10
4 The DA Systems Wide Climate Change Office (DA SWCCO) Adaption 11
and Mitigation initiative in Agriculture (AMIA)
4.1. The Four Strategic Objectives 13
4.2 The Seven Systems-wide Programs on Climate Change 13
5 Adopting a Watershed Management Framework 14
6 Using GIS Technology in Mapping 16
7 GIS in Crop production Mapping 16
7.1 Suitability Mapping 17
7.2 Cartographic Model in Generating the Suitability and 18
Investment Map
7.3 Creating mango suitability 19
8 From Global to Local 22
9 Way Forward 23
10 Limitations in this Mapping Activity 23
References
No Title Page
LIST OF FIGURES
No Title Page
Climate change threatens the stability of agricultural production. In many areas of the
world where agricultural productivity is already low and the means of coping with
adverse events are limited, climate change is expected to reduce productivity to even
lower levels and make production more erratic (Stern Review 2006; Cline 2007; Fisher et
al. 2002; and IPCC 2007, 2013). Long term changes in the patterns of temperature and
precipitation, that are part of climate change, are expected to shift production seasons,
pest and disease patterns, and modify the set of feasible crops affecting production,
prices, incomes and ultimately, livelihoods and lives. Climate change impacts include
increased floods and droughts, soil degradation, water shortages, and possible increase
in the number of destructive pests and diseases.
Base on ADB’s and IFPRI (2009) studies on “Economics of Climate Change in Southeast
Asia” the benefits from avoided damage in agriculture and the coastal zones of Vietnam,
Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines could reach 1.9 % of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) by 2100, as compared to the adaptation cost of 0.2 % of GDP. Without dramatic
mitigation and adaptation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the impacts and costs
caused by climate change are going to increase on a frightening scale. Those who are
responsible for most GHGs emissions in the atmosphere already have the capacity and
finance necessary to avoid most loss of life and livelihood from those impacts, but the
world’s poor who are least responsible for the emissions of GHGs emissions are the less
fortunate.
Farmers are under the greatest threat from climate change, but they could also play a
major role in addressing it. It is possible for agriculture to actually sequester—or
absorb—carbon into the soil rather than emitting it. This can be done without the trade
off with productivity and yields. It is possible to have higher yields, more carbon in the
soil and greater resilience to droughts and heat. This is called the `triple win’
interventions that would increase yields (poverty reduction and food security), make
yields more resilient in the face of extremes (adaptation), and make the farm a solution
to the climate change problem rather than part of the problem (mitigation). These triple
wins are likely to require a package of interventions and can be geographically specific in
their application (World Bank 2011).
The Philippines is an archipelago surrounded by the Philippine Sea and Pacific Ocean in
the east and the Philippine Sea in the west with a land area of 300,000 sq km and an
estimated population of 94 Million in 2010. The recent World Risk Report 2011
(http://ihrrblog.org/2011/09/26/2011-un-world-risk-index) reported that the Philippines
ranked third among the 173 countries in the world in terms of disaster risk index (Table
1). ASEAN countries are likewise included for comparison.
The Philippines, due to its location and natural Table 1. Top five countries and ASEAN
attributes, is prone to natural hazards. It is ranking on vulnerability to disaster.
situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire where two
Rank Country Risk (%)
major tectonic plates of the world, It is located
1 Vanuatu 32.00
along the typhoon belt on the Western North
2 Tonga 29.08
Pacific Basin where 66% of tropical cyclones 3 Philippines 24.32
enter or originate. Typhoons average 20 events 4 Solomon Islands 23.51
per year; five to seven of which can be very 5 Guatemala 20.88
destructive. Flooding has become the most 7 Timor-Leste 17.45
prevalent disaster since 2000. Areas along the 9 Cambodia 16.58
over 17,000 km coastline are vulnerable to 14 Brunei Darussalam 14.08
tidal surges due to high population density. 28 Indonesia 11.69
According to the United Nations International 34 Vietnam 11.21
Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)— 57 Myanmar 8.54
reports that "the Philippines topped the 85 Thailand 6.86
disaster league of 2011 with 33 major reported 91 Malaysia 6.69
events, affecting 12.5% of the population. The 104 Lao PDR 5.80
People's Republic of China, United States and 153 Singapore 2.85
nd rd th
India ranked a distant 2 , 3 , and 4 with 21,
19 and 11 disasters, respectively (The CRED/OFDA-International Disaster Database
tables). In terms of Sea Level Rise (SLR), the Philippines is No.5 that could affect 14 M
people.
