Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements of the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Psychology
By:
Richard C. Gawala
Nicole Paola M. Lagatoc
Marchelyn Q. Tabligan
October 2017
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY ii
APPROVAL SHEET
JENNIFER BOYERO, MA
Member
ABSTRACT
cited in the website Simply Psychology, people want to feel, experience and
behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what
we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our ideal-self and ideal-image
are to each other the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher the
sense of self-worth. The Humanistic approach states that the self is composed of
three different concepts which are unique to every person these are self-worth,
self-image and ideal self. Self-worth is what we think about ourselves, Rogers
believed that self-worth is developed in early childhood and were formed with
the interaction of a child to its parents. Self-image is how we see ourselves and
has an effect on how a person thinks, feels and behaves in the world, which is a
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY iv
very important factor to good psychological health. The Ideal-self is what the
person would want to be, it consists of ambitions, dreams and goals in life.
i
The researchers focused on the correlation of adversity quotient to the
correlation of the three variables, the researcher used correlation method in this
of research wherein the researchers had two or more quantitative variables from
between the two or more variables. Theoretically, any two quantitative variables
can be correlated as long as you have scores on these variables from the same
participants.
The majority of the respondents is between the ages of 16 & 17 years old.
respondents. Among all the cases of abuse, neglect was the highest with 47
respondents. The total number of abused teenagers that had a majority total of
85% of high resilience. The total number of abused teenagers that had a majority
the emotional level of the respondents said that their behavior are Controlled
with the frequency of 62, and with the percentage of 62%. The 3 sub-factors,
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY v
individual, caregiver and context, under the adversity quotient have significantly
adversity quotient and emotional profile, it was found out that all of the 9
three factors of adversity quotient only the caregiver and timid with 0.46 r score.
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers are deeply grateful to the people who provided their
i
guidance and those who contributed and shared their knowledge, time and
research adviser and also Dean Program Chair, Prof. Paulo Manuel L. Macapagal
for guiding them and for the continuous support he has given for the study, for
giving so much patience to achieve this goal and for being consistent in
reminding that they can surpass all this without his assistance and dedication in
every step throughout the process, this paper would never been accomplished.
They would like to thank the panelist for sitting on their panel and taking time to
The researcher would also give thanks and gratitude to Manila Boystown
Complex and their staff who assisted us in the time of our test administration,
also to the orphan who give their time and effort to participate in this study.
gratitude to their family, classmates and friends, who have been a constant
source of love, concern and support and strength and above all, The Almighty
God who has never been there against all odds, giving them guidance, courage,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page i
Title i
Approval Sheet ii
Abstract
iii
Acknowledgement vi
Table of Contents
vii
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Curriculum Vitae
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY ix
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURE
CHAPTER I
right guaranteed by the convention on the Rights of the Child and other
International human rights treaties and standards. Yet violence remains an all-
too-real part of life for children around the globe- regardless of their economic
and social circumstances, culture, religion, or ethnicity- with both immediate and
long term consequences. Children who have been severely abused or neglected
perform poorly at school. Over the last decade, recognition of the pervasive
nature and impact of violence against children has grown. Still, the phenomenon
variety of reasons, including the fact that some forms of violence against children
are socially accepted, tacitly condoned or not perceived as being abusive. Many
victims are too young or too vulnerable to disclose their experience or to protect
themselves.
Child abuse is a common case in the Philippines; more and more children
are falling victim to different kinds of abuse like physical abuse, sexual abuse,
child neglect, exploitation, child labor and child soldiering. Most of the victims
are girls while there is a small amount of boys, but that does not mean it is less
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 2
alarming than the other. In most provinces here in the Philippines, boys are used
to do labor like farming, wood-cutting and fishing. Boys are also used as soldiers
i
in some terrorist group, while girls are often associated with sexual abuse. The
said that there is no centralized hotline for people to report incidents of child
abuse. Although the government made efforts to prevent or at least reach for the
victims of the abuse, there are insufficient resource and programs to cover the
There are a lot of cases about child abuse in the Philippines; some of
them liveda comfortable life while the others is suffering and struggling to
overcome past experience. There are some children’s who are struggling because
of different problems like financial, family problems and other personal reasons.
These children’s try to cope and adjust to their problems and overcome their
trials for them to live happily and have a good life.It is important for these
children’s to have a healthy body and a healthy mind. Their well-being will have
huge role in their daily life. Whether they lead a good or bad experience; it will
have an effect on how they will deal with their problems in school and in life.
to deal with adversities in his or her life. Hence, it is commonly known as the
The AQ is one of the probable indicators of a person’s success in life and is also
i
primarily useful to predict attitude, mental stress, perseverance, longevity,
such as introversion or extroversion that are often regarded as innate rather than
Historically, the concept of temperament was part of the theory of the four
humors, with their corresponding four temperaments. They drew upon the early
For these reasons, the researchers decided to conduct a study about the
abused teenager. The study focuses on the success of the teenagers who were
abused.
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 4
Complex?
3. What is the level of temperament of abused teenager in Manila Boystown
Complex?
4. What is the Emotional Profile of abused teenager in Manila Boystown
Complex?
5. Is there a relationship between Adversity Quotient and Temperament?
6. Is there a relationship between Adversity Quotient and Emotional Profile?
7. Is there a relationship between Temperament and Emotional Profile?
Victims of the abusive acts. Their story will give the other victims a prior
motivation and challenge them to overcome those past stories that they need to
Parents/ Future Parents. To give awareness that abused are not happen
about the Adversity Quotient and the Temperament of the children who were
abused as a teenager.
Hypothesis
Theoretical framework
The researchers had chosen the Humanistic Theory of Personality by Carl Rogers.
Carl Rogers was born and raised in Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois. He
was fourth of six children of Walter Rogers and Julia Cushing. Rogers was raised
seminary in New York City. Rogers spent two years in the seminary before
i
transferring to Columbia University Teacher’s college. Rogers received his
master’s degree in 1928 and a PhD in Clinical psychology in 1931. Rogers began
his career in Child Psychology in 1930 as the director of the Society for
He published the Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child in 1939 and accepted
Institute. In 1968, some of the staff joined Rogers in developing the Center for
Studies of the Person. He remained in La Jolla, California until his death in 1987.
Abraham Maslow but added that for a person to “grow” they need an
Rogers believed that any person can achieve their goals wishes and desires in life.