Many highly populated areas are exposed to multiple hazards; 22.3% of the land area is
exposed to three or more hazards and in that area, 36.4% of the population are exposed.
Areas where two or more hazards are prevalent comprise 62.2% of the total area where
73.8% of the population are exposed (World Bank, 2005). Basic
statistics on poverty incidence, of which 75% of those affected Box 1. Philippine
Population Projection
by poverty are in the rural areas, 41% are fishers and 37% are
farmers. These are the sectors which are most vulnerable to the The Philippine
impacts of climate change (NSCB, 2010). Farmers’ income is population stands at
compromised because livelihoods in the farm and fishing 90 Million. Anchored
on a 1.8% annual
communities are threatened by the destructive effects of climate population growth
change target, by 2050
(when climate
impacts may be at
Climate change is one such risk that will complicate and their worst) we would
compound existing development problems in the country such have grown to 180
as population growth (Box 1), rapid urbanization, increasing Million.
Damage (B
No Months/ PhP)
Year Name Affected Regions
Dates Total Agri
1 Oct 2 to 6 1993 Kadiang 8.75 7.19 NCR, CAR, regions I to 4
NCR, CAR, Regions I to 5
2 Oct 30 to Nov 4 1995 Rosing 10.80 9.04
and 8
3 Oct 20 to 23 1998 Loleng 6.79 3.70 CAR, Reg. I to VI and 8
NCR, Samar, Bicol,
4 Jun 20 to 23 2008 Frank 13.50 3.20
Mindoro, and Iloilo
NCR, Central Luzon,
5 Sep 25 to 27 2009 Ondoy 11.00 6.77
Calabarzon
CAR, Pangasinan, Tarlac,
6 Oct 2 to 10 2009 Pepeng 27.30 6.53
Ilocos
NCR, CAR, Reg. 1, 2, 3,
7 Oct 18 to 21 2010 Juan 8.49 7.55
Rizal, Cavite
8 Sep 26 to 28 2011 Pedring 15.00 4.19 NCR,CAR, Reg. 3, 4, 5
Cagayan de Oro, Iligan,
9 Dec 16 to 17 2011 Sendong 2.07 1.00
Dumaguete, Negros Or.
Davao Or., Compostela,
10 Dec 2 to 9 2012 Pablo 36.95 26.53
CARAGA, Palawan
Leyte, Samar, Cebu,
11 Nov 8-10 2013 Yolanda 85.00 28.86 Iloilo, Romblon, Surigao,
Palawan
Total (PhP) 225.65 95.92
Average (PhP) 18.70 9.51
Science is telling us that there are three considerations to increase food production: (1)
increase area for agriculture (2) increasing yield per unit area, and (3) increasing cropping
intensity. For the Philippines, options one is no longer possible. The Department of
Agriculture (DA) should therefore focus its programs to option 2 and 3 or continue to be
the number one rice exporter in the world.
With great strides being made along the road toward a global economy and increased
awareness of technology and its role in society, the DA and its partners institution has
and must continue to develop in order to embrace these changing circumstances. The
effective use of resources requires that decisions be made on the best and most
complete information available. Using geospatial technology is one method that can be
use to clearly show interdependent and interagency information for decision-making.
The use of GIS to display and interrelate information for decision-makers, scientists, and
extensionist is an effective method that is now available. The use of GIS to share
information between government agencies, allowing stakeholders to see all pertinent
information in one format is now expected.
It is believed that our goal in achieving agricultural productivity, sustainability, and food
security in the future will in part depend on our ability to predict and manage changes in
our agricultural landscape and the effects of those changes on natural ecosystems. As our
agricultural landscape continues to change due to increasing human population, land
conversion, and demand for natural resources, more stressors are expected to affect
water quality, wildlife habitat, and ecosystem processes as a whole. Corollary to this,
decision-makers operating at different scales of interest and responsibility have to deal
with different types of agricultural problems and seek solutions to handle the complexity
of natural and human actions causing these problems. The linkage of agricultural
assessment tools and GIS technology and their capability in handling available geospatial
data sources to prepare valid model and input parameters for applications at various
spatial and temporal scales are in high demand. For example, the expansion and
concentration of rice areas led to drastic changes in land use as well as water and
sediment fluxes in our environment. Thus, this resulted in looking for innovative changes
and approaches in implementing agricultural development and in doing research and
extension programs.
On the other hand, there are a number of factors and trends, both technology and
market driven, that are influencing agricultural development today, and this will have
major impacts on the directions that will guide the DA into the next century. On this
premise, there are three increasingly shared perspectives within the National Agricultural
Research Systems (NARS), the academe, and development community: (1) with advance
Information and Communication Technology (ICT), organizations can manage vast
4. THE DA SYSTEMS WIDE CLIMATE CHANGE OFFICE (DASWCCO) ADAPTION AND MITIGATION
INITIATIVE IN AGRICULTURE (AMIA)
AMIA’s overall vision is for the Philippine agri-fisheries sector to build climate-resilient
livelihoods and communities. This would be achieved through Climate-Resilient Agri-
Fisheries (CRA) approach by enabling local communities manages climate risks while
pursuing sustainable livelihoods. This can be achieved by implementing technologies and
practices, introducing institutional and social innovations, and accessing climate-relevant
support services.
The framework consists of nine key clusters of inter-related activities, whose cumulative
and combined results are envisioned to help AMIA achieve its goal for 2016 and beyond.
For each cluster, a set of projects and activities would be designed towards
operationalizing the AMIA framework.
Establishes an initial set of proof-of-concept sites within each region, as focal point for
deriving preliminary evidence of CRA processes and outcomes at local level. It serves as
platform for learning and sharing with a wider range of communities within the region.
Its participatory action-oriented research agenda is driven by community-centered
mechanisms and farmer-to-farmer methods for introducing and promoting CRA within
and across agri-fisheries communities.
Enhances key climate services and institutions which are essential for agri-fisheries
communities to adopt and benefit from CRA practices. It equips regional DA offices and
other institutional stakeholders with capacities, guidelines and models for more client-
responsive services – including climate information advisory, risk insurance/transfer and
credit support, market development, and local climate governance.
Integrates CRA within broader strategies for building climate-resilient food systems and
value chains. It links CRA’s livelihood goals for agri-fisheries communities with key
development outcomes that benefit a wider range of populations who are exposed to
climate risks. It promotes improved diets and nutrition for resource-poor consumers
despite climate risks. It also enables small-scale agri-fisheries households to gain better
access to markets while participating in climate-resilient value chains. Among its critical
elements are capacity building for business enterprise planning, and provision of financial
and other key support services.
Develops and tests strategies for delivering CRA outcomes at scale, in a sustainable and
social inclusive (including gender) manner. It draws from key findings, other experiences
and results of prior clusters to demonstrate the feasibility of CRA practices, processes
and resulting outcomes above individual communities. It also focuses on key challenges
for operationalizing CRA at multiple scales through regional innovation platforms,
spearheaded by DA and by engaging with diverse multi-sectoral institutional stakeholders
Develops and tests strategies for managing AMIA processes of knowledge production,
sharing and utilization across clusters. It includes: 1) establishing guidelines and
templates, including quality assurance, in packaging and developing CRA knowledge
products, 2) planning and executing communication strategies for public advocacy,
outreach/networking and media engagement, and 3) developing results-based
monitoring and evaluation systems for documenting AMIA outputs and outcomes which
meet the generally established standards of CRA evidence.
Coordinates and harmonizes the overall planning and execution of AMIA projects and
activities through cost-effective and resource-efficient program management systems. It
integrates field-based results across clusters, while offering systematic feedback and
input to national policy development and investment planning. It also helps nurture
sustainable and creative partnership arrangements to foster joint action and benefit-
sharing among communities, institutions and stakeholders.
1) Mainstreaming AMIA, which aims to minimize DA’s institutional risks and protect
government investments and adjust development programs/projects and
approaches to address CC risks.