When, or rather if they did so, Self-Actualization takes place. Carl Rogers rejected
believed that we humans have one basic motive, which is the tendency to self-
i
actualize. Like a tree that could grow to its full potential if the conditions are right
but it can also be constricted by its environment. For Rogers people who are able
feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and
which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our ideal-
self and ideal-image are to each other the more consistent or congruent we are
and the higher the sense of self-worth. The Humanistic approach states that the
self is composed of three different concepts which are unique to every person
these are self-worth, self-image and ideal self. Self-worth is what we think about
were formed with the interaction of a child to its parents. Self-image is how we
see ourselves and has an effect on how a person thinks, feels and behaves in the
world, which is a very important factor to good psychological health. The Ideal-
self is what the person would want to be, it consists of ambitions, dreams and
goals in life.
they were abused. It will also help the researchers to identify the factors affecting
Conceptual Framework
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
ADVERSITY
QUOTIENT
TEMPERAMENT EMOTIONAL
PROFILE
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Figure 1
Quotient (IV) while the Dependent Variables are the Temperament and
respondents will be male and female at ages 13—18 years old and had
10
experienced an abused by their families, relatives or caregivers.
emotional profile and temperaments of these children after they had been
abused and how they were able to replace their adversities into a positive and
motivated way.
Definition of terms
The following were defined operationally for better understanding of the study:
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Adversity Quotient- A score that measures the ability of a person to deal with
Emotional Profile- Are defined as feeling states with psychological, cognitive and
behavioural components.
11
CHAPTER II
In this chapter the researchers discussed the literatures and studies that
town Complex.
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
12
Adversity Quotient
Kohlberg et al., (1980) as cited by Ciccarelli, K, S., & White, N, J., stated
i
that Cognitive Development isn’t enough. Kohlberg thought that the
moral reasoning suggests that Kohlberg was right. Parents ability to identify,
reasoning. This ability is important because people of all ages have difficulty
level than their own. Thus, a parent who can express her own moral views in
words that reflect her child’s level of understanding is more likely to be able to
to think logically about issues in other domains. For example the complexity of
reasoning. Further, attitudes towards the acceptability of violence also vary with
found among teens at the highest levels of moral reasoning (compared to teens).
Baumeister et al., (2003) as cited by Coon, D., &Mitterer, O, J., stated that
confident, proud, and self-respecting. One who has low self-esteem is insecure,
lacking in confidence, self-critical. Like Alesha, people with low self-esteem are
usually anxious and unhappy. People who have low self-esteem typically also
effective and who is loved, admired, and respected by others will almost always
have high self-esteem. The reasons for having high self-esteem, however, can
and weaknesses. A positive self-evaluation that is bestowed too easily may not
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 14
be healthy. People who think very highly of themselves may at first seem
confident, but their arrogance quickly turns off other people. Self-esteem shows
i
some interesting shifts during the teenaged years. The overall trend is a steady
old has a considerably more positive sense of her global self-worth than she did
at age 8 or 11. However, the rise to higher self-esteem during adolescence is not
American, African American and White youngsters over the two years from sixth
over that period, a decline that occurred in each of the three ethnic groups. To
such as school achievement, researchers often divide teens into four groups
based on the stability of their self-esteem ratings across adolescence. The largest
turning off the television, picking up the book). The reference values at different
levels of abstraction are linked by the output function of the feedback loops that
compare actual behaviour with the reference value. Thus, a system that returns a
discrepancy between the reference value and actual behavior would produce an
output designed to reduced that discrepancy and that output would take the
form of increased accessibility of the next most specific reference value and
activation of the feedback process with respect to it. This process continues until
self and an alternative self. Nonetheless, it is also possible to extend the model to
predict that the extent to which the discrepancy-reducing system is working may
have implications for how a person feels about themselves. In other words,
positive effect occurs when the actual rate of discrepancy reduction is faster than
expected and negative affect occurs when the actual rate of reduction is slower;
stated that Self-Actualization“ may be loosely described as the full use and
Beginning with a question about why some people adjusted extraordinarily well,
our society for young, developing people.” He believed that a person needed
Indeed, one must have faced some difficult situations and coped with them well.
an iterative process. That is, first he chose participants, next he evaluated those
people, and then he adjusted the original definition based on the first evaluation.
people seem to be fulfilling themselves and to be doing the best that they are
capable of doing, reminding us of exhortation, ‘Become what thou art!’ They are
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
people who have developed or are developing to the full stature of which they
are capable.
i
Once Maslow identified examples of the self-actualizing person, he began
initially delineated five basic human needs that must be met in order for people
pyramid. The pyramidal shape, suggest that lower needs were more pervasive
and that higher needs were more tenuous, more easily overwhelmed by the
influence of lower needs. Maslow posited all five sets of needs as innate to the
human species and these are Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and love,
17
Esteem and Self-actualization. (William C. Compton; Edward Hoffman 2013)
N., that the content of the working self-concept at a particular time is considered
interrelated with a wide variety of other representations, and that have been
frequently accessed in the past, may be chronically accessible for some people.
The working self-concept moves away from the models of self that focus
allows for the notion of the self as a multifaceted, dynamic structure, which can
appear very different in different places and at different times. At face value, it
i
seems to allow for the kinds of contradictory, inconsistent presentations of self
that are invoked by some critics of cognitive models of the self to problematize
the very notion of a coherent, stable self that somehow ‘underlies’ behaviour
more social than many other models of self, in that it allows for dramatic changes
between the individual, interior, cognitive self and the external social contexts
2014)
18
flourishing, then somehow people must be motivated to pursue that goal. In fact,
their individual effects. This section examines how psychology has explained the
forces that propel people toward their goals. As might be expected, there is no
simple answer to what cause us to pursue certain goals. Over 50 years ago, he
argued that people can be motivated by more than simple drives to fulfil
effectance motivations. He said that people are also compelled to engage their
i
immediate environment in ways that produce effective outcomes. In his view,
people are driven to engage the world on ways that give them a sense of
Sheldon & Higgins (2000-2008) as cited by Compton, C, W., & Hoffman, E.,
concordance and as “regulatory fit.” Studies have found that when there is a
better fit between a person’s values and her goal or his goal, then a more positive
evaluation of the goal, greater motivation, greater commitment to the goal, and
study by Kaser and Ryan (1993), who found that subjective well-being was
enhanced when people pursued goals that facilitated affiliation, intimacy, self-
physical attractiveness, fame, and wealth. Goals that are valued by one’s society
goals admired in one’s culture can lead to more social rewards. (William C.