2) Climate Information System (CIS), which has the objective of having a common
database to generate timely and reliable data for disaster risk reduction,
planning, and management through the conduct of vulnerability and risk
assessments of productive areas, and the establishment of agro-meteorological
stations in highly vulnerable areas.
3) Philippine Adaptation and Mitigation in Agriculture Knowledge Toolbox that will
These core system’s wide programs will allow the Department to better address climate
change vulnerabilities and risks in crafting and implementing the nation’s agriculture and
fisheries modernization programs.
To address the impacts of climate change requires watershed as the planning domain.
This is embodied in Chapter 18 of the Agenda 21 for States Government: “Protection of
the quality and supply of freshwater resources: Application of integrated approaches to
the development, management and use of water resources”.
The National Convergence Initiative (NCI) composed by the DA, DENR, and Department
of Agrarian Reform (DAR) and headed by the DA Secretary adopted the watershed 1 and
1
(1) Watershed or catchment or basin or drainage area refers to any topographically delineated
area that can collect water and is drained by a river system with an outlet. It includes all land areas
extending from the ridge down to the stream for which water is collected (Brooks, et al., 1981). (2)
A watershed approach in agriculture and natural resources (ANR) will allow stakeholders
to focus on issues that transcend administrative boundaries and greatly increase their
understanding of poverty and environment challenges. A watershed approach is needed
because planning and management decisions in one part of a watershed can have
significant impacts on natural resources elsewhere. Watershed and ecosystem
management is holistic, collaborative, multiple use, and sustainable management of all
resources within a watershed.
Figure 2.
Watershed
management
framework
(source:
Godilano, E.C.
2009, 2011)
A watershed is the land drained by a stream or fixed body of water and its tributaries having a
common outlet for surface runoff (PD 705 Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines).
The agricultural sector is facing an unprecedented challenge, and only one technology is
poised to collect, manage, and analyze the myriad of climatic, physical, biological, and
poverty data describing the past, present, and future of agriculture. That technology is
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), commonly used today to view and manage
information about geographic places, analyze geographic relationships, and model
geographic processes.
While the advantages of GIS are apparent, there are also some disadvantages.
Commercial GIS software is typically expensive and requires technical skill to use. The
cross-cutting nature of climate change means that data collected by other departments is
likely to be of importance: for example, the availability of surface water
Assessing the suitability of an area for crop and fishery production requires considerable
effort in terms of information collection that presents both opportunities and limitations
to decision-makers. For example, GIS has been use to create crop production based on
the biological requirements of the crop and the quality and characteristics of land. The
methodology adopted in this mapping project combines climate, and those land quality
attributes that most influence crop production (long-term average annual rainfall or total
annual rainfall, accumulated temperature, field capacity duration, and topography data).
Overall suitability is recognized by the Simple Limitation Approach (SLA) in preference to
a weighted GIS model that scores attributes (Ghaffari, et. al. 2000 and Rossiter 1996).
Conversely, the integration of climate-soil-site modeling using GIS is finding increasing
application in crop-specific modeling of agricultural production (Sys, et. al. 1991, and
Star, et. al. 1991). According to Huxhold (1991), GIS is one of the new technologies that
development planners and international agencies consider that could help developing
countries to leapfrog into the future. A GIS is a tool for human use, not a technological
end in itself; this fact is being lost too often in the heady rush of technical sophistication
Honea, et. al. (1991).
Computer modeling and implementing a GIS consider natural variations found in any
piece of farmland. By mapping a farm's attributes at the field level and including
knowledge regarding input costs, potential returns for different crops, and probabilities
of climatic conditions, the researcher can build potential impact scenarios. By analyzing
these results, options can be provided to the farmer, based on a predetermined
acceptable level of risk. Agricultural crop modeling can be included to demonstrate
potential effects from events such as floods.
Take note that 2020 does not connote the year but a clear vision of what the DA-AMIA
intends to achieve in this project.
7.2 Cartographic Model in Generating the Crop Production and Investment Map
The purpose of the cartographic model is to locate the best area and to determine its
coincidence to other land uses. Though very different in scale and data requirements, the
way this problem gets solved is similar. For example, in the selection of suitability model,
characteristics are ranked by the suitability of each location based upon all variables. A
simple four step process is used to solve this problem: (1) stating the problem, (2)
breaking down the problem into a series of objectives to be solved, (3) assigning values of
suitability to the objectives, and (4) solving the problem. This process is well discussed
and illustrated in ESRI’s ArcView and ArcGIS Spatial Analyst.
The Mango suitability which was the prototype of this mapping activity has
demonstrated the enabling capability of the GIS technology to geographically target
suitability and limitation domain of mango. In so doing, the ICCGIS laboratory has
generated the same suitability maps for other commodities including a map compilation
and geostatistics. We will further use GIS analysis to generate a map index of all highly
suitable areas, i.e. areas highly suitable or with no limitation of the different commodities
showing mapping units of coincidence. The coincidence units can also be translated into
crop intensity units that will indicate conflict in crop suitability. In so doing, LGUs,
farmers and investors could select which crop to grow in a given location.
The crop production potential criteria were derived from literature reviews and from
commodity experts, and scientists in their respective field. These criteria were used in
the generation of the suitability map. In so doing, once the criteria are changed, the
output map and geostatistics will likewise differ. Listed in Annex 1 are the crops and their
suitability criteria based on science. Table 3 shows the generated suitability statistics for
the twenty priority crops at the national level. GIS technology could also generate maps
and statistics using administrative boundaries. GIS analysis needs to be generated in
making the coincidence map and statistics for all crops.
For those who are not familiar of the various crops, illustrated in Annex 2 are pictures of
crops used in the suitability mapping.
No Crops Hectares
1 Rice Ecosystems Total Area 3,714,636.70
Irrigated 1,911,001.78
Rainfed 1,770,911.87
Upland 32,723.05
2 Corn/Sorghum Total Area 1,777,972.82
Wet + Dry Season 460,552.63
Wet Season 693,141.40
Dry Season 624,278.78
3 Sweet Potato Total Area 1,639,527.13
Wet + Dry Season 369,623.64
Dry Season 148,556.04
Wet Season 1,121,347.46
4 Coffee Total Area 460,158.47
Robusta + Arabica 208.15
Robusta 374,029.19
Arabica 85,921.13
5 Legumes/Groundnut Total Area 2,926,354.12
Wet + Dry Season 277,066.48
Wet Season 333,218.73
Dry Season 2,316,068.91
6 Cacao 4,778,522.06
7 Cassava 3,810,768.66
8 Sugarcane 5,753,166.24
9 Yam 5,971,637.41
10 Taro 4,235,246.54
11 Mango 3,685,023.75
12 Coconut 6,432,992.00
13 Papaya 2,859,624.97
14 Abaca 1,333,901.31
15 Banana 3,390,108.45
16 Rubber 2,671,079.16
17 Palm Oil 5,179,831.12
18 Onions/Garlic 543,073.16
19 Vegetables (crucifiers, pepper, etc) Total Area 8,305,909.05
The final map overlay shows the coincidence of the different themes that created unique
polygons which is equivalent to a mapping unit. Each mapping unit was then classified
into mango limitation units (MLU) that reflect the combination of all or some of the
suitable/unsuitable areas as defined in the criteria. For example, MLU (Code 3 = No
Limitation) contains all the suitable areas, while other mapping units will have one less or
more of the unsuitable criteria, e.g. soil and slope MLU contains unsuitable areas due to
soil and slope while elevation and climate are the favorable factors. The limiting factor(s)
that determine the unsuitability of mango in certain geographic location could then be
converted into a mango production potential class (MPPC), i.e., highly suitable,
moderately suitable, etc, the decision rule however, on how a MPPC will be defined will
be determined by the national team leader or experts in the industry. The expert rule
Scaling down: Scaling down the above results means incorporating site specific criteria in
the analysis. This could be successfully implemented at the regional/provincial level. This
also means that additional criteria is required that will further refine the target
environment for a specific crop which could be included in the GIS analysis. For example,
site specific climate data gathered in strategic experimental stations of the DA research
systems could further refine the climatic domain of a specific crop, or a detailed soil
mapping unit derived from local soil survey.
Mapping activities involves two major activities which could be implemented by Phases.