20
Compton & Edward Hoffman 2013)
i
According to Lent, Singley, Sheu, Gainor, Brenner et al., (2005) Compton,
C, W., & Hoffman, E., That Approach goals motivate us to move toward
approach goals are more likely to be associated with subjective well-being than
are avoidance goals. Well-being is higher when people move toward something
they value rather than avoid something difficult or painful. However, motivations
are complex, and both approach and avoidance goals can feel good depending
on the situation. What is also important is the rate at which people approach
their valued goals. Making adequate or better than expected progress toward
important goals translates into higher well-being. That is, rate of progress a
person has made, or expects to make, toward goals may even be more important
than actual achievement. Acceptable rates of progress are associated with more
positive emotions. For instance, a goal such as “to learn play the piano well” is
one that is never quite reached because you can always play better than you do
now. For most people satisfaction comes, in part, from learning to play better
2013)
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 21
James Marcia (1966) Ashford, B, J., &Lecroy, W, C., &Lortie, L, K., stated
represent the stage of life that Erikson characterized as identity confusion. Young
childhood security and adult autonomy. Erikson’s ideas were extended and
resolution. Identity Diffusion this is the least mature status for the adolescent to
be in. Adolescents at this stage have not yet experienced a crisis, that is, they are
important attitudes, values, or plans for the future. Identity Foreclosure in this
beliefs but have not yet experienced a crisis. Most often in identity foreclosure,
(you will go to college or the army). Yet adolescents have not had the necessary
beliefs. Identity Moratorium this status describes adolescents who are currently
Achievement at this final stage, adolescents have undergone and resolved their
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
&Lortie, L, K., During adolescences, young people must integrate their image of
being within ethnic group while being exposed to values and images of the
mainstream white culture. Young people often perceive a negative image from
the white majority and then face the task of developing a positive identity as a
color are often quite aware of how others are evaluating their minority status.
Issues that such youth face as they focus on identity development include racial
stereotypes that affect their “looking glass self”; cultural devaluation of the
symbols and heroes of their group; and lack of successful role models with whom
color must reconcile their lives from the standpoint of two contrasting cultural
systems their own ethnic and cultural values and the white majority cultural
values. This challenge often leads to three options: alienation, whereby young
people reject the majority culture and the opportunities it provides; assimilation,
whereby they reject their ethnic values and strive to conform and assimilate to
white majority; and biculturalism, whereby they learn to negotiate both their
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
ethnic values and the values of the dominant culture. In this case, the value
structures of both groups are available, and the young people must negotiate
i
which standards to use depending on the situation. (Jose B. Ashford & Craig W.
23
Lecroy& Kathy L. Lortie)
from parents, and developing more intimate friendships and relationships. Also
at this time, the young person is increasingly learning to reflect on his or her
respect for others’ views and to the adolescent’s openness and responsiveness to
Separateness is the expression of the individual’s distinct self from others. Self-
communication. Consider the situation in which the adolescent’s mother has not
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 24
“let go” of her daughter. The girl is tied to the mother financially and emotionally
in ways that do not let her mature independently. Under these circumstances,
i
the girl could have difficulties in developing mature intimate relationship and in
career choices. She may turn down important opportunities for increased
confronting difficulties in her intimate relationships, she may turn to her mother
for support and comfort. In working with adolescents, social workers need to be
aware of their need for independence and help young people chart a course of
increased maturity. This may involve working with parents or school staff on
society sees the young person as immature and not ready for adult roles rather
responsibility for mature behavior. (Jose B. Ashford & Craig W. Lecroy& Kathy L.
Lortie)
Temperament
being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements, or
“roots”- earth, water, air and fire. An important early writer on the subject of
medicine, used this theory of the four elements in his search for physiological
bahaviour to a matrix of hot/cold and wet/dry taken from the four elements.
i
According to Galen, these elements were used by Hippocrates in describing the
human body in association with the four humours: yellow bile (fire), black bile
25
(earth), blood (air), and phlegm ( water).
He thought that earth, water, air and fire were “of the world” and corruptible,
substance. The study of personality began is not certain, both the ancient and
Greek physicians explored what we now call personality. The influence and legacy
personality changes is the mixture of the interpreted risk that has been sensed
may be adjusted, the degree to which our personality change is a mixture of the
interpreted risk that has been sensed and the familiarity (training) we have in
controlling ourselves. Another factor will be the situation we are in; for example,
some people need silence when studying whereas others like music in the
background. Two elements that will influence the level of protection we want is
much or how little of various characteristics she possesses. For example an infant
in whom a high level of physical activity was combined with emotional irritability
would have different temperamental profile than an infant in whom high activity
was combined with a more easygoing nature. Temperament researchers are still
struggling to define the key dimensions of temperament and have not reached a
clear agreement. However, over the past decade or so, a consensus has emerged
that is reflected in the writings of leading researchers in the field. (Dennis Coon,
the prenatal period. It may seem that genes are entirely responsible for them.
However, research suggests that both nature and nurture contribute to individual
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 27
are stable across infancy and into children’s later years. In addition, some experts
i
suggests that parental influences may be greatest for children who are at the
extremely inhibited may be more subject to parental influence than those who
are moderately so. How parents and caregivers react to their child’s
temperament can affect the child and their overall well-being. Each type requires
a parent who understand their temperament and can adjust to their demands in
ways that create positive interactions for the child. Having a difficult child is not
the end of the world for a parent who is prepared and responsive to their child’s
need. Difficult children should be seen as unique individuals with their own
strength that can nurtured by the parent. Having the right knowledge about
parenthood is the best way to guide their children in the way that they will be a
better person.
Pluess stated that psychological model of personality measured with the TCI.
Consists of four TCI temperament and three TCI character dimensions. The TCI
system which reflects the tendency toward the exploratory action and intense
aversive stimuli and avoid punishment and novel stimuli; (3) reward dependence,
i
the behavioral maintenance system which reflects the tendency to form signals
of reward and to learn to maintain rewarded behavior based on social cues; (4)
goals and values. (2) cooperativeness, which indicates how well adapted the
individual is in getting along with other fairly and flexibly, with kindness. (3) self-
opposite ends of a single continuum, There are extensive evidence that they are
best thought of as two distinct and dissociable systems. According to Ito and
Cacciopo (1998, a unidimensional model, with ill- being at one pole and well-
being at the other, presents qualitative differences between individuals who are
high compared to low in both dimensions. Positive and negative affect represent
al.,1999). For instance, the broaden-and build theory (Fredrickson, 1998, 2006)
affect, inhibits behavior that might lead to pain, punishment, or some other
29
undesirable consequence.