Phase 1 is analysis and mapping at the national level leading to the creation of crop
production and coincidence statistics. Phase 2 is the “ground truthing” or field
verification/confirmation and the generation of statistics at various level of governance
(regional, river basin/watershed, provincial, municipal, and barangay). This also involves
the integration of socioeconomics, demographic, and support services data that will
specifically address the needs of stakeholders. Illustrated in Figure 8 shows the activities
and scale of analysis.
Figure 8.
Scaling Down
of Crop
Production
Potential
Maps (source:
E.C. Godilano
2000).
The national scale crop production potential mapping could be further fine-tuned by the
Regional Field Units (RFUs) by providing them the GIS shape files of the ICGIS generated
crop production potential maps. The RFUs could then integrate their local knowledge
and provide inputs for regional and local planning. The RFUs can also implement ground
verification of the national output map and subsequently modify the output map.
Illustrated in Figure 9 is the framework on how the output map could be further refined
and manipulated by the Regional Field Offices (RFOs). There is however, a need to equip
the RFUs on the use of geospatial technology for them to implement the technology.
Figure 9. Framework in the RFUs engagement in Crop Production Potential Mapping and
Analysis (source: E.C. Godilano 2000)..
The constraints of this mapping project are the currentness of the maps available from
the various government agencies and instrumentalities. For example, the soil map is at
the reconnaissance level (1:50,000 scale) and was developed forty (40) years ago. This
needs to be updated to a detailed soil map at 1:10,000 scale. Secondly, government
agencies are reluctant in sharing with the AMIA ICCGIS the methodology on how their
maps are created. Lastly, the DA-AMIA has set limitations in sharing some of the GIS
shapefiles to RFUs as these are covered by a Exclusive Users License Agreement (EULA),
thus limiting the flexibility of RFUs GIS Team to implement detailed crop production
potential mapping.
Asian Development Bank (ADB) and International Food and Policy Research Institute
IFPRI. (2009). Building Climate Resilience in the Agriculture Sector in Asia and the
Pacific. Mandaluyong City, Philippines. adbpub@adb.org
Aspinall, R. (1993). Use of Geographic Information Systems for Interpreting Land Use
Policy and Modeling Effects of Land Use Change. pp. 223-236. In Haines-Young,
R., D. R. Green, and S. Cousins (eds). Landscape Ecology and Geographic
Information Systems. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY.
Aronoff, S. (1997). Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective, Ottawa:
WDL Publications.
Badgley, C., Moghtader, J., Quintero, E., Zakem, E., Jahi Chappell, M., Avilés-Vázquez, K.,
Samulon, A. and Perfecto, I. (2007). Organic Agriculture and the Global Food
Supply. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems: 22(2); 86-108.
Bails, A. (2002). Government technology/needs analysis improves enterprise GIS.
American City and County. PRIMEDIA Business Magazines & Media Inc. Feb 1,
2002
Bouman, B.A.M., Lampayan, R.M. and Tuong, T.P. (2007). Water Management in Irrigated
Rice: Coping with Water Scarcity. Los Baños, Laguna: IRRI. 54 p.
http://dspace.irri.org:8080/dspace/handle/10269/266Cline
Burrough, P. A., R. Van Rijn, and M. Khan. (1996). Spatial Data quality and Error Analysis
Issues: GIS Function and Environmental Modeling, pp 29-38. In Goodchild, M. F.,
L. T. Steyaaert, B. O. Parks, C. J. Johnson, D. Maidment, M. Crane, and S.
Glendinning (eds). GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research
Issues. GIS World Books. Fort Collins Colorado.
Cabusao, M. (2012). Video Documentary Presentation: Seed Banking of Rice as a Climate
Change Adaptation Practice of Matigsalug Women in Mindanao. Paper
presented to the APEC Symposium on Climate Change: Adaptation Strategies
with Mitigation Potentials for Food and Water Security. EDSA Shang-rila Hotel.
Metro, Manila Philippines. February 6-8, 2012.
Campbell, J. (1998). Map Use and Analysis, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill. Madison, Wisconsin.
Changchui, H. (1999). Integrated global observing strategy: Putting the vision of digital
earth into actions by International Communities. Keynote speech at the
International Symposium on the Digital Earth. Chinese Academy of Sciences:
Beijing, China. 29 November-2 December 1999.
Chaparro, F. (1999). ICT, Networking and Knowledge Systems in Agricultural and Rural
Development. Paper presented in the Second Conference of the European
Federation for Information Technology in Agriculture, Food and the Environment
(EFITA). Bonn, September 27-30, 1999.
DA-BFAR. (2008). Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Annual Report, Quezon
Arcadia Building, Quezon Avenue, Quezon City. http://mariculture.bfar.da.gov.ph.
BFAR Mariculture Portal.
Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO). 2010. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Policies, Practices
and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/climatechange/climatesmartpub/66304/en/ on 30 July 2012.
Gilbert, N. (2011). Climate-smart Agriculture is needed. Downloaded from the Internet,
30 July 2012.
http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110302/full/news.2011.131.html
Glantz, M.H., R. Gommes, and S. Ramasamy (2009). Coping with a Changing Climate:
Considerations for Adaptation and Mitigation in Agriculture. FAO Environment
and Natural Resources Service Series, No. 15, Rome, 2009.
Godilano, E.C. (2001). Geographic Information Systems: A Tool in Setting the Policies and
Direction of Agriculture in the Philippines. Paper presented to the faculty and
staff of the College of Agriculture, College-wide seminar. Plant Pathology
Auditorium, UPLB Campus, College Laguna. 26 September 2001.
Godilano, E.C. (2012). Watershed Management Framework for Climate Change
Adaptation and Mitigation: An Approach for Food and Water Security. Paper
presented to the APEC Symposium on Climate Change: Adaptation strategies with
Mitigation Potentials for Food and Water Security. EDSA Shang-rila Hotel. Metro,
Manila Philippines. February 6-8, 2012.
Green, A. (1994). The Geography of Poverty and Wealth: Evidence on the Changing
Spatial Distribution and Segregation of Poverty and Wealth from the Census of
Population. Institute of Employment Research. University of Warwick.
Huxhold, William E., (1991). An Introduction to Urban Geographic Information Systems.
Oxford University Press.
IPCC. (2007). Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P.
Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson (eds), in Climate Change 2007,
Fourth Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, online at:
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_ data/ar4/wg2/en/contents.html
Korte, George B. (1992). A Practitioner's Guide: The GIS Book, Sante Fe: On Word Press.
Leary et al., (2006). Socioeconomic Consequences of Climate Change in Sub-equatorial
Africa Related to the Agricultural sector. Downloaded from the Internet 25
October 2011. climsec.prio.no/papers/stordal-kristjansson%20et%20al.pdf
Maguire, David J. (1993). The Organizational and Technical Issues Associated with
Corporate GIS Implementations. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual ESRI User
Cenference, Vol. 2, pp.413-426.
RICE Rice ecosystems from NIA and from NPAAAD (network of protected area for agriculture development) were
Oryza sativa L. integrated to show rice growing environment or ecosystems; i.e. irrigated, lowland rainfed, and upland.
(NIA and NPAAD Base map)
SEAWEEDS The ideal seaweed production sites should have gentle waves, balmy wind and clean water with the right
(Kappyhycus/Eucheuma) temperature, depth and salinity level. The following are the specific biophysical and climatic requirements of
Source: BFAR seaweeds production sites in the Philippines: (1) Presence of naturally growing seaweeds; (2) Constant tidal
www.da.bfar.gov.ph interchange for sufficient nutrient supply. Seawater is clear and free from pollution and supply of freshwater;
(3) Temperature of seawater is 27oC to 30oC with salinity of 30-35. Kappyhycus/Eucheuma are stenohaline
marine algae and salinite below 30 may have adverse affects on them; (4) Water movement is 20-50 m/min.
Water movement facilitates rapid nutrient absorption and prevents extreme fluctuations of other ecological
factors [temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved gasses]; (5) Seabed is rocky, firm and well protected from
strong waves. Firm substrate is essential for the support system. Presence of buffer zones is necessary to
minimize destructive effects to the plants; and (6) Water depth should not be less than 30 cm during the
lowest tide to prevent exposure and desiccation.
NOTE: Given the seaweeds suitability requirements above, the first step prior to GIS analysis is to generate the
thematic maps and database requirements for each theme, e.g. salinity level, coastal temperature, and others.