Chess & Thomas (1984) as cited by Pastorino, E., & Portillo, D, S., said that
babies come into the world showing a general disposition to behave in certain
more to the child’s biological make up than to his or her environment, especially
because the child has not yet exposed too any environment other than the
slow-to-warm-up infants. As the label implies, easy infants are generally in a good
mood, establish a regular pattern of eating and sleeping, readily approach new
objects and people, and adapt readily to changes in their routines. Difficult
infants, in contrast, show more intense negative emotions such as crying. They
have a more irregular pattern of eating and are not as likely to approach new
social and personality development. Children come into the world with a
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
biological tendency to behave in a certain way. How parents and others respond
in specific infant behavior by the end of the first year. For example, most babies
reserve certain behaviors for their parents. Infants smile when a parent
approaches them, raise their hand toward the parent to be picked-up. And nestle
close when the parent hold them. Two additional signs of attachment include
30
Kagan (1997) as cited by Peter K. Smith, Helen Cowie, and Mark Blades,
social isolation in the pre-school years. Kagan argues that 4 month old infants
who are easily aroused and distressed by unfamiliar stimuli are more likely to be
fearful and subdued in early childhood, while those with a high arousal threshold
are more likely to become bold sociable. (Peter K. Smith, Helen Cowie, and Mark
blades 2015)
useful in this context. The infant may bring some temperamental characteristics
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 31
shown directly in a study by Stright et al. (2008). In a large, US sample from the
through 6 years. They also looked at outcome in first grade at school from
outcome was greatly affected by parenting quality ; difficult infants with poor
parenting did worse than average, but difficult infants with high-quality parenting
did better than average. Moreover, the role of a caregiver have a big part in
their characteristics. Having difficult babies are more of a challenge for parents to
63, stated that Temperament is studied primarily in infants and young children
but, over the course of development, temperamentforms the basis for many
becomes less meaningful. By adulthood, temperament map quite quiet well onto
the big five traits. The biological basis of temperament address processes going
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
on under the skin but also provide insight into personality processes outside the
32
skin. (Annual review of psychology volume 63, 2012)
i
Theories of temperament include psychobiological and developmental
with trait terms such as “extraversion” and “neuroticism”. Caspi and colleagues
the five-factor model and, in so doing, addressed both trait structure and
change in personality traits over the life course, one of which in particular, niche
building or situation selection, has proved useful for thinking about personality
processes more generally. That is people create, seek out, or otherwise gratified
Cattell & Kline (1977) as cited by Duane Schultz & Sydney Ellen Shultz that
after more than decades of intensive factor analytic research, cattell identified 16
i
source traits as the basic factors of Personality. These factors are best known in
the form in which they are most often used, in an objective personality test
called the sixteen personality factor (16pf) questionnaire. Cattell presented the
traits in bipolar form, and, as you can see, the personality characteristics
associated with these traits are expressed in words we are likely to use in
designated Temperament traits because they relate to the general style and
traits are the basic elements of personality just as atoms are the basic units of
elements. Cattell also described dynamic traits as the concerned with motivation,
force is incomplete, like trying to describe an engine but failing to mention the
“raw material” form personalities are formed, refers to the hereditary aspects of
i
your personality, such as biological predispositions to be sensitive, irritable, and
ways, which lays the foundation for later personality traits. Evidence suggests
that temperament and personality differences are manifest even before birth.
Apparently, fetal activity, and heart rate can reveal something about
temperament differences over the first year of life. In particular, a high heart rate
at 36 weeks gestation (nearly full term) foreshadowed less predictable eating and
sleeping habits 3 and 6 months after birth and less emotionality at 6 months
after birth. Having high activity levels at 36 weeks gestation predicted being slow
to adopt to new people or situations and having more irregular eating and
pregnancy may alter the infants own stress response. That is, infants born to
tend to have impaired stress function; higher baseline levels of stress hormones;
and a faster, stronger, and more pronounced physiological response to stress, all
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
of which persist into childhood. Personality theories have long grappled with the
relative roles of nature and nurture in shaping personalities. Some theories, such
i
as trait theory psychoanalytic theory, stress the role of inherited biological
John D. Delamater & Daniel J. Myers, 2012 cited that another source of
attitudes is the social media, specially television and films. Here, the mechanics
an object that may influence the attitudes of viewers and readers. By portraying
events and actors in certain ways, TV news, news magazines, and newspaper can
through learning. But why do we retain them, sometimes for months, years, or
even a lifetime? One answer is that they serve a least some important functions
for us ( Katz, 1960; Pratkanis& Greenwald, 1989). The first is the heuiristic or
reward us and unfavorable attitudes toward object that thwart or punish us.
Once they are developed, attitudes provide a simple and efficient means of
people, objects, and events into categories or schemas and develop simplified
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
watch only those movies or tv program that can enhance and benefit them. In
our world today, we cannot control the generation to create another source of
technology but we can always remind our children the proper ways of using
37
media.
things with favor or disfavour (Bolmer& Decker, 2011). Attitudes are largely
another on issues.Attitudes can foster love or hate. They can give rise to helping
behavior or to mass destruction. They can lead to social conflict or the resolution
of conflicts. Attitudes can change, but not easily. Consider a role for conditioning
words (such as gift or happy) or negative words (such as ugly or failure) parents
are often reward children for saying and doing that agree with their own
and easier to recall, but we also acquire attitudes by observing, listening to, or
i
reading the works of other people. Our own experiences can change us, the way
we think, the way we act, and the way of understanding the situation.
Sometimes our experiences could help us mold and discover the better version
of our self and makes this experiences to be our motivation to move forward and
continue to achieve our goals and aspirations in life. Although genetics and early
People are also motivated to understand the environment so that they can make
predictions and exercise some control over it. People also sometimes form or
change attitudes on the basis of new information (Bohner et al., Dickel, 2011).
For example, we may believe that a car is more reliable than we had thought if a
survey by consumer reports finds that it has an excellent repair record. Even so,
initial attitudes act as cognitive anchors. We often judge new ideas in terms of
how much they deviate from our existing attitudes. Accepting larger deviations
Robert Frager& James Fadiman, 2013 said that Skinner argues that if you
have base your definition of the self on observable behavior, you need not
response is based solely on previous experiences and genetic history. To “look for
i
mental and psychic states”, says skinner, is to look in the wrong place”. Buddhism
observable individual self, the self does not exist. Buddhist do not believe in an
which are impermanent. Skinner and the Buddhist developed their ideas based
misunderstanding.
(from a latin word meaning “to touch on all sides”). For skinner, these include the
antecedents of the behavior, the response to it, and the consequences or results
doing (Skinner, 1938, p.6). a complete analysis of the behavior would also
consider the genetic endowment of the organism and previous behaviors related
to those being studied. The scientific analysis of behavior begins by isolating the
parts of a complex event so that the individual items can be better understood.
However it gradually became apparent that may attitudes do not include all
three components. Thus, it is more accurate to say that attitudes may include up
beliefs that people hold about the object of an attitude. The affective component
strength differ. However, strong attitudes are generally seen as ones that are
firmly held (resistant to change), that are durable overtime, and that have a
of an attitude refers to how often one thinks about it and how quickly it comes to
mind. Highly accessible attitudes are quickly and readily available (Fabrigar,
ambivalence has been measured in various was (Priester& Petty, 2001). Generally
gets closer to being equal. When ambivalence is high, an attitude tends to be less
behavioral traits. We know that facial features, eye color, body type and many
affectpersonality as well.
been studying identical twins who grew up in different homes. Medical and
psychological tests reveal that reunited twins are very much alike, even when
they are reared apart (Bouchard, 20014; Bouchard et al., 1990). If one twin excel
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 41
Studies of twins make it clear that heredity has a sizable effect on each of us. All
5o percent of the variation in many personality traits (Caspi, Roberts, & Shiner,
2005; Loehlin et al.,1998). Notice however, that the same figures imply that
environment, nature and nurture, biology and culture. We are not –thank
are “wired in” for life. Where you go in life is the result of the choices you make.
Although these choices are influenced by inherited tendencies, they are not
merely a product of your genes. To predict how a person will act, it is better to
are consistent, they can predict such things as job performance, dangerous
David G. Myers 2013, cited that the attitudes that best predict behavior
2006) And when attitudes are forged by experience, not just by hearsay, they are
more accessible, more enduring, and more likely to guide actions. In one study,
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
university students all expressed negative attitudes about their school’s response
that we can think ourselves into a way of acting. Now we turn to a more startling
idea: that behavior determines attitudes. It’s true that we sometimes stand up
for what we believe. But it’s also true that we come to believe in what we stand
up for. Social psychological theories inspired much of the research that underlies
focus on their inner convictions. Make them self- aware, perhaps by having them
act in front of a mirror. Maybe you, too, can recall suddenly being acutely aware
of yourself upon entering a room with a large mirror. Making people self- aware
in this way promotes consistency between words and deeds. We can predict
behavior by knowing their past experiences, that Is why we more likely to like
other by knowing that you have the same experiences with them. Attitudes
efficiently sixe up the world. When we have to respond quickly to something, the
way we feel about it can guide how we react. The study of attitudes is central to
social psychology and was one of its first concerns. For much of the last century,
Paul Eggen 2010, stated that Modeling is a general term that refers to
behavioral, cognitive, and affective changes deriving from observing one or more
i
models. (Shunk,2004, p.880). Modeling is the central concept of social cognitive
theory. Tim, for example observed that susan was successful in her approach to
studying for exams. As a result, he imitated her behaviour; direct imitation is one
of parents and other adults. Teen agers hair and dress are influenced by both
televisions and movies. Even as adults, we pick up cues from others in deciding
display courtesy and respect for others, tolerance for dissenting opinions,
motivation to learn, and other attitudes and values. When teachers or coaches
and adjusting their own behavior accordingly, a process called vicarious learning
(Gholson & Craig, 2006). For example, you saw the sports car pulled over, and
you slowed down, so you were vicariously puniched, and when a student is
publicly reprimanded for leaving his seat with- out permission, other students in
Tim expected to be reinforced for imitating Susan’s behavior, and the other
i
students expect to be reinforced for imitating kevin’s behavior. You expected to
people can acquire abilities they couldn’t display before observing the model.
Solving an algebra problem after seeing the teacher show a solution, making a
Emotional Profile
Aquino & Miranda (2003) stated that “How to gain, how to keep, how to
recover happiness is in fact for most men at all times the secret motive for all
they do.” Understandably so, for one’s state of happiness or unhappiness colors
everything else. People who are happy perceive the world as safer, makes
decision easily, rate job applicants more favourably, and report greater
satisfaction with their whole lives. When your mood is gloomy, life as a whole
seems depressing. Let your mood brighten, and suddenly your relationships, your
self-image, and your hopes for the future all seem more promising.
happy we are more willing to help others. In study after study, a mood-boosting
a happy event, made people more likely to give money, pick up someone’s
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 45
dropped papers, volunteer time, and so forth. It’s called the feel-good, do-good
phenomenon. Apart from prolonged grief over the loss of a loved one or
i
lingering anxiety after a personal trauma, such as child abuse, rape, or terrors of
war, even tragedy is not permanently depressing. The finding is surprising but
similarly temporary. Once their rush euphoria wears off, lottery winners typically
Miranda 2003)
lives. We are green with envy, red with anger, blue with sorrow. Positive
emotions such as love and desire can fill our days with pleasure. Negative
emotions such as fear, depression, and anger can fill us with dread and make
each day a chore. Sometimes our emotions “lurk in the background.” Sometimes
they seize control of the day. And emotion can be hard to define. An emotion can
can also be a goal in itself. We may behave in ways that will lead us to experience
emotions, and meeting or failing to meet our needs can have powerful emotional
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
results. Emotions are defined as feeling states with psychological, cognitive, and
46
behavioural components. (Spencer A. Rathus 2014)
i
According to Aquino & Miranda (2003) Fear can be a poisonous emotion.
It can torment us, rob us of sleep, and preoccupy our thinking. People can be
literally scared to death. Fear can also be contagious. As what have happened
many times, when someone yelled “Fire!” the crow become excited and
panicked. Everybody rushed out and many people perished, most of them
Fear prepares our bodies to flee danger. Fear of real or imagined enemies binds
people together as families, tribes, and nations. Fear of injury protects us from
A key to fear-learning lies in the amygdala, a limbic system neural center deep in
the brain. New experiments show the amygdala’s role in associating various
emotions, including fear, to certain situations. Not only does the amygdala link
situations with fear responses, its output is wired to all the parts of the brain that
produce the bodily symptoms of extreme fear, such as diarrhea, and shortness of
cited by (Aquino, V, G., & Miranda, C, N., Anger is said by the sages to be “a short
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 47
madness that carries the mind away and can be many times more hurtful than
injury that caused it.” But other sages say “noble and brings back…strength.”
i
What makes us angry? Often the anger is a response to friends or loved ones’
seem wilful, unjustified, and avoidable, but blameless annoyance foul odors, high
temperature, aches and pains also have power to make us angry. Some people
react assertively rather than hurtfully when they are angry. Their anger
frequently lead them to talk things over with the offending person, thereby
retaliate against someone who has provoked them, they may indeed calm down,
justifiable, and if their target is nit intimidating. In short, expressing anger can be
emotional responses. It is quite obvious that some people are more cheerful and
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 48
more easy-going while others are more prone to anxiety and worry. Could it be
that being a cheerful person, an anxious person, or someone who always takes it
i
all in stride is a matter of genes and not necessarily the result of learned coping
skills? In fact, some researchers have proposed that average lifetime levels if
emotionality are primarily inherited. Lykken and Tellegen (1996) suggested that
Specifically, they found in their studies of twins that 40 percent of the long-term
due to genetics ( tellege, Lykken, Bouchard, Wilcox, & Rich, 1988). They found
In other words, they suggest that our families may be important to our eventual
emotional lives as adults but not because of what we learn from our families.
shows, the Big Five personality factors are associated with a wide variety of
relevant are emotions and moods. Emotions are relatively short- lived feeling
states that involve the evaluation- positive or negative- of events that people
Moods are often distinguished from emotions for being longer-lasting, generally
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 49
less intense, and less connected to particular events. A person can experience a
state of mild happinesss or anxiety that lasts much of the day is not directly in
i
response to a particular occurrence. Together, emotions and moods are often
referred to as ‘affects’. In much the same way that the personality traits has been
affective states. Although there has been some controversy over how these
analytic evidence indicate that there are just two of them. The most popular and
most consistently model labels these ‘Big Two’ dimensions positive and negative
affect ( Watson &Tellegen, 1985). Like traits, both of these broad dimensions
50
Synthesis
can include trying out different lifestyles and engaging in some risk-taking as part
neglect. Below are some of the key findings from the review relating to risky
problems in both early and late teens. Although it is clear that neglected
aged 14-16 years, many of the studies did not compare them to other teenagers
likely they are to engage in substance misuse. The studies did not find any
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
association between teenagers who had been emotionally abused and their
relating to risky sexual behaviour and the links with neglect or emotional abuse.
51
CHAPTER III
Methodology
This chapter followed a procedure that explained the method which was
usedin this paper. This chapter has specified the research design that was used,
the respondents that were chosen and the sampling technique, the instrument
Research Design
correlation of the three variables, the researcher used correlation method in this
between the two or more variables. Theoretically, any two quantitative variables
i
can be correlated as long as you have scores on these variables from the same
participants.
Instrumentation
standardized questionnaires are CYRM, EATQ-R and EPI which was essential for
continuing the study. It is generally a series of written questions for which the
that may bolster their resilience. The measure was developed as part of the
14 communities around the world. The IRP originated in 2002 under Dr. Michael
Ungar at the School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, and was funded at the
i
time by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, as well
53
as the Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation.
used in studies of children and adults. The revised questionnaire also contains
to social-emotional functioning.
EPI assesses the relative importance of these nine basic emotions in a person’s
life. The EPI is a 62-item test, composed of 12 trait terms, which are paired in all
possible combinations, for example, the individual will choose personality traits
the traits.
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Research Locale
54
Manila Boystown Complex HISTORY
i
This non-profitable organization is to help an orphanage in the Philippines
called Manila Boystown Complex. This institution caters for Manila’s abandoned,
citizens.D'Artanian was an orphan here at the age of two for five years until he
got adopted at the age of seven into Australia.D'Artanian believes it's time to
share some of the care & love he received from his friends and family to the
children and the elderly in the orphanage by giving them opportunities, hope
and a better chance in life that we all deserve as a human being. The institution
55
Ethical Considerations
i
Major ethical consideration concerned the children’s integrity and how to
The researchers retrieve data about the abused via the questionnaire. The
Sampling Technique
For the researchers to find out the correlation of adversity quotient to the
Purposive Sampling Technique was used because the researchers handpicked the
respondents who would be the subject for this study. Purposive Sampling
Technique is typically used when there are limited people who can fulfil the
needed for this study. The researchers also consulted books, related studies and
journals that will help with the developmentofthe study. The researchers
continued to visit different libraries and universities to have detailed study and
also read materials that are relevant to the study being conducted. The
EATQ-R, EPI), which are related to the participant’s perceptions regarding abuse.
statements. The respondents were given enough time to answer the questions
and the researchers will collect the questionnaires right after they finished
answering it.
Statistical Treatment
The likert scale will be used to interpret items in the questionnaire. These
Questionnaire Revised (EATQ-R) that affects the respondents in their daily life.
The range and interpretation of the five-point scale are shown below:
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Table 1
2.34-3.66 Average
1.00-2.33 Low 57
The likert scale will be used to interpret items in the questionnaire. These
responses were based on the respondents Child and Youth Resilience Measure
(CYRM) that affects the respondents in their daily life. The range and
Table 2
Range Interpretation
3.67-5.00 High
2.34-3.66 Average
1.00-2.33 Low
The researcher will be using percentage formula for the question no. 1 in
Where: P – Percentage F
58 i
The researchers used standard deviation of the weighted mean for the questions
The researcher will be using Pearson R for the in the statement of the
59
i
CHAPTER IV
accompanying tables and figures as well as information taken from the related
1.1 Age
Table 3
The table above shows the age distribution of the population size, there
are 18 ages 13 years old respondent which is 18% of the population size; 19 ages
14 years old respondents which is 19% of the population size; there are 16 ages
15 years old respondents which are 16% of the population size; 24 ages 16 years
old which is 24% of the population size; there are 20 ages 17 years old
Based on the table above its shows that majority of the respondents is
age between 16&17 with a frequency of 40 and which is 40% of the total
population. While the minority of the respondents is age between 17&18 with a
behaviour are found among teens at the highest levels of moral reasoning.
61 i
1.2 Gender
Table 4
Male 63 63%
Female 37 37%
The table above shows the gender distribution of the population size,
there are 37 female respondents which is 37% of the population size; 63 male
Male with a frequency of 63 and which is 63% of the total population. While the
personality traits are consistent, they can predict such things as job performance,
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
behavior.
62 i
Table 5
Neglect 47 47%
Sexually Abuse 6 6%
The table above shows the number of respondents with the type of their
Based on the table above it shows that the majority of the respondents
While the minority of the respondents were in Sexually Abuse with a frequency
parent who can express her own moral views in words that reflect her child’s
development.
Complex?
Table 6
The table above shows that the majority of the respondents had a High
remark in all the categories of Adversity Quotient. Based on the table above the
i
respondents had a score of High in all the sub scales of Adversity Quotient.
face of social disadvantage or highly adverse condition. The institution are giving
proper care and guidance to the respondents, it is one of the factors why they
interrelated with a wide variety of other representations, and that have been
frequently accessed in the past, may be chronically accessible for some people.
The working self-concept moves away from the models of self that focus
allows for the notion of the self as a multifaceted, dynamic structure, which can
65
Table 7
The table above shows the total number of High Adversity Quotient has a
frequency of 15 with a percentage of 85% and the Low Adversity Quotient has a
The Manila boystown has a good environment to feel that they are worth
enough. They are all going to school and most of them are aiming to finish their
66
studies despite their struggles.
question about why some people adjusted extraordinarily well, he searches for
for young, developing people.” He believed that a person needed some life
must have faced some difficult situations and coped with them well. A person
discerned.
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Boystown Complex?
i
Table 8
Standard
Temperament Mean Deviation Remark
Attention 3.10 0.46 Average
Inhibitory Control 3.16 0.56 Average
Activation Control 2.98 0.64 Average
Efforful Control 3.08 0.38 Average
Shyness 3.33 0.96 Average
Fear 3.65 0.83 Average
High Intensity Pleasure 3.31 0.52 Average
Surgency 2.57 0.59 Average
Frustration 3.43 0.74 Average
Depressive Mood 3.19 0.59 Average
Aggression 3.02 0.84 Average
Negative Affect 3.22 0.61 Average
Affiliation 3.66 0.73 Average
Pleasure Sensitivity 3.18 0.74 Average
Perceptual Sensivity 3.52 0.79 Average
Affiliativeness 3.45 0.59 Average
Legend
3.67-5.00 High
67
2.34-3.66 Average
1.00-2.33 Low
The table above shows that the majority of the respondents had an
Based on the table above it shows that the respondents had a score of
Average Temperament it means that they know how to control their emotions or
i
they are being cautious in their actions and adapt their mood according to a
certain situation.
along with other fairly and flexibly, with kindness. (3) self-transcendence,
Table 9
High Temperament 2 2%
Low Temperament 0 0%
68
Total 100 100%
Based on the table above it shows that majority total of 98% of average
These children came from different situation but they are all victims of
disposition to behave in certain ways, which lays the foundation for later
personality traits.
69
Complex?
Table 10
The tables above shows that, 46% of the respondents scored of 41%-60%
41%-60% gregarious.
orphanage and being guided by their caregivers. They make friends and family
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
inside that’s why there is higher possibility for them to divert their traumatic
with envy, red with anger, blue with sorrow. Positive emotions such as love and
desire can fill our days with pleasure. Negative emotions such as fear, depression,
and anger can fill us with dread and make each day a chore.
71
Temperament?
Table 11
Mean df p-
Correlatio Descriptio Decisio
Variables valu Interpretatio
n n n
e n
Adversity
16188.0
Quotient and
0 9 .002 .313 Moderate Reject Significant
Temperamen
9
t
Remark: If p-value is less than or equal to the level of significance, which is 0.05, then we reject
Ho. Otherwise, if the p-value is greater than the level of significance then we fail to reject Ho.
The table above shows the correlation between Adversity Quotient and
Correlation of .313 and a p-value of .002. The researchers therefore, reject the
i
null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance wherein the correlation description is
Researchers had found out that the Adversity Quotient correlates to their
temperament. The result showed that the temperament in the area of effortful
control was able to predict the adversity quotient. If we desire that the children
are able to respond to difficult events and overcome them, we must train them
Kohlberg thought that the development of moral reasoning also required support
him with opportunities for meaningful, reciprocal dialogue about moral issues.
73
Profile?
Table 12
Mean df p- Decisio
Variables Correlation Description
value n Interpretation
Adversity
Quotient 11989.0
and 0 9 . 496 . 069 Weak Reject Significant
Emotional 9
Profile
Remark: If p-value is less than or equal to the level of significance, which is 0.05, then we reject
Ho. Otherwise, if the p-value is greater than the level of significance then we fail to reject Ho.
The table above shows the correlation between Adversity Quotient and
Adversity Quotient and Emotional Profile” with a level of significance of 0.05 and
accepts the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance wherein the correlation
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
know how to adapt themselves, accept their own strength and weakness, and
motivated to pursue that goal. In fact, motivation and emotion are so intertwined
74
Table 13
Mean d
p- Correlatio Decisio
Variables f Description Interpretatio
value n n
n
Temperame
17195.0
nt and
0 9 . 097 -.167 Weak Reject Significant
Emotional
9
Profile
Remark: If p-value is less than or equal to the level of significance, which is 0.05, then we reject
Ho. Otherwise, if the p-value is greater than the level of significance then we fail to reject Ho.
The table above shows the correlation between Adversity Quotient and
Adversity Quotient and Emotional Profile” with a level of significance of 0.05 and
accepts the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance wherein the correlation
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
are intense and sensitive, they may be pricked easily or be induced to try, either
Evans & Rothbart (2007) stated that Temperament forms the basis for
76
CHAPTER 5
This chapter will show the results of the research that the researchers
had gathered the data from the respondents who answered the questionnaires.
SUMMARY
answer the following research questions: Research Question 1.What was the
demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: 1.1 Age; 1.2 Gender; 1.3
Type of Abuse; 2. What was the Adversity Quotient of abused teenager in Manila
Boy’s town Complex? 3. What was the level of temperament of abused teenager
Simply Psychology, people want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are
consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like,
i
our ideal-self. The closer our ideal-self and ideal-image are to each other the
more consistent or congruent we are and the higher the sense of self-worth. The
Humanistic approach states that the self is composed of three different concepts
which are unique to every person these are self-worth, self-image and ideal self.
developed in early childhood and were formed with the interaction of a child to
its parents. Self-image is how we see ourselves and has an effect on how a
person thinks, feels and behaves in the world, which is a very important factor to
good psychological health. The Ideal-self is what the person would want to be, it
correlation of the three variables, the researcher used correlation method in this
of research wherein the researchers had two or more quantitative variables from
between the two or more variables. Theoretically, any two quantitative variables
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
can be correlated as long as you have scores on these variables from the same
participants.
78 i
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Boystown Complex using Children and Youth Resiliency Measure, it was found
05 at a two tailed test shows that there is no significant relationship between the
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
value .002 that will now lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis which is
i
there is no significant relationship between the Adversity Quotient and
79
Temperament.
05 at a two tailed test shows that there is a significant relationship between the
Adversity Quotient and Emotional Profile with a correlation of .496 with the p-
value .069 that will now lead to the acceptance of the null hypothesis which is
Emotional Profile.
05 at a two tailed test shows that there is a significant relationship between the
Temperament and Emotional Profile with a correlation of -.167 with the p-value .
097 that will now lead to the acceptance of the null hypothesis which is there is
CONCLUSION
1. The majority of the respondents is between the ages of 16 & 17 years old.
respondents. Among all the cases of abuse, neglect was the highest with
47 respondents.
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
2. The total number of abused teenagers that had a majority total of 85% of
average Temperament
4. The Highest Frequency and Percentage of the emotional level of the
respondents said that their behavior are Controlled with the frequency of
80
62, and with the percentage of 62%.
5. By using Pearson-r correlation in determining the significant relationship
between adversity quotient and emotional profile, it was found that there
referral of the child to the relevant child protection authority for action.
Counseling services for the child and the caregivers should form part of
the management regime. Since the family is the core of love and care for
the child, it is important to bring the attention and highlight the causes
and effects of child abuse, so they can play significant role in stopping the
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 81
concern for the rights of the children. It remains important to remind the
RECOMMENDATION
forward. Look at the brighter side of life, among those struggles, they
will surely see a reason to continue and believe that everything will
educate their children. List the ways they can change the environment
inside their home so that the children will feel the love and
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
caregivers of the child, if they found that the children are experiencing
abuse.
5. School Administration can integrate a curriculum that aims in
can help a child know the things they can do if they experience
trust. If they can feel safe and secure from the people who did the
9. For the future researchers, may they conduct this study while
considering that there may be more factors that may affect the
i
83
correlation between the stated variables.
10. The researchers would recommend this study for future researchers
who would like to use this study as a reference who aims to develop
Emotional Profile.
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
84
Bibliography
This contains all the literatures, studies, journal and internet sources cited
Journal
Fiske, T.S., & Schacter, L.D., & Taylor, E.S., 2012 Annual Review of Psychology Vol.
Books
Augoustinos, M., & Walker, I., &Donaghue, N., 2014 Social Cognition: An
California 191320
Ashford, B, J., &Lecroy, W, C., &Lortie, L, K., 2001 Human Behavior in the Social
CA 94002-3098 USA
Ciccarelli, K.S., & White, N.J., 2012 Psychology 3rd Edition Pearson Education
85
South Asia Pte Ltd. Jurong, Singapore 629733
i
Compton, C.W., & Hoffman, E., 2013 Positive Psychology: the Science of
States
Coon, D., &Mitterer, O.J., 2014 Psychology A Journey 5th Edition Wadsworth,
DeLamater, D.J., & Myers, J.D., 2012 Social Psychology 7th Edition Cengage
Edition Pearson Education, INC., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Feist, J.G., & Rosenberg, L.E., 2012 Perspectives and Connections 2 nd Edition,
Frager, R., & Fadiman, J., 2013 Personality and Personal Growth 7th Edition
Myers, G.D., 2013 Social Psychology 11th Edition, McGraw Hill New York, NY
10020
Rathus, A.S., 2014 Psychology Philippine Edition 3rd Edition, Cengage Learning,
USA
Smith, J.E., 2014 Strength-Based Therapy: Connecting Theory, Practice and Skills,
Smith. K.P., & Cowie, H., & Blades, M., 2015 Understanding Childrens
Development 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., United Kingdom
Stockdale, S., & Steeper, C., 2013 The Personality Workbook, Mc Graw Hill
Weiten, W., 2013 Psychology: Themes and Variation 9th Edition Wadsworth
Internet Sources
https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?sourceid=chrome-
instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#
https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=temperament&oq=temperament&aqs=chrome..69i57.5678j0j7&sourceid=chr
ome&ie=UTF-8#
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html
http://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/carl-rogers.html
i
Appendix I
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Appendix II
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Appendix III
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Certificate of Validation
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Appendix IV i
Research Protocol
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
2600 Legarda St., Manila
RESEARCH PROTOCOL
Researchers:
Head Researcher: Richard C. Gawala
Co-Researcher: Nicole Paola M. Lagatoc
Co-Researcher: Marchelyn Q. Tabligan
teenagers who experienced physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and
neglect. There are a lot of cases about abuse in the Philippines; some of them
lived a comfortable life while the others is suffering and struggling to overcome
past experience. There are some teenagers who are struggling because of
different problems like financial, family problems and other personal reasons.
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
These children’s try to cope and adjust to their problems and overcome their
abused teenager.
B. Research Design:
correlation of the three variables, the researcher will use correlation method in
method of research wherein the researchers will have two or more quantitative
variables from the same group of subjects, will try to determine if there will be a
C. Research Setting:
called Manila Boystown Complex. This institution caters for Manila’s abandoned,
D'Artanian was an orphan here at the age of two for five years until he got
adopted at the age of seven into Australia. D'Artanian believes it's time to share
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
some of the care & love he received from his friends and family to the children
and the elderly in the orphanage by giving them opportunities, hope and a better
i
chance in life that we all deserve as a human being. The institution that the
Complex because the respondents are qualified to the requirements given by the
researchers.
The respondents of the study are abused teenagers in Manila Boystown who
E. Eligibility Criteria
experience any abusive acts and cannot be used to measure for 12 years
i
F. Selection of Respondents:
sampling technique. This method is used when there are limited people who can
G. Study Procedure
A consent letter will be given to the 100 respondents in order for them to be
aware of what this study is all about and what data that is needed. Once the
consent given that will serve as the contract of agreement between the
researchers and the respondents. Indicated in the informed consent, are the
terms and limitations of the interview. State there is also the confidentiality of
the information that the respondents will give, the researcher will give the
respondents the freedom to show and hide information that they have given.
After the agreement and signing, the interview will be conducted in the said
institution where the respondents will feel comfortable and secure. The research
tool will be used to guide the interviewer in the flow of the interview in order to
gather accurate data. The researchers will make sure all of the information given
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
will be confidential. After the interview the respondents will be given a token of
Likert’s scale.
1992) was revised and updated to better assess aspects of temperament related
Likert’s scale.
The Emotional Profile Index (Robort Plutchlk, Ph.D. and Henry Kellerman,
I. Ethical Considerations:
The respondents will be informed beforehand. The researchers will explain all
the details regarding the steps and procedures in conducting the study. If the
respondents do not want to state their identity, their names will be hidden. They
are free to use their own alias name or any name they would like. The participant
will also be requested to sign an informed consent waiver to make sure that
everything were discussed and explained clearly to them and they were not force
Appendix V
Consent Form
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
2600 Legarda St. Sampaloc, Manila
www.arellano.edu.ph
School of Psychology
CONSENT FORM
The correlational study will involve asking the abused teenagers to answer
a series test questionnaires. My participation in this study will involve only
30 minutes, or until they finish answering the interview.
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
I realize that the results of the study will greatly help in developing an i
andragogy program to address the needs of an abused teenager.
All personal data will be kept strictly confidential and will be revealed only
upon my request or consent.
CONSENT:
Appendix VI
Letter for the Respondents
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
2600 legarda St. Sampaloc, Manila
www.arellano.edu.ph
School of Psychology
Dear Respondent,
Greetings!
Pagbati!
Appendix VII
Research Tool
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
2600 Legarda St. Sampaloc, Manila
www.arellano.edu.ph
School of Psychology
( ) Physical Abuse
( ) Sexual Abuse
( ) Emotional Abuse i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
i
ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